INTRODUCTION

• Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as

planned components of educational programs. It helps the
process of learning that is motivation, classification and
stimulation. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete
realistic and clarity.
• It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning.
DEFINITION
• Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce learning.
-Burton
• Audio visual aids are anything by means of which learning process may
be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight.
-Goods, Dictionary of education
• Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning
experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
-Kinder S. James
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECTED AV AIDS

• They should be meaningful and purposeful

• They should be accurate in every aspects

• They should be simple

• They should be cheap

• They should be up to date

• They should be easily portable

CONTI..
• They should be according to the mental level of students

• They should be motivate the learners

• They should be large enough to be properly seen by the

students for whom they are meant
• They should be improvised
FUNCTIONS OF PROJECTED AIDS

• They supply a concrete basis for conceptual thinking and hence,

reduce meaningless word response of students.
• They have high degree of interest for students.

• They make learning more permanent.

• They offer a reality of experience which stimulates self-activity part

of pupil.
CONTI..

• Develop continuity of thought; this is especially true of

motion pictures.
• They provide experience not easily obtained through
other materials and contribute to the efficiency, depth,
and variety of learning.
NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF PROJECTED AIDS

• Motivate student’s mental and physical activity.

• Save time

• Help to bring the change in the atmosphere of the class.

• Help to develop scientific attitude and get training in scientific

method.
• Large number of students can taught at a time.
CONTI..

• Most convenient, easy and natural way of learning.

• Make learning effective and durable
• Helps pupil to have clear conception of ideas,
information, facts and principles.
VALUE OF AV AIDS
• Best motivators: - they are the best motivators the student work with more
interest and zeal. They are more attentive.
• Clear image: - These images are formed when we see, hear, touch, taste smell
as our experiences are direct, concrete and more or less permanent. Learning
through the senses becomes the most natural and consequently the easiest.
• Variety: - Audio visual aids provides variety and give different tools in the
hand of the teacher like models, transparencies etc.
CONTI..
• Helpful in attracting attention: - Attention is the true factors in any process
of teaching and learning.

• Saving of energy and time :- A good deal of energy and time of both the
teacher and the students can be saved on account of the use of aids as most of
the concepts and phenomena may be easily clarified , understood and
assimilated through their use.
CONTI..
• Antidote to disease of verbal instructions -: They help to reduce verbalism.
They help in giving clear concept and thus help to bring accuracy in learning.
• Spread of education on mass scale -: It helps in providing education to the
people who living in the remote areas. They also help in promoting adult
education.
 Helpful in attracting attention: - Attention is the true factors in any process of
teaching and learning.
CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS
• Non Projected Aids
• Projected Aids

Non- Projected Aids -

Non projected visuals are those aids which are used without any projection. So they translate
abstract ideas into a more realistic format.

Projected Aids -
Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen by the use of a certain type of machines.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTED AIDS
Opaque
projector

Micropro Overhead
jector Projector

TYPES
LCD Slide
projector projector
Film
strip
projector
• The projection of real magnified images on a screen directly
from pictures and drawings on papers is called opaque
projector.
• Opaque projector is done by an optical instrument called
episcope.
• Flat picture diagrams and other graphic material from books,
magazines, periodicals, as well as those drawn on glossy white
paper can be straight away projected on a screen in a darkroom.
PRINCIPLE OF EPISCOPE
• The light reflected from the strongly illuminated picture is
reserved by means of a mirror at 45 degree and then it is
projected on a screen using a convex lens.
• The illuminated picture lies between the focus and twice the
focus of the convex lens to produce a magnified real image.
OPERATION OF EPISCOPE
• An episcope is operated in the following steps in darkroom:
• Place the picture on the platform and close it.
• Switch on the blower or exhaust fan of the episcope.
• Switch on the bulb of episcope.
• Slide the lens to focus the image on the screen
• After showing and explaining about the picture, switch of the
lamp.
• After a short interval switch off the blower.
PRECAUTIONS
 Handle Carefully.
 Keep away from moisture
 Keep clean
 Keep in cool room
 Switch off when not in use.
ADVANTAGES OF EPISCOPE
• Graphic aids are projected with magnification

• Tracing enlarged images

• No need of clipping picture from book resources

• Flat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves etc. can also be
projected
• Seen conveniently by a large number of students.
DISADVANTAGES OF EPISCOPE

• Demands total darkness

• Bulky machine
• Electricity required
• Difficult maintenance
OHP
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
• The overhead projector (OHP) is a device for projecting a
matter, which is written or drawn on transparent sheet of acetate
on to a screen.
• It is the cheapest projecting aid currently available.
• The over head projector is a very vital teaching aid which has
made projections so simple and easy that it has replaced a chalk
board completely in many classrooms.
• An overhead projector produces images on screen behind or
over the head of the teacher.
CONTI..
• An overhead projector consists of a metal box with a 1000 watt
bulb and a concave reflector, a condenser lens illuminate the
transparency placed on the glass sheet on the top of the box.
• There is a vertical rod by the slide of the box which carries an
objective convex lens parallel to the transparency and a plane
mirror to reflect the image on the screen.
• The movement of the objective lens and mirror focuses
the image properly on the screen.
• There is also a small cooling fan on the overhead
projector to blow out the excess heat produced by the
bulb.
USING AN OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

• Place the OHP on a stable table with the objective lens facing the screen.
• Put the cord plug into a power wall socket. Switch on the blower first and then the
bulb
• Place the transparency on the glass top.
• Move the objective lens and mirror assemble up and down to get the image in the
focus on the screen.
• Explain about the material on the transparency sitting behind the OHP with a small
pointer.
OHP Transparencies Instructions

• Use of standard size of acetate sheet measuring 21.5 cm x 30 cm.

• OHP markers are also available in two types: temporary and permanent.
• The best colours to write on transparencies are black, blue and green.
• There should be not more than 6 words in each line and not more than 8
lines in one sheet.
• A sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of
the projector and a large image is projected on the screen.
• The projected is used from rear to the front of the room with the
teacher standing or sitting beside the projector, facing the
student.
• Avoid copying information from a printed book or journal page.
Such pages present too much information for students to take in
and the print is usually too small for them to see easily.
 Effective Use OF Transparencies
• The OHP and screen should be positioned in such a way that every student in
class can see every part of the projected image with ease.
• OHP should be on, with the transparency in position as and when required.
• The fan switched if provided, should not be switched of unit the light source
cools down.
• The main plug and switch should not be turned off soon after using the
projector.
CONTI..
• One should not transport while is lamp is still hot.
• Pointed objects such as pencils placed on the transparency at the platform are
recommended for pointing.
• One should not interrupt the beam of light by movement and gesticulation.
• Never leave a visual on screen after a point has been discussed.
• Turn of the projector by keeping the fan on when you are not actually projecting
the transparency.
ADVANTAGES
• It permits face to face interaction with the student all the time.
• It can be used in day light conditions.
• The teacher can maintain complete class control and interest.
• Effective visuals can be made in a minimum of time and at a low
cost
• The prepared transparencies can be preserved for future use.
• The service of a projectionist are not required.
LIMITATIONS
• This methods requires a special equipment, facilities
and skill of more advances preparation method.
• OHP transparencies are large compared to other
projected aids such as slides.
• Projection lamps are costly keystone effect can be
there.
 SLIDES
Slides are small transparent visual
aids which can be viewed with the
help of a slide projector or slide
viewer.
Slides can be effective promoters
of discussion, can help to make
abstractions concrete and can lean
realism to an otherwise academic
discussion.
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON PREPARATION BASED ON CONTENT
• Slides made by • Live slides and flat copy slides
photographic process • Live slides give three dimensional
images of specimens, organs, life
• Computer made slides events and environmental
• Handmade slide conditions.
• Flat copy slides are made by taking
pictures of graphics, artwork and
visual drawn on sheets.
GUIDELINES FOR USE OF SLIDES
• Slides are prepared in sets of ten, twenty or more for
selected topics. At least five or six slides should be
there for a presentation.
• Based on the objectives of instruction, content may
include written words, sketches, cartoons, graphs,
pictures of objects, etc.
CONTI..

• It is often helpful to number the slides to keep them in

order.
• Take care to position the slides correctly in the tray, to
avoid the surprise of upside-down or sideways shots or
backward lettering.
• Before showing the slides to a class, teacher should
carefully organize the slides to fit into the lecture or
discussion.
CONTI..
• The easiest way to organize a large group of slides is
to place them on a table top slide previewer.
• Switch off lights while showing slides.
• Slides must be shown one by one, at a slow rate
taking care of the slow learners.
ADVANTAGES OF SLIDES
• They are compact
• Slides are easy to carry
• They are easy to store and can be preserved for a long
period of time
• Less eyes soaring and increased visual impact
• Speed of slide presentation can be controlled by the teacher
• Slide projectors are light weight and easy to carry
DISADVANTAGES OF SLIDES
• They are expensive and can easily get dirty and
smudged with finger prints.
• Projector bulbs do not last very long and are
expensive to replace.
• Reduced room light is necessary to get a clear image
on the ecreen.
FILMSTRIPS

• A filmstrip is a continues strip of film consisting of individual

frames or pictures arranged in a sequence usually with a specific
title .In other words , filmstrips are a sequence of transparent still
pictures with individual frames on a 35 mm film . A tape-recorded
narration can be synchronized with a film strip. Each strip
contains between 12 and 18 or more pictures .
Types of Filmstrips

• Discussion filmstrips: It is a continuous strip of film consisting of

individual frames arranged in a sequence usually with explanatory titles.

• Sound slide film: It is similar to a discussion filmstrip but instead of

explanatory titles or spoken discussion, the recorded explanation is
audible and is synchronized with the pictures.
 POWER POINT PRESENTATION

• The software was designed as convenient way to display

graphical information that would support the speaker and
supplement the presentation.
• The slides themselves were never meant to be the 'star of the
show’.
• Power point can be an effective tool to present material in a
classroom and encourage student learning.
• PowerPoint, when effectively planned and used, can enhance
instructions.
DESIGNING THE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

• Preparing for the • Typeface

presentation • Point size
• Student accessibility • Clip art and graphics
• Slide content • Animation and sound
• Number of slides • Emphasizing content
PREPARING FOR THE PRESENTATION:
• Consider time and effort in preparing a PowerPoint
presentation: teacher needs plenty of lead time for
design and development.
• PowerPoint is especially useful when providing
course material online.
CONTI..

STUDENT ACCESSIBLITY:
• Visual impaired may not be able to fully access a PowerPoint
presentation, especially those with graphics and images.
• If teacher must make sure the classroom is equipped with that the
laptop proper cables, drivers, and other means to display your
presentation the way you have intended.
CONTI..
SLIDE CONTENT:
• Remember rule of six. Six lines in slide and six word in each line.

• Avoid text dense slides: it is better to have more slides than trying to place
too much text on one slide.
• Use brief points instead of to long sentences or paragraphs.

• Relate PowerPoint material to course objectives to reinforce their purpose.

CONTI..
NUMBER OF SLIDES:
• As a rule of thumb , plan to show one slide per minute to account
for discussion and time and for student to absorb the material
• Reduce redundant or text heavy sentences or bullets to ensure a
more professional appearance.
CONTI..
EMPHASIZING CONTENT:
• Use of a light background with dark typeface or a dark
background with a light typeface is easy to read in a large room.
• Consider using different color slide backgrounds to change the
pace of the presentation ( or when you shift to new major slide)
FONT SIZE
• Ensure the typeface is large enough to read from
anywhere in the room: titles and headings should be not
less than 32 - 36 for headings
• The subtext will be not less than 28 - 32.
CLIP ART AND GRAPHICS
• Photographs can be effectively used to add realism.
• Use clip art and graphics only when it supports the
content.
ANIMATION AND SOUND
• Add motion, sound, or music only when necessary

• Excessive movement within or between slides can

interface with the message can be annoying. Avoid or
use only simple screen transitions.
POSITIVE FEATURES OF POWERPOINT

• It saves time and energy once the presentation has

been created, is easy to update and can be notified for
other sources.
• PowerPoint is portable and can be easily shared with
students and colleagues.
• PowerPoint supports multimedia such as video,
audio, images and animation.
DRAWBACKS OF POWERPOINT
• Though its name is PowerPoint, it makes teacher powerless.
• PowerPoint can reduce the opportunity for classroom
interaction
• PowerPoint can lead to information overload, especially
with long sentences and paragraphs.
• Teacher just read out slides and if light go, she feels
handicapped effecting teaching.
TELEVISION

• Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting

and receiving, moving images that can be monochrome (black &
white) or colored with accompanying sound. Television is a very
commonly and widely used medium for sharing and dissemination
information between large groups. It is also very popular and
widely viewed in different strata of the society because of its
specific feature, the combination of audio and visual technology.
In India, television is being used for imparting distance education
through the educational programs.
LCD PROJECTOR

• An LCD projector is a type of video projector for

displaying videos, images or computer data on a
screen or other flat surface. It is a modern equivalent
of the slide projector or overhead projector. When
connected to the computer will enable to project
computer generated images onto a display screen.
• Important factors that warrant careful consideration are
projector brightness, portability, bulb life, the environment
that the projector is going to be operated, the cost,
resolution, contrast, ratio and networking connectivity of
the projector, and how secure it is when in place.
ADVANTAGES OF PROJECTED AIDS

• Provides greater enjoyment in learning

• Stimulate more rapid learning

• Increase retention : larger percentage and longer retention

• Compels attention

• Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects

• Brings distant past and the present into the classroom

• The mental reaction of the pupils to audio-visual experience is both intellectual and emotional
• They make a lasting impression on the minds of the learner
• "ONE PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS”
THEY MAKE LEARNING
• realistic
• permanent
• natural and
• easy
DISADVANTAGES OF PROJECTED AIDS

• Needed a dark room

• It’s easier to lose focus

• requires a well-designed presentation or material

• participants might pay more attention to the graphics than the audio

• Sequence cannot be changed

• Not suitable for all type of educational materials.

CONCLUSION

• Projected aids are very useful for teaching process ,

these are great tools to catch the attention of audience ,
it is important to use variety of teaching methods for
students with varying preferences and an AV aid should
also not distract a student from learning experiences.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• BT Basavanthapa, Nursing Education. JAYPEE BROTHER PUBLISHER. New Delhi. 1 st Edition,
2003, Page 434 – 439.
• BT Basavanthapa, Nursing Education. JAYPEE BROTHER PUBLISHER. New Delhi. 2 nd Edition,
2004, Page 583 – 634.
• Emmess. Text Book of Nursing Education. EMMESS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS. Rajajinagar.
Banglore.1st Edition,2013, Page no.197-219
• KP Neeraja. Textbook of Nursing Education. JAYPEE BROTHER PUBLISHER. New Delhi. First
edition, 2003. Page no. 222 – 230
• Eshita Chanda. Introduction to Nursing Education. S. Vikas and company
(MEDICALPUBLISHER). Jalandhar City. Edition. 2014 Page no. 145 – 157
• Jaspreet Kaur Sodhi. Comprehensive Textbook of Nursing Education. JAYPEE BROTHER
PUBLISHER. New Delhi. First Edition. 2017. Page no.155 – 164.
• Saraspreet. (31 July 2016). Projected teaching aids. Retrived from http://www.slideshare.net