Mathematics

Class XIIA

150 Sample Questions With Solutions

2024-25
Topics Covered
I. Relations and Functions

II. Matrices

III. Applications of Derivatives

IV. Probability

V. Linear Programming
 Practice Problems

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS & MATRICES

Class 12 - Mathematics

1. Check whether the function f3= {(a, x), (b, x), (c, z), (d, z)} ; A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {x, y, z] from A to B is one-one and
onto?
if is odd
2. Show that f : N N, given by is both one-one and onto.
if is even
3. Show that the function f : R+ R+ defined by is one-one and onto, where R+ is the set of all non-zero real
numbers. Is the result true, if the domain R+ is replaced by N with co-domain being same as R+?
4. Are the following set of ordered pairs functions? If so, examine whether the mapping is injective or surjective.
i. {(x, y) : x is a person, y is the mother of x}.
ii. {(a, b) : a is a person, b is an ancestor of a}.
5. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the below function:
f:Z Z given by f(x) = x2
6. Let A and B be sets. Show that f : A B B A such that f(a, b) = (b, a) is a bijective function.

7. Let f: N N be defined by

Examine whether the function f is onto, one - one or bijective

8. Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2 ,3} given by R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3)} is reflexive but neither
symmetric nor transitive.
9. Let A be the set of all students of a boys school. Show that the relation R in A given by R = {(a, b) : a is a sister of b} is
the empty relation and R′ = {(a, b) : the difference between heights of a and b is less than 3 meters} is the universal
relation.
10. Determine whether the relation R defined on the set of all real numbers as R = and
, where S is the set of all irrational numbers}, is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
11. Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a b}, is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
12. Give an example of a relation which is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
13. Determine whether the relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive:
Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular time given by
R = {(x, y) : x is wife of y}
14. State the reason for the relation R on the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} not to be transitive.
15. Give an example of a relation which is transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
16. Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T given by
R = {(T1, T2) : T1 is congruent to T2}.
Show that R is an equivalence relation.
17. Let A be the set of all lines in xy-plane and let R be a relation in A, defined by R = . Show that R is
an equivalence relation in A .

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18. Let R be a relation on the set Q of all rationals defined by R = {(a, b): a, b and a - b Z }. Show that R is an
equivalence relation.
19. Let C be the set of all complex numbers and C0 be the set of all non-zero complex numbers.
Let a relation R on C0 be defined as
is real for all z1, z2 C0
Show that R is an equivalence relation.
20. Let A be the set of all points in a plane and let O be the origin. Show that the relation R ={(P, Q): P, Q A and OP = OQ}
is an equivalence relation.
21. If R is a relation defined on the set of natural numbers N as follows: R={(x,y) : x N, y N and 2x+ y = 24}, then find
the domain and range of the relation R. Also, find whether R is an equivalence relation or not.
22. Show that the relation S in set A= {x Z:0 x 12} given by S = {(a, b): a, b A, Ia - bl is divisible by 4} is an
equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1.
23. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is divisible by 2} is an equivalence
relation. Write all the equivalence classes of R.
24. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ....9} and R be the relation in A A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a + d = b + c for (a, b), (c, d) in A A.
Prove that R is an equivalence relation and also obtain the equivalence class [(2, 5)].
25. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b) : |a - b| is even}, is an equivalence relation.
Show that all the elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and all the elements of {2, 4} are related to each other.
But no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of {2, 4}.
26. Let n be a positive integer. Prove that the relation R on the set Z of all integers numbers defined by (x, y) R x - y is
divisible by n, is an equivalence relation on Z.
27. Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R in Z as follows a, b Z aRb if and only if a-b is divisible by n.
Show that R is an equivalence relation.
28. Give examples of two functions f : N N and g : N N such that gof is onto but f is not onto.
if
(Hint: Consider f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) =
if
29. If f: R R is defined as f(x) = 10x + 7. Find the function g : R R, such that gof = fog = lR·
30. Let f : W W be defined as f(n) = n - 1, if n is odd and f(n) = n + 1, if n is even. Show that f is invertible. Find the
inverse of f. Here, W is the set of all whole numbers.
31. Construct matrix, where
32. Construct a 3 4 matrix, whose element are given by aij

33. If then write the value of (x + y + z).

34. Find the values of x, y, and z from the following equation:

35. Find the values of x, y and z from the following equations:

i.

ii.

36. Find the value of x from the following: .

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37. Let ; Show that f(x). f(y) = f(x+y)

38. Give an example of matrices A, B and C such that AB = AC, where A is non-zero matrix, but B ≠ C.
39. If B, C are n rowed square matrices and if A = B + C, BC = CB, C2 = O, then show that for every n N, An+1 = Bn (B +
(n + 1) C).

40. Find a 2 2 matrix A such that A = 6l2

41. Three schools A, B and C organised a mela for collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation of ood victims. They sold
handmade fans, mats and plates from recycled material at a cost of Rs. 25, ₹ 100 and ₹ 50 each. The number of articles
sold are given below

Article/School A B C

Hand-fans 40 25 35

Mats 50 40 50

Plates 20 30 40

Find the funds collected by each school separately by selling the above articles. Also, find the total funds collected for
the purpose. Write one value generated by the above situation.
42. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation:

43. If then show that P(x).P(y) = P(x + y) = P(y).P(x).

44. If , prove

45. If then show that A2 - 5A + 7I = 0 and hence find A4 .

46. Find X and Y, if and

47. Let A = and B = . Find AT, BT and verify that (2A)T =2AT

48. For the matrices A and B, verify that (AB)T = BT AT, where A = ,B= .

49. If and , then verify that:

i. (A + B)' = A' + B'

ii. (A - B)' = A' - B'

50. If A is a square matrix, using mathematical induction prove that (AT)n = (An)T for all n N.
51. Prove by Mathematical Induction that (A')n = (An)' where n N for any square matrix A.

52. If and then verify that:

i. (A')' = A
ii. (AB)' = B'A'

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 iii. (kA)' = (kA').

53. If A is a skew-symmetric and n N such that (An)T = An, write the value of .

54. Express the matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix, where

55. Express the matrix as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.

56. Find (A + A’) and (A – A’) when .

57. Express the matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.

58. Express the matrix as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.

59. Let A = . Find matrices X and Y such that X + Y = A, where X is a symmetric and Y is a skew-

symmetric matrix.
60. The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babban are in the ratio 3 : 4 and their monthly expenditures are in the ratio 5 : 7. If
each saves ₹ 15000 per month, find their monthly incomes using a matrix method.

61. Show that A = satisfies the equation A2 – 3A – 7I = O and hence find A–1

62. Show that satisfies the equation A2 - 3A - 7I = 0 and hence find A-1.

63. If and then verify that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

64. Let . Find a matrix D such that CD - AB = 0

65. If , then prove that where n is any positive integer.

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Practice Problems

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES & PROBABILITY

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Class 12 - Mathematics

1. If , then find the value of f' (x) at x = .

2. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate of increase of the perimeter of the square.
3. The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of 3 cm/s. Find the rate at which the area of the circle is
increasing when the radius is 10 cm.
4. A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic centimeters of gas per
second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases when the radius is 15 cm.
5. The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of cm/s. At what rate is the volume of the bubble increasing when
the radius is 1 cm?
6. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width y is increasing at the rate of 4
cm/minute. When x = 8cm and y = 6cm, find the rates of change of (a) the perimeter, and (b) the area of the rectangle.
7. Water is leaking from a conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm3 /sec. If the radius of the base of the funnel is 5 cm and its
altitude is 10 cm, find the rate at which the water level is dropping when it is 2.5 cm from the top.
8. A point source of light along a straight road is at a height of a metres. A boy b metres in height is walking along the
road. How fast is his shadow increasing if he is walking away from the light at the rate of c metres per minute?
9. A swimming pool is to be drained for cleaning. If L represents the number of litres of water in the pool t seconds after
the pool has been plugged off to drain and L = 200 (10 – t)2. How fast is the water running out at the end of 5 seconds?
What is the average rate at which the water flows out during the first 5 seconds?
10. Show that the function f(x) = x is a strictly decreasing function on (- , 0]
11. Without using the derivative, show that the function f (x) = | x | is strictly decreasing in
12. Show that the function f(x) = x2 is neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing or R.
13. Show that f(x) = log sin x is increasing on (0, ) and decreasing on ( , 0).

14. Find the intervals of function f(x) = 2x3 - 24x + 5 is

a. increasing
b. decreasing.

15. Find the values 'a' for which the function f (x) = (a + 2)x3 - 3ax2 + 9ax - 1 decreases for all real values of x.
16. Find the interval in function f(x) = 5 + 36x + 3x2 - 2x3 is increasing or decreasing.
17. Find the interval in function f(x) = {x(x - 2)}2 is increasing or decreasing.
18. if a, b, c are real numbers, then find the intervals in which

is increasing or decreasing

19. Show that is an increasing function in

20. Show that the function f(x) = cot-1(sin x + cos x) is decreasing on (0, ) and increasing on
21. Find the maximum and the minimum values, if any, without using derivatives of the function (x) = -(x - 1)2 + 2 on R.

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22. Find two positive numbers x and y such that x + y = 60 and xy3 is maximum.
23. Find the maximum and minimum values of
24. Find the points of local maxima or local minima and corresponding local maximum and Iocal minimum values of the
function. Also, find the points of inflection,if any: f(x) = x4 - 62x2 + 120x + 9.
25. The sum of the surface areas of a sphere and a cube is given. Show that when the sum of their volumes is least, the
diameter of the sphere is equal to the edge of the cube.
26. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area, which can be inscribed in a given cone,
is half of that of the cone.
27. A metal box with a square base and vertical sides is to contain 1024 cm3. The material for the top and bottom costs ₹
5/cm2 and the material for the sides costs ₹ 2.50/cm2. Find the least cost of the box.
28. Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with square base and given volume is minimum, when it is a cube.
29. AB is the diameter of a circle and C is any point on the circle. Show that the area of ABC is maximum, when it is an
isosceles triangle.
30. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 cm which will sweep out a volume as large as possible, when
revolved about one of its sides. Also, find the maximum volume.
31. The sum of surface areas of a sphere and a cuboid with sides , x and 2x, is constant. Show that the sum of their
volumes is minimum if x is equal to three times the radius of sphere.
32. Show that the function f given by f(x) = tan–1 (sin x + cos x), x > 0 is always an increasing function in
33. Show that the normal at any point to the curve is at a constant
distance from origin.
34. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is Also find
the maximum volume.
35. Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular cone of height h and semi
vertical angle α is one-third that of the cone and the greatest volume of cylinder is
36. If P (A) = 0.4, P (B) = 0.8, P (B/A) = 0.6. Find P (A/B) and P (A B).
37. A fair die is rolled. Consider events E = {1,3,5}, F = {2,3} and G = {2,3,4,5}.
Find P(E|F) and P(F|E).
38. Determine P(E|F): A coin is tossed two times.
i. E : tail appears on one coin, F : one coin shows head.
ii. E : no tail appears, F : no head appears.
39. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A B) = , find P( ) and P( ).
40. Consider the experiment of throwing a die, if a multiple of 3 comes up , throw the die again and if any other number
comes up, toss a coin. Find the conditional probability of the event the coin shows a tail, given that at least one die shows
a 2.
41. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it again, but if it shows tail, then throw a die. Find
the conditional probability of the event that the die shows a number greater than 4, given that there is atleast one tail.
42. An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls are drawn from the urn one after the other without replacement.
What is the probability that both drawn balls are black?
43. An urn contains 5 white and 8 black balls. Two successive drawings of three balls at a time are made such that the balls
are not replaced before the second draw. Find the probability that the first draw gives 3 white balls and the second draw
gives 3 black balls.

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44. An urn contains 3 white, 4 red and 5 black balls. Two balls are drawn one by one without replacement. What is the
probability that at least one ball is black?
45. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8 red balls. Find the probability
that one of them is black and other is red.
46. A bag contains 6 red and 5 blue balls and another bag contains 5 red and 8 blue balls. A ball is drawn from the first bag
and without noticing its colour is put in the second bag. A ball is then drawn from the second bag. Find the probability
that the ball drawn is blue in colour.
47. Amit and Nisha appear for an interview for two vacancies in a company. The probability of Amit's selection is 1/5 and
that of Nisha's selection is 1/6. What is the probability that none of them is selected?
48. The probabilities of A, B and C solving a problem are , and respectively. If all three try to solve the problem
simultaneously, find the probability that exactly one of them can solve it.
49. An article manufactured by a company consists of two parts X and Y. In the process of manufacture of part X, 8 out of
100 parts may be defective. Similarly, 5 out of 100 parts of Y may be defective. Calculate the probability that the
assembled product will not be defective.
50. If two switches S1 and S2 have respectively 90% and 80% chances of working. Find the probabilities that each of the
following circuits will work.

51. If A and B are two independent events such that and then find P(A) and P(B).
52. A group consists of equal number of girls and boys. Out of this group 20% of boys and 30% of the girls are unemployed.
If a person is selected at random from this group, then find the probability of the selected person being employed.
53. There are two coins. One of them is a biased coin such that P (head): P (tail) is 1 : 3 and the other coin is a fair coin. A
coin is selected at random and tossed once. If the coin showed head, then find the probability that it is a biased coin.
54. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines. A, B and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the bolts.
Of their output 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the product and is
found to be defective. What is the probability that it is manufactured by the machine B?
55. Three machines E1, E2, E3 in a certain factory produce 50%, 25% and 25%, respectively, of the total daily output of
electric tubes. It is known that 4% of the tubes produced one each of machines E1 and E2 are defective, and that 5% of
those produced on E3 are defective. If one tube is picked up at random from a day’s production, calculate the probability
that it is defective.
56. There are 5 bags, each containing 5 white balls and 3 black balls. Also, there are 6 bags, each containing 2 white balls
and 4 black balls. A white ball is drawn at random. Find the probability that this white ball is from a bag of the first
group.

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57. An insurance company insured 3000 cyclists, 6000 scooter drivers and 9000 car drivers. The probability of an accident
involving a cyclist, a scooter driver and a car driver are 0·3, 0·05 and 0·02 respectively. One of the insured persons
meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a cyclist?
58. In a class, 5% of boys and 10% of girls have an IQ of more than 150. In the class, 60% are boys and rest are girls. If a
student is selected at random and found to have an IQ of more than 150, then find the probability that the student is a
boy.
59. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases, while B in 90% of the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to contradict
each other in stating the same fact? Do you think that statement of B is true?
60. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random
from one of the bags and it is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from Bag II.
61. P speaks truth in 70% of the cases and Q in 80% of the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to agree in stating
the same fact? Do you think, when they agree, means both are speaking truth?
62. An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Find the probability that in the next six trails, there will be at least 4
successes.
63. A couple has two children, find the probability that both children are males, if it is known that at least one of the children
is male.
64. An urn contains 25 balls of which 10 balls bear a mark X and the remaining 15 bear a mark Y. A ball is drawn at random
from the urn, its mark is noted down and it is replaced. If 6 balls are drawn in this way, find the probability that the
number of balls with X mark and Y mark will be equal.
65. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets a 6 and wins the game. Find their respective probabilities of
winning, if A starts first.

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Practice Problems

LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS

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Class 12 - Mathematics

1. The corner points of the feasible region determined by the following system of linear inequalities:
2x + y 10, x + 3y 15, x, y 0 are (0, 0), (5, 0), (3, 4) and (0, 5). Let Z = px + qy, where p, q 0. Condition on p
and q so that the maximum of Z occurs at both (3, 4) and (0, 5) is

a) p = 3q b) q = 3p

c) p = q d) p = 2q
2. The value of objective function is maximum under linear constraints

a) at (0, 0) b) at any vertex of feasible region

c) the vertex which is maximum distance from d) at the centre of feasible region
(0, 0)
3. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Minimise z = 5x - 2y
subject to the constraints

4. Solve the following Linear Programming problem graphically:

Minimize: Z = 6x + 3y

Subject to the constraints:

5. In Fig, the feasible region (shaded) for a LPP is shown. Determine the maximum and minimum value of Z = x + 2y.

6. Solve the Linear Programming Problem graphically:

Maximize Z = x + y Subject to
- 2x + y 1
x 2

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 x+y 3
x ,y 0
7. Solve the Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Minimize Z = x - 5 y + 20 Subject to
x-y 0
- x + 2y 2
x 3
y 4
x, y 0
8. Solve the following LPP graphically:
Maximize Z = 5x + 3y
Subject to
3x + 5y 15
5x + 2y 10
and, x, y 0
9. The feasible region for an LPP is shown in fig. Evaluate Z = 4x + y at each of the corner points of this region. Find the
minimum value of Z, if it exists.

10. The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear inequations are as shown below:

Answer each of the following:

i. Let z = 13x - 15y be the objective function. Find the maximum and minimum values of z and also the corresponding
points at which the maximum and minimum values occur.
ii. Let z = kx + y be the objective function. Find k, if the value of z at A is same as the value of z at B.
11. Maximise the function Z = 11x + 7y, subject to the constraints: .
12. Solve the following LPP graphically:
Minimise Z = 5x + 10y

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 subject to the constraints x + 2y 120
x+y 60, x - 2y 0 and x, y 0
13. Maximise Z =8x + 9y subject to the constraints given below

14. Show that the minimum of Z occurs at more than two points.
Maximize Z = x + y, subject to .
15. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Minimise Z = 200x + 500y subject to the constraints:

16. Show that the minimum of Z occurs at more than two points.
Maximize Z = -x + 2y subject to the constraints: .
17. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Maximize Z = 50x + 15y
Subject to
5x + y 100
x+y 60
x,y 0
18. Find graphically, the maximum value of Z = 2x + 5y, subject to constraints given below:

19. Solve the following LPP graphically:

Minimize and Maximize Z = 5x + 2y
Subject to
- 2x - 3y -6
x - 2y 2
3x + 2y 12
- 3x + 2y 3
x, y 0
20. Solve the Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Maximise Z = 3x + 4y subject to the constraints:

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 Solution

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS & MATRICES

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Class 12 - Mathematics
1. f3 = {(a, x), (b, x), (c, z) (d, z)}
A = {a, b, c, d) B= {x, y, z}
Since, f3 (a) = x = f3(b) and f3(c) = z = f3(d)
f3 in not one-one
Again, y B is not the image of any of the element of A
f3 in not onto
2. Given function is f: N → N such that

f(x) =
{ x + 1,
x − 1,
if x is odd
if x is even
One-One function
Case I: When x1 and x2 are odd.
Then, f(x1) = f(x2)
x1 − 1 = x2 − 1
x1 = x2
Case II: When x1 and x2 are even.
Then, f(x 1) = f(x 2)
x1 + 1 = x2 + 1
x1 = x2
Thus, in both cases,
f(x 1) = f(x 2) x1 = x2
Case III: When x1 is odd and x2 is even.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is even and f(x2) is odd.
So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Thus, x 1 ≠ x 2 f(x 1) ≠ f(x 2)
Case IV: When x1 is even and x2 is odd.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is odd and f(x2) is even.
So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Thus, x1 ≠ x2 f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Hence, from cases I, II, III and IV we can obsere that, f(x) is a one-one function.
Onto function
Let y N ( co-domain) be any arbitrary number.
If y is odd, then there exists an even number y + 1 N (domain) such that f(y + 1) = (y + 1) − 1 = y.
If y is even, then there exists an odd number y − 1 N (domain) such that f(y − 1) = (y − 1) + 1 = y
Thus, every element in N ( codomain) has a pre-image in N (domain).
Therefore, f(x) is an onto function. Hence, the function f(x) is bijective.
1
3. f(x) = x , f : R →R
1 1
Part I: f(x 1) = x and f(x 2) = x
1 2
1 1
If f(x1) = f(x2) then x = x
1 2
x1 = x2
f is one-one.

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 1
f(x) = x
1
y=
x
1
x= y

()
f y
1
=y f is onto.

Part II: When domain R is replaced by N, co-domain remaining the same, then, f : N → R
If f(x1) = f(x2)
1 1
n1
= n
2

n1 = n2 where n1, n2 N
f is one-one.
But, every real number belonging to co-domain may not have a pre-image in N.
e.g. 2 in codomain R* does not have pre-image in N as if
1 1
x in N be pre-image of 2,then f(x) = 2 x
=2 x= 2 N.
f is not onto.
4. i. Given set of ordered pair is {(x, y) : x is a person, y is the mother of x}.
It represents a function. Here, the image of distinct elements of x under f are not distinct, so it is not injective but it is
surjective.
ii. Set of ordered pairs = {(a, b) : a is a person, b is an ancestor of a}.
Here, each element of domain does not have a unique image. So, it does not represent function.
5. f : Z → Z given by f(x) = x2
Since, z = {0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, . . . . } therefore, f(-1) = f(1) = 1
-1 and 1 have same image. f is not injective.
There are such numbers of co-domain which have no image in domain Z.
e.g. 3 co-domain, but √3 domain of f. f is not surjective.
6. Injectivity: Let (a1, b1) and (a2, b2) A × B such that f(a1, b1) = f(a2, b2)
(b1, a1) = (b2, a2)
b1 = b2 and a1 = a2
(a1, b1) = (a2, b2) for all (a1, b1), (a2, b2) A × B
So, f is injective.
Surjectivity: Let (b, a) be an arbitrary element of B × A. Then b B and a A.
(a, b) A × B
Thus, for all (b, a) B × A, there exists (a, b) A × B such that f(a, b) = (b, a)
So, f : A × B → B × A is an onto function, therefore f is bijective.
1+1
7. f(1) = 2 = 1
2
f(2) = =1
2
Two different elements have same image.
f is not one - one.
2x
For any x N, 2x
N such that f(2x) = 2 = x
This implies range(f) = N and therefore f is onto.
Hence, f is not bijective.
8. Since 1, 2, 3 A and (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) R i.e. for each a A, (a, a) R. So, R is reflexive.
We observe that (1, 2) R but (2,1) R. So, R is not symmetric.
Also, (1,2) R and (2, 3) R but (1, 3) R. So, R is not transitive.
9. Since the school is a boys school, no student of the school can be the sister of any student of the school. Hence, R = ϕ, showing
that R is the empty relation.

=>
2 / 33
 It is also obvious that the difference between the heights of any two students of the school has to be less than 3 meters. This shows
that R′ = A × A is the universal relation.
10. Here the given relation is: R = {(x, y)| x, y are both real and x − y + √3 is irrational }
Reflexive:
Clearly, x -x + √3 = √3 ...(i)
which is irrational for every real x. So, R is reflexive.
Symmetry : x − y + √3 -irrational for real x, y
y − x + √3 - irrational for real x, y
So, R is symmetric symmetric
Transitive: If (x, y) R, (y, z) R, (x, z) R
So,
x − y + √3 is irrational no.
y − z + √3 is irrational
x − z + √3 is irrational
Therefore, R is transitive
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
11. i. a ≤ a which is true, so (a, a) R, R is reflexive.
ii. a ≤ b but b ≤ a which is false. R is not symmetric.
iii. a ≤ b and b ≤ c a ≤ c which is true. R is transitive.
Therefore, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
12. Let us take A = {2,4,6}
Define a relation R on A as:
A = {(2,2), (4,4), (6,6), (2,4), (4,2), (4,6), (6,4)}
Relation of R is reflexive as for every a A,
(a,a) R
(2,2), (4,4), (6,6) R,
Relation R is symmetric as (a,b) R
(b,a) R for all a ,b R
And Relation R is not transitive as (2,4), (4,6) R,
but (2,6) R
Therefore, relation R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
13. It is given that R = {(x, y) : x is wife of y}
Clearly, (x,x) R as x cannot be the wife of herself.
⇒ R is not reflexive.
Now, if (x,y) R, then x is the wife of y.
But y is not wife of x.
(y,x) R
R is not symmetric.
Further, let (x,y), (y,z) R
x is the wife of y and y is the wife of z.
This is not possible.
(x,z) R
R is not transitive.
Therefore, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
14. Given set {1,2,3}
Relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}.
We know that for relation R to be transitive,
(x,y) R and (y,z) R (x,z) R
Here, (1,2) R and (2,1) R but (1,1) R
Hence, Relation R is not transitive.
15. Let a relation R is defined as:
R = {(a,b): a < b}

>
3 / 33
 For any a R, we have (a,a) R as a cannot be strictly less than itself.
In fact, a = a,
Therefore, R is not reflexive.
Now, (1,2) R but 2 > 1
(2,1)) R.
R is not symmetric.
Now, let (a,b), (b,c) R
a < b and b < c
a<c
(a,c) R
R is transitive.
Therefore, relation R is transitive but not reflexive and symmetric.
16. R is reflexive, since every Δ is congruent to itself.
Let (T1,T2) R, then, T1 is congruent to T2.T. This implies T2 is congruent to T 1, therefore (T 2, T 1) R.Thus,R is transitive.
Let (T1,T 2) R, and (T2,T3) R. Then, T1 is congruent to T2 and T2 is congruent to T3. This implies T1 is congruent to T3.
Therefore,(T 1, T 3) R.
Hence, R is transitive.
Therefore, R is an equivalence relation
17. We have,
i. Reflexivity
Let L be an arbitrary line in A. Then,
LǁL (L, L) R for all L A
Thus, R is reflexive.
ii. Symmetry

(L1, L2 ) R L 1ǁL 2
L 2ǁL 1

( L 2, L 1 ) R
R is symmetric
iii. Transitivity
Let L 1, L 2, L 3 (
A such that L 1, L 2 ) (
R and L 2, L 3 ) R
L 1ǁL 2 and L 2ǁL 3
L 1ǁL 3

( L 1, L 3 ) R
R is transitive.
Thus R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
18. Here it is given: R = {(a, b ):a,b Q and a - b Z}
i. Let a Q. Then, we get
a-a=0 Z
(a, a) R for all a Q.
So, R is reflective.
ii. (a, b) R (a − b) Z i.e., (a - b) is an integer
-(a - b) is an integer
(b - a) is an integer
(b, a) R.
Thus, (a, b) R (b, a) R
R is symmetric.
iii. (a, b) R and (b, c) R
(a - b) is an integer and (b - c) is an integer
{(a - b) + (b - c) is an integer
(a - c) is an integer

>
4 / 33
 (a, c) R.
Thus, (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R.
R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Hence R is an equivalence relation.
19. We have,
z1 − z2
R = {(z1, z2): z + z is real}.
1 2
We want to prove that R is an equivalence relation on C0
Proof:
To prove that R is an equivalence relation on Z,we need to prove that it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Reflexivity:
For Reflexivity, we need to prove that
(a, a) R
Let a C0
z1 − z2 0
z1 + z2
= 2a = 0
And, 0 is real
(a, a) R, so R is reflexive
Symmetric:
For symmetric, we need to prove that-
If (a, b) R, Then (b, a) R
Let (a, b) R
a−b
a+b
= p( say )
= p is real.
a−b
a+b
= (-p)
p is real
-p is also a real no.
(a, b) R, so R is symmetric
Transitive :
For Transitivity, we need to prove that-
If (a, b) R and (b, c) R, then (a, c) R
Let (a, b) R and (b, c) R
a−b
a+b
= p(say)
= p is real no.
a−b+ (a+b) p+1
a−b− (a+b)
= p−1
2a p+1
− 2b
=
p−1
a p+1
b
= 1−p
is a real no ....(1)
b−c
And, = q(say)
b+c
= q is real.
b−c+ (b+c) q+1
b−c− (b+c)
= q−1
2b q+1
− 2c
=
q−1
b q+1
c
= 1 − q is a real no ....(2)
Dividing (1) by (2), we get-
a p+1 1−q
c
= 1−p × q+1 = Q
Where Q is a rational number.
= Q is real number

=>
5 / 33
 Now, by componenedo dividendo-
a−c Q−1
a+c
= Q + 1 is a real no.
= (a, c) R.
= R is transitive
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and, transitive on C0.
Hence R is an equivalence relation of C0
20.
Given: A be the set of all points in a plane and O be the origin.
Then, R = {(P, Q) : P, Q A and OP = OQ)}
Now,
R is Reflexive if (P,P) R P A
P ∈ A , we have
OP = OP
(P,P) R
Thus, R is reflexive.
R is Symmetric if (P,Q) R (Q,P) R P, Q A
Let P, Q A such that,
(P,Q) ∈ R
OP = OQ
OQ = OP
(Q,P) R
Thus, R is symmetric.
R is Transitive if (P,Q) R and (Q,S) R (P,S) R P, Q, S A
Let (P,Q) R and (Q,S) R P, Q, S A
OP = OQ and OQ = OS
OP = OS
(P,S) R
Thus, R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive it is an equivalence relation on A.
21. Given, R = {(x, y): x N, y N and 2x + y = 24}
y = 24 − 2x
Now, x = 1 y = 22;
x = 2 y = 20; x = 3 y = 18;
x = 4 y = 16; x = 5 y = 14;
x = 6 y = 12; x = 7 y = 10;
x = 8 y = 8; x = 9 y = 6;
x = 10 y = 4 and x = 11 y=2
So, domain of R = {1, 2, 3, ... ,11 } and range of R = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22}
and R = {(1, 22), (2, 20), (3, 18), (4, 16), (5, 14), (6, 12), (7, 10), (8, 8), (9, 6), (10, 4), (11, 2)}
Reexive: Since, for 1 domain of R,(1, 1) R.
So, R is not reexive.
Symmetric: We observe that (1, 22) R but (22, 1) R.
So, R is not symmetric.
Transitive: We observe that (7, 10) R and (10, 4) R but (7, 4) R.
So, R is not transitive.
Thus, R is neither reexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
So, R is not an equivalence relation.
22. Given relation is S = {(a, b ) : la - bl is divisible by 4 and a, b A}
and A = {x : x Z and 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}
Now, A can be written as A = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 12}
Reexive As for any x A we get Ix - xI = 0, which is divisible by 4.
(x, x) S, x A

6 / 33
 Therefore, S is reexive.
Symmetric As for any (x, y) S, we get Ix - yI is divisible by 4.[by using definition of given relation]
I x - y I = 4λ, for some λ Z
I y - x I = 4λ , for some λ Z
(y, x) S
Thus. (x, y) S =(y, x) S , x, y A
Therefore, S is symmetric
Transitive For any (x, y) S and (y, z) S, we get
Ix - yI is divisible by 4 and
Iy - z] is divisible by 4. [by using definition of given relation]
Ix - yI = 4λ and ly- z| = 4µ,
for some λ,µ Z.
Now, x - z = (x - y) + (y - z)
= ± 4λ ± 4µ
=±4(λ+µ)
Ix - zI is divisible by 4
( x, z) S
Thus, (x, y) S and (y, z) S
(x, z) S, x, y, z A
Therefore, S is transitive.
Since, S is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is an equivalence relation.
Since 1-1=0 which is divisible by 4, therefore 1 is related to 1. Also,5-1=4 which is divisible by 4,therefore 1 is related to 5.
Also,9-1=8 which is divisible by 4, therefore 1 is related to 9.
Now, set of all elements related to 1 is {1, 5, 9}.
23. R = {(a,b) = |a.b| is divisible by 2.
where a, b A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
reflexivty
For any a A,|a−a|=0 Which is divisible by 2.
(a, a) r for all a A
So ,R is Reflexive
Symmetric :
Let (a, b) R for all a, b R
|a−b| is divisible by 2
|b−a| is divisible by 2
(a, b) r (b, a) R
So, R is symmetirc .
Transitive :
Let (a, b) R and (b, c) R then
(a, b) R and (b, c) R
|a−b| is divisible by 2
|b−c| is divisible by 2
Two cases :
Case 1:
When b is even
(a, b) R and (b, c) R
|a−c| is divisible by 2
|b−c| is divisible by 2
|a−c| is divisible by 2
(a, c) R
Case 2:
When b is odd
(a, b) R and (b, c) R
|a−c| is divisible by 2

#
7 / 33
 |b−c| is divisible by 2
|a−c| is divisible by 2
Thus, (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R
So R is transitive.
Hence , R is an equivalence relation
24. Given that A = {1, 2, 3, ....9} (a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c for (a, b) A × A and (c, d) A × A.
Let (a, b) R (a, b)
a + b = b + a, a, b A
Which is true for any a, b A
Hence, R is reflexive.
Let (a, b) R (c, d)
a+d = b+c
c+b=d+a (c, d) R (a, b)
So, R is symmetric.
Let (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)
a + d = b + c and c + f = d + e
a + d = b + c and d + e = c + f(a + d) - (d + e) = (b + c) - (c + f)
(a - e) = b - f
a+f=b+e
(a, b) R (e, f)
So, R is transitive.
Hence R is an equivalence relation.
Let (a,b) R ( 2,5),then
a+5=b+2
a=b-3
If b<3 ,then a does not belong to A.
Therefore,possible values of b are >3.
For b=4,5,6,7,8,9
a=1,2,3,4,5,6
Therefore, equivalence class of (2,5) is
{(1,4),(2,5),(3,6),(4,7),(5,8),(6,9).
25. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and R = {(a, b) : |a - b| is even}, then R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 5), (2, 4)}
1. For (a, a), |a - a| = 0 which is even. R is reflexive.
If |a - b| is even, then |b - a| is also even. R is symmetric.
Now, if |a - b| and |b - c| is even then |a - b + b - c| is even
|a - c| is also even. R is transitive.
Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.
2. Elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other.
Since |1 - 3| = 2, |3 - 5| = 2, |1 - 5| = 4 all are even numbers
Elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other.
Similarly elements of (2, 4) are related to each other.
Since |2 - 4| = 2 an even number, then no element of the set {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of (2, 4).
Hence no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of {2, 4}.
26. We observe the following properties of relation R.
Reflexivity: For any a N
a-a=0=0 × n
a - a is divisible by n
(a, a) R
Thus, (a, a) for all a Z. So, R is reflexive on Z
Symmetry: Let (a, b) R. Then,
(a, b) R
( a - b ) is divisible by n
( a - b ) = np for some p Z

-
8 / 33
 b - a = n (-p)
b - a is divisible by n [ p Z −p Z]
(b, a) R
Thus, (a, b) R (b, a) R for all a, b Z.
So, R is symmetric on Z.
Transitivity: Let a, b, c Z such that (a, b) R and (b, c) R. Then,
(a, b) R
(a - b) is divisible by n
a - b = np for some p Z
and, (b, c) R
(b - c) is divisible by n
b - c = nq for some q Z
(a, b) R and (b, c) R
a - b = np and b - c = nq
(a - b) + (b - c) = np + nq
a - c = n (p + q)
a - c is divisible by n [ p, q Z p+q Z]
(a, c) R
Thus, (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R for all a, b, c Z.
27. Given that, a, b Z aRb if and only a-b is divisible by n
Now
I. Reflexive
aRa (a - a) is divisible by n, which is true for any integer 'a' as ‘0’ is divisible by n. Hence, R is reflexive.
II. Symmetric
aRb
a-b is divisible by n.
-b + a is divisible by n.
-(b - a) is divisible by n.
(b - a) is divisible by n.
bRa
Hence, R is symmetric.
III. Transitive
Let aRb and bRc
(a-b) is divisible by n and (b-c) is divisible by n
(a-b) +(b-c) is divisible by n
(a-c) is divisible by n
aRc
Hence, R is transitive.
So, R is an equivalence relation.
28. Let f(x) = x + 1

g(x) =
{ x−1
1
if x > 1
if x = 1
These are two examples in which gof is onto but f is not onto.
29. f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 10x + 7.We have to find the function g : R → R, such that gof = fog = lR·
Given, f(x) = 10x + 7
Also, gof = fog = IR
Now, gof = IR gof(x) = IR(x)
g[f(x)]= x, x R[ IR(x) = x, x R]
g(10x + 7) = x, x R
Let 10x + 7 = y 10x = y- 7

>
9 / 33
 y−7 y−7
x = 10 g(y) = 10 y R
x−7
or, g(x) = , x R
10

30. Given: f : W → W defined as f(n) =

{ n − 1,
n + 1,
if n is odd
if n is even
Injectivity: Let n, m be any two odd real numbers, then f(n) = f(m)
n-1=m-1
n=m
Again, let n, m be any two even whole numbers, then f(n) = f(m)
n+1=m+1
n=m
If n is even and m is odd, then n ≠ m.
Now n is even implies f(n) = n+1 and f(m) = m-1.
Therefore, f(n) ≠ f(m)
Similarly n is odd and m is even gives f(n) ≠ f(m)
Therefore in all cases f is one-one.
Surjectivity: Let n be an arbitrary whole number.
If n is an odd number, then there exists an even whole number (n + 1) such that
f(n + 1) = n + 1 - 1 = n
If n is an even number, then there exists an odd whole number (n - 1) such that
f(n - 1) = n - 1 + 1 = n
Therefore, every n W has its pre-image in W.
So, f : W → W is a surjective. Thus f is invertible and f-1 exists.
For f-1 : y = n - 1
n = y + 1 and y = n + 1 n=y-1

f − 1(n) =
{ n − 1,
n + 1,
if n is odd
if n is even

Hence, f-1(y) = y
31. We know that, the notation, namely A = [a ij] m × n indicates that A is a matrix of order m × n,
Also 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n; i, j N.
Here, A = a ij [ ]2 × 2 = |− 2i + 3j|, 1 ≤ i ≤ 2; 1 ≤ j ≤ 2
a 11 = |− 2 × 1 + 3 × 1| = 1
a 12 = |− 2 × 1 + 3 × 2| = 4 [ |− 1| = 1]
a 21 = |− 2 × 2 + 3 × 1| = 1
a 22 = |− 2 × 2 + 3 × 2| = 2

A=
[ ] 1
1
4
2

[ ]
a 11 a 12 a 13 a 14

32. Let A = a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 3×4
1 1
a 11 = | − 3 × 1 + 1| = | − 2 | = 1,
2 2
1 1 1
a 12 = 2 | − 3 × 1 + 2 | = 2 | − 1 | = 2 ,
1
a 13 = 2 | − 3 × 1 + 3 | = 0,
1 1
a 14 = | 2 | − 3 × 1 + 4 | = 2
1 5
a 21 = 2 | − 3 × 2 + 1 | = 2

=>
10 / 33
 1
a 22 = 2 | − 3 × 2 + 2 | = 2
1 3
a 23 = | − 3 × 2 + 3| =
2 2
1
a 24 = 2 | − 3 × 2 + 4 | = 1

[ ]
1 1
1 2
0 2
5 3
A= 2
2 2
1
7 5
4 2
3 2 3×4

33. If
[ ] [ ]
a
c
b
d
=
e
g
f
h
Then a = e, b = f, c = g, d = h

Given,
[ x−y
2y + z x+y
2y
] [ ]
=
1
9
4
5
So, x - y = 1, x + y = 5, 2y = 4 and 2y + z = 9
Therefore, x = 3, y= 2 , z= 5
Hence (x+y+z) = 10

[ ] []
x+y+z 9
34. x+z = 5
y+z 7
Since, the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding element, we have:
x + y + z = 9 ....(1)
x + z = 5....(2)
y + z = 7....(3)
Putting the value of equation (2) in equation (1), gives
y+5=9
y=4
Next, putting the value of y in equation 3, we get
4+z=7
z=3
Finally, x + z = 5, gives
x+3=5
x=2
Therefore, x = 2, y = 4 and z = 3.

35. i. Given:
[ ] [ ]
4
x
3
5
=
y
1
z
5
By definition of Equal matrices, x = 1, y = 4, z = 3

ii.
[ x+y
5+z
2
xy ] [ ]
=
6
5
2
8
Equating corresponding entries, x + y = 6 ……….(i)
5+z=5 z=5-5 z = 0 ……….(ii)
And xy = 8 x(6 - x) = 8 [From eq. (i), y = 6 - x]
6x - x2 = 8
x2 - 6x + 8 = 0
(x - 4)(x - 2) = 0

=>
11 / 33
 x = 4 or x = 2
Putting these values of x in eq. (i), we have y = 2 and y = 4
x = 2, y = 4, z = 0 or x = 4, y=2, z=0
36. We are given with matrix equation,

[ 2x − y
3
5
y ] [
=
6
3 −2
5
]
We need to find the values of x and y using the property of the equality of matrices.
We know by the property of matrices,

[ ][ ]
a 11 a 12 b 11 b 12
=
a 21 a 22 b 21 b 22

This implies,
a11 = b11, a12 = b12, a21 = b21 and a22 = b22
So, if we have

[ 2x − y
3
5
y ] [
=
6
3 −2
5
]
By equating the corresponding elements of two matrices ,we get the following equations.
2x – y = 6 …(i)
5=5
3=3
y = -2 …(ii)
To solve for x and y, we have equations (i) and (ii).
From equation (ii),
y = -2
Substituting y = -2 in equation (i), we get
2x – y = 6
2x – (-2) = 6
2x + 2 = 6
2x = 6 – 2
2x = 4
4
x= 2
x=2
Thus, we get x = 2 and y = -2.
37. L.H.S = f(x). f(y)

[ ][ ]
cosx − sinx 0 cosy − siny 0
= sinx cosx 0 siny cosy 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

[ ]
cosxcosy − sinx. siny + 0 − sinycosx − sinxcosy + 0 0+0+0
= sinxcosy + cosx. siny + 0 − sinx. siny + cosxcosy + 0 0+0+0
0+0+0 0+0+0 0+0+1

[ ]
cos(x + y) − sin(x + y) 0
= sin(x + y) cos(x + y) 0 = f(x + y) = R. H. S.
0 0 1

38. Let A =
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1
0
0
0
,B =
2
4
3
0
and C =
2
4
3
4
[ B ≠ C]

AB =
[ ][ ] [ ]
1
0
0
0
2
4
3
0
=
2
0
3
0
....(i)

=>
12 / 33
 And AC =
[ ][ ] [ ]
1
0
0
0
2
4
3
0
=
2
0
3
0
.....(ii)

Thus, we see that AB = AC [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]

Where, A is non-zero matrix but B ≠ C
39. Given A = B + C, BC = CB and C2 = On.

We need to prove that An+1 = Bn(B + (n + 1)C).

We will prove this result using the principle of mathematical induction.
Step 1: When n = 1, we have An+1 = A1+1
An+1 = B1(B + (1 + 1)C)
An+1 = B(B + 2C)
For the given equation to be true for n = 1, An+1 must be equal to A2.
It is given that A = B + C and we know A2 = A × A. replacing A by B+C , we get,
A2 = (B + C)(B + C)
A2 = B(B + C) + C(B + C)
A2 = B2 + BC + CB + C2
However, given that BC = CB and C2 = On.

A2 = B2 + CB + CB + On

A2 = B2 + 2CB
A2 = B(B + 2C)
Hence, An+1 = A2and the equation is true for n = 1.
Step 2: Let us assume the equation true for some n = k, where k is a positive integer.
Ak+1 = Bk(B + (k + 1)C)
To prove the given equation using mathematical induction, we have to show that the equation is true for n = k+1,for any positive
integer k.Hence by replacing k by k+1, we have to prove that Ak+2 = Bk+1(B + (k + 2)C).
We know Ak+2 = Ak+1 × A , using the exponents property,Using the result from n=k, we get the following equation.
Ak+2 = [Bk(B + (k + 1)C)](B + C)
Ak+2 = [Bk+1 + (k + 1)BkC)](B + C)
Ak+2 = Bk+1(B + C) + (k + 1)BkC(B + C)
Ak+2 = Bk+1(B + C) + (k + 1)BkCB + (k + 1)BkC2
However, BC = CB and C2 = O.
Ak+2 = Bk+1(B + C) + (k + 1)BkBC + (k + 1)BkO
Ak+2 = Bk+1(B + C) + (k + 1)Bk+1C + O
Ak+2 = Bk+1(B + C) + Bk+1[(k + 1)C]
Ak+2 = Bk+1[(B + C) + (k + 1)C]
Ak+2 = Bk+1[B + (1 + k + 1)C]
Ak+2 = Bk+1[B + (k + 2)C]
Hence, the equation is true for n = k + 1 under the assumption that it is true for n = k.
Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, the equation is true for all positive integer values of n.
Thus, An+1 = Bn(B + (n + 1)C) for every n N.
40. Given A is a 2 × 2 matrix,

So let A =
[ ]
a
c
b
d

Here I2 is an identity matrix of order 2, given as l2 =

[ ]
1
0
0
1
So the given equation becomes,

>
13 / 33
 [ ][
a
c
b
d
1
1
−2
4 ] [ ]
=6
1
0
0
1

[ a×1+b×1
c×1+d×1
a × ( − 2) + b × 4
c × ( − 2) + d × 4 ] [ ]
=
6
0
0
6
( using the scalar multiplication of the matrices.)

[ a+b
c+d
− 2a + 4b
− 2c + 4d ] [ ]=
6
0
0
6
To satisfy the above equality condition, corresponding entries of the matrices should be equal, i.e.,
a + b = 6…….(i)
– 2a + 4b = 0 2a = 4b a = 2b……..(ii)
c+d=0 c = – d……(iii)
– 2c + 4d = 6 ……(iv)
Substitute the values of eqn (ii) in eqn (i), we get
a+b=6 2b + b = 6 b=2
So eqn (ii) becomes, a = 2b = 2(2) = 4 a=4
Substitute the values of eqn (iii) in eqn (iv), we get
– 2c + 4d = 6 – 2( – d) + 4d = 6 2d + 4d = 6 6d = 6 d=1
So eqn (iii) becomes, c = – d c=–1
Now replacing these values in matrix A, we get

A=
[ ]
−1
4 2
1
is the matrix A.

41. Let A be the matrix of number of articles sold by different schools and B be the matrix of cost of articles.
Then, matrices A and B can be represented as
A B C

[ ]
Handmadefans 40 25 35
A=
Mats 50 40 50
Plates 20 30 40
Cost Rs.

[]
Handmade fans 25
B=
Mats 100
Plates 50
Now, the funds collected by each school separately can be represented as

[ ][ ]
School A 40 50 20 25 Handmade fans
A ′B = School B 25 40 30 100 Mats
School C 35 50 40 50 Plates

[ ]
School A 40 × 25 + 50 × 100 + 20 × 50
= School B 25 × 25 + 40 × 100 + 30 × 50 [multiplying row by columns]
School C 35 × 25 + 50 × 100 + 40 × 50

[ ] [ ]
School A 1000 + 5000 + 1000 School A 7000
= School B 625 + 4000 + 1500 = School B 6125
School C 875 + 5000 + 2000 School C 7875
Now, the total funds collected for the purpose
= 7000 + 6125 + 7875 = Rs. 21000
The one of the value generated by the above situation is 'humanty'.

=
14 / 33
42. We have,
[ ] [ 2
3
1
2 2×2
A
−3
5
2
] [ ]
−3 2×2
=
1
0
0
1 2×2

Let A =
[ ] a
c
b
d
,since all the orders of the matrix in product are 2x2, we assume the matrix A as 2x2 matrix.

Hence the given equation can be modified as ,

[ ][ ][ ] [ ]
2
3
1
2
a
c
b
d
−3
5
2
−3
=
1
0
0
1

[ ][ ] [ ]
2a + c
3a + 2c
2b + d
3b + 2d
−3
5 −3
2
=
1
0
0
1

[ ] [ ]
− 6a − 3c + 10b + 5d
− 9a + 6c + 15b + 10d
4a + 2c − 6b − 3d
6a + 4c − 9b − 6d
=
1
0
0
1
Equating the corresponding elements of the matrices on the both sides of the equation, we have the following equations.
-6a - 3c + 10b + 5d = 1 ....(i)
4a + 2c - 6b - 3d = 0 ....(ii)
-9a - 6c + 15b + 10d = 0 ....(iii)
6a + 4c - 9b - 6d = 1 .......(iv)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
c+b-d=2 d = c + b - 2 ....(v)
On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
-5a - 4c + 9b + 7d = 0 ....(vi)
On adding Eqs. (vi) and (iv), we get
a+0+0+d=1 d = 1 - a ....(vii)
From Eqs. (v) and (vii)
c+b-2=1-a a + b + c = 3 ....(viii)
a=3-b-c
Now, using the values of a and d in Eq. (iii) , we get
-9(3 - b - c) - 6c + 15b + 10(-2 + b + c) = 0
-27 + 9b + 9c - 6c + 15b - 20 + 10b + 10c = 0
34b + 13c = 47
Now, using the values of a and d in Eq. (ii), we get
4(3 - b - c) + 2c - 6b - 3(b + c - 2) = 0
12 - 4b - 4c + 2c - 6b - 3b - 3c + 6 = 0
-13b + 5c = 18 ....(x)
On multiplying Eq. (ix) by 5 and Eq. (x) by 13, then adding, we get
− 169b − 65c = − 234
170b + 65c = 235
b=1
-13 × 1 - 5c = -18 [from Eq. (x)]
-5c = -18 + 13 = -5 c=1
a = 3 - 1 - 1 = 1 and d = 1 - 1 = 0

A= [ ] 1
1
1
0
43. we have,

P(x) =
[ cosx
− sinx
sinx
cosx ],

P(y) =
[ cosy
− siny
siny
cosy ] ,

Now, P(x). P(y) =

[ cosx
− sinx
sinx
cosx ][ cosy
− siny
siny
cosy ]
=
15 / 33
 =
[ cosx. cosy − sinxsiny
− sinx. cosy − cosx. siny
cosx. siny + sinx. cosy
− sinx. siny + cosx. cosy ]
=
[ cos(x + y)
− sin(x + y)
sin(x + y)
cos(x + y) ] ….(i)

[ cos(x + y) = cosx. cosy − sinx. siny

and sin(x + y) = sinx. cosy + cosx. siny ]
And P(x + y) =
[ cos(x + y)
− sin(x + y)
sin(x + y)
cos(x + y) ] .....(ii)

Also, P(y).P(x) =
[ cosy
− siny
siny
cosy ][ cosx
− sinx
sinx
cosx ]
=
[ cosy. cosx − siny. sinx
− siny. cosx − sinx − cosy
cosy. sinx + siny. cosx
− siny. sinx + cosy. cosx ]
=
[ cos(x + y)
− sin(x + y)
sin(x + y)
cos(x + y) ]
Thus, we see from the Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) that,
P(x).P(y) = P(x + y) = P(y).P(x) Hence Proved.
α
44. Put tan 2 = t

A=
[ ] 0
t
−t
0

I+A=
[ ][ ] [ ] 1
0
0
1
+
0
t
−t
0
=
1
t
−t
1

I−A=
[ ][ ] 1
0
0
1
−
0
t
−t
0

=
[ ] [ ]
1
0
0
1
+
0
−t 0
t

=
[ ] 1
−t 1
t

[
L.H.S = (I − A)
] cosα
sinα
− sinα
cosα

[ ]
α α
1 − tan 2 2 − 2tan 2
α α
1 + tan 2 2 1 + tan 2 2
= (I − A) α α
2tan 2 1 − tan 2 2
α α
1 + tan 2 2 1 + tan 2 2

·
16 / 33
 [ ]
1 − t2 − 2t

[ ] 1 t 1 + t2 1 + t2
= 2t 1 − t2
−t 1
α 1 + t2
1 + tan 2 2

[( ) ] ( )
1 − t2 t.2t − 2t 1 − t2
+ +t
1 + t2 1 + t2 1+t 2
1 + t2

−t
1 − t2
1+t 2 +
2t
1+t 2 −t
( )( )
− 2t
1+t 2 +
1 − t2
1 + t2

[ ]
1 − t 2 + 2t 2 − 2t + t − t 3
1 + t2 1 + t2
=
− t + t 3 + 2t 2t 2 + 1 − t 2
1 + t2 1 + t2

[ ]
1 + t2 − t3 − t
1 + t2 1 + t2
=
t3 + t t2 + 1
1 + t2 1 + t2

[ ]
− t ( 1 + t2 )
1
1 + t2
=
t ( 1 + t2 ) t2 + 1
1 + t2 1 + t2

=
[ ] 1
t
−t
1
Thus, L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence proved

45. It is given that A =

[ ] −1
3 1
2

A2 = A A =
[ ][ ]
−1
3 1
2 −1
3 1
2

=
[ 3(3) + 1( − 1)
− 1(3) + 2( − 1) ] 3(1) + 1(2)
− 1(1) + 2(2)

=
[ 9−1
−3 − 2
3+2
−1 + 4 ] [ ] =
8
−5
5
3

L.H.S. = A2 - 5A + 7I

= [ ] [
8
−5
5
3
−5
−1
3 1
2 ] [ ]
+7
1
0
0
1

#
17 / 33
 =
[ ] [ ] [ ]
8
−5
5
3
−
15
−5
5
10
+
7
0
0
7

=
[ ] [ ]
−7
0 −7
0
+
7
0
0
7

=
[ ]
0
0
0
0
= 0 = R.H.S.
A2 - 5A + 7I = 0
A2 = 5A – 7I
A3 = A2. A
= 5A2 – 7AI
= 5A2 – 7A (Since AI = A)
= 5(5A – 7I) – 7A
= 25A – 35I – 7A
A3= 18A – 35I
A4 = A3.A
= (18A – 35I).A
=18A2 – 35IA
= 18(5A – 7I) – 35A
= 90A – 126I – 35A
= 55A – 126I

= 55 [ ] [ ]
3
−1
1
2
− 126
1
0
0
1

=
[ ] [
165
− 55 ] 55
110
+
− 126
0
0
− 126

A4 = [ ] 39
− 55
55
− 16
46. On adding

5x + 5y =
[ ] [
2
4
3
0
+
2
−1
−2
5 ]
5(x + y) =
[ ] 4
3
1
5

1 4
(x + y) = 5
3 [ ] 1
5
------(i)

On subtracting

x−y=
[ 2
−1
−2
5 ] [ ]
−
2
4
3
0
-------(ii)

x−y=
[ 0
−5
−5
5 ]
Adding (i) and (ii) gives,

[ ]
4 − 24
5 5
2x = − 22
5 6

⑤
18 / 33
 [ ]
2 − 12
5 5
x= − 11
5 3

[ ]
4 1
5 5
x+y= 3
5
1

[ ] [ ]
2 − 12 4 1
5 5 5 5
− 11
+y= 3 1
5 3 5 1

[ ][ ]
4 1 −2 12
5 5 5 5
y= 3 + 11
5
1 5
−3

[ ][ ]
4 2 1 12 2 13
5
− 5 5
+ 5 5 5
= 3 11
= 14
5
+ 5 1−3 5 −2

47. Given,

[ ] [ ]
1 −1 0 1 2 3
A= 2 1 3 ,B= 2 1 3
1 2 1 0 1 1

(2A)T = 2AT

( [ ]) [ ]
1 −1 0 T 1 −1 0 T
2 2 1 3 =2 2 1 3
1 2 1 1 2 1

[ ] [ ]
2 −2 0 T 1 2 1
4 2 6 = 2 −1 1 2
2 4 2 0 3 1

[ ][ ]
2 4 2 2 4 2
−2 2 4 = −2 2 4
0 6 2 0 6 2
L.H.S = R.H.S
So,
(2A)T = 2AT
48. Given,

A=
[ ] [ ]
1
2
3
4
,B=
1
2
4
5
let if possible
(AB)T = BTAT

-
19 / 33
 ([ ][ ]) [ ] [ ]
1
2
3
4
1
2
4
5
T
=
1
2
4 T 1
5 2
3 T
4

[ 1+6
2+8 ] [ ][ ] 4 + 15 T
8 + 20
=
1
4
2
5
1
3
2
4

[ ] [
10
7
28]
19 T
=
1+6
4 + 15
2+8
8 + 20

[ ] [ ]
19
7 10
28
=
7
19
10
28
L.H.S = R.H.S
So,
(AB)T = BTAT

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5 −1 − 4 2+1 3−5 −5 3 −2
49. i. A + B = 5 7 9 1 2 0 = 5+1 7+2 9+0 = 6 9 9
−2 1 1 1 3 1 −2 + 1 1+3 1+1 −1 4 2

[ ][ ]
−5 3 −2 −5 6 −1
L.H.S. = (A + B) ′ = 6 9 9 = 3 9 4
−1 4 2 −2 9 2

[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
−1 2 3 ‘ −4 1 −5 ‘ −1 5 −2 −4 1 1
R.H.S. = A ′ + B ′ = 5 7 9 + 1 2 0 = 2 7 1 + 1 2 3
−2 1 1 1 3 1 −2 1 1 −5 0 1

[ ][ ]
−1 − 4 5+1 −2 + 1 −5 6 −1
= 2+1 7+2 1+3 = 3 9 4
−2 − 5 1+0 1+1 −2 9 2
L.H.S. = R.H.S. Proved.

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5 −1 + 4 2−1 3+5 3 1 8
ii. A − B = 5 7 9 − 1 2 0 = 5−1 7−2 9−0 = 4 5 9
−2 1 1 1 3 1 −2 − 1 1−3 1−1 −3 −2 0

[ ][ ]
3 1 8 3 4 −3
L.H.S. = (A − B) ′ = 4 5 9 = 1 5 −2
−3 −2 0 8 9 0

[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
−1 2 3 ‘ −4 1 −5 ‘ −1 5 −2 −4 1 1
R.H.S. A ′ − B ′ = 5 7 9 − 1 2 0 = 2 7 1 − 1 2 3
−2 1 1 1 3 1 −2 1 1 −5 0 1

[ ][ ]
−1 + 4 5−1 −2 − 1 3 4 −3
= 2−1 7−2 1−3 = 1 5 −2
−2 + 5 1−0 1−1 8 9 0
L.H.S. = R.H.S. Proved.
50. Given A is a square matrix.
We need to prove that (AT)n = (An)T.
We will prove this result using the principle of mathematical induction.
Step 1: When n = 1, we have (AT)1 = AT
(AT)1 = (A1)T

=>
20 / 33
 Hence, the equation is true for n = 1.
Step 2: Let us assume the equation true for some n = k, where k is a positive integer.
(AT)k = (Ak)T
To prove the given equation using mathematical induction, we have to show that the result is true for n=k+1,which in turn will
prove that the result is true for n=k. Hence by replacing n=k+1, we have to prove that (AT)k+1 = (Ak+1)T.
We know (AT)k+1 = (AT)k × AT.,using the properties of exponents. Replace n= k+1, we get,
(AT)k+1 = (Ak)T × AT
We have (AB)T = BTAT.
(AT)k+1 = (AAk)T
(AT)k+1 = (A1+k)T
(AT)k+1 = (Ak+1)T
Hence, the equation is true for n = k + 1 under the assumption that it is true for n = k.
Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, the equation is true for all positive integer values of n.
Thus, (AT)n = (An)T for all n N.
51. Let P(n) : (A')n = (An)'
Then, p(1) : (A') 1 = (A 1)'
A' = A' P(1) is true.
Now, P(k) : (A')k = (Ak)',
Where k N
Assume that p(k) is true. Then, we will prove that p(k+1) is also true.
P(k + 1) : (A')k+1 = (Ak+1)'
P(k + 1) : (A')k.(A')1 = [Ak+1]'
(Ak)'.(A)' = [Ak+1]'
(AAk) = [Ak+1]' [ (A')k = (Ak)' as p(k + 1) is true and (AB)' = B'A']
(Ak+1)' = [Ak+1]' Hence proved.

[ ]
4 0

[ ]
0 −1 2
52. We have, A = and B = 1 3
4 3 −4
2 6
i. We have to verify that, (A’)'=A'

[ ]
0 4
A′ = −1 3
2 −4

][ ]
4 0
Now, AB =
[ 0
4
−1
3
2
−4
1
2
3
6

=
[ 0−1+4
16 + 3 − 8
0 − 3 + 12
0 + 9 − 24 ] [ =
3
11
9
− 15 ]
Thus, (AB) ′ = [ 3
9
11
− 15 ]
[ ]
0 −1 2
And (A ′ ) ′ = = A Hence Proved.
4 3 −4
ii. We have to verify that, (AB)’=B’A’

AB =
[ 3
11
9
− 15 ]

⑤
21 / 33
 (AB) ′ =
[ 3
9
11
− 15 ]
][ ]
0 4
And B A = ′ ′
[
4
0
1
3
2
6
−1
2 −4
3 = [ 3
9
11
− 15 ] = (AB) ′

Hence proved.
iii. We have to verify that, (kA)’=(kA’)

[ ]
0 −k 2k
Now, (kA) =
4k 3k − 4k

[ ]
0 4k
And (kA) ′ = −k 3k
2k − 4k

[ ]
0 4k
Also, kA ′ = −k 3k = (kA) ′ Hence proved.
2k − 4k
53. Let A is a skew symmetric matrix, then
AT = - A …(i)
(An)T = λAn ....given
(AT)n = λAn.
(-A)n = λAn [as A is skew symmetric)
(-1)n(A)n = λAn
Comparing both the sides, we get
λ = (-1)n

[ ]
3 −1 0
54. Given A = 2 0 3 to express as a sum of symmetric matrix P and skew-symmetric matrix Q
1 −1 2
A=P+Q
1 1
WhereP = 2 (A + A')and Q = 2 (A - A')
First, we will find A’,

[ ]
3 2 1
A′ = −1 0 −1
0 3 2
Now using above-mentioned formulas,

( )
1
P = 2 A + A′

([ ] [ ]
3 −1 0 3 2 1
1
2 0 3 + −1 0 −1
2
1 −1 2 0 3 2

=
22 / 33
 [ ]
6 1 1
1
1 0 2
2
1 2 4

[ ]
1 1
3 2 2
1
2
0 1
1
2
1 2

1
(
Q = 2 A − A′ )

([ ] [ ]
3 −1 0 3 2 1
1
2 0 3 − −1 0 −1
2
1 −1 2 0 3 2

[ ]
0 −3 −1
1
3 0 4
2
1 −4 0

[ ]
−3 −1
0 2 2
3
2 0 2
1
2 −2 0

Now A = P + Q

[ ][ ]
1 1 −3 −1
3 2 2
0 2 2
1 3
2
0 1 + 2
0 2 [Matrix A as a sum of P and Q]
1 1
2
1 2 2
−2 0

[ ]
−2

[ ]
3 2 0 3 −1 0
4 = 2 0 3
2 0 3
1 −1 2
1 −1 2

55. We know that any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric matrix, i.e.
A + A′ A − A′ A + A′ A − A′
A= 2
+ 2
, where 2
and 2
are symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, respectively.

[ ]
2 4 −6
Given, A = 7 3 5
1 −2 4

=>
23 / 33
 [ ]
2 7 1
A′ = 4 3 − 2 [interchanging the elements of rows and columns]
−6 5 4

( )
1
Now, let P = 2 A + A ′

{[ ][ ]}
2 4 −6 2 7 1
1
= 2 7 3 5 + 4 3 −2
1 −2 4 −6 5 4

[ ]
11 5
2 −2

[ ]
2
4 11 −5
1 11 3
= 2 11 6 3 = 3
2 2
−5 3 8 5 3
−2 2
4

( )
1
and Q = 2 A − A ′

{[ ][ ]}
2 4 −6 2 7 1
1
= 7 3 5 − 4 3 −2
2
1 −2 4 −6 5 4

[ ]
3 7
0 −2 −2

[ ]
0 −3 −7
1 3 7
= 3 0 7 = 0
2 2 2
7 −7 0 7 7
2
−2 0

[ ]
11 −5
2 2 2
11 3
Obviously, here P ′ = 2
3 2 =P
−5 3
2 2
4

[ ]
3 7
0 2 2
−3 −7
and Q ′ = 2 0 2 = −Q
−7 7
2 2 0

Therefore, P is symmetric matrix and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.

(A + A ) + (A − A )
1 1
Now, P + Q = ′ ′
2 2

=
24 / 33
 [ ][ ]
11 5 3 7
2 2
−2 0 −2 −2
11 3 3 7
= 2
3 2
+ 2
0 2
5 3 7 7
−2 2
4 2
−2 0

[ ]
2 4 −6
= 7 3 5 =A
1 −2 4
Therefore, matrix A is expressed as the sum of symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric matrix.

[ ]
0 a b
56. Given: A = −a 0 c
−b −c 0

[ ]
0 −a −b
A′ = a 0 −c
b c 0

[ ][ ]
0 a b 0 −a −b
′ −a 0 c a 0 −c
Now, A + A = +
−b −c 0 b c 0

[ ]
0+0 a−a b−b
= −a + a 0+0 c−c
−b + b −c + c 0+0

[ ]
0 0 0
= 0 0 0
0 0 0

[ ][ ]
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
2
(A + A ′) = 2 0 0 0 = 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

[ ][ ]
0 a b 0 −a −b
′ −a 0 c a 0 −c
Now, A − A = −
−b −c 0 b c 0

[ ]
0−0 a+a b+b
= −a − a 0−0 c+c
−b − b −c − c 0−0

[ ]
0 2a 2b
= − 2a 0 2c
− 2b − 2c 0

-
>
25 / 33
 [ ]
0 2a 2b
1 1
(A − A ′ ) = − 2a 0 2c
2 2
− 2b − 2c 0

[ ]
0 a b
= −a 0 c
−b −c 0
57. We have

[ ] [ ]
1 3 5 1 −6 −4
A= −6 8 3 A′ = 3 8 6
−4 6 5 5 3 5

[ ][ ]
1 3 5 1 −6 −4
(A + A ') = −6 8 3 + 3 8 6
−4 6 5 5 3 5

[ ][ ]
1+1 3 + ( − 6) 5 + ( − 4) 2 −3 1
= −6 + 3 8+8 3+6 = −3 16 9
−4 + 5 6+3 5+5 1 9 10

[ ]
−3 1
1

[ ]
2 2
2 −3 1
−3 9
( )
1 1
Suppose P = 2 A + A ′ = 2 − 3 16 9 =
2
8 2
1 9 10 1 9
2 2
5

[ ][ ]
1 3 5 1 −6 −4
And, we have (A - A') = −6 8 3 − 3 8 6
−4 6 5 5 3 5

[ ][ ]
1−1 3 − ( − 6) 5 − ( − 4) 0 3+6 5+4
= −6 − 3 8−8 3−6 = −9 0 −3
−4 − 5 6−3 5−5 −9 3 0

[ ]
0 9 9
= −9 0 −3
−9 3 0

[ ]
9 9
0

[ ]
2 2
0 9 9
−9 −3
( )
1 1
Let Q = 2 A − A ′ = 2 − 9 0 −3 =
2
0 2
−9 3 0 −9 3
2 2
0

=
26 / 33
 [ ][ ]
−3 1 −3 1
1 2 2
1 2 2
−3 9 −3 9
P′ = 2
8 2
= 2
8 2
=P
1 9 1 9
2 2
5 2 2
5

P is symmetric.

[ ][ ]
9 9 −9 −9
0 2 2
0 2 2
−9 −3 9 3
And Q ′ = 2
0 2 = 2
0 2 = −Q
−9 3 9 −3
2 2
0 2 2
0

Q is skew-symmetric.

[ ][ ]
−3 1 9 9
1 2 2
0 2 2
−3 9 −9 −3
Now, (P + Q) = = 2
8 2
+ 2
0 2
1 9 −9 3
2 2
5 2 2
0

[ ]
1 3 5
= −6 8 3 =A
−4 6 5
Therefore, A = P + Q
where P is symmetric and Q is skew-symmetric.

[ ]
2 −1 1
58. B ′ = −2 3 −2
−4 4 −3

[ ]
−3 −3
2 2 2
1 −3
Let P = 2 (B + B ′ ) = 2
3 1
−3
2
1 −3

[ ]
−3 −3
2 2 2
−3
P′ = 2
3 1 =P
−3
2
1 −3

1
Thus P = 2 (B + B ′ ) is a symmetric matrix

#
27 / 33
 [ ]
−1 −5
0 2 2
1 1
Let Q = 3 (B − B ′ ) = 2
0 3
5
2
−3 0

[ ]
−1 5
0 2 2
−1
Q′ = 2
0 −3
−5
2
3 0

[ ]
−1 −5
0 2 2
1
Q′ = 2
0 3
5
2
−3 0

Q' = -Q
1
Thus Q = 2 (B − B ′ ) is a skew symmetric matrix

[ ][ ]
−3 −3 −1 −5
2 2 2 0 2 2
−3 1
P+Q= 2 3 1 + 2 0 3
−3 5
2 1 −3 2 −3 0

[ ] [ ]
3 2 7 3 1 −2
59. We are Given a matrix , A = 1 4 3 Then AT = 2 4 5
−2 5 8 7 3 8
1
X = 2 (A + AT)

([ ] [ ])
3 2 7 3 1 −2
1
= 1 4 3 + 2 4 5
2
−2 5 8 7 3 8

[ ]
3+3 2+1 7−2
1
= 2 1+2 4+4 3+5
−2 + 7 5+3 8+8

[ ]
6 3 5
1
= 2 3 8 8
5 8 16

=
28 / 33
 [ ]
3 5
3 2 2
3
X= 2
4 4
5
2
4 8

Now for matrix Y, we have

1
Y = 2 (A - AT)

([ ] [ ])
3 2 7 3 1 −2
1
= 2 1 4 3 − 2 4 5
−2 5 8 7 3 8

[ ]
3−3 2−1 7+2
1
= 2 1−2 4−4 3−5
−2 − 7 5−3 8−8

[ ]
0 1 9
1
= 2 −1 0 −2
−9 2 0

[ ]
1 9
0 2 2
1
Y= −2 0 −1
9
−2 1 0

Now,

[ ][ ]
3 5 T 3 5
3 2 2
3 2 2
3 3
XT = 2
4 4 = 2
4 4 =X
5 5
2
4 8 2
4 8

X is a symmetric matrix.
Now,

[ ][ ]
1 9 T 1 9
0 2 2
0 −2 −2
1 1
-YT = - −2 0 −1 =- 2
0 1
9 9
−2 1 0 2
−1 0

=>
29 / 33
 [ ]
1 9
0 2 2
1
-YT = −2 0 −1
9
−2 1 0

-YT = Y
Therefore Y is a skew symmetric matrix.
And,

[ ][ ]
3 5 1 9
3 2 2
0 2 2
3 1
X+Y= 4 4 + − 0 −1
2 2
5 9
4 8 − 1 0
2 2

[ ]
3 1 5 9
3+0 2
+ 2 2
+ 2
3 1
= 2
− 2 4+0 4−1
5 9
2
− 2 4+1 8+0

[ ]
3 2 7
= 1 4 3 =A
−2 5 8
Hence, X + Y = A
60. Let us represent the situation through a matrix.
We know that Saving = Income – Expenditure.
Let the incomes of Aryan and Babban be 3x and 4x respectively and the expenditures be 5y and 7y respectively.

Income Matrix =
[ ] 3x
4x

Expenditure Matrix =
[ ] 5y
7y

Now, Saving =
[ ] [ ]
3x
4x
−
5y
7y
Given: Saving = 15000 each
Therefore, we have,

[ ] [ ][ ]
15000
15000
=
3x
4x
−
5y
7y
So,
3 x – 5 y = 15000 …(1)
4 x – 7 y = 15000 …(2)
Solving equations (1)and (2),we get,
Multiplying eq(1) by 4 and eq(2) by 3 we get,
12 x – 20 y = 60000 ….(3)

#
30 / 33
 12 x – 21 y = 45000 …..(4)
Eq(3) – Eq(4),
Y = 15000
Putting this value in eq(1) we get,
3 x – 5 × 15000 = 15000
3x-75000=15000
3 x = 90000
X = 30000
There monthly incomes are, 3 x = 3 × 30000= 90000 and
4 x = 4 × 30000= 120000

61. We have A =
[ 5
−1
3
−2 ]
[ ][ ] [
A2 = A. A =
5
−1
3
−2
5
−1 −2
3
=
25 − 3
−5 + 2
15 − 6
−3 + 4 ] [
=
22
−3
9
1 ]
3A = 3
[ ] [ ]
5
−1 −2
3
=
15
−3 −6
9

[ ] [ ]
and 7I 2 = 7
1
0
0
1
=
7
0
0
7

[ ][ ][ ]
A2 - 3A - 7 I2 =
22
−3
9
1
−
15
−3
9
−6
−
7
0
0
7

= [ ] [ ]
22 − 15 − 7
−3 + 3 − 0
9−9−0
1+6−7
=
0
0
0
0
=0

Now we have,
A2 - 3A - 7I = 02

Pre operating both sides with A-1, we get

A-1 [A2 - 3A - 7 I2] = A-1 O2

A−1⋅A ⋅ A−3 A−1⋅ A−7 A−1 ⋅ I = O2

Since, A−1⋅A = I2 , we get the following equation

I . A - 3 I2 - 7A-1 = O2 [ A-1 . A = I]

A - 3 I2 - 7A-1 = O2

7A-1 = A - 3 I2

7A − 1 =
[ ][ ] [ ]
5
−1 −2
3
−
3
0
0
3
=
−1
2 3
−5

[ ]
1
A −1 = 7
2
−1 −5
3

[ ]
62. We have, A =
−1
5
−2
3

3A = 3
[ ] [ ]
5
−1
3
−2
=
15
−3 −6
9

And 7I = 7
[ ] [ ] 1
0
0
1
=
7
0
0
7

[ ] [ ][ ]
A 2 − 3A − 7I =
22
−3
9
1
−
15
−3 −6
9
−
7
0
0
7

=>
31 / 33
 =
[ 22 − 15 − 7
−3 + 3 − 0
9−9−0
1+6−7 ] [ ]
=
0
0
0
0
=0 Hence proved.
Since, A2 - 3A - 7I = 0
A-1[(A2) - 3A - 7I] = A-10
A-1A.A - 3A-1A - 7 A-1 I = 0 [ A-10 = 0]
IA - 3I - 7A-1 = 0 [ A-1A = I]
A - 3I - 7A-1 = 0 [ A-1I = A-1]
-7A-1 = -A + 3I

=
[ ] [ ] [
−5
1
−3
2
+
3
0
0
3
=
−2
1
−3
5 ]
[ ]
A −1 =
−1
7
−2
1
−3
5

63. AB =
[ ][ ] 2
1 −4
3 1
−1
−2
3

= [ ] −1
5 − 14
5

|AB| = − 11 ≠ 0
1
(AB) − 1 = | AB | adj(AB)

= 11
−1
[ ] − 14
−5
−5
−1

= 11
1
[ ] 14
5
5
1
|A| = − 11 ≠ 0, |B| = 1 ≠ 0

A − 1 = 11
−1
[ −4
−1
−3
2 ]
1 3
B −1 = 1
1 [ ] 2
1

B − 1A − 1 = 11
[ ][ −1 3
1
2
1
−4
−1
−3
2 ]
= − 11
1
[ ] − 14
−5
−5
−1

= 11
1
[ ] 14
5
5
1
Hence proved.

64. Let D =
[ ] a
c
b
d
Given that CD - AB = O

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
2
3
5
8
a
c
b
d
−
2
3
−1
4
5
7
2
4
=0

[ ] [ ]
2a + 5c
3a + 8c
2b + 5d
3b + 8d
−
3
43
0
22
=0

=
32 / 33
 [ 2a + 5c − 3
3a + 8c − 43
2b + 5d
3b + 8d − 22 ] [ ]
=
0
0
0
0
2a + 5c – 3 = 0........(1)
2b + 5d = 0.........(2)
3a + 8c – 43 = 0..........(3)
3b + 8d – 22 = 0..........(4)
Solving (1) and (3), we get, a = -191, c = 77.
Solving (2) and (4), we get, b = -110, d = 44

D=
[ − 191
77
− 110
44 ]
65. It is given that A =
[ ]
3
1
−4
−1

To prove: p(n) : A n =
[ 1 + 2n
n
− 4n
1 − 2n ] , n N

We shall prove the result by using the principle of mathematical induction.

For n = 1,we have:

P(1) : A 1 =
[ 1+2
1 1−2
−4
] [ ]
=
3
1
−4
−1
=A

Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.

Let the result be true for n = k.
That is,

p(k) : A k =
[ 1 + 2k
k
− 4k
1 − 2k ],n N

Now, we prove that the result is true for n = k + 1.

Consider
Ak+1 = Ak.A

=
[ 1 + 2k
k
− 4k
1 − 2k ][ 3
1
−4
−1 ]
=
[ 3(1 + 2k) − 4k
3k + 1 − 2k
− 4(1 + 2k) + 4k
− 4k − 1(1 − 2k) ]
=
[ 3 + 6k − 4k
3k + 1 − 2k
− 4 − 8k + 4k
− 4k − 1 + 2k ]
=
[ 3 + 2k
1+k
− 4 − 4k
− 1 − 2k ]
=
[ 1 + 2(k + 1)
1+k
− 4(k + 1)
1 − 2(k + 1) ]
Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1.
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have:

An =
[ 1 + 2n
n
− 4n
1 − 2n ] , n N

·
33 / 33
 Solution

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES & PROBABILITY

=>
Class 12 - Mathematics
π π
1. f(x) = − tan2x, 4 < x < 2
π π
f ′(x) = − 2sec 22x, <x<
4 2

()
f′ 3
π
= − 2( − 2) 2 = − 8

2. Let x be the side of the square.

dx
Here, dt = 0.2cm / sec
Perimeter of square
P = 4x
dP dx
dt
= 4 dt
= 4 × (0.2)
dp
dt
= 0.8cm / sec
So, perimeter increases at the rate of 0.8 cm/sec
3. Suppose r cm be the radius and A be the area of the circle at any time t.
Rate of increase of radius of circle = 3 cm/sec
dr
dt
is positive and = 3 cm/sec
dr
= 3….(i)
dt
Now, A = πr 2
dA dr
Rate of change of area of circle = dt = π2r dt
π2r(3) = 6πrcm 2 / sec (from (i))
Substituting r = 10 cm (given),we get
dA
dt
= 6π(10) = 60πcm 2 / sec
dA
Since dt is positive, thus surface area is increasing at the rate of 60πcm 2 / sec
4. Let V be the volume of sphere
4
V = 3 πr 3
dv
= 900cm 3 / s (given)
dt
dv 4 dr
Now , dt = 3 . π.3r 2. dt
dr
900 = 4πr 2. dt
dr
900 = 4π × (15) 2. dt [r = 15 cm]
900 dr
4π × 225
= dt
1 dr
cm / s =
π dt
5. Let x cm be the radius of the air bubble at time t.
dx 1
According to question, dt is positive = 2 cm/sec ……….(i)
4π
Volume of air bubble (z) = 3 x 3
dz 4π d
dt
= 3 dt x 3
4π dx
= 3 .3x 2 dt

=
1 / 28
 = 4πx 2 2 () 1

dz
= 2πx 2
dt
= 2π(1) 2 = 2π
Therefore, required rate of increase of volume of air bubble is 2πcm 3 / sec
6. Given: Rate of decrease of length x of rectangle is 5 cm/minute.
dx
dt
is negative = –5 cm/minute
dx
dt
= – 5 cm/minute ….(i)
Also, Rate of increase of width y of rectangle is 4 cm/minute
dy
dt
is positive= 4 cm/minute
dy
dt
= 4 cm/minute ….(ii)
let z denotes the perimeter of rectangle at any time t
x = 2x + 2y
dz dx dy
= 2 dt + 2 dt (from (i) and (ii) )
dt
= 2(− 5) + 2(4) = − 2 which is negative.
Perimeter of the rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/min.
(b) Let z denotes the area of rectangle at any time t
z = xy
dz dy dx
=x +y
dt dt dt
= 8(4) + 6(− 5) = 2 which is positive. (from (i) and (ii))
Area of the rectangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm2/min

7.

Now, at any instant t, suppose r be the radius of the water level, h the height of the water level and V the volume of the water in
the conical funnel. Then,
dV
dt
= - 5 ... (given) .... (i)
From similar s OAB and OCD, we have
AB CD r 5 1 1
OA
= OC h
= 10 = 2 r = 2h

1
Now, V = 3 π 2h = 3 π ×
1
( ) 1
2
h
2 1
× h = 12 πh 3

dV
dt
=
( dV
dh
× dt
dh
) ( ) d
= dh 12 πh 3
1 dh
dt
πr 2
= 4
dh
dt

πh 2 dh
-5 =
4 dt
dh − 20
=
dt πh 2

() dh
dt
h = 7.5cm
=
− 20
π × ( 7.5 ) 2
... [ h = (10 - 2.5)cm = 7.5 cm]
− 16
= 45π cm / sec
− 16
= Therefore, the rate of change of water level at h = 7.5 cm is 45π cm / sec

=>
2 / 28
8. Suppose AB be the lamp post, the lamp being at B. Then, AB = a metres. At any instant t, suppose CD be the position of the boy
and CE be his shadow.
Then, CD = b metres.
Let AC = x metres and CD = y metres.
dx
Given that = c metres /min
dt

Clearly, BAE DCE

AB AE
=
CD CE
a x+y
b
= y
(a - b)y = bx

(a − b) dt = b
dy dx
dt
= bc [ dx
dt
=c ]
dy bc
dt
= ( a − b ) metres/min
bc
Therefore ,the shadow is increasing at the rate of ( a − b ) metres/min
dL
9. Let the rate at which the water is running out be given by − .
dt

Given L = 200 (10 - t)2

Now differentiating the above equation with respect to t, we get

dL (
d 200 ( 10 − t ) 2 )
− dt = − dt
Taking out the constant term, we get

dL (
d ( 10 − t ) 2 )
− = − 200
dt dt
Applying the power rule of differentiating, we get
dL d ( 10 − t )
− = − 200.2(10 − t)
dt dt
dL
− dt = − 400(10 − t) ( − 1)
dL
− dt = 400 (10 - t) ...(i)
Now we need to find how fast is the water running out at the end of 5 sec, so finding the value of equation (i) at t = 5, we get the
answer

( − dt
dL

t=5 )
= (400 (10 - t))t = 5

( − dt
dL

t=5
)
= 400 (10 - 5)

( − dt
dL

t=5
)
= 400 (5)

( −
dL
dt ) t=5
= 2000 ...(ii)
L
s

Hence the rate at which the water is running out of the pool at the end of 5s is 2000 L/s
Now to find the initial rate we will substitute t = 0 in equation (i), we get

( ) − dt
dL

t=0
= (400 (10 - t)t = 0

=>
3 / 28
 ( ) dL
− dt
t=0
= 400 (10 - 0)

( ) dL
− dt
t=0
= 4000 L/s ...(iii)

So equation (ii) is the final rate and equation (iii) is the initial rate
Hence the average rate during 5s is
initial rate + final rate
= 2
Substituting the corresponding values, we get
4000 + 2000
= 2
= 3000 L/s
Hence , the average rate at which the water flows out during the first 5s is 3000 L/s .
10. Let
2
x1 < x2 x 1 > x 1x 2
2
x1 < x2 x 1x 2 > x 2

x1 < x2
2
x1 > x2
2
( ) ( )
f x1 > f x2

x1 < x2 f (x 1 ) > f (x 2 ) for all x 1, x 2 ( − ∞, 0]

Hence, F(x) is strictly decreasing as shown in fig

11. Let X 1, X 2 ( − ∞, 0) and X 1 > X 2

− x1 < − x2

( ) ( )
f x1 < f x2
f(x) is strictly decreasing on ( − ∞, 0)
12. We have seen that the function f{x) = x2 is strictly increasing on [0, ∞) and strictly decreasing on ( - ∞, 0]. Hence, it is neither
strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing on R i.e. That f(x) = x2 is strictly increasing on strictly decreasing on
Decreasing on (− ∞, 0] Hence, it neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing on R

13. Given: f(x) = log sin x

d
f(x) = dx (logsinx)
1
f(x) = sin x × cosx
= f’(x) = cot(x)
Taking different region from 0 to π

let x ( ) π
0, 2

= cot(x) > 0

4 / 28
=>
 = f’(x) > 0

Thus f(x) is increasing in the interval 0, 2 ( ) π

let x
( )
π
2
,π

= cot(x) < 0
= f’(x) < 0

Thus f(x) is decreasing in the interval ( )π

2
,π .

14. Given function is f(x) = 2x3 - 24x + 5

f'(x) = 6x2 - 24
f'(x) = 6(x2 - 4)
= 6(x - 2)(x + 2)

Function f(x) is decreasing for x [-2, 2] and increasing in x ( − ∞, − 2) (2, ∞).

15. We have
f(x) = (a + 2)x3 - 3ax2 + 9ax - 1 diff w.r.t.x,we obtain
f'(x) = 3(a + 2)x2 - 6ax + 9a
Since f (x) is decreasing for all real values of x. Thus,
f'(x) < 0 for all x R
3(a + 2)x2 - 6ax + 9a < 0 for all x R
(a + 2)x2 - 2ax + 3a < 0 for all x R
a + 2 < 0 and 4a2 - 4 × (a + 2) × 3a < 0 [since b 2-4ab<0]
a < -2 and a2 - 3a2 - 6a < 0
a < -2 and - 2a2 - 6a < 0
a < -2 and - 2a(a + 3) < 0
Now,
− 2a(a + 3) < 0
a(a + 3) > 0

a < − 3 or, a > 0

( − ∞, − 3) (0, ∞)
a < − 2 and − 2a(a + 3) < 0
a < − 2 and a ( − ∞, − 3) (0, ∞)
a ( − ∞, − 3)
So, f(x) decreases for all x R, if a ( − ∞, − 3)
16. Here , it is given that the function f(x) = 5 + 36x + 3x2 – 2x3
We know that,
Theorem:- Let f be a differentiable real function defined on an open interval (a,b).
i. If f’(x) > 0 for all X (a, b), then f(x) is increasing on (a, b)
ii. If f’(x) < 0 for all X (a, b), then f(x) is decreasing on (a, b)
Algorithm:-
i. Obtain the function and put it equal to f(x)
ii. Find f’(x)
iii. Put f’(x) > 0 and solve this inequation.
For the value of x obtained in (ii) f(x) is increasing and for remaining points in its domain it is decreasing.
Now,

=>
5 / 28
 f(x) = 5 + 36x + 3x2 – 2x3

(5 + 36x + 3x )
d
f ′ (x) = 2 − 2x 3
dx

f’(x) = 36 + 6x – 6x2
For f(x) lets find critical point, we must have
f’(x) = 0
36 + 6x – 6x2 = 0
6(–x2 + x + 6) = 0
6(–x2 + 3x – 2x + 6) = 0
–x2 + 3x – 2x + 6 = 0
x2 – 3x + 2x – 6 = 0
(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0
x=3,–2
clearly, f’(x) > 0 if –2< x < 3
and f’(x) < 0 if x < –2 and x > 3
Therefore, f(x) increases on x ∈ (–2,3)
and f(x) is decreasing on interval (–∞,–2) (3, ∞)
17. Here,it is given that f(x)= {x (x – 2)}2
= f(x)= {(x2–2x)}2

f(x) = dx
d
([ x 2 − 2x ])2

f’(x) = 2(x2– 2x)(2x – 2)

f’(x) = 4x(x – 2)(x – 1)
For f(x) lets find critical point, we must have
f’(x) = 0
4x(x – 2)(x – 1)= 0
x(x – 2)(x – 1)= 0
x = 0, 1, 2
Now, lets check values of f(x) between different ranges
Here points x = 0, 1, 2 divide the number line into disjoint intervals namely, (–∞, 0),(0, 1), (1, 2) and (2, ∞)
Lets consider interval (–∞, 0) and (1, 2)
In this case, we have x(x – 2)(x – 1)< 0
Thus, f’(x) < 0 when x < 0 and 1< x < 2
Therefore, f(x) is strictly decreasing on interval (–∞, 0) (1, 2)
Now, consider interval (0, 1) and (2, ∞)
In this case, we have x(x – 2)(x – 1) > 0
Thus, f’(x) > 0 when 0 < x < 1 and x < 2
Therefore, f(x) is strictly increases on interval (0, 1) (2, ∞)
18. We have,

| |
x + a2 ab ac
f(x) = ab x + b2 bc
ac bc x + c2

| || || |
1 0 0 x + a2 ab ac x + a2 ab ac
f ′(x) = ab x+ b2 bc + 0 1 0 + ab x + b2 bc
ac bc x + c2 ac bc x + c2 0 0 1

f ′(x) = x + b 2( )(x + c ) − b c + (x + a )(x + c ) − a c

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + (x + a) 2(x + b) 2 − a 2b 2

=
6 / 28
 (
f ′(x) = 3x 2 + 2x a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
For (x) to be increasing, we must have

( )
3x 2 + 2x a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > 0

x {3x + 2 (a + b + c )} > 0
2 2 2

2
x < − (a + b + c ) or, x > 0
3
2 2 2

x ( − ∞, − (a + b + c ) )
2
2 2 2 (0, ∞)
3

So, f(x) is increasing on ( 2

(
− ∞, − 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )) (0, ∞)

For f(x) to be decreasing we, must have

( )
3x 2 + 2x a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < 0

x {3x + 2 (a + b + c )} < 0
2 2 2

− (a + b + c ) < x < 0
2
2 2 2
3

x
( − (a + b + c ), 0 )
2
3
2 2 2

So, f(x) is decreasing on

( 2
(
− 3 a2 + b2 + c2 , 0 ) )
hence, f (x) is increasing on ( 2
(
− ∞, − 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )) (0, ∞) and decreasing on ( 2
( )
− 3 a2 + b2 + c2 , 0 )
19. f(x) = tan − 1(sinx + cosx)
1
f ′ (x) = . (cosx − sinx)
1 + ( sin x + cos x ) 2
cos x ( 1 − tan x )
=
1 + ( sin x + cos x ) 2
For critical points let f '(x)=0
cos x ( 1 − tan x )
=0
1 + ( sin x + cos x ) 2
cosx (1 - tanx) = 0
cosx = 0, or 1 - tanx = 0

since tanx < 1

( )
x 0, 4
π

f ′ (x) < 0 x ( )0, 4

π

Hence f(x) is strictly increasing on 0, 4 ( ) π

20. We have,
f(x) = cot-1(sin x + cos x)
−1
f ′(x) = × (cosx − sinx)
1 + ( sin x + cos x ) 2
sin x − cos x
=
1 + sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2sin xcos x
sin x − cos x
=
1 + 1 + 2sin xcos x
sin x − cos x
= 2 + 2sin xcos x

=
7 / 28
 1 sin x − cos x
= 2 × 1 + sin xcos x
For f(x) to be decreasing, we must have
f'(x) < 0
1 sin x − cos x
2
× 1 + sin xcos x < 0
sin x − cos x
1 + sin xcos x
<0
sin x - cos x < 0 (In first quadrant)
sin x < cos x
tan x < 1
π
0<x< 4

So, f (x) is decreasing on 0, 4 ( ) π

For f(x) to be increasing, we must have

f'(x) > 0
1 sin x − cos x
2
×1 + sin xcos x
>0
sin x − cos x
1 + sin xcos x
>0
sin x - cos x > 0 (In first quadrant)
sin x > cos x
tan x > 1
π π
4
<x< 2

So, f (x) is increasing on ( )

π π
,
4 2
.

21. Given, f(x) = -(x - 1)2 + 2

Clearly, (x - 1)2 ≥ 0 for every x R
Therefore, f(x) = -(x - 1)2 + 2 ≤ 2 for every x R
The maximum value of f is attained when (x - 1) = 0 or x = 1
Thus, maximum value of f = f(1) = -(1 - 1)2 + 2 = 2
Hence, function f does not have minimum value.
22. Let P = xy3
It is given that x + y = 60, Therefore, x = 60 - y.
Now, P = xy3
P = (60 - y) y3 = 60y3 - y4
dP d 2p
dy
= 180y2 - 4y3 and 2 = 360y - 12y2
dy
dP
The critical points of P are given by =0
dy
dP
. dy
= 0.

180y2 - 4y3 = 0 4y2 (45 - y) = 0 y - 0, y = 45 y = - 45 [ y = 0 is not possible]

Now,
( )d 2P
dy 2
y = 45
= 360 × 45 - 12(45)2 = 12 × 45 (30 - 45) = -8100 < 0

So, P is maximum when y = 45, Putting y = 45 in x + y = 60, we obtain x = 15.

Hence, xy3 is maximum when x = 15 and y = 45.
23. f(y) = secy + 2logcosy
Differentiating both sides with respect to y,
f ′ (y) = secytany − 2tany = tany(secy − 2)
1
f ′ (y) = 0 tany = 0 or secy = 2 or cosy = 2

·
8 / 28
 π 5π
Possible values of y are y = 0 or y = π and y = 3 or y = 3
π
Thus, y = 0 and y = lies in the given range i.e. y [0, π / 2]
3
f(y) at y = 0 is = sec 0 + 2 log tan 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
π π
f(y) at y = 3 is = sec 3 + 2 log cos 3 = 2 + 2log 2 = 2 1 − log 2
π 1
( 1
) = 1.39

π
Thus, minimum value of f(y) is 1 at y = 0 and maximum value of f(y) is 1.39 at y = 3 when y [0, π / 2]
24. We have,
f(x) = x4 - 62x2 + 120x + 9
f'(x) = 4x3 - 124x + 120 = 4 (x3 - 31x + 30)
f"(x) = 12x2 - 124 = 4( 3x2 - 31)
For maxima and minima,we get
f'(x) = 0
4 (x3 - 31x + 30) = 0
x = 5,1,- 6
Now,
f"(5) = 176 > 0
x = 5 is point of local minima
f"(1)= - 112 < 0
x = 1 is point of local maxima
f"(-6) = 308 > 0
x = -6 is point of local minima
So,local maxima value = f(1) = 68
local minima value = f(5) = -316
and = f(-6) = -1647.
25. Suppose S be the sum of the surface areas of a sphere and a cube.
S = 4πr2 + 6l2 ...(i)
Suppose v = volume of sphere + volume of cube
4
v = 3 πr3 + l3 ...(ii)
From (i)
s − 4πr 2
l=
√ 6

( )
3
4 s − 4πr 2 2
v = πr2 +
3 6

( ) ( )
1
dV 3 s − 4πr 2 2 − 4π 2r
dr
= 4πr2 + 2 6
× 6

For maxima and minima,we get

dV
dr
=0
1

(s − )
π
4πr2 = 6
4πr 2 2 × 2r = 0
2r π [2r - l] = 0
l
r = 0, 2
Now,we get
1
d 2v 2π 8πr 2
dr 2
= 8πr -
√6 [( s − 4πr 2 )] 2
− 1

(
2 s − 4πr 2 ) 2

l
At r = 2

#
9 / 28
 d 2v
dr 2
=π -
2
l

π
2π

√6
[ ] √6l −
l2
8π 4

2√6l
= 4πl −
2π

√6 [ 12l 2 − 2πl 2
2√6l ]
= 4πl - 6l [5.72l2]
= 4πl - 3l
= 9.56l > 0
Volume will be least at l = 2r
26. Let OC = r be the radius of the cone and OA = h be its height. Let a cylinder with radius OE = x inscribed in the given cone

QE EC
The height QE of the cylinder is given by OA = OC (since ΔQEC ΔAOC)
QE r−x
or h = r
h(r−x)
or QE = r
Let S be the curved surface area of the given cylinder. Then

(rx − x )
2πxh ( r − x ) 2πh
S ≡ S(x) = = r 2
r
2πh − 4πh
S ′(x) = r (r − 2x) S ′′(x) = r
r
Now S' (x) = 0 gives x = 2 .

Since S″(x) < 0 for all x, S'' 2 ()r

< 0.
r
So, x = 2 is a point of maxima of S. Hence, the radius of the cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be inscribed in a
given cone is half of that of the cone.
27. Since, volume of the box = 1024 cm3
Let length of the side of square base be x cm and height of the box be y cm.

Volume of the box (V) = x 2. y = 1024

1024
Since, x 2y = 1024 y=
x2
Let C denotes the cost of the box.
C = 2x 2 × 5 + 4xy × 2.50
= 10x 2 + 10xy = 10x(x + y)

= 10x x +
( ) 1024
x2

(x )
10x
= 3 + 1024
x2

=
10 / 28
 1024
C = 10x 2 + x
...(i)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dC
dx
= 20x − 10240(x) − 2
10240
= 20x − ...(ii)
x2
dC
Now, dx = 0
10240
20x =
x2
20x 3 = 10240
x = 512 = 8 3
3
x=8
Again, differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
d 2C 1
= 20 − 10240(− 2).
dx 2 x3
20480
= 20 +
x3

( )
d 2C
dx 2
x=8
20480
= 20 + 512 = 60 > 0

For x = 8, cost is minimum and the corresponding least cost of the box
10240
C(8) = 10.8 2 +
8
Least cost = ₹ 1920
28. Let V be the fixed volume of a closed cuboid with length x, breadth x and height y.
Then, V= x × x × y. Then,
V
y= ... (i)
x2
Let S be its surface area.
Then, S=2(x2+ xy + xy)

(
S = 2 x 2 + 2xy = 2 x 2 + ) ( ) 2Vx
x2
[using Eq.(i)]

(
S = 2 x2 + x
2V
)
dS
dx
= 2 2x − 2
x ( ) 2V

and
d 2S
dx 2

dS
= 4+
( ) 8V
x3

Now, =0
dx

( )
2 2x −

2V
2V
x2
=0

2x =
x2
x3 =V
V = x3
x × x × y= x3
y=x

Also
( ) d 2S
dx 2
x = V1 / 3
=4+
8V
V
= 12 > 0

>
11 / 28
 So, S is minimum when length = x, breadth = x and height = x, i.e when it is cube.
29. Let AC = x, BC = y and r be the radius of circle.
Also, C = 90 [ angle made in semi-circle is 90°]
In ΔABC, we have
(AB)2 =(AC)2 + (BC)2
(2r)2 = (x)2 + (y)2
4r2 = x2 + y2 ...(I)

We know that,
1
Area of ΔABC, (A) = 2 x y
On squaring both sides, we get
1
A 2 = 4 x 2y 2

Let A2=S
1
Then, S = 4 x 2y 2
1
( )
S = 4 x 2 4r 2 − x 2 [from Eq. (i)]

( −x )
1
S = 4 4x 2r 2 4

On differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get

(8r x − 4x )
dS 1
= 2 3
dx 4
dS
For maxima or minima, put =0
dx
1
4 (8r x − 4x ) = 0
2 3

8r2x = 4x3
8r2 = 4x2
x2 = 2r2
x = √2r
From Eq. (i), we get,
y 2 = 4r 2 − 2r 2 = 2r 2 y= √2r
Here, x = y so triangle is an isosceles.

Also,
d 2S
dx 2
d
[( 1
= dx 4 8r 2x − 4x 3 ) ] = (8r
1
4
2
− 12x 2 )
= 2r 2 − 3x 2m
d 2S
At x = √2r, = 2r 2 − 3(2r 2) = − 4r 2 < 0
dx 2
Therefore, Area of the triangle is maximum when it is an isosceles triangle.
30. Let breadth and length of the rectangle be x and y, respectively.

Perimeter of the rectangle = 36 cm

2x + 2y = 36
x + y = 18
y = 18 − x ...(i)
Let the rectangle is being revolved about its length y.

=>
12 / 28
 Then, volume (V) of resultant cylinder = πx 2. y

V = πx 2. (18 − x) [ ]
V = πr 2h [Using Eq. (i)]

= 18πr 2 − πx 3 = π 18x 2 − x 3 [ ]
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dV
dx (
= π 36x − 3x 2 )
dV
Now, dx = 0
36x = 3x 2
3x 2 − 36x = 0

(
3 x 2 − 12x = 0 )
3(x)(x − 12x) = 0
x = 0, 12
x = 12 [ , x ≠ 0]
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
d 2y
= π(36 − 6x)
dx 2

( )
d 2y
dx 2
x = 12
= π(36 − 6 × 12) = − 36π < 0

At x = 12, volume of the resultant cylinder is the maximum.

So, the dimensions of rectangle are 12 cm and 6 cm, respectively. [using Eq. (i)]
Maximum volume of resultant cylinder,

[
(V) x = 12 = π 18.(12) 2 − (12) 3 ]
[
= π 12 2(18 − 12) ]
= π × 144 × 6
= 864πcm 3
x
31. Let r be the radius of the sphere and dimensions of cuboid are x, 2x and 3 .
Therefore,we have,

[ x
4πr 2 + 2 3 × x + x × 2x + 2x × 3
x
] =k (constant) [given]

4πr 2 + 6x 2 = k
k − 6x 2 k − 6x 2
r2 = 4π
r=
√ 4π
......(i)

4 x
Sum of the volumes, V = 3 πr 3 + 3 × x × 2x
4πr 3 2
= 3 + 3 x 3....(ii)

( )
3
4 k − 6x 2 2 2
V= π + x3
3 4π 3

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have,

( )( )
1
dV 4 3 k − 6x 2 2 − 12x 2
dx
= 3π × 2 4π 4π
+ 3 × 3x 2

{tex} = 2 π\sqrt [ ] { \frac { k - 6 x ^ { 2 } } { 4 \pi } } \left( \frac { - 3 x } { \pi } \right) + 2 x ^ { 2 }{/tex}

k − 6x 2
= ( − 6x)
√ 4π
+ 2x 2

-
13 / 28
 dV
For maxima or minima, we must have dx = 0
k − 6x 2
( − 6x)
√ 4π
+ 2x 2 = 0

k − 6x 2
2x 2 = 6x
√ 4π

k − 6x 2
x=3
√ 4π

x = 3r
[using Eq. (i)]
dV
Again, on differentiating dx w.r.t. x, we have,

d 2V
dx 2
= − 6 dx x
d

(√ ) k − 6x 2
4π
+ 4x

= −6
( √
k − 6x 2
4π
+x
1
2

√
1
k − 6x 2
4
( )
− 12x
4π
) + 4x

= − 6 r − 2πr
( ) 9x 2
3x 2
+ 4x

= − 6r + πr + 4x

Now, we have,
( )d 2r
dx 2
x = 3r
= − 6r +
9 × 9r 2
π
+ 12r = 6r +
18r
π
>0

Hence, V is minimum when x is equal to three times the radius of the sphere.
32. We have, f(x) = tan − 1(sinx + cosx)
1
f ′ (x) = . (cosx − sinx)
1 + ( sin x + cos x ) 2
1
= (cosx − sinx)
1 + sin 2x + cos 2x + 2sin x . cos x
1
= ( 2 + sin 2x ) (cosx − sinx)

[ sin2x = 2sinxcosx and sin 2x + cos 2x = 1 ]

For f ′ (x) 0
1
( 2 + sin 2x )
. (cosx − sinx) 0

cosx − sinx 0
[ (2 + sin2x) 0 in 0, 4
( )] π

cosx sinx

Which is true, if x
( )
0, 4
π

Hence, f(x) is an increasing function in 0, 4 .

( ) π

33. x = acosθ + aθ. sinθ, y = asinθ − aθ. cosθ

dx
dθ
= − asinθ + a(θ. cosθ + sinθ)

-
14 / 28
 dx
dθ
= aθ. cosθ
dy
Now , = acosθ − a( − θsinθ + cosθ)
dθ
dy
dθ
= aθsinθ
dy
So , dx = tanθ
−1
Slope of normal = tan θ
−1
Equation of normal y − y 1 = dy (x − x 1 )
dx
− cos θ
y − (asinθ − a. θcosθ) = sin θ [x − (acosθ − a. θsinθ)]
xcosθ + ysinθ = a
Length of from origin
| 0cos θ + 0sin θ − a |
=a
√cos 2θ + sin 2θ
Hence proved

34.

V = πr 2.2x [ OL = x, LM = 2x]
= π. (a 2 − x 2).2x
V = 2π(a 2x − x 3)
dv
dx
= 2π(a 2 − 3x 2)
d 2v
= 2π[0 − 6x]
dx 2
= − 12πx
For maximum/minimum
dv
dx
=0
2π[a 2 − 3x 2] = 0
a2
a 2 = 3x 2

a
√ 3
=x

x=
√3

d 2v
dx 2 ] x=
a

√3
= − 12π.
√3
a

= negative maximum
a
Volume is maximum at x =
√3
Height of cylinder of maximum volume is
= 2x
a
=2×
√3
2a
=
√3

=
15 / 28
35.

vo ′
x
= cotα
vo ′ = xcotα
′
oo = h − xcotα
V = πx 2. (h − xcotα)
V = πx 2h − πx 3cotα
dv
dx
= 2πxh − 3πx 2cotα
For maximum/minimum
dv
dx
=0
2πxh − 3πx 2cotα = 0
2h
x = 3 tanα
d 2v
= 2πh − 6πxcotα
dx 2

d 2v
dx 2 ] x=
2h
3 tan α
= π(2h − 4h)

2h
Volume is maximum at x = 3 tanα
Maximum volume is
V = π. x 2(h − xcotα)

= π 3 tanα
( )[
2h 2 2h
h − 3 tanαcotα
]
4h 2 h
= π. 9 tan 2α. 3
4
V = 27 πh 3tan 2α

36. From equation, P A () B

=
P(A∩B)
P(A)

P (B ∩ A) = P
() B
A
× P (A) = 0.6 × 0.4

= 0.24

Hence, P
()A
B
=
P(A∩B)
P(B)
=
0.24
0.8

= 0.3
And P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A ∩ B)
= 0.4 + 0.8 - 0.24
= 0.96
37. Sample space for the given experiment, 'S' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Here, E = {1, 3, 5}, F = {2, 3} and G = {2, 3, 4, 5} ......(i)
3 1 2 1 4 2
P(E) = = , P(F) = = , P(G) = = ......(ii)
6 2 6 3 6 3
Now, E ∩ F = {3}, F ∩ G = {2, 3}, E ∩ G = {3, 5} ......(iii)
1 2 1 2 1
P(E ∩ F) = , P(F ∩ G) = = , P(E ∩ G) = = ......(iv)
6 6 3 6 3
P(E∩F)
By the definition of conditional probability P(E | F) = P(F)

#
16 / 28
 1/6 3 1
P(E | F) = 1 / 3 = 6 = 2 [Using (ii) and (iv)]
1
P(E | F) =
2
Similarly, we have
P(F∩E) 1/6 2 1
P(F | E) = = = = [Using (ii) and (iv)]
P(E) 1/2 6 3
1
P(F | E) = 3
38. S = (HH, TH, HT, TT) = 4
i. E : tail appears on one coin
E = (TH, HT) n(E) = 2
n(E) 2 1
P (E) = n ( S ) = 4 = 2
F : one coin shows head
F = (TH, HT) n(F) = 2
n(F) 2 1
P(F) = n ( S ) = 4 = 2
E ∩ F = (TH, HT) (E ∩ F) = 2
n(E∩F) 2 1
P(E ∩ F) = n(S)
= 4 = 2
1
P(E∩F) 2
And P(E | F) = P(F)
= 1 =1
2

ii. E : no tail appears

E = (HH) n(E) = 1
n(E) 1
P (E) = n ( S ) = 4
F : no head appears
n(F) 1
F = (TT) n(F) = 1 P (F) = n ( S ) = 4
E∩F=ϕ n(E ∩ F) = 0
n(E∩F) 0
P(E ∩ F) = n(S) 4
= =0
P(E∩F) 0
And P(E | F) = n(F)
= 1 =0
4
1 1 5
39. Given, P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A B) =
3 4 12
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
5 1 1
= + - P(A ∩ B)
12 3 4
1 1 5 4+3−5
P(A ∩ B) = 3 + 4 - 12 = 12
2
P(A ∩ B) = 12
A P(A∩B)
P( B ) = P(B)
2
12
= 1
4
2 4
= ×
12 1
A 2
P( B ) = 3
B P(A∩B)
P( A ) = P(A)
2
12
= 1
3
2 3
= 12 × 1
B 1
P( ) =
A 2

=
17 / 28
 Hence,
A 2
P( B ) = 3
B 1
P( A ) = 2
40. The sample space of the experiment is given by
S = {(3,1), (3, 2) (3, 3), (3, 4), (3,5), (3, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6,5), (6, 6) (1, H), (1, T), (2, H), (2, T), (4, H), (4, T), (5,
H), (5, T)}
The probabilities of the elementary events are:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(3, 4)} = 6 × 6 = 36 , P{(3, 2)} = 6 × 6 = 36 , P{(3, 3)} = 6 × 6 = 36 ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(3, 4)} = 6 × 6 = 36 , P {(3, 5)} = 6 × 6 = 36 , P{(3, 6)} = 6 × 6 = 36 ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(6, 1)} = 6 × 6 = 36 , P {(6, 2)} = 6 × 6 = 36 , P{(6, 3)} = 6 × 6 = 36 ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(6, 4)} = × = , P {(6, 5)} = × = , P{(6, 6)} = × = ,
6 6 36 6 6 36 6 6 36
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(1, H)} = 6 × 2 = 12 , P {(1, T)} = 6 × 2 = 12 , P{(2, H)} = 6 × 2 = 12 ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(2, T)} = 6 × 2 = 12 , P {(4, H)} = 6 × 2 = 12 , P{(4, T)} = 6 × 2 = 12 ,
1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(5, H)} = 6 × 2 = 12 , P{(5, T)} = 6 × 2 = 12
Clearly, the elementary events are not equally likely, since the probabilities of all outcomes is not same.
Consider the following events:
A = The coin shows a tail, B = At least one die shows a 2.
Clearly,
A = {(1, T), (2, T), (4, T), (5, T)}, B = {(3, 2), (6, 2), (2, H), (2, T)} and, A ∩ B = {(2, T)}
1 1 1 1 2
P (B) =P {(3, 2)} + P{(6, 2)} + P{(2, H)} + P{(2, T)} = 36 + 36 + 12 + 12 = 9
1
and, P(A ∩ B) = P{(2, T)} = 12
Hence, Required probability is given by,
1
P(A∩B) 12 9 3
P(A/B) = = 2
= =
P(B) 24 8
9

41. The sample space S of the experiment is given as

S = {(H, H), (H, 1), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3),
(T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
The probabilities of these elementary events are
1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(H, T)} = 2 × 2 = 4 , P{(H, T)} = 2 × 2 = 4 ,
1 1 1 1 1 1
P{(T, 1)} = 2 × 6 = 12 , P{(T, 2)} = 2 × 6 = 12 ,

{
P (T, 3) =
1
2
×
1
6
=
1
12
, P{(T, 4)} =
1
2
×
1
6
=
1
12
,

{ 1 1 1
P (T, 5) = 2 × 6 = 12 and P{(T, 6)} = 2 × 6 = 12
1 1 1

The outcomes of the experiment can be represented in the following tree diagram.

>
-
18 / 28
 Consider the following events:
A = the die shows a number greater than 4 and
B = there is atleast one tail.
We have, A = {(T, 5), (T, 6)},
B = {(H, 1), (T, 1), (T, 2),(T, 3),
(T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
and A ∩ B = {(T, 5), (T, 6)}
P(B) = P{(H, 1)} + P{(T, l)} + P{(T, 2)}
+ P{(T, 3)} + P{(T, 4)} + P{(T, 5)} + P{(T, 6)}
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
P(B) = 4 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 = 4
1 1 1
and P(A ∩ B) = P{(T, 5)} + P{(T, 6)} = 12 + 12 = 6
Required probability

=P B ()
A
=
P(A∩B)
P(B)
1/6
= 3 / 4 = 18 = 9
4 2

42. Let the events be

E: First ball drawn is black. and F: Second ball drawn is black.
We need to find the probability that both drawn balls are black. i,e P(E ∩ F)
P(E ∩ F) = Probability first ball drawn is black x Probability second ball is black if first is black
i, e P(E ∩ F) = P(E)P(F | E)
10 2
Now P(E) = P (black ball in first draw) = 15 = 3
P(F | E) is the Probability of F after E has happened i,e. probability of second ball drawn black if first ball was black if first ball
drawn was black, we are left with 9 black, 5 white balls
Remaining Black ball
P(F | E) = remaining balls
9
i.e. P(F|E} = 14
By multiplication rule of probability, we have
P(E ∩ F) = P(E) P(F|E)
10 9 3
= 15 × 14 = 7
43. Consider the following events:
A = Drawing 3 white balls in first draw, B = Drawing 3 black balls in the second draw. Required probability = P (A ∩ B) = P (A)
B
P( A ) ...(i)
Since there are 13 balls out of which 3 balls can be drawn in 13C 3 ways and 3 white balls out of 5 white balls can be drawn in 5C 3
ways. Therefore, we have,
5C
3 10 5
P(A) = 13C = 286 = 143
3

After drawing 3 white balls in first draw 10 balls are left in the bag, out of which 8 are black balls.
8C
3 56 7
P(B/A) = 10C = 120 = 15
3

#
19 / 28
 Substituting these values in (i), we obtain
B 5 7 7
Required probability = P (A nB) = P(A) P( A ) = 143 × 15 = 429
44. There are 3 white, 4 red and 5 black balls in the bag, so the total o number of all possible outcomes in the sample space is,
n(S) = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12
Let A be the event of not getting a black ball in the first draw, which means getting another colour (red or white) ball out of 12
balls in the first draw. Therefore, the probability becomes,
7
P(A) = (as there are 3 white + 4 red = 7 balls)
12
Let B represents the event of not getting a black ball in the second draw, this means getting another colour (red or white) ball out
of 11 balls in the second draw as the balls are not replaced. Therefore, the probability becomes
6
P(B | A) = 11 (as there are 3 white + 4 red = 7 balls and one ball is already drawn in the first draw so now there are a total of 6 red
and white balls)
Therefore, the probability of at least one black ball without replacement
= 1 − P( none is black ball )
= 1 − P(A ∩ B)
= 1 - P(A)P(B|A)
7 6
= 1 − 12 × 11
7 15
= 1 − 22 = 22
15
Thus, the required probability is 22 .
45. Given: A box containing 10 black and 8 red balls.
Total number of balls in box = 18
10 5
Probability of getting a black ball in first draw = 18 = 9
As the ball is replaced after first throw,
8 4
Hence, Probability of getting a red ball in second draw = 18 = 9
5 4 20
Now, Probability of getting first ball is black and second is red = 9 × 9 = 81
8 4
Probability of getting a red ball in first draw = =
18 9
As the ball is replaced after first throw,
10 5
Hence, Probability of getting a black ball in second draw = =
18 9
4 5 20
Now, Probability of getting first ball is red and second is black = 9 × 9 = 81
Therefore, Probability of getting one of them is black and other is red :
= Probability of getting first ball is black and second is red + Probability of getting first ball is red and second is black
20 20 40
= + =
81 81 81
46. A blue colour ball can be drawn from the second bag in the following mutually exclusive ways:
i. By transferring a blue ball from first bag to the second bag and then drawing a blue ball from the second bag.
ii. By transferring a red ball from first bag to the second bag and then drawing a blue ball from the second bag.

Let E1, E2 and A be the events defined as follows:

E1 = Ball drawn from first bag is blue
E2 = Ball drawn from first bag is red
A = Ball drawn from the second bag is blue

>
20 / 28
 Since first bag contains 6 red and 5 blue balls, we have
5 6
P(E1) = 11 and P(E2) = 11
If E1 has already occurred, that is, if a blue ball is transferred from the first bag to the second bag, then the second bag contains 5
9
red and 9 blue balls, therefore the probability of drawing a blue ball from the second bag is 14 .
A 9
P( E ) = 14
1
A 8
Similarly, we have P( )=
E2 14
Using the law of total probability, we obtain
A A 5 9 6 8 93
P(A) = P(E1) P( ) + P(E2) P( )= × + × =
E1 E2 11 14 11 14 154
47. Let E1 = event that Amit is selected, and E2 = event that Nisha is selected.
1 1
Then P(E1) = 5 and P(E2) = 6
Clearly, E1 and E2 are independent events.
P(none of them is selected)
= P(not E1 and not E2)
= P(not E1) and P(not E2)
= [1 - P(E1)] [1 - P(E2)]

( )( ) ( )
= 1− 5
1
1− 6
1
=
4
5
× 6
5
= 3
2

48. Let E1, E2 and E3 be the events that the problem is solved by A, B and C respectively. Therefore,we have,
1 2 3
P(E1) = 3 , P(E2) = 7 and P(E3) = 8
Exactly one of A, B and C can solve the problem in the following mutually exclusive ways:
¯ ¯
i. A solves but B and C do not solve i.e. E 1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E 3
ii. B solves but A and C do not solve i.e. Eˉ 1 ∩ E 2 ∩ Eˉ 3
iii. C solves but A and B do not solve i.e. Eˉ ∩ Eˉ ∩ E 1 2 3
Therefore, Required probability = P (I or II or III)
=P [(E1 ∩ Eˉ 2 ∩ Eˉ 3 ) (Eˉ 1 ∩ E2 ∩ Eˉ 3 ) (Eˉ 1 ∩ Eˉ 2 ∩ E3 ]
= P (E 1 ∩ Eˉ 2 ∩ Eˉ 3 ) + (Eˉ 1 ∩ E 2 ∩ Eˉ 3 ) ( Eˉ 1 ∩ Eˉ 2 ∩ E 3 ]

= P (E 1 )P (Eˉ 2 )P (Eˉ 3 ) + P (Eˉ 1 )P (E 2 )P (Eˉ 3 ) + P (Eˉ 1 )P (Eˉ 2 )P (E 3 )

=
1
3 ( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
1−
2
7
1−
3
8
+ 1−
1
3
2
7
1−
3
8
+ 1−
1
3
1−
2
7
3
8
1 5 5 2 2 5 2 5 3
= × × + × × + × ×
3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7 8
25 5 5 25
= 168 + 42 + 28 = 56
49. Given: X and Y are the two parts of a company that manufactures an article. Here the probability of the parts being defective is
8 5 92 95
given i.e, P(X) = 100 and P(Y) = 100 ˉ =
P(X) and P(Y)ˉ =
100 100
To Find: the probability that the assembled product will not be defective.
Here, P(product assembled will not be defective) = 1 - P(product assembled to be defective)
= 1 - [P (X and not Y) + P(Y and not X) + P(both)]
ˉ + P(Y ∩ X)
= 1 - [P(X ∩ Y) ˉ + P(X ∩ Y)]

=1-
[( 100
8
× 100
95
)( + 100
5
× 100
92
) ( +
8
100
× 100
5
)]

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21 / 28
 [ 760
= 1 - 10000 + 10000 + 10000
460 40
]
437
=
500
50. Consider the following events:
A = Switch S1 works, B = Switch S2 works.
Therefore,we have,
90 9 80 8
P(A) = 100 = 10 and P(B) = 100 = 10

The circuit will work if the current flows in the circuit. This is possible only when both the switches work together. Therefore,
Required probability = P (A ∩ B)
i. = P (A) P (B) [ Since A and B are independent events ]
9 8 72 18
= 10 × 10 = 100 = 25
ii. The circuit will work if the current flows in the circuit. This is possible only when at least one of the two switches S1 , S2
works.Therefore, Required Probability = P (A B)
ˉ B)
= 1 − P(A)P( ˉ [Since A , B are independent events ]

= 1 − 1 − 10 ( )( ) 9
1 − 10
8 1
= 1 − 10 × 10 = 50
2 49

51. Given, A and B are two independent events with

¯ 2 ¯ 1
P(A ∩ B) = 15 and P(A ∩ B) = 6
¯ ¯
We know that, if A and B are independent, then A, B and A, B are independent events.
¯ 2 ¯ 2
Now, P(A ∩ B) = P(B)P(A) =
15 15
2 ¯
P(B)(1 − P(A)) = 15 [ P(A) + P(A) = 1]
2
P(B) − P(A)P(B) = 15 ... ( i)
¯ 1 ¯ 1
and P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B) =
6 6
1 ¯
P(A) | 1 − P(B)] = 6 [ P(B) + P(B) = 1]
1
P(A) − P(A)P(B) = 6 ... (ii)
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get
1 2 5−4 1
P(A) − P(B) = 6 − 15 = 30 = 30
1
P(A) = 30 + P(B)... (iii)
Therefore, on substituting this value in Eq. (i), we get

P(B) −
( 30
1
+ P(B) P(B) =
) 2
15

Let P(B) = x, then

x−
( ) 1
30
+x x=
2
15

30x - (1 + 30x) x = 4

=>
22 / 28
 30x - x - 30x2 = 4
30x2 - 29x + 4 = O
30x 2 -5x-24x+4=0
(6x − 1)(5x − 4) = 0
1 4
(6x − 1) = 0 or (5x − 4) = 0 x = 6 or x = 5
1 4
P(B) = or P(B) = [put x = P(B) ]
6 5
1
Now, if P(B) = 6 , then
1 1 1+5 6 1
P(A) = 30 + 6 = 30 = 30 = 5 [using Eq. (iii)]
4 1 4
and if P(B) = 5 , then P(A) = 30 + 5
1 + 24 25 5
= = =
30 30 6
1
52. P(girls) = 2 = 0.5
1
P(boys) = 2 = 0.5
20
P(Unemployed/boys) = 100 = 0.2
30
P(Unemployed/girls) = 100 = 0.3
P(Unemployed) = P(boys) × P(Unemployed/ boys) × P(girls) x P(Unemployed/girls) [By Bayes' theorem]
= 0.5 × 0.2 + 0.5 × 0.3 = 0.35
P(Employed) = 1 - 0.35 = 0.65
1
53. E1 = Biased coin is selected P(E1) = 2
1
E2 = Fair coin is selected P(E2) = 2
A = Head appeared on tossing a selected coin.

P E
() ()
1
A 1
= 4, P E
2
A
= 2
1

( )
P E1 P
( )
A

()
E1
E1
By Bayes' Theorem P A =

1 1
( )
P E1 P
( ) A
E1 ( )
+ P E2 P
( )
A
E2

2 4
= 1 1 1 1
2 4 + 2 2
1
=
3
///////////////////////////
54. Let B1 = bolt is manufactured by A
B2 = bolt is manufactured by B
B3 = bolt is manufactured by C
Let E denote the event that bolt is defective.
The event E occurs with B1 or with B2 or with B3. Given that,
P (B1) = 25% = 0.25
P (B2) = 0.35
P (B3) = 0.40
P ( E|B1) =Probability that the bolt drawn is defective given that it is manu-factured by machine A = 5% = 0.05.
Similarly, P (E|B2) = 0.04
P (E|B3) = 0.02

>
23 / 28
 Hence, by Bayes theorm, we have,
P ( B2 ) P ( E / B2 )
P(B 2 / E) = P ( B ) P ( E / B ) + P ( B ) P ( E / B ) + P ( B ) P ( E / B )
1 1 2 2 3 3
0.35 × 0.04
=
0.25 × 0.05 + 0.35 × 0.04 + 0.40 × 0.02
0.0140
= 0.0345
28
= 69
55. Let D be the event that the picked up tube is defective.
Let A1, A2 and A3 be the events that the tube is produced on machines E1, E2 and E3, respectively.
P(D) = P(A1)P(D|A1) + P(A2)P(D|A2) + P(A3)P(D|A3)
50 1 1 1
P(A1), 100 = 2 , P(A2) = 4 , P(A3) 4
4 1
Also P(D | A 1) = P(D | A 2) = 100 = 25
5 1
P(D | A 3) = 100 = 20
Putting these values in (1), we get
1 1 1 1 1 1
P(D) = 2 × 25 + 4 × 25 + 4 × 20
1 1 1 17
= 50 + 100 + 80 = 400 = 0.0425
56. Consider the following events:
E1 = event of selecting a bag from the first group,
E2 = event of selecting a bag from the second group, and
E = event of drawing a white ball
Therefore, we have,
5 6
( )
P E1 =
11
and P E 2 =
11 ( )
P
() E
E1
= probability of getting a white ball, given that it is from a bag of the first group =
5
8

P E
()
2
E
= probability of getting a white ball, given that it is from a bag of the second group = 6 = 3
2 1

Therefore,we have,
Probability of getting the ball from a bag of the first group, given that it is white

=P E
() E1

( ) ( ) P E1 P A / E1
= [by Bayes's theorem]
P ( E1 ) P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A / E2 )

( 5
8 ×
5
11 ) 75
= = 123
( 5
8 ×
5
11 ) (
+
1
3 ×
6
11 )
57. E1 : Selected person is cyclist
E2 : Selected person is scooter driver
E3 : Selected person is car driver
A : insured person met with an accident

3 6 9
P(E1) = 18 , P(E2) = 18 , P(E3) = 18

( ) (
P A | E 1 = 0.3, P A | E 2 = 0.05, P A | E 3 = 0.02 ) ( )
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24 / 28
 ( ) ( ) P E1 P A | E1
(
P E1 / A = ) P ( E1 ) P ( A | E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A | E2 ) + P ( E3 ) P ( A | E3 )
3 30
18 × 100
= 3 30 6 5 9 2
18 × 100 + 18 × 100 + 18 × 100
90 15
= 138 = 23
15
Required Probability = 23
58. Let us define the events as
E1: Boy is selected
E2: Girl is selected
A: The student has an IQ of more than 150 students.
60
Now, P(E1)=60% = 100
40
Now, P(E2 = 40% = 100 ) [ in the class 60% students are boys, so 40% are girls, given]
Now, P(A/E1) = Probability that boys has an IQ of
more than 150
5
= 5% = 100
and P(A/E2) = Probability that girls has an IQ
10
of more than150 = 10% = 100
The probability that the selected boy having IQ more than 150 is
( ) ( )
P E1 P A / E1
(
P E1 / A = ) P ( E1 ) P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A / E2 )

[by Baye's theorem]

60 5
100 × 100
=
( 60
100 × 100
5
) ( +
40
400 × 100
10
)
300 300 3
= 300 + 400 = 700 = 7
Hence, the required probability is 3/7
59. Suppose AT : Event that A speaks truth
and BT : Event that B speaks truth.
75 ¯ 75
( )
Here,it is given that P A T = 100 , then P(A T) = 1 − 100
¯
[ P(A) = 1 − P(A)]
25
= 100
90
and P B T = 100 ( )
¯ 90 10
Then, P(B T) = 1 − 100 = 100
Now, P (A and B are contradicted to each other)

( ) ( )
¯ ¯
= P AT ∩ BT + P AT ∩ BT

)( ) ( )( )
¯ ¯
(
= P AT P BT + P AT P BT

[ events AT and BT are independent events]

=>
25 / 28
 75 10 25 90
= 100 × 100 + 100 × 100
1750 + 2250 3000 3
= = =
10000 10000 10
3
Percentage of P (A and B are contradicted to each other) = 10 × 100 = 30%
Since, B speaks truth in only 90% (i.e not 100%) of the cases, thus we think, the statement of B may be false.
60. Let E1 : Bag selected is Bag I
E2 : Bag selected is Bag II
A : Ball selected is Red
B : Ball selected is Black
Now,
E2
P(ball was drawn from bag II, if ball is red) = P( A )

E2 )
P ( A ) P A | E2 (
P( A ) =
P ( E1 ) P ( A | E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A | E2 )
1
P(E1) = Probability bag selected is Bag I = 2
1
P(E2) = Probability bag selected is Bag II =
2
A 5 5
P( E ) = Probability red ball was selected from Bag II = 5 + 6 = 11
2
A 3 3
P( E ) = Probability red ball was selected from Bag I = 3 + 4 = 7
1
Putting values in formula,
1 5
E2 2 × 11
P( A ) = 1 3 1 5
2 × 7 + 2 × 11
1 5
2 × 11
=
1
2 [
5
3
7 +
5
11 ]
11
= 33 + 35
77
5
11 5 77 35
= 68 = 11 × 68 = 68
77
35
Therefore, required probability is 68
61. Let PT : Event that P speaks truth
and QT : Event that Q speaks truth

()
70 ¯ 70 30
( )
Given, P P T = 100 , then P P T = 1 − 100 = 100

()
80 ¯ 80 20
( )
and P Q T = 100 , then P Q T = 1 − 100 = 100

P (A and B are agree to each other)

( )
¯ ¯
(
= P PT ∩ QT + P PT ∩ Q T )

( )( )
¯ ¯
( )( )
= P PT P QT + P PT P Q T

[ events P T and Q T are independent events]

>
26 / 28
 70 80 30 20
= 100 × 100 + 100 × 100
5600 600 6200 62
= + = =
10000 10000 10000 100
Percentage of P(A and B are agree to each other)
62
= × 100 = 62%
100
No, agree does not mean that they are speaking truth.
62. p = 2x, q = x
p+q=1 2x + x = 1
1
3x = 1 x= 3
2 1
p = 3, q = 3
P (at least 4 successes) = P (X = 4) + P (X = 5) + P (X = 6)
= C(6, 4) p4q2 + C(6, 5) p5q + p6

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
= C(6, 4) 3
2 4 1
3
2
+ C(6, 5) 5
2 5 1
3
+
2
3
6

= 15 3
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 4 1
3
2
+6 3
2 5 1
3
+
2
3
6

=
( )( 2
3 )
4
5+2× 3 + 9
2 4

= ( )( )
2
3
4 15 + 12 + 4
9

= ( )( )
2
3
4 31
9
= 729
496

63. Given that, a couple has two children. Let boy and girl be denoted by 'b' and 'g' respectively
So, Sample space, S = {(b, b), (b, g), (g, b), (g, g)}
Now, Let's define events;
A : Both children are male.
B : At least one of the children is male.
Thus, we have;
A ∩ B = {(b, b)}
1
P(A ∩ B) = 4
1
P(A) = 4
3
P(B) = 4
P(A∩B)
Hence, P(A | B) = P(B)
1
4 1
= 3 = 3
4

64. Given that;

Total number of balls in the urn = 25
Number of balls bearing mark ‘X’ = 10
Number of balls bearing mark ‘Y’ = 15
Let p denotes the probability of balls bearing mark ‘X’ and
q denotes the probability of balls bearing mark ‘Y’
10 2
p = 25 = 5
15 3
And, q = 25 = 5
Now, 6 balls are drawn with replacement.
Hence, the number of trials are Bernoulli trials.

-
27 / 28
 Let Z be the random variable that represents the number of balls bearing ‘Y’ mark in the trials.
2
Z follows Binomial Distribution where n = 6 and p = 5
Now P(Z = z) = nC zp n − zq z
Hence, Probability (equal number of balls with ‘X’ mark and ‘Y’ mark) = P (Z = 3)

= 6C 3
( )( )
54
2 3 3
5
3

20 × 8 × 27
=
15625
864
= 3125
65. S denote the success(getting a 6) and F denotes the failure(not getting a 6)
1 5
P(S) = 6 , P(F) = 6
1
P(A win in the first throw) = (S) = 6

P(A win in the 3rd throw) = () 5

6
2
× 6
1

P(A win in the fifth throw) =

() 5
6
4
×
1
6

P (A win) = 6 +
1
1
() ()
5
6
2 1
× 6 +
5
6
4 1
× 6 +........

=
1−
6
25
36
[ ]
using s = 1 − r
a

6
= 11

>
-
28 / 28
 Solution

LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS

=>
Class 12 - Mathematics

1.
(b) q = 3p
Explanation:
The maximum value of Z is unique.
It is given that the maximum value of Z occurs at two points (3,4) and (0,5)
Value of Z at (3, 4) = Value of Z at (0, 5)
p(3) + q(4) = p(0) + q(5)
3p + 4q = 5q
q = 3p

2.
(b) at any vertex of feasible region
Explanation:
In linear programming problem we substitute the coordinates of vertices of feasible region in the objective function and then
we obtain the maximum or minimum value. Therefore, the value of objective function is maximum under linear constraints at
any vertex of feasible region.

3. Min z = 5 x - 2 y

Corner Points

300

160

240

600
Min Z = 160 at x = 40, y = 20

4.

Corner points Value of Z

A(40, 15) 285

>
1 / 12
 B(15, 20) 150 Minimum

C(2, 72) 228

minimum Z = 150

When x = 15, y = 20
5. From the shaded bounded region, it is clear that the coordinates of corner points are and
Also, we have to determine maximum and minimum value of Z = x + 2y.
Corner Points Corresponding value of Z

(Minimum)

(Maximum)

Hence, the maximum and minimum value of are 9 and respectively.

6. We need to maximize z = x + y
First, we will convert the given inequations into equations, we obtain the following equations:
-2x + y = 1, x = 2, x + y = 3, x = 0 and y = 0
The line -2x + y = 1 meets the coordinate axis at and B(0, 1). Join these points to obtain the line -2x + y = 1.
Clearly, (0, 0) satisfies the inequation -2x + y 1. So, the region in xy-plane that contains the origin represents the solution set of
the given equation.
x = 2 is the line passing through (2,0) and parallel to the Y axis.
The region below the line x = 2 will satisfy the given inequation. The line x + y = 3 meets the coordinate axis at C(3, 0) and D(0,
3). Join these points to obtain the line x + y = 3.
Clearly, (0,0) satisfies the inequation x + y 3 . So, the region in x y -plane that contains the origin represents the solution set of
the given equation.
Region represented by x 0 and y 0 (non -negative restrictions)
since, every point in the first quadrant satisfies these inequations. So, the first quadrant is the regior represented by the
inequations. These lines are drawn using a suitable scale.

The corner points of the feasible region are O(0,0), G(2,0), E(2,1) and
The values of objective function at the corner points are as follows:
Corner point : Z = x + y
O(0, 0) : 0 + 0 = 0
C(2, 0) : 2 + 0=2
E(2, 1) : 2 + 1=3
:

=
2 / 12
 We see that the maximum value of the objective function z is 3 which is at E(2,1) and
Thus, the optimal value of objective function z is 3.
7. First, we will convert the given inequations into equations, we obtain the following equations:
x - y = 0, - x + 2 y = 2, x = 3, y = 4, x = 0 and y = 0
Region represented by x - y 0 or x y The line x - y = 0 or x = y passes through the origin. The region to the right of line x = y
will satisfy the given inequation. Check by taking an example like if we take a point ( 4,3 ) to the right of the line x = y. Here x
y. So, it satisfies the given inequation. Take a point (4,5) to the left of the line x = y. Here, x y. That means it does not satisfy the
given inequation. Region represented by - x + 2 y 2 The line - x + 2 y = 2 meets the coordinate axes at A( - 2,0) and B(0,1)
respectively. By joining these points we obtain the line - x + 2 y = 2. Clearly (0,0) does not satisfies the inequation - x + 2 y 2 .
So, the region in x y plane which does not contain the origin represents the solution set of the inequation - x + 2 y 2 The line x
= 3 is the line that passes through the point (3,0) and is parallel to Y-axis. x 3 is the region to the right of line x = 3 The line y =
4 is the line that passes through the point (0,4) and is parallel to X-axis. y 4 is the region below the line y = 4 Region
represented by x 0 and y 0 :
since, every point in the first quadrant satisfies these inequations. So, the first quadrant is the region represented by the
inequations x 0 and y 0 The feasible region determined by subject to the constraints are x - y 0, - x + 2 y 2, x 3, y
4, non negative ,x 0 and y 0 are as follows.

The corner points of the feasible region are

C(3, ), D(3,3), E(4,4) and F(6,4)
The values of objective function at the corner points are as follows:
Corner point: z = x - 5 y + 20
:
D(3, 3) :
:
F(6, 4) :
Therefore, the minimum value of objective function Z is 4 at the point E(4,4) . Hence, x = 4 and y = 4 is the optimal solution of
the given LPP.
Thus, the optimal value of objective function Z is 4.
8. Converting the given in-equations into equations,
We obtain the following equations:
3x + 5y = I5, 5x + 2y =10, x = 0 and y = 0
Region represented by 3x + 5y 15: The line 3x + 5y = 15 meets the coordinate axes at A1 (5, 0) and B1(0, 3) respectively. Join
these points to obtain the line 3x + 5y = 15. Clearly, (0,0) satisfies the inequation 3x + 5y 15. So, the region containing the
origin represents the solution set of the inequation 3x + 5y < 15.
Region Represented by 5x + 2y 10: The line 5x + 2y = 10 meets the coordinate axes at A2 (2, 0) and B2 (0 ,5) respectively. Join
these points to obtain the graph of the line 5x + 2y = 10. Clearly, (0, 0) satisfies the inequation 5x + 2y < 10. So, the region
containing the origin represents the solution set of this inequation.
The region represented by x 0 and y 0:
So graph will make in first quadrant, graph every point in the first quadrant satisfies these inequations. So, the first quadrant is the
region represented by the inequations x 0 and y 0. The shaded region OA2 PB1 in Figure given below represents the
common region of the above inequations. This region is the feasible region of the given LPP and the LPP has optimal solysolution
The coordinates of the vertices (comer-points) of the shaded feasible region are O (0, 0), A2 (2, 0), P ( , ) and B1 (0, 3)

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 These points have been obtained by solving the equations of the corresponding intersecting lines, simultaneously.
The values of the objective function at these points are given in the following table:
Point (x, y) Value of the objective function Z = 5x + 3 y

O (0, 0) Z=5 0+3 0=0

A2 (2, 0) Z=5 2+3 0 =1 0

Z=

B1 (0, 3) Z=5 0+3 3=9

Clearly, the objective function Z has maximum at P ( , ). Hence, x = ,y= is the optimal solution of the given LPP and
the optimal value of Z is .
9. Consider
When x = 0, then y = 3 and
when y = 0, then x = 3
So are the points on the line
Consider
When x = 0, then y = 2 and when y = 0, then x = 4.
So C (0, 2) and D (4, 0) are the points on the line x + 2y = 4
The two lines and , intersect each other at .
So the feasible region is unbounded. Therefore, minimum value may or may not occur. If it occurs, it will be on the corner point.
The comer points are and
At
At
At (minimum)
If we draw the graph of , we see that open half plane determined by and feasible region do not have a
point in common other than (0, 3).
Hence, 3 is the minimum value of Z at (0, 3).
10. i. z(A) = 13(4) - 15(0) = 52
z(B) = 13(5) - 15(2) = 35
z(C) = 13(3) - 15(4) = -21
z(D) = 13(0) - 15(2) = -30
z(0) = 0
Max (z) = 52 at A(4, 0), Min(z) = -30 at (0, 2)
ii. z(A) = z(B) 4k + 0 = 5k + 2 k = -2

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11. Maximise Z = 11x + 7y, subject to the constraints .

The shaded region as shown in the figure as OABC is bounded and the coordinates of corner points are (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), and (0,
2), respectively.
Corner Points Corresponding value of Z

(0, 0) 0

(3, 0) 33

(3, 2) 47 (Maximum)

(0, 2) 14
Hence, Z is maximise at (3, 2) and its maximum value is 47.
12. Our problem is to minimise the objective function Z = 5x + 10 y ...(i)
Subject to constraints
x + 2y 120......(ii)
x + y 60........(iii)
x -2y 0..........(iv)
x 0, y 0 ( which is the non negative constraint which will restrict the feasible region to the first quadrant only)
Table of values for line ( ii) x + 2y = 120 are given below.
x 0 120

y 60 0
Replace O (0, 0) in the inequality x + 2y 120, we get
0 + 2 0 120
(which is true)
So, the half plane for the inequality of the line ( ii) is towards the origin which means that the origin O(0,0) is a point in the
feasible region of the inequality of the line ( ii).
Secondly, draw the graph of the line x + y = 60.Hence the table of values of the line ( iii) is given as follows.
x 0 60

y 60 0
On replacing O(0, 0) in the inequality x + y 60, we get
(which is false)
So, the half plane for the inequality of the line ( iii) is away from the origin, which means that the origin is not a point on the
feasible region .
Thirdly, draw the graph of the line x - 2y = 0 and the table of values for ( iv) is given as follows.
x 0 10

y 0 5

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 On solving equations x - 2y = 0 and x + y = 60, we get D(40,20) and on solving equations x -2y = 0 and x + 2y = 120, we get C
(60, 30)
Feasible region is ABCDA, which is a bounded feasible region, the coordinates of the corner points of the feasible region are
given as A (60, 0), B ( 120, 0), C ( 60, 30) and D (40, 20).
Corner points Z = 5x + 10y

A(60,0) Z = 300(minimum)

B(120,0) Z= 600

C(60,0) Z= 600

D(40,20) Z= 400
The values of Z at these points are as follows So, the minimum value of Z is obtained as 300 , which occurs at the point (60, 0).
13. We have the following LPP, to maximise the given objective function Z, whose equation is given as Z =8x+ 9y
Subject to the constraints

and
Now, considering the inequations as equations, we get
2x+ 3y = 6 ...(i)
3x-2y = 6 ...(ii)
and y=1 ...(iii)
Table of values for line 2x + 3y = 6 is given as follows.
x 3 0

y 0 2
So, the line (i) passes through the points with coordinates of the points (3,0) and (0,2). On replacing O (0, 0) in the inequality
,
we get
[which is true]
So, the half plane of the inequality of the line ( i) is towards the origin, which means that the point O(0,0) is a point in the feasible
region of the inequality of ( i).
Table of values for line ( ii) 3x - 2y = 6 is given as follows.
x 2 0

y 0 -3
So, the line (ii) passes through the points with coordinates (2,0) and (0,-3).
On replacing O (0, 0) in the inequality we get
[which is true]
So, the half plane for the inequality of the line (ii) is towards the origin.
The line y = 1 is perpendicular to Y-axis.
On putting (0,0) in the inequality , we get
[which is true]
So, the half plane is towards the origin.
Also, ( which is the non-negative constraint, so the feasible region lies only in the first quadrant)
The point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is

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 B , Eqs. (ii) and (iii) is D and Eqs. (i)

and (iii) is C .
The graphical representation of the system of inequations is given below

Clearly, feasible region is OABCDO, which is a bounded region where he coordinates of the corner points are 0(0,0), A(2,0) B
and D(0, 1).
The values of Z at corner points are as follows
Corner points Z=8x+9y

0(0,0) Z=0+0=0

A(2,0)

(maximum)

D(D,1)
In the table, we find that maximum value of Z is
22.62, when and .
14. Consider
Let x - y = -1

A B C D

x -1 0 2 3

y 0 1 2 4
If (0, 0) is the test point then which is false and thus the required plane does not include (0, 0).
Again
Let -x + y = 0

O E F

x 0 1 2

y 0 1 2
For (1, 0) – 1 0 which is true, therefore the required half-plane include (1, 0).

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 It is clear that the two required half planes do not intersect at all, i.e., they do not have a common region.
Hence there is no maximum Z.
15. According to the question, the linear constraints

and
and objective function is Min
Reducing the above inequations into equations
...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
Equations Point of Intersection

(i) and (ii) x = 4 and y = 3

Point is

(i) and (iii) when x = 0 y=5

when y = 0 x = 10

Points are

(ii) and (iii) when x = 0 y=6

when y = 0 x=8

Points are

For , putting x = 0 and y = 0

i.e., Not true
The shaded region will be away from origin.
Likewise, for , putting x = 0 and y = 0 i.e. true
the shaded region will be toward the origin
Also, we have, and , indicates that the shaded part will exist in first quadrant only. Here, feasible region or bounded
region will be , having corner points as . For optimal point substituting the value of all-corner
points in
Corner points Z

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 Minimum

The minimum value of ‘Z’ is 2300, exist at B (4, 3). Here point B is known as optimal point and min(Z) as optimal solution.
16. Consider
Let x = 3 which is a line parallel to y-axis at a positive distance of 3 from it.

Since , therefore the required half-plane does not contain (0, 0).
Now consider
Let x + y = 5

Now (0, 0) does not satisfy , therefore the required half plane does not contain (0, 0).
Again consider .
Let x + 2y = 6

Here also (0, 0) does not satisfy , therefore the required half plane does not contain (0, 0).
The corners of the feasible region are A (6, 0), B (4, 1) and C (3, 2).
At A (6, 0) Z = –6 + 2 0 = –6
At B (4, 1) Z = –4 + 2 1 = –2
At C (3, 2) Z = –3 + 2 2 = 1
Hence, maximum Z = 1 at x = 3, y = 2.
17. We first convert the inequations into equations to obtain the lines 5x + y = 100, x + y = 60, x = 0 and y = 0.
The line 5x + y = 100 meets the coordinate axes at A1 (20, 0) and B1 (0,100). Join these points to obtain the line 5x + y = 100.
The line x + y = 60 meets the coordinate axes at A2 (60, 0) and B2 (0, 60). Join these points to obtain the line x + y = 60.
Also, x = 0 is the y-axis and y = 0 is the x-axis.
The feasible region of the LPP is shaded in a figure. The coordinates of the comer-points of the feasible region OA1PB2 are O (0,
0), A1 (20, 0), P (10,50) and B2 (0, 60).

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 Now, we take a constant value, say 300 (i.e. 2 times the l.c.m. of 50 and 15) for Z. Then,
300 = 50x + 15y
This line meets the coordinate axes at P1 (6, 0) and Q1 (0, 20). Join these points by a dotted line. Now, move this line parallel to
itself in the increasing direction i.e. away from the origin. P2Q2 and P3Q3 are such lines. Out of these lines locate a line that is
farthest from the origin and has at least one point common to the feasible region.
Clearly, P3Q3 is such line and it passes through the vertex P (10, 50) the convex polygon OA1PB2. Hence, x = 10 and y = 50 will
give the maximum value of Z.
The maximum value of Z is given by
Z = 50 10 + 15 50 = 1250.
18. We have the following LPP,
Maximise, Z = 2x + 5y
Subject to the constraints
or

Now,to find the feasible regions for the given inequations on the graph , we need to sketch the lines of the equation. Hence
considering the inequations as equations,
we get
x+ 2y = 4 ...(i)
3x+ y= 6 ...(ii)
and x+y=4 ....(iii)
Table of values for line ( i) x + 2y = 4 is as follows.
x 4 0

y 0 2
So, the line ( i) passes through the points (4, 0) and (0, 2).
On replacing the coordinates of the origin O (0, 0) in the inequality we get
,0 [which is true], the half plane for the inequality for ( i)is towards the origin, means that the origin O( 0,0) lies
in the solution region of the inequality of the line( i).
Table of values for line (ii), 3x + y = 6 is given as follows.
x 2 0

y 0 6
So, the line ( ii) passes through the points with coordinates (2, 0) and (0, 6).
On replacing the coordinates of the origin O (0, 0) in the inequality , We get
,0 [which is true]
So, the half plane for the inequality of the line (ii) is towards the origin, means the coordinates of the origin O( 0,0) lies in the
feasible region of the inequality of the line (ii).
Table of values for line (iii), x + y = 4 is as follows.
x 4 0

y 0 4
From the above table we can see that the line ( iii) x + y = 4 , passes through the points with coordinates ( 4,0 ) and ( 0,4) .
On replacing the coordinates of the origin O ( 0, 0) in the inequality
we get
,0 [which is true]
So, the half plane represented by the inequation of ( iii) is towards the origin, means that the coordinates of the origin (0,0) lies in
the feasible region of the inequation of ( iii).
Also, , is the non negative constraints which represents the region lies in the 1st quadrant only.
The intersection point of lines (i) and (ii) is
B .
The graphical representation of the system of inequations as given below

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 Clearly, from the above graph, the feasible region is represented by OABCO is bounded and the coordinates of the comer points
are given by

The values of Z at comer points are as follows

Corner Points Z = 2x + 5y

0(0, 0) Z=0+0=0

A (2, 0)

C(0, 2) (maximum)
Hence, from the table the maximum value of Z is 10.Hence the maximum value of the objective function Z is 10. which occurs
when x = 0 and y = 2.
19. Converting the given inequations into equations, we get
2x + 3y = 6, x - 2y = 2, 3x + 2y = 12, - 3x + 2y = 3, x = 0 and y = 0
Region represented by - 2x - 3y - 6:
The line - 2x - 3y = - 6 or, 2x + 3y = 6 cuts OX and OY at A1 (3, 0) and B1 (0, 2) respectively. Join these points to obtain the line
2x + 3y - 6 = 0.
Since O (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequation - 2x - 3y - 6.
So, the region represented by - 2x - 3y - 6 is that part of XOY-plane which does not contain the origin.
Region represented by x - 2y 2:
The line x - 2y = 2 meets the coordinate axes at A2 (2, 0) and B2 (0, -1 ).
Join these points to obtain x - 2y = 2. Since (0,0) satisfies the inequation x - 2y 2, so the region containing the origin represents
the solution set of this inequation.
Region represented by 3x + 2y 12:
The line 3x + 2y 12 intersects OX and OY at A3 (4, 0) and B3 (0, 6).
Join these points to obtain the line 3x + 2y = 12. Clearly, (0, 0) satisfies the inequation 3x + 2y 12.
So, the region containing the origin is the solution set of the given inequations.
Region represented by - 3x + 2y 3:
The line - 3x + 2y = 3 intersects OX and OY at A4 (- 1, 0) and B4 (0, 3/2). Join these points to obtain the line - 3x + 2y = 3.
Clearly, (0, 0) satisfies this inequation. So, the region containing the origin represents the solution set of the given inequation.
Region represented by x 0, y 0:
Clearly, XOY quadrant represents the solution set of these two inequations.
The shaded region shown in a figure represents the common solution set of the above inequations. This region is the feasible
region of the given LPP.

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 The coordinates of the corner-points (vertices) of the shaded feasible region P1 P2 P3 P4 are P1( , ), P2( , ), P3( , ) and
P4( , ).
These points have been obtained by solving the equations of the corresponding intersecting lines, simultaneously.
The values of the objective function at these points are given in the following table:
Point (x, y) Value of the objective function Z = 5x + 2y

P1( , ) Z=5 +2 =

P2( , ) Z=5 +2 = 19

P3( , ) Z=5 +2 = 15

P4( , ) Z=5 +2 =

Clealy, Z is minimum at x = and y = and maximum at x = and y = . The minimum and maximum values of Z are
and 19 respectively.
20. As , therefore we shall shade the other inequalities in the first quadrant only.
Now

Let x + y = 4

Thus the line has 4 and 4 as intercepts along the axes. Now, (0, 0) satisfies the inequation, i.e., . Therefore, shaded
region OAB is the feasible solution.
Its corners are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), B (0, 4)
At O (0, 0) Z = 0
At A (4, 0) Z = 3 4 = 12
At B (0, 4) Z = 4 4 = 16
Hence, max Z = 16 at x = 0, y = 4.

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