Solution for Tutorial

Q1. Choose the correct answer

(i) While deriving an expression for loss of head due to a sudden expansion in a pipe,
in addition to the continuity and impulse-momentum equations, one of the
following assumptions is made:
(a) head loss due to friction is equal to the head loss is eddying motion
(b) the mean pressure in eddying fluid is equal to the downstream pressure
(c) the mean pressure in eddying fluids is equal to the upstream pressure
(d) head loss in eddies is neglected
[Ans.(c)]
(ii) Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Energy grade line lies above the hydraulic grade line and is always parallel to
it
(b) Energy grade line lies above the hydraulic grade line and they are separated
from each other by a vertical distance equal to the velocity head
(c)The hydraulic grade line slopes upwards meeting the energy grade line only at
the exit of flow
(d) Hydraulic grade line and energy grade line are the same in fluid flow
problems.
[Ans.(b)]
(iii) For pipes arranged in series
(a) the flow may be different in different pipes
(b) the head loss per unit length must be more in a smaller pipe
(c) the head loss must be the same in all pipes
(d) the flow rate must be the same in all pipes
[Ans.(d)]

Q2.
A tank of area A0 is draining in laminar flow through a pipe of diameter D and length L,
as shown in the figure.
(i) Neglecting the exit-jet kinetic energy and
assuming the pipe flow is driven by the
hydrostatic pressure at its entrance, derive
a formula for the tank level h(t) if its initial Area A0
level is h0, assuming the pipe flow to be ,
laminar. h (t)
(ii) Repeat the above derivation without
neglecting the exit-jet kinetic energy D, L
and assuming the pipe flow to be highly
turbulent.
V(t)
Solution
Applying energy equation between sections 1 and 2, we obtain
patm V12 p V (t)2
+ + h(t) = atm + +0+h
g 2g g 2g l

1
 V (t)2
(i) Neglecting and entry loss ( given) and asV1 is negligible as compared to V (t) ,
2g
the above equation becomes
h(t ) = hl 1
Considering laminar flow, we have
32VL Area A0
hl = ,
gD2
h (t)
Thus, one can write
32VL
h(t) = D, L
gD2
gD2 2
or V= h(t) V(t)
32VL
Again, from continuity equation, we get
A V = − A dh(t)
pipe 0
dt
 2 gD 2
dh(t)
or D h(t) = − A0
4 32L dt
Integrating the above equation, we obtain
 −D4gt 
h(t) = h0 exp 
 128LA0 

(ii) Given that the flow is highly turbulent, therefore friction factor f  constant .
From energy equation with the consideration of exit kinetic energy, we have
V (t)2 2
h(t) = + f L V (t)
2g D 2g
2gh(t)
or V (t) = L
1+ f
D
Again, from continuity equation, we get
A V = − A dh(t)
pipe 0
dt
 2 2gh(t) dh(t)
or D = − A0
4 L dt
1+ f
D
Integrating the above equation, we obtain
 D2t 2g
h(t) = h0 −
8 A0 1+ f L
D

2
Q3.
A single uniform pipe joins two reservoirs. Calculate the percentage increase of flow rate
obtainable if, from the midpoint of this pipe, another of the same diameter is added in
parallel to it. Neglect all losses except pipe friction and assume a constant and equal
f for both pipes.
Solution
Let the diameter of the pipe be D.
Case 1:
When the single pipe joins two reservoirs, as shown in the figure below, the loss of head
is
L V2
hf 1 = f
D 2g
where is V the average velocity of fluid in the pipe.
For this case, the discharge is given by
Q = AV

H1
H2
Q

Case 2:
When another pipe is added in parallel to the main pipe from the midpoint as shown in
the figure below, the loss of head is
L L
2 2
h = f 2 1 + 2 V2
V (1)
f2
D 2g f D 2g

H1
Q1 Q2 H2
Q3

From continuity equation, we have

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Since the diameter and length of both the parallel pipes are same, we have
Q2 = Q3

3
 Q = Q = Q1
2 3
2
V1
or V =V =
2 3
2
Substituting the value of V2 in Eq.(1), we get
L L V2
V2 1 5 L V2
hf 2 = f 2 1 + f 2 4 = f 1
D 2g D 2g 8 D 2g
Equating the head losses, we have
h f1 = hf 2
L V2 5 L V2
f = f 1
D 2g 8 D 2g
or V1 = 1.26V
For this case, the discharge is given by
Q1 = AV1 = 1.26 AV
Therefore, the percentage increase in the flow rate is given by
Q1 − Q 1.26 AV − AV
= = 0.26 or 26%
Q AV
Q4.
There is a sudden increase in the diameter of a pipe from D1 to D2 . If the minor loss is
D1
independent of the direction of flow, what would be the value of ? Assume
D2
coefficient of contraction C c = 0.62 .
Solution
The schematic diagram of the pipe is shown in the figure below.
D2

D1
V1 V2

Let the velocities corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 be V1 and V2 respectively.

From continuity equation, we have
Q = A1V1 = A2V2
 12
A1 D D2
or V = V = 4 V = 1 V
2
A2 1  D 2 1 D22 1
2
4

4
Loss of head due to sudden enlargement is given by 2
 D12 
(V −V ) V1 − 2 V1   D2  V 2
2 2

 D2 
he = 1 2 = = 1− 1  1
2
2g 2g  D2  2g
If the direction of flow is reversed, there will be a sudden contraction from D2 to D1 .
Then the loss of head due to sudden contraction is given by
V2  1 2
 V12  1 −1 2 = 0.6126 V1 2
hc =  1 −1  = 
2g  Cc  2g  0.62  2g
When the minor loss is independent of the direction of flow, the loss of head due to
sudden enlargement should be equal to the loss of head due to sudden contraction.
Therefore, we have 2
 D2  V 2 V12
1
= 0.6126
1− 2 
1

 D 2  2g
2
2g
 D  2

1− 2  = 0.6126
1
or
 D2 
D12
or 1− 2 = 0.6126 = 0.7827
D2
D12
or = 1− 0.7827 = 0.2173
D22
D1
or = 0.2173 = 0.466
D2