AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Introduction:
Audio Visual aids are also called instructional material. Audio means
"hearing" and "visual" means seeing. All such aids, which endeavor to
make things clear to us, through our senses are called "Audio Visual
Aids" or Instructional Materials. All these learning materials make the
learning situations as real as possible and give us firsthand knowledge
through the organs of hearing and seeing.
According to Kinder: "Audio-Visual Aids are any device which can be
used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and
more dynamic.”
According to Burton: “Audio-Visual aids are those sensory objects or
images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.”
Purpose:
 To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching-
learning more concrete.
 To serve an instructional role in itself.
 To create interest among the group.
 To make teaching as an effective process.
Characteristics:
 Meaningful and purposeful
 Motivates the learners
 Accurate in every aspect
 Simple and cheap
 Improvised
 Large in size
 Up-to-date
 Easily portable
Principles:
 Audio visual materials should function as an integral part of the
educational program.
 A.V. aids should be centralized, under specialized direction and
leadership in educational programs.
 An advisory committee consisting of representative from all areas
of curriculum should be appointed to assist in selection and
coordination of A.V. materials.
 An education program should be flexible.
 A.V. material should be carefully located to eliminate duplication,
easy accessibility and convenient use.
 A.V. material should be available whenever and wherever they
needed for effective utilization as an integral part of curriculum.
 Budget appropriations should be made regularly for A.V.
education programs.
 Periodic evaluation to be done to assess the function of, utilization
and expenditure of the program.

Classification of A.V. aids:

Various classifications are given for Audio visual aids according to the
type of projection by various authors.
1. Classification of A.V. Aids
I) Audio aids: Audio materials are those which can be heard.
Ex: - radio, tape recorder, walkman, Headphones.
II) Visual aids: these are helpful to visualize the things.
Ex:- graphic aids, 3daids, display boards, and print material.
III) Audio visual aids: these aids can be heard and seen
simultaneously.
Ex: - projected aids, TV, films.
2. Classification of A.V. Aids
I) Simple A.V. Aids: It includes graphic aids, display boards, 3d-
aids, print material...etc.
II) Sophisticated A.V. Aids: includes audio-visual aids.

AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:
PROJECTED A.V. AIDS:
Over-head projector: The over-head projector is the most used in all
A.V. aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable
for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the
transparency while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the
screen by the OHP.
Purposes:
 To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.
 To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the
teacher that can carry without exposing them to the class.
 To test students performances, while other classmates observe.
 To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in
contrasting color.
 To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.
Advantages:
 It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the
projector, thus enabling her to point out features appearing on the
screen by pointing to the materials at the projector itself and at the
same time, to observe the students reactions to her discussion.
 Gains attention of the student.
Placement of the OHP:
 Keep the screen above the heads of the participants.
 Keep the screen in full view of participants.
 Make sure you are not blocking any one’s view when presenting.
 Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and
dimming nearby.
 Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more
than two.
 Talk to the audience, not to the screen.

The opaque projector:

Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a
variety of materials ex: - book pages, objects, coins, postcards, or any
other similar flat material that is non-transparent. The opaque projector
will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the originals,
printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence
derived by the teacher. It requires a dark room, as projector is large and
not reality movables.
Slide projector:
A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single
pictorial image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or
reproduced otherwise. Slides are a form of projected media that are easy
to prepare. They are still pictures on positive film which you can process
and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory. The
standard size of the slides is 2 “X 2 “any 35mm camera will make
satisfactory slides.
Types of slides
1. Photographic slides: 2” X 2” 3” X 4”
a) Black and white
b) Colored
2. Handmade slides can be made with:
a) Acetate sheet
b) Cellophane
c) Etched glass
d) Plain glass
e) Lumarith
Filmstrips:
Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual
frames on 35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized
with film strip. Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a
fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.
Principles:
1. Preview filmstrips before using them and selected carefully to meet
the needs of the topic to be taught.
2. Show again any part of the filmstrip needing more specific study.
3. Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up
problems.
4. It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic
of the study brought out.
5. Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen.
Types of filmstrip:
1) Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous strip of film consisting of
individual frames arranged in sequence usually with explanatory
titles.
2) Sound slide film: it is similar to filmstrip but instead of
explanatory titles or spoken discussion recorded explanation is
audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.
NON-PROJECTED A.V. AIDS:
Graphic aids: It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material
designed for the orderly and logical visualizing of relationships between
key facts and ideas ex: comparisons, relative amounts developments,
processes, classification or organization. It includes the following:
Charts
Introduction: These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing,
contrasting or performing other services in explaining subject matter. A
chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical
material, which presents a clear summary.
Definition: Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and
written key information in systematic way to summarize, compare, ex:
anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc.
Purposes:
 To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in
words.
 To highlight important points.
 To provide outline for materials covered in presentation.
 To show continuity in process.
 For creating problems and stimulating thinking.
 For showing development of structure.
Types of charts:
1) Narrative chart
2) The cause and effective chart
3) The chain chart:
4) The evolution chart
5) Strip tease chart
6) Pull chart
7) Flow chart
8) Tabulation chart
9) Flip chart
Flash cards
Definition: “Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying
sizes that are flashed one by one in a logical sequence.”
“Flash cards can be self-made or commercially prepared and are made
up of chart or drawing paper, plane paper using colors or ink on them for
drawings.’’
Purposes:
1. To teach the students.
2. To give health education.
3. Useful for small group.
4. Used in group discussions
Principles:
 The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs,
cartoons and the content will be written in few lines at the back of
the each card.
 10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3
and more than 20.
 The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm
for better visualization.
Posters
Definition:
“Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages
with attention capturing paintings.”
Purposes:
 To provide general motivation.
 To create an esthetic or atmospheric effect.
 To communicate a more general idea. To thrust the message for
leading to action.
 For the class room and community.
Features of a good poster:
 Brevity: message should be concise
 Simplicity: message should be easily understandable
 Idea: should base on single idea and it should be relevant.
 Color: suitable color and combination should be used to make the
poster attractive and eye catching.
 Display: while displaying one should be sure to find a place where
there is adequate light and where the larger population will see it.
Advantages:
 It attracts attention.
 It conveys the message very quickly.
 It does not require a detailed study.
 Good poster leads to action with good motivation.
 It can stand alone and is self-explanatory.
Disadvantages:
 Poster does not always give enough information When a poster is
seen for longer time it may not attractive. So, it should be dynamic.
Graphs
Definition:
Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and
contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes.
Method of preparation:
 Before making the bar chart makes a rough sketch of it in a note
book.
 For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50x 72 cm size. ·
Use two different color shades for the two contrasting groups.
 The bars should be Equi-spaced.
 Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right-hand side
corner of the chart paper.
 Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top
on the bars.
Types of graphs:
 Pie graph
 Bar graph
 Line graph
 Pictorial graph
Maps
Definition:
A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately as a diagram,
the surface of the earth, world or parts there of. It conveys the
message by lines, symbols, words and colors.
Types of maps:
  Political maps: these maps show political divisions of the world, a
continent, a nation.
 Physical maps: shows the physical contour of a place, area, and
region.
 Relief maps: it shows the actual elevations and depressions in a
place, area, and region.
 Weather maps: shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes,
humidity in an area, region country.
 Population maps: shows the distribution of population in various
parts of region, country.
 Picture or tourist maps: shows historical spots monumental sites.
etc.
 Road maps: shows the roads of a region connecting various parts
and points together.
 Railway maps: shows the railway links between various points.
 Air maps: shows the air routes between various points.
 Sea root maps: shows the sea routes between various sea ports.
Comic strips
Definition: A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of
pictures or sketches of some character and events full of action. This
medium of communication is found very interesting and exciting by
children.
Uses:
 Comic strips fire the imagination of children.
 It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of
adventure.
 It communication detailed and vivid.
 It stimulates reality and involvement.
Dimentional AIDS
MODELS
Definition: a model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three
dimensionally, that is height, width, and depth is felt as reality.
Types of models:
1. Solid models: it is the replica of an original thing made with some
suitable material like clay, plaster of Paris, wood, iron etc. to show the
external parts of the things. Ex: globe, clay model of human and animal.
2. Cutaway and x-ray models: are the replicas of the original things to
show internal parts of a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to
make in the class room or institutions as they require expertise to
construct them. Ex: cross sectional model of human body.
3. Working models: these models are either actual working things or
their miniature replicas. For illustrating an operation. Ex: a motor, a
generator.
4. Sand models: made by using sand, clay, saw dust, ex: a tribal village,
a forest area.
Objects and specimens
Definition: A collection of real things for instructional use refers to
objects. A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material.
Using objects and specimens:
 while using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a teacher
must keep the following points in her mind.
 Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of
the object or specimen being referred to.
 Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the
features of the object or specimen under observation.
 Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object or
specimen under observation.
 Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.
Exhibitions
Many times in the school, a department of the school or a class put up
their work for showing it to the people out side the school, and such a
show called exhibitions. The pieces of work done by the students for an
exhibition are called exhibits.
Requisites for exhibition:
 The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes
to focus attention to a particular concept.
 The exhibits should be clean, labeled properly · The concepts of
contrast in color and size should be used for lying out the
exhibitions.
 The exhibits should be so placed so the most visitors, can see them.
 The place and exhibits should be well lighted.
 To capture attention and interest of visitors, both motion and sound
should be utilized.
 The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative
mechanism such as switches, handles, to be operated by the
visitors to observe some happenings.
 The exhibition should include lot of demonstrations as they
involve deeply the students and the visitors.
 The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to
provide integrated learning.
Museums
Definition: A museum is a building displaying a collection of
historical relics, antiques, curiosities, works of arts, works of science,
literature and other artifacts of general interest. Museums can be
useful both for public education and specific class room instructions.
Puppets
Definition: A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and
the performer is a person termed as a puppeteer. A good puppeteer has
to blend his art with dramatization to produce the desired effect. It is
used as an effective teaching aid for languages and social sciences.
Types of puppets:
 String or marionettes puppets:-Marionettes consist of puppets
with hinged body parts which are controlled by nine strings
produces required movements in the puppet. These puppets are
mainly manipulated by professional puppeteers.
 Stick puppets: - stick puppet are the painted cutouts attached by
sticks. The actions of these puppets are manipulated by the teacher
and students by hiding behind a screen so that only puppets are
visible to the audience or the class.
 Shadow puppets: - shadow puppets are silhouettes of cardboard
which produce shadows on white screen. The motion of these
silhouettes is manipulated by the teacher and students.
 Finger of hand puppet: - Hand puppets are round balls painted as
heads with overflowing colorful costumes. These are worn on
fingers which operate their movements. These are operated from
below the stage.
Selection: In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background
and tastes of the students should be taken in to consideration. A short
puppet play is always preferable.
Advantages:
1) Creates interest
2) Gives the knowledge in a brief period
3) Puppet is an effective method in teaching.
4) Motivate students
5) Easy to carry and operate.
Disadvantages:
1) Needs group cooperation and coordination
2) Requires skills in preparation and supply
3) Skills needed in presentation
Display boards:
CHALK BOARD:
Definition: A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface
on which text or drawings are made with chalk or other erasable
markers. Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of
black or dark grey slate stone. Modern 42 versions are often green or
brown and are thus sometimes called a greenboard or brownboard
instead. A blackboard can simply be a piece of board painted with
matte dark paint (usually black or dark green).
FLANNEL BOARD:
Sometimes called a flannel graph. This teaching tool is called by
different names: Visual Board, Frick Board, Slap Board, Felt Board,
Coherograph, Video graph Flannelgraph is a storytelling system that
uses a board covered with flannel fabric, usually resting on an easel.
It is very similar to Fuzzy felt, although its primary use is as a
storytelling medium, rather than as a toy.

Bulletin board:
Definition:
It is a soft board which will hold pins or tags almost suitable. Simple
device placed either indoor or outdoor. Items generally displayed are
photographs, publications, posters, news paper cut outs.
Advantages:
Explains important events Reports special activities.
Disadvantages:
Not effective for illiterate group.
Takes lot of preplanning and preparation
A bulletin board (pinboard, pin board or notice board in British
English) is a place where people can leave public messages, for
example, to advertise things to buy or sell, announce events or
provide information.
Dormitory corridors, well trafficked hallways, lobbies, and
freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the
posting of notices.
Peg board: It is a type of board which contains small holes to fix
certain letters into the holes which is used especially in the offices to
display certain items, name of the personal or faculty member.
Magnetic boards: It is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating
in some dark color generally black or green. It can be used to display
pictures, cutouts and light objects with disc magnets or magnetic
holders.
Advantages:
Movement of visual material is easy.

Auditory aids:
These are also an effective aid, usually radios, recorders, gram phones
come under this category.
Using a record player for teaching:
 A record player can be used in the following ways in the actual
class room situation.
 A record player can be used to supplement a lesson.
 A record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in music.
 A record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in literature.
 A record player can be used for students to acquire the singing
ability, deliver a speech properly, and recite a poem in the right
way. The player can be used to end or conclude a lesson; Introduce
a lesson and review a lesson.
 A record player can be used for physical exercises accompanied
with music.
Tape recorder: A tape recorder is a portable electronic gadget to
record, reproduce, erase and re-record sound on a magnetic tape. This
device can be used without much fuss by any body by operating the
following press buttons attached to the recorder, viz, stop, play, wind,
rewind, record, pause, and eject.
Uses:
It is used to learn foreign languages, rhymes, and songs with clarity.
GRAME PHONES Like radio gramophones are also important
teaching devices. Helps to listen to famous speeches.
Activity aids: There are certain learning situations in which student
participation through direct experiences can be easily incorporated,
these are called activity aids. The activity teaching aids are really of
great value as they put students in a role of active seekers of
knowledge.
There are five important activity teaching aids, which are listed
below:-
1) Field trips 2) Demonstrations 3) Experiments 4) Dramatizations
Field trips :
Definitions: According to Hedger ken Field trip may be defined as
“an educational procedure by which the student studies firsthand
objects and materials in their natural environment.”
Types of field trips: - Depending on the place of visit and its
duration, field trips are mainly of the following four types, namely:-
a) Local school trips
b) Community trip
c) Educational trips
d) The natural hunt
Demonstrations:- Demonstration method is a concrete visual aid,
because of its wide use in the teaching of nurses. In nursing
education, it is used for this purpose and also for clinics, conferences,
laboratory classes, symposia, autopsies, and teaching of health to
patients. The demonstration method teaches by explanation and
exhibition.
Experiment :An experiment is a learning activity in which students
collect and interpret observations using measuring instruments to
reach some conclusions. In science subjects experiments are used
invariably used as instructional aid as they encourage learning by
doing.
While giving a lesson on an experiment, the teacher should organize
the instruction so as to make the students aware of the following steps
of the experiments:
1) Objectives of the experiments
2) Apparatus required
3) Procedure or methodology
4) Observations of data
5) Computation (totaling) of the observations made.
6) Results or conclusion
7) Precautions
8) Ideas for future work
The student performs the experiment and writes a report on it.
Showing the cause and effect relationship
Dramatization:
Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the class room
instruction lively and interesting. When a teacher dramatizes a lesson,
the students become both the spectators and participants. This makes
learning easy and permanents.
Types of dramatizations suitable for class room instructions:-
1) Role-play
2) Play lets
3) Pageant
4) Pantomime
5) Tableaux