5

4 Hydrogen can be manufactured from methane by steam reforming.


CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The reaction is carried out using a nickel catalyst at temperatures between 700 °C and 1100 °C and

using a pressure of one atmosphere.

The forward reaction is endothermic.


(a) What is meant by the term catalyst?

....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
(b) Suggest two reasons why a temperature lower than 700 °C is not used.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
(c) Suggest one advantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
prepared by @learntodayigcse
(d) Suggest one disadvantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(e) Hydrogen can also be manufactured by electrolysis. The electrolyte is concentrated aqueous

sodium chloride. The electrodes are inert.

The products of electrolysis are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.


(i) Define the term electrolysis.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(ii) Name a substance that can be used as the inert electrodes.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction in which hydrogen is produced.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iv) Where is hydrogen produced in the electrolytic cell?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
© UCLES 2016 0620/42/M/J/16 [Turn over
 8

4 Copper(II) sulfate solution was electrolysed using the apparatus shown.


– +

carbon cathode carbon anode

copper(II) sulfate
solution

(a) (i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of movement of electrons in the wire.

Label the arrow A. [1]

(ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of movement of positive ions in the

copper(II) sulfate solution.
Label the arrow B. [1]

(b) Oxygen was formed at the anode and copper was formed at the cathode.

(i) The ionic half-equation for the formation of oxygen is shown.

prepared by @learntodayigcse

4OH– O2 + 2H2O + 4e–

Explain why this reaction is oxidation.


....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the formation of copper at the cathode.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(c) The electrolysis was repeated using copper electrodes in place of carbon electrodes.

State and explain what happens to the masses of the anode and the cathode during this

electrolysis.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
.
[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/F/M/17

 10

4 A student sets up the following electrolysis experiment.


bulb

wire

+ –
graphite electrodes

dilute aqueous
sodium chloride

(a) Define the term electrolysis.


....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
(b) The student observes bubbles of colourless gas forming at each electrode.

(i) Name the main gas produced at the positive electrode (anode).

prepared by @learntodayigcse
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Describe a test for the gas produced in (b)(i).

test ......................................................................................................................................
.
result ...................................................................................................................................
.
[2]

(iii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction taking place at the negative electrode

(cathode).

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(c) Charge is transferred during electrolysis.

Name the type of particle responsible for the transfer of charge in

the wires, ...................................................................................................................................
.
the electrolyte. ...........................................................................................................................
.
[2]

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/O/N/17

 11

(d) The student replaces the dilute aqueous sodium chloride with concentrated aqueous

sodium chloride.

Suggest two differences that the student observes.


1 .................................................................................................................................................
.
2 .................................................................................................................................................
.
[2]

(e) The student has a small piece of impure copper. The main impurities in the copper are small

quantities of silver and zinc.

The student uses electrolysis to extract pure copper from the small piece of impure copper.

(i) Complete the labels on the diagram of the student’s electrolysis experiment.

anode made of cathode made of
+ –
......................................... .........................................

prepared by @learntodayigcse electrolyte of

.......................................................
[3]

(ii) Use your knowledge of the reactivity series to suggest what happens to the silver and zinc

impurities. Explain your answers.

silver impurities ...................................................................................................................

.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
zinc impurities .....................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
[3]

[Total: 17]

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/O/N/17 [Turn over

 4

2 Sodium chloride is a typical ionic compound.


(a) The diagram shows part of a lattice of sodium chloride.

(i) Complete the diagram to show the ions present. Use ‘+’ for Na+ ions and ‘–’ for Cl – ions.

One ion has been completed for you.

[2]

(ii) How many electrons does a chloride ion have?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iii) Identify an element which has atoms with the same number of electrons as a sodium ion.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

prepared by @learntodayigcse
.
(b) Electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride is an important industrial process.

(i) What is meant by the term electrolysis?

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(ii) Name the products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
.
[3]

(iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction at the cathode.

Include state symbols.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
© UCLES 2018 0620/42/F/M/18
 4

4 Potassium reacts with bromine at room temperature to form potassium bromide.


(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
.
(b) Potassium bromide exists as an ionic lattice.

Potassium bromide does not conduct electricity when solid but does conduct electricity when

molten.

(i) What is meant by the term ionic lattice?


.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(ii) Explain why potassium bromide does not conduct electricity when solid but does conduct

electricity when molten.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
prepared by @learntodayigcse
(c) Concentrated aqueous potassium bromide is an electrolyte.

(i) What is meant by the term electrolyte?

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(ii) Describe the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous potassium bromide.

Include:

● an ionic half equation for the reaction at the cathode
●
-
● the name of the product at the anode
●
● the name of the potassium compound formed.
●
.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
.
(iii) When molten potassium bromide is electrolysed, the product at the cathode is different.

Name the product at the cathode when molten potassium bromide is electrolysed.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
© UCLES 2018 0620/42/M/J/18
 12

(d) Nickel is a transition element. Nickel is stronger than sodium.


Describe two other differences in the physical properties of nickel and sodium.

1 .................................................................................................................................................
.
2 .................................................................................................................................................
.
[2]

(e) Predict one difference in the appearance of aqueous solutions of nickel compounds compared

to aqueous solutions of sodium compounds.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(f) Copper is refined (purified) by electrolysis. Nickel can be refined using a similar method.

(i) The diagram shows the refining of nickel by electrolysis.

Complete the labels in the boxes.

power
supply

prepared by @learntodayigcse
+ –
anode made of cathode made of
.......................................... ..........................................

electrolyte of

..........................................
[3]

(ii) Indicate, by writing N on the diagram, where nickel is produced. [1]


[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/M/J/19
 8

4 Many substances conduct electricity.


(a) Identify all the particles responsible for the passage of electricity in:

● graphite ...............................................................................................................................

.
● magnesium ribbon ..............................................................................................................

.
● molten copper(II) bromide. .................................................................................................

.
[4]

(b) A student used the following apparatus to electrolyse concentrated aqueous sodium chloride

using inert electrodes.

concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride

prepared by @learntodayigcse inert electrodes

+ –

(i) Suggest the name of a metal which could be used as the inert electrodes.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Name the gas formed at the positive electrode.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode. Include

state symbols.

....................................................................................................................................... [3]
.
(iv) How, if at all, does the pH of the solution change during the electrolysis? Explain your

answer.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
.
© UCLES 2019 0620/42/O/N/19
 9

5 Electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride using inert electrodes forms chlorine,

hydrogen and sodium hydroxide.

(a) What is meant by the term electrolysis?


....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
(b) Name a substance that can be used as the inert electrodes.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(c) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of hydrogen during this electrolysis.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.
(d) Give the formulae of the four ions present in concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
prepared by @learntodayigcse
(e) Explain how sodium hydroxide is formed during this electrolysis.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/M/J/20 [Turn over
 11

(e) Magnesium cannot be produced by electrolysis of aqueous magnesium chloride using inert

electrodes.

(i) Name the product formed at the negative electrode (cathode) during the electrolysis of

aqueous magnesium chloride.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Suggest how magnesium can be produced from magnesium chloride by electrolysis.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
[Total: 16]

prepared by @learntodayigcse

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/F/M/19 [Turn over

 6

4 Chromium is a transition element.

(a) (i) State two differences in the physical properties of chromium and sodium.

[2]

(ii) State two differences in the chemical properties of chromium and sodium.

[2]

(b) Chromium is used to electroplate steel objects. The diagram shows how this could be done.

+ –

lead anode object to

be plated
chromium(III)

prepared by @learntodayigcse
sulfate(aq)

(i) Give two reasons why steel objects are plated with chromium.

[2]

(ii) The formula of the chromium(III) ion is Cr3+ and of the sulfate ion is SO42–. Give the
formula of chromium(III) sulfate.

[1]

(iii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).

[2]

(iv) A colourless gas, which relights a glowing splint, is formed at the positive electrode
(anode).

State the name of this gas.

[1]

© UCLES 2017 0620/04/SP/20

 7

(v) During electroplating, it is necessary to add more chromium(III) sulfate but during
copper plating using a copper anode, it is not necessary to add more copper(II) sulfate.

Explain this difference.

[2]

[Total: 12]

prepared by @learntodayigcse

© UCLES 2017 0620/04/SP/20 [Turn over

 8

4 Nickel, copper and zinc are three consecutive elements in the Periodic Table.

(a) Nickel and copper are transition elements.

State three chemical properties of transition elements.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
.
(b) Copper(II) oxide is a basic oxide but zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide. Both oxides are

insoluble in water.

You are provided with a mixture of solid copper(II) oxide and solid zinc oxide. Describe how

you would obtain a sample of copper(II) oxide from this mixture.

....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
.
prepared by @learntodayigcse
(c) Three cells are set up each using two metals.

cell 1 cell 2 cell 3

1.10 V 0.51 V ......... V

V V V
– + – +

zinc copper zinc nickel copper nickel

electrolyte electrolyte electrolyte

(i) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the zinc electrode in cell 1.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
© UCLES 2017 0620/42/M/J/17
 9

(ii) Put the three metals, copper, nickel and zinc, in order of reactivity.


most reactive ........................................

.
........................................

.
least reactive ........................................

.
[1]

(iii) Complete the labelling in cell 3 by writing the polarity (+/–) of each electrode in the circles

and calculating the reading on the voltmeter. [2]

[Total: 11]

prepared by @learntodayigcse

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

 9

(c) A student used the following electrochemical cell.


The reading on the voltmeter was +1.10 V.

voltmeter

zinc electrode copper electrode

dilute sulfuric acid

(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of electron flow. [1]


(ii) Suggest the change, if any, in the voltmeter reading if the zinc electrode was replaced with

an iron electrode. Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(iii) The zinc electrode was replaced with a silver electrode. The reading on the voltmeter was

–0.46 V.

prepared by @learntodayigcse
Suggest why the sign of the voltmeter reading became negative.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/O/N/19 [Turn over
 9

5 (a) Nickel(II) iodide crystals are hydrated. A sample of hydrated nickel(II) iodide crystals has the

following composition by mass: Ni, 14.01%; I, 60.33%; H, 2.85%; O, 22.81%.

Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrated nickel(II) iodide crystals.


empirical formula = .............................. [2]

(b) Molten nickel(II) iodide can be electrolysed using the apparatus shown.

power supply
copper wires

platinum
electrodes

molten

prepared by @learntodayigcse nickel(II) iodide

During electrolysis, charge is transferred through the copper wires and through the molten

nickel(II) iodide.

(i) Name the type of particles which transfer charge through the copper wires.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Name the type of particles which transfer charge through the molten nickel(II) iodide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iii) Predict the products of the electrolysis of molten nickel(II) iodide. Write an ionic

half equation for the formation of one of these products.
-
products ...............................................................................................................................
.
ionic half equation ..............................................................................................................
-
.
[3]

© UCLES 2018 0620/43/M/J/18 [Turn over
 10

(c) A student electrolysed copper(II) sulfate solution using the two sets of apparatus shown.

power supply power supply

carbon copper
electrodes electrodes

copper(II) sulfate copper(II) sulfate

solution solution
apparatus A apparatus B

In apparatus A the student used carbon electrodes.


In apparatus B the student used copper electrodes.

The student made the following observations.

apparatus A apparatus B
The mass of the negative electrode increased. The mass of the negative electrode increased.
The mass of the positive electrode stayed the same. The mass of the positive electrode decreased.
Bubbles were seen at the positive electrode. No bubbles were seen at the positive electrode.

prepared by @learntodayigcse
(i) Explain why the mass of the negative electrode increased in both sets of apparatus.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Name the gas that formed the bubbles seen in apparatus A.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iii) Explain why the mass of the positive electrode decreased in apparatus B.

.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
© UCLES 2018 0620/43/M/J/18