1/ Pronouns:

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive

Pronouns
I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He / She / It Him / Her / It His / Her / Its His / Hers
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
They Them Their Theirs

• Direct Object Pronouns:

These replace the noun directly receiving the action of the verb.

Examples:

− I see her. ("Her" replaces "the girl.")

− They invited us. ("Us" replaces "me and my friends.")

• Indirect Object Pronouns:

These replace the noun receiving the action indirectly, often answering "to whom" or "for
whom" the action is done.

Examples:

− She gave him a book. ("Him" replaces "to John.")

− I sent them an email. ("Them" replaces "to the students.")

With “For” With “To”

Bring sth for/to sb, buy sth for sb, cook sth Give sth to sb, lend sth to sb, offer sth to sb,
for sb, find sth for sb, get sth for sb, make read sth to sb, sell sth to sb, show sth to sb,
sth for sb take sth to sb, write sth to sb

2/ Adjectives:

- Adjectives + one/ones: We use one (singular) and ones (plural) to avoid repeating a
noun that has already been mentioned:

Adjectives + one (singular): Used when referring to a single item.

o Example: Which shirt do you want? The red one. (One replaces "shirt.")

Adjectives + ones (plural): Used when referring to multiple items.

o Example: Which apples are better? The green ones.(Ones replaces "apples.")
 - A bit / much + Comparative Adjective

A bit: Used to show a small difference in comparison.

o Example: This book is a bit more interesting than the other one. (The
difference in how interesting they are is small.)
Much: Used to emphasize a big difference in comparison.
o Example: This car is much faster than that one. (The difference in speed is
significant.)
➢ Key Tip: Both a bit and much are placed before the comparative adjective (more
interesting, faster).

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Tall Taller The tallest
Hot Hotter The hottest
Bored More bored The most bored
Stressed More stressed The most stressed
Modern More modern The most modern
Busy Busier The busiest
Dangerous More dangerous The most dangerous
Interesting Less interesting The least interesting
Good Better The best
Bad Worst The worst
Far Further (farther) The furthest (the farthest)

3/ Present Tenses:

Tense Usage Structure Examples

Present - Facts or general truths. S+V - Water boils at
Simple - Habits or routines. (base 100°C.
- Timetables or schedules. form) - I usually wake up at
(add -s for 7 am.
he/she/it) - The train leaves at 8
pm.
Present - Actions happening now. S+ - She is reading a
Continuo - Temporary actions. am/is/are book now.
us - Future arrangements. + V(-ing) - They are staying at a
hotel this week.
- I’m meeting her
tomorrow.
Action - Verbs that describe actions or things Used in - Run, write, eat: She
Verbs we do. both runs every day
tenses (simple).
She is running now
(continuous).
Non- - Verbs describing states, thoughts, or Used in - Like, know, want: He
Action feelings (not used in continuous form). Present likes pizza.
Verbs Simple I know the answer.
She wants a new
phone.
 Verbs - Some verbs can describe actions or Depends - Think: I think she’s
that can states, depending on the context. on usage right (state).
be both I’m thinking about the
problem (action).

4/ Possessives:

1. Possessive with 's:

• Used to show ownership.

o Example: Sarah's car (The car belongs to Sarah).

2. Possessive with "of mine," "of yours," etc.:

• Used for emphasis or clarity.

o Example: That book is a friend of mine (The book belongs to one of my
friends).

3. Possessive with "own":

• Emphasizes personal ownership or responsibility.

o Example: I have my own phone (The phone belongs only to me, not shared).

5/ Past simple past continuous or used to:

1. Past Simple

• Usage: For actions that happened and finished at a specific time in the past.
o Example: I visited Paris last year. (The visit is finished and happened at a
specific time.)

2. Past Continuous

• Usage: For actions that were in progress at a specific time in the past or when two
actions were happening simultaneously.
o Example: I was reading when she called me. (The reading was happening
when the call occurred.)

3. Used to

• Usage: For past habits, routines, or states that no longer exist.

o Example: I used to play football every weekend. (This was a regular activity
in the past, but it doesn’t happen anymore.)

In summary:
 • Past Simple: Action completed in the past.
• Past Continuous: Action in progress or interrupted in the past.
• Used to: Past habits or states that are no longer true.

6/ Future Forms (Will, Shall, Be going to) :

Here’s a quick chart summarizing will, shall, and be going to:

Form Usage Example

Will - Predictions It will rain tomorrow.
- Spontaneous decisions I will call you later.
- Offers/promises
Shall - Formal offers/suggestions (usually with "I" Shall we go to the cinema?
or "we") I shall help you.
Be - Plans/intentions I am going to visit my friend
going - Predictions based on evidence tomorrow.
to It’s going to rain.

7/First and second conditional:

Conditional Usage Structure Example

First Real or possible If + present simple, If it rains, we will stay home.
Conditional situations in the will + base verb (Possible future event)
future
Second Hypothetical or If + past simple, If I won the lottery, I would
Conditional unlikely situations would + base verb travel the world. (Imaginary
situation)

8/ Present Perfect/ Present Perfect Continuous:

Tense Usage Structure Example

Present - Action completed at an has/have + past She has finished her
Perfect unspecified time participle homework.
Simple - Action that started in the past I have lived here for
and continues five years.
Present - Action started in the past and has/have + been They have been
Perfect is still continuing + present studying for two
Continuous - Recent action with present participle hours.
connection I’ve been working
all day.

➢ Key Difference:
• Present Perfect Simple: Focuses on the result of an action.
• Present Perfect Continuous: Focuses on the process or duration of the action.