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Solid Mechanics - Week 4

This document covers the theory and application of 1D and 2D structural elements in finite element analysis, focusing on trusses, beams, plates, and shells. It details the assumptions, stiffness matrices, and shape functions for each element type, along with example problems for practical understanding. The content is essential for applying finite element methods in engineering analysis.

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Deepesh Chhetri
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24 views

Solid Mechanics - Week 4

This document covers the theory and application of 1D and 2D structural elements in finite element analysis, focusing on trusses, beams, plates, and shells. It details the assumptions, stiffness matrices, and shape functions for each element type, along with example problems for practical understanding. The content is essential for applying finite element methods in engineering analysis.

Uploaded by

Deepesh Chhetri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid Mechanics with Numerical Methods

Week 4: 1D and 2D Structural Elements in Finite Element


Analysis

Course: Solid Mechanics with Numerical Methods (Finite Element Analysis)

Contents
1 Introduction to 1D and 2D Structural Elements 2

2 1D Structural Elements 2
2.1 Trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1.1 Assumptions in Truss Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1.2 Element Stiffness Matrix for Trusses . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.1 Assumptions in Beam Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.2 Element Stiffness Matrix for Beams . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 2D Structural Elements 3
3.1 Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1 Assumptions in Plate Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.2 Kirchhoff Plate Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.3 Finite Element Formulation for Plates . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2.1 Assumptions in Shell Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.2 Finite Element Formulation for Shells . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 Element Shape Functions for 1D and 2D Elements 5


4.1 Shape Functions for 1D Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Shape Functions for 2D Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5 Example Problems 6
5.1 Example 1: Truss Element Stiffness Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2 Example 2: Beam Element Deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3 Example 3: Plate Element Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1
6 Conclusion 6

2
1 Introduction to 1D and 2D Structural Ele-
ments
This week covers the theory and application of different structural elements
used in finite element analysis. We will focus on:

• 1D elements: Trusses and Beams

• 2D elements: Plates and Shells

These structural elements form the foundation of many practical engi-


neering applications such as buildings, bridges, and aerospace structures.

2 1D Structural Elements
1D structural elements include trusses and beams, which are widely used for
analyzing linear members in structures.

2.1 Trusses
Trusses are structures composed of bars connected at joints, with the as-
sumption that the members carry only axial forces (tension or compression)
and no bending.

2.1.1 Assumptions in Truss Analysis


• Members are connected by frictionless hinges.

• Loads are applied only at the joints.

• Members are subjected to axial forces only (no bending).

2.1.2 Element Stiffness Matrix for Trusses


For a 2D truss element with nodes at (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ), the stiffness matrix
in the local coordinate system is given by:
 
EA 1 −1
Ke =
L −1 1
where:

• E is the Young’s modulus.

3
• A is the cross-sectional area.
• L is the length of the element.
The global stiffness matrix is obtained by transforming this local matrix
into the global coordinate system using the direction cosines of the element.

2.2 Beams
Beams are structural elements designed to carry loads primarily through
bending. They resist bending moments and shear forces, with deformations
dominated by deflection along the length of the beam.

2.2.1 Assumptions in Beam Analysis


• Beams are slender, with length much larger than width and depth.
• Transverse loads cause bending moments and shear forces.
• Axial deformations are negligible compared to bending deformations.

2.2.2 Element Stiffness Matrix for Beams


For a 1D beam element with nodes i and j, the stiffness matrix is derived
based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. In local coordinates, the stiffness
matrix for a beam element is:
 
12 6L −12 6L
2
EI  6L 4L −6L 2L2 
Ke = 3  
L −12 −6L 12 −6L
6L 2L2 −6L 4L2
where:
• E is the Young’s modulus.
• I is the second moment of area (moment of inertia).
• L is the length of the beam.

3 2D Structural Elements
2D structural elements include plates and shells, which are used in struc-
tures where one dimension (thickness) is small compared to the other two
dimensions.

4
3.1 Plates
Plates are flat, thin structural elements that carry loads primarily through
bending and shear. They are common in applications such as floors, roofs,
and aircraft wings.

3.1.1 Assumptions in Plate Analysis


• Plates are thin with small thickness compared to other dimensions.
• Loads are applied perpendicular to the surface.
• Plates primarily resist bending moments.

3.1.2 Kirchhoff Plate Theory


Kirchhoff plate theory assumes that the plate’s thickness is small compared
to its lateral dimensions, and the out-of-plane displacement is small. The
governing equation is:

D∇4 w = q
where:
Eh3
• D= 12(1−ν 2 )
is the flexural rigidity.
• w is the transverse displacement.
• q is the applied load.

3.1.3 Finite Element Formulation for Plates


The finite element formulation for plate bending involves solving for trans-
verse displacements and rotations. The stiffness matrix for a plate element
can be expressed as:
Z
Ke = BT DB dΩ
Ωe
where B is the strain-displacement matrix, and D is the material stiffness
matrix for bending.

3.2 Shells
Shells are curved, thin-walled structures that can carry loads through both
bending and membrane action. They are used in applications such as domes,
tanks, and hulls of ships.

5
3.2.1 Assumptions in Shell Analysis
• Shells are thin structures with curvature.

• Shells carry loads through a combination of membrane and bending


stresses.

• Deformations are small.

3.2.2 Finite Element Formulation for Shells


The formulation for shell elements combines membrane and bending behav-
ior. Shell elements are often modeled using a combination of plate and mem-
brane finite elements. The stiffness matrix for a shell element is a combination
of membrane and bending contributions:

Ke = Kmembrane + Kbending

4 Element Shape Functions for 1D and 2D


Elements
Shape functions are used to approximate the displacement field within an
element. These functions interpolate the displacement between the element
nodes.

4.1 Shape Functions for 1D Elements


For a 1D truss or beam element, the displacement within the element can be
approximated using linear shape functions:

u(x) = N1 (x)u1 + N2 (x)u2


where N1 (x) and N2 (x) are linear shape functions, and u1 , u2 are the
nodal displacements.

4.2 Shape Functions for 2D Elements


For 2D elements like triangles or quadrilaterals, shape functions are used to
interpolate the displacement within the element. For example, for a 3-node
triangular element, the displacement field can be approximated as:

u(x, y) = N1 (x, y)u1 + N2 (x, y)u2 + N3 (x, y)u3

6
where N1 , N2 , and N3 are the shape functions for the three nodes of the
triangular element.

5 Example Problems
5.1 Example 1: Truss Element Stiffness Matrix
Given a truss element with E = 200 GPa, A = 0.01 m2 , and length L = 2 m,
compute the stiffness matrix.

5.2 Example 2: Beam Element Deflection


For a cantilever beam of length L = 5 m subjected to a uniform load w =
10 kN/m, calculate the maximum deflection at the free end using the finite
element method.

5.3 Example 3: Plate Element Bending


Given a square plate with E = 70 GPa, ν = 0.3, and thickness h = 0.1 m,
derive the stiffness matrix for a 4-node plate element.

6 Conclusion
This week provided an overview of 1D and 2D structural elements used in
finite element analysis, including the assumptions, stiffness matrices, and
shape functions associated with these elements. Understanding these con-
cepts is crucial for the effective application of finite element methods in en-
gineering analysis.

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