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German 126 Chapter 10 Paper

The document is a paper on roses, detailing their botanical characteristics, cultural significance, and evolution. It discusses the various species, their physical traits, and the role of hybridization in developing garden roses. Additionally, it covers the anatomy of roses, including their flowers, leaves, and the significance of rose hips.

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5 views6 pages

German 126 Chapter 10 Paper

The document is a paper on roses, detailing their botanical characteristics, cultural significance, and evolution. It discusses the various species, their physical traits, and the role of hybridization in developing garden roses. Additionally, it covers the anatomy of roses, including their flowers, leaves, and the significance of rose hips.

Uploaded by

hirotoshintaronakamura086
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University of Colorado Boulder - Winter 2022

German 126, Chapter 10 Paper

Professor Glen, Section 5

May 06, 2022

A rose is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa (), in the family

Rosaceae (), or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of

thousands of cultivars.

Class Date: 7/6/2024

Professor’s Remark: Please double-check the formatting of your references.

PAPER CONTENT:

## Background

They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that

are often armed with sharp prickles. Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually

large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are

native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and Northwest

Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are

fragrant.
## Conclusion (List)

- Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies.

- Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses to climbers that can reach seven

meters in height.

- Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide

range of garden roses.

- == Etymology ==

The name rose comes from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from

Greek ῥόδον rhódon (Aeolic βρόδον wródon), itself borrowed from Old Persian wrd-

(wurdi), related to Avestan varəδa, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr.

- == Botany ==

The leaves are borne alternately on the stem.

## Findings (List)

- In most species, they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9

(−13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few

small prickles on the underside of the stem.

- Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from Southeast Asia) are evergreen or

nearly so.

- The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa omeiensis and

Rosa sericea, which usually have only four.

- Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few

species yellow or red.


## Discussion

Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa omeiensis and Rosa sericea,

four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green

points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop

into achenes. Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.

## Analysis

The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many of the

domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do

not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa

pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips.

## Background

Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds"

(technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff,

hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose (Rosa canina) and rugosa rose (R.

rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are

eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in

their droppings.

## Conclusion
The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically

prickles, outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true

thorns, which are modified stems. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid

the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa

rugosa and [R. pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation

to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand

and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on

coastal sand dunes).

## Findings

Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of

roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points. Plant geneticist Zachary Lippman of

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory found that prickles are controlled by the LOG gene. Blocking

the LOG gene in roses reduced the thorns (large prickles) into tiny buds. === Evolution ===

The oldest remains of roses are from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation of Colorado.

## Discussion (List)

- Roses were present in Europe by the early Oligocene.

- Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China.

- Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while

newer groups are the most diverse.

- === Genome ===


A study of the patterns of natural selection in the genome of roses indicated that genes

related to DNA damage repair and stress adaptation have been positively selected, likely

during their domestication.

## Analysis

This rapid evolution may reflect an adaptation to genome confliction resulting from

frequent intra- and inter-species hybridization and switching environmental conditions of

growth. === Species ===

The genus Rosa is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera:

Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing two species

from Southwest Asia, Rosa persica and Rosa berberifolia, which are the only roses without

compound leaves or stipules.

## Background

Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa

stellata, from North America. Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky

bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii (also known as the chestnut rose).

References / Works Cited:

1. Wikipedia (n.d.). Retrieved from https://wikipedia.org/


2. Random Book Title (2022). Academic Publishing House.

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