Introduction (general)

• Cell is the building unit of the body.

• Group of cells form tissue.
• 4 tissues in the body.
، glands ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﻨﺎ‬
ِ ّ tissue ‫ وإذا دﺧﻠﺖ داﺧﻞ ال‬،(epi on other tissue)‫• ﻧﺴﯿﺞ طﻼﺋﻲ ﯾﻄﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
cover. ‫ﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ّ ‫ﻏ‬
َ ‫ﻄ‬ ّ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ إذا ﺑ‬
ُ ‫ وإذا‬، lining ‫ُﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬

• Functions of the tissues:

1- Formation of the glands.
2- Covering and lining the body and organ from inside & outside

• Example: -
- Epidermis: is keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
- It's function:
1- Connection
2- Sensation
3- Protection of underlying tissue as dermis

• Review of respiratory system& GIT, and differences:

- Respiratory system: It's a tube, it's wall consist of 4 layers:
1- Mucosa
2- Submucosa
3- Musculosa(cartilage) 
a- There isn’t muscles, there is just cartilage
b- Incomplete ring of cartilage
c- Contain muscles only in space, for distension of esophagus.
4- Adventitia or serosa: there are serosa cells, it's called serosa, which
covered by simple squamous epithelial tissue

mucosa ‫ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﻨﺴﯿﺞ طﻼﺋﻲ وﯾُﺒﻄﻦ ال‬،‫ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﺼﺪر‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
(pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) ‫ب‬

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23

  why ciliated?
- For cleaning of airway

• GIT: Is a tube start in mouth and end in anus.

• The mouth differs from alimentary canal in its structures.
• Alimentary canal starts in esophagus and end in rectum, and Its wall consists of
4 layers:
1- Mucosa: lining the tube
2- Submucosa: C.T. contain B.V + glands in esophagus + duodenum + anal
canal, but in stomach and intestine don't contain glands.
3- Musculosa: smooth and skeletal muscles:
a- Upper third of esophagus  skeletal muscle for swallowing (Voluntary).
b- Middle third of esophagus  Mixed (skeletal +smooth muscle).
c- lower third of esophagus  smooth muscle (Involuntary).
. ‫ وﻻزم ﻧﻔﺘﺤﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺟﺮاﺣﯿﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺗﻈﻞ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬،‫ ﻟﻮ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬-

• Embryology of GIT:
- In third week, it's formed of 3 layers:
1- Endoderm: Inner layer, slowly growing.
2- Mesoderm: middle layer.
3- Ectoderm: outer layer, fast growing (Folding of this layer forming a
tube covered by ectoderm and lining by endoderm, the endoderm
lining a tube, called primitive gut, and it's divided into 3 parts:
a- Foregut (upper): in cephalic or head part, it forms 
 Esophagus
 proximal or first half of duodenum
 Pancreas + liver + stomach
 Respiratory system except pharynx + larynx  from
pharyngeal arch.
b- Midgut(middle): forms:
 distal part of duodenum
 small and large intestine
 ascending colon
 half of transversum colon
 Appendix + cecum

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23

‫ ﻛﻠﮫ ﯾﺨﺮج ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺠﻨﯿﻦ‬midgut ‫ ھﺬا ال‬، umbilical ring‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ واﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ‬، physiological hernia‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ھﺬه اﻷﻋﻀﺎء وﺗُﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ وھﺬا ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬،‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﺒﺮ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬
. ‫ ﻓﯿﺘﻢ إﻏﻼﻗﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬defect ‫إذا ُوﻟﺪ وھﻮ ﻛﻠﮫ ﺧﺎرج ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺪه‬
c- Hindgut (lower, caudal part): forms:
 distal or lower half of transverse colon
 descending colon
 sigmoid colon + rectum
 half of anal canal
‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ال‬anus ‫ ال‬، ectoderm‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ال‬، endoderm‫اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ال‬
stratified squamous epithelial tissue.‫ﻟﺬا ﻧﺸﻮﻓﮭﺎ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ب‬،ectoderm

• Mouth embryo:
oropharyngeal ‫ ب‬pharynx ‫ ﻷن اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﯾُﻐﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ال‬،‫اﻟﻔﻢ ﻻﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬membrane ‫ ھﺬا ال‬، cloacal membrane‫ وﯾﺘﻢ إﻏﻼﻗﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬،membrane
pharynx ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ال‬،،‫ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬mesoderm ‫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬، ectoderm +endoderm‫إﻟﺘﻘﺎء‬
‫ وﯾﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬، anus‫ ﻟﻞ‬perforation ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ وﯾﺤﺪث‬GIT ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ال‬
ّ ‫ﯾﻔﺘﺢ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺸﺎء وﯾﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬+mouth
. ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬GIT ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ال‬
ّ
• Mouth: At the end of third week.
‫ ﺣﯿﺚ أن ھﺬا ال‬، membrane‫ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا ال‬invagination ‫ ﯾﺤﺪث‬ectoderm ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ ال‬
perimitive ‫ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬invagination ‫ وھﺬا ال‬،ectoderm ‫ ﯾﺮوح ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ وﯾﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻌﮫ ال‬membrane
‫ ﻣﻦ‬anal canal ‫ ﺣﺘﻰ ال‬esophagus ‫ ﻣﻦ ال‬GIT ‫ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ ال‬، ectoderm‫ﯾُﺒﻄﻦ ب‬mouth
ectoderm.‫ ﯾُﺒﻄﻦ ﺑﺎل‬anal canal ‫ ﻋﺪا اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ال‬، endoderm‫ال‬
• GIT consist of:
1- oral cavity
2- Alimentary canal

• First: mouth (oral cavity): contain:

a- Two lips
b- Oral mucosa
c- Tongue
d- Teeth
e- Tonsil
f- Minor salivary gland

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23

A- Two lips:
 At the anterior of the mouth.
 Each lips contain two faces:
 outer face (skin side)
 inner face (mucosa side)
 Between outer and inner, there in margin called Vermillion
Vermillion: it's transitional zone or brilliant area btw outer and inner sides of lips.
 The two lips don't contain hairs + sweat gland +mucous gland.
 The two lips just contain a lot of blood vessels, so it can be used for
diagnosis of anemia, how??
‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻋﻨﺪه‬pale ‫ إذا ﺷﻔﻨﺎ اﻻﺣﻤﺮار‬، lips‫ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﺮﯾﺤﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ وﻧﻀﻐﻄﮭﺎ ﺑﺎل‬-
anemia.
Inner face Outer face
Character: Characters:
a- Thick a- Thin
b- Moist b- Dry
c- Transparent c- Opaque
d- Red color d- Keratinizing
e- Non keratinizing
Contain: Contain:
a- Mucous gland a- Hair
b- Serous gland b- Sweat gland
c- No hair c- Sebaceous gland
Structure: Structure:
a- Mucosa: non keratinizing a- Epidermis: keratinizing
stratified squamous epithelial stratified squamous epithelial
tissue. tissue
b- Submucosa: dense connective b- Dermis: dense C.T. contain hair
tissue, contain labial gland follicles(root) +sweat and
(protect mouth from dryness) sebaceous gland.

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23

Note: Outer side separate from inner side by orbicularis muscle (for movement of
lips)

Note:
‫وﯾﻜﻮن‬
ّ ‫ ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻄﻠﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج وﯾﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم‬، soft keratin‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺗُﻔﺮز‬-
hard keratin.
Keratin: non cellular layer formed of protein that secreted by cells, for protection
of cells and underlying tissue which contain anti-bacterial enzyme + WBC (innate
immunity).

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23

B- Oral mucosa: oral cavity lined by 3 types of mucosae:
1- lining mucosa (60%): non keratinizing present in:
- vestibule of mouth btw lip and tooth and btw cheek and tooth ( ‫ﻻﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻀﻎ‬
‫)اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ھﻨﺎ‬
- floor of mouth
- soft palate

2- Masticatory mucosa (25%): keratinizing function in chewing and present

in:
- hard palate
- Gingiva

3- Specialized mucosa (15%): para-keratinized (partial keratinized & partial

non-keratinized)
• present in dorsal aspect of tongue
• function:
a- Tasting
b- Hot and cold sensation
c- Thermal regulation in some animal as dogs.

C- Tongue.
• Def: is muscular organ covered by masticatory mucosa in the mouth has true
surface (dorsal surface which is rough and ventral surface which is smooth).

• Contain 2 sides:
1- Ventral side:(loose attach + smooth + no papilla).
2- Dorsal side: It's divided by V-shaped groove into:
a- Anterior 2/3 (developed from first pharyngeal arch).
b- Posterior 1/3(developed from third and four pharyngeal arch).

• The anterior and posterior meet each other at V-shaped groove, or called
(sulcus terminalis in anatomy).
• The dorsal side covered by:
1- Specialized mucosa: para-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial
tissue.
2- Lamina propria for supporting and providing blood supply.

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23

 • This mucosa and lamina propria forming the papilla.
• If there is lamina propria, it called true papilla.
• If there isn't lamina propria, it called false papilla.
• papilla: is finger like projection.
• Types of papilla:

1- Filiform papilla: thread like.

- Present: very more in anterior 2/3.
- Contain: no taste buds.
- Function: foe catching food.

2- Fungiform papilla: ‫ﺗﺸﺒﮫ ﻋﺶ اﻟﻐﺮاب‬

- present: in anterior 2/3 and scattered btw filiform papilla.
- contain: taste buds +secondary papilla
- shape: wide in apex, narrow in base.
- function: taste buds present laterally for:
a- Protection (present laterally away from mechanical force ( ‫ﻋﺸﺎن‬
‫ﻌﺮض ال‬ ‫ وﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻀﻎ ﻻﺗ ُ ﱠ‬taste buds’ mechanical effect).
b- Presence of saliva.

• Note: Taste buds are 4 types:(sweet +salt + bitter +sour)

Secondary‫ ﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬papilla ‫* إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺘﻮء ﺗﺒﻊ ال‬
Primary‫ ﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬papilla ‫* إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺘﻮء ﺗﺒﻊ ال‬
3- Circumvallate papilla:
- present: in V-shaped groove (sulcus terminalis)
- contain: taste buds surrounded by von Ebner’s gland(serous gland)
- Shape: apex is small.
• Note:
sulcus. ‫ ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﻈﻞ داﺧﻞ ال‬، rough character‫* ﻻﯾﺒﺮز اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن ﻟﺬا ﻻﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬
secondary ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬، taste buds‫ ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬، fungiform papilla‫* ﺗﺸﺒﮫ ال‬
papilla.
4- Foliate papilla:
- present: in posterior 1/3.
- contain: more folds + more and more taste buds.

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23

• Note: Regress in human, but progress in rabbit.
. ‫*ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻷرﻧﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻋﺸﺎب اﻟﻀﺎرة واﻟﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﺎرة‬
regress. ‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺣﺼﻠﮫ‬،‫*ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬
• Taste buds: Flask shape organ contain pores lies in tongue papilla, soft palate
and epiglottic, glottic (‫)اﻟﻤﺮض ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺧﻄﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬.

• There is no sense for disease.

1- Taste cell: (bipolar neuron _chemoreceptor cells), contain cilia or microvilli

or dendritic project from pores of the taste buds; for transfer chemical
sensation to body cells then to axons» ‫ﯾﻜﻮن ال‬
ّ ‫ وھﺬا اﻟﻠﻲ‬taste nerve،
‫ ھﺬا ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬،‫واﻟﺬي ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪة أﻋﺼﺎب أﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﺼﺎب اﻷذن ﻟﺬا ﻟﻮ ﺣﺪث ﺧﻠﻞ ﺑﻌﺼﺐ اﻷذن‬
. ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼم‬
2- Supporting cells: we differ the cells by:
a- supporting cells: columnar cells with dark nucleus in the center.
b- taste cells: columnar cells with light nucleus.

3- Basal cells: (bipolar neuron, stem cells for regeneration).

D- Tooth.
- Either 20 milk teeth or 30 perm teeth.
- Each tooth developed from:
a- Ectoderm  enamel (epithelial tissue)
b- Mesoderm  dentin and its pulp + cementum.
- Each tooth consist of:
1- Anatomical:
a- Crown  project in mouth, covered by enamel.
b- Root  embedded in alveolar bone, fixed by cementum.
2- Histological:
a- Hard tissue  enamel + dentin + cementum.
b- Soft tissue  pulp.

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23

 • Enamel: hardest material, covered by crown, consist of (inorganic(ca+ ph) =
(98%) +(organic(water + protein)=2%.
.‫ إذا إﻧﻜﺴﺮ ﻧﻠﺒﺴﮫ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺴﺔ‬،‫ ﻟﻠﺴﻦ‬regeneration ‫• ﻻﯾﺤﺪث‬

• Dentin and its pulp: thin bone, main part of tooth developed from
mesoderm, synthesis by odontoblast cells.
- loose C.T. contain nerve +B.V., which supply and innervation of tooth.
- Types of nerve (motor + sensory).
- consist of (inorganic 75%) + (organic 25%).

• Cementum: it's thin layer cover root and fixed tooth to alveolar bone.
- prevent dentin growing in alveolar bone.
- similar to bone  consist of (55% organic) + (45% inorganic).
- not similar to bone  don't contain osteoclast and not regenerate.

.‫(ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺬر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬mastication) ‫ ﯾﻮزع ﻗﻮة اﻟﻤﻀﻎ‬-

Done By: Haneen Alademy MCTU23