aT Yes "Es TAR chapter t wa we a wea electrostatics conductor (plates) or basic CE revise ach ssi CAPACITOR © Itisadevice to store the electrostatic energy in form of electric field b/w two boundaries. (© Tt consist of two conducting boundary, having ‘equal & opposite charge. Generally they are kept very close te each other wrt size of the boundary. is = pari Se Se copacitor Za SA any Parlallel Capacitor .™ at Pate CAPACITANCE OF CAPACETOR It is obsefvedhthat potential difference between boundary Where electric field is stored is directly proportionate, modulusif bound charge. avecQ rh eMagyw b-! Lee charge on ove boundory where f boundary stored C— Capacitance | unit = farad L_. Independention aV & charge (Const. depelid on shape, size, medium, geometry) CALCULATION OF CAPACITANCE = Parallel’ Plate Capacitor Aad 8 ep +Q Vy-Vpe a=? Ge “egemd. Qd aveE dee AV= eal ;——— Area of plate. a —— Gap b/w plate.cad Cee od Gao ie) Cr en ia ee LEN eer a or) Q. Find capacitance of a metal ball of radius R, (Q.R) spherical capacitor Sol, AV=V,-Vp=V,-V, Q. Find valueof Capacitance of twoconcentri¢ Sells of radii R; & Rp, Find equivalent capacitance: Sol. V,-V,= AV If outer Shell has [mo as i = infinttesradius. pis = TfRp= y 4M Nana |e Cat Aaegh, | CYLINDRICAL CAPACITOR in © inl 78) L¢ ame seT EI capacitor = wa formula we ferret # re ae 8 aR a at ale 78g Sic aT charge ‘FI magnitude #1 FE capacitor we charge q¢ @ 2 2 aid sat t 4 FL energy tr 3 a TE Merk Dene tater = Ea wo. = @ le (WD ey partery * “EQ 5. 4, EF b/wcap. plate = V/d a d (parallel plate a Energy Stored in a Capacitor During the charging of a capacitor, workyhas to be done to add charge to the capacitor against its potential, This work is stored’ in the (capacitor as electric energy. During the charging of capacitor i¥s\potential at any 1 Smalliamount of work done c instant is given by V= 24 in adding a chargéidg is given By dW = 44 e Q to the condenser The work done.in giving acharae je is We | Sag 3c <—_— Energy Density in Parallel Plate Capacitor ‘The volume of a parallel plate capacitor is Ad, ov Energy density y= = 2 ad” Ad Force Between the Plates of Parallel Plate Capacitor [As the field due to charge of the first plate on the the force exerted by one other plateis E=32, 2 plate on the other 2 F=q€=(oAjfoS]=| be (=) # |) |est0F Y — Switch closed {t Vov 3 +30 3 t ° OW Q=CV=10%3=300 @. Find charge on capacitor in following questions. QQ xo—_f Q=CV=2%15=30 20V BV c=2F 80 +80 x —— 4 =CV=2« 40-80 or OV Cz2F Sa ia CV =2%60=120 ae C=2F *. - Je Q=CV=2%0=0 “tov 10vE Wa ready Ha im a Dt. 8 aq & solve ai 2 right side mate, ars... 4 i PATON in| tao ml wr i no, of pages of book = au % =H vai m1 pressure # to minimise the MRP/- = circuit analysis re 75 aeh sh wth ame faorgm CE a #1 = confirmation 21 (TDx sdleemits) | Q. Find charge on each capacitor | C:3F | Le Ry | | et eer Oe aad Q ® if in 0 30 + [ (Let) 20V 10V 20Vim 10 Nov | Qi = 220 40 | QgBer0 = 30 # 30 5090 oy | aS +60 +80 | Ce (23 G4 Sol Ree ee ce | 20V 20 | Rpts op el | Ov Oy Oe 10) 10) # | 50V | 20 # + 80 80 80 i we woo Lo Le cy ar eee sel “oT gt a Te — > PRS’ Ye F 200) 30V T4ov Toy 20V) “Tsov row Joo a0 (Let) 0ey, 7 4040 40___40 4 ay Ge oe Sol +a 4a 1¢ 1. a 7 © 3s wovT 20 Ti 7 2g” » | lov pov lov] 20V Tov. Taov O(let) 0 oO oO . Solve and get 4, = 60, q2 = 120,)9y = 100, q, = 20 IR, ote, 0 3 ware @ sever 1 en 2 awl A pe verlert el omit ® pl? bearefulin Following cases: + vr a @ai al battery wi ast fore Bh | + Battery i capacitor + capacitor @ battery 1a Sage + Zero potential siéi 1 ai WEI AAA Al case capacitonww charge same sii zifar# | question @ fare specific 31 potential tttipiazt earth we var ei at act ar ae question #1 solve we #1 | Q Find charge on each capacitor. . x (4-0) «1+ (x= 20) + 1+ (x - 60) «1=0 80 | less x x x Sol. 1F 2F 3F al a ee oo 10V, ‘20V 30V ‘ ‘ov Feov 7F30¥ 9 i J uae io! (x= 10) «16 (x = 20) «2 + (x= 30) x Capacitors ooQ. Find potential (x and y). x 0. 4p 4 0 1F 3F 5F 1F 3F oF oF aF Ss 2F 4 1 | i | i 4} if I f ; o 20 Aga 30 4p 70 r t r 20 10 40 20 (x= 0) 1+ (X= 20)* 2 +(K-y)*#3=0 (y=) «3+ 230) *4 + (y-70)*5=0 ‘Nowwe can solve both equation and and y and charge on each capaci c=2F +20 -20 10 0 : Switch close. # Uo eee q2 +20 — 10) |r o 10v tov (WD)pyrareny = *9V = 2010 = +200 21Q% 1, @OY sar acer a me u,=0 Heat loss = 100 7 # cz 4F # -20€ +20 0 10 fe 40 +40 i Cae ‘Switch closed, 0 10 10V M cyte tna eto? eye's xaxio® = 200 a4 "2+30. -30 10 C=3F 10) Soc V1oy 200 5 1a? 1, @oy | AG ee ey (WD)yy totter = 10 * 50 = 500 J uso - Sx3x10? =1507 uz Heatlass = 209 500-150 PARALLEL ¢ : i vl 9 <, z FH vy Fedo s c. = q if voy “eo fe : 1 18 ote Nk Ou Wer IG, Cy 2 Ge Ss Bea VEC CVs GV > SERIES Ke A wo ar 0 5oc 0 VO ‘9-9 Oa 4g 9 Lm Of oA v | es a] mn VV, VEVj+Vp+Vy 4.49, 4,4 fg 4 & Oy = é 'Q. Initially“Capacitor was uncharged. Find charge ‘onicapacitorafter switch closed. c=6F c=3Fa (Se ~ Q. C= OF C,22F C= 3F M-II:- para HH G3 a) fos : Ly G3 sov Sol. -—__# "eq. V = 2x10 = 20) C,, C, > parallel Q=CV=1«10=10C =CV_ | (V- same) Charge on each capacitor will be same =10€ — |agaec > (WD) by battery = 10 « 10 = 100 20 Oc, Carer’ Very simple But Imp. an | RR TR ce 2 Q G3 2 SITE! Qo = Qy= 106 ie aarp 2 = Qs eg a9 ‘@QeFind charge on each capacitor. oo LJ Gy24F G23 \ Vio v v= 20 (érop) oa 5 3 +20 -I:- { wa 7 Hs ee A Ceq=2 Q.- charge on C, 7 4 e : a=20 8 charge on€s |! -T: do your sel 23 MAIL 10 | lo Qe, Q ko 4: 2 mein 10V Charge 20-» 4: 2 3 fet chaiye a0: (= 10) #84 -0)¥3 + (x-0)¥3=0 x 9x = 30 a x= 10/3 M-- IIT: Let charge on C, is x and Cis 20 Solve and get Q, = 10, Q,= 10 9.%.20- 210 : wo PSH Fp (Cz or C, % across potential some ¥ F*) ae 10/3 OY ot wot F~ roy | 0pp, rete Bae based WAG TH HIE AK YS sq 21 So must must remember the article Redistribution of Charge when two Capacitors are Connected to each other i lV Cose-I: Consider the part of circuit inside the dotted lecp. This part is isolated from other part. Therefore, total charge of this part remains constant. Hence, GN, CoV = GV + CV ys Mt Me GG Loss of energy AU Ur 1 1 1 3 MUEDGME DONE 3G N* =1( Ge “age | Case II: The two capacitors are connectediin a wnamer, so that their unlike terminals are cohnected together. Sol. (b) —+ve terminal of one eepacitor is connected to ~ ve terminal of dhother capacitor find common potential Heat loss. 6x10-4%5 +4 4, q, = 16 I i Gosed ra Again following the conservation of charge. Ne EM, GV et GV+ E.VOr. VCE, Heat loss = AUS 1 Sf ye Eapacitor 8¢ Capactlance 6F is fully charged PY 4 bateny of eff 10 volt and another capacitor of chpacttance F js fully charge by 5 volt Both, capgeivor disconnected from "heir battéhies and congect each other such that (DN «ve enna of one capacitor is connected > “Yesterminal of another capacitor find comme Potential & heat.Le M-2:- r ised & Sp is open After sometin, a4 4 Heat loss = 150 . Initially S, is clos og open & 5; is closed. Find final charge g Ver soe : e108 *20 18 each cap and heat loss after S,, open. : $20 0 116G uy el Heatloss= =—12-(V - Ve) C6 2G+G 0° 2x8 roy aes : 10 i 2" 10 0 cs = 80 SL | @. Two capacitor of C= 2 and C= 4 having charge "tov 420 Coulomb and 100 Coulomb respectively are co connected to each other as shown in diagram. | 4) -—“—4 >> on | Find final charge on each capacitor and heat ° ff | loss. e + -40 +100 7100 |< — = 1 | C24 Switch close | +40 -40 Viov +24 ae =T. 2 “as 1. | Lye - 16-16 v o Vo= 4V af Ditesda : s Heat loss= 5 «5 0-0)" = 120 C2 Q. A capacitor of capacitance 4F is fully charge 7 oe by a battery of 10 volt emf. It is disconnecte! 492 = 100+ 20 from battery & connected to another uncharge identical capacitor. Find 4V+2V= 120 Pe ace v=20 ~> Heat loss 4, 4* 20-80 +40 40 qg22*20= 40 5 Heat loss | 2 y= L COR MeO? 1360@. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance Chas | been charged, so that the potential difference between its plates is V. Now, the plates of this capacitor are connected to another uncharged capacitor of capacitance 2C. Find the common potential acquired by the system and loss of energy. gel. Here, C= CC, = 2C, V,= Vand V,=0 = Common potential = V = ECis0EN, ae: x2C and U2 530 3 1Cx2C , y_oy=teve 2 (V-0F = 50V MEDIUM/SLAB BETWEEN CAPACITOR Q, Induced charge on dielectric 4 Grrdata = Eo * Ese tosicd Experimentally» Ener a = $2) Ew Ey = Ep £2 =Eo(t-1/8) See - 5 (1 A) el *K) Sxigp = O(L-1/ K) s Sa) Q Aco |4— b +€4* hay Zee awh qp= Qo (1- 1/K) e,=£:-@ AK Aeok ta a Fa BAPCE A equivalent resistoncelfraret 9 48 vt we equivalent C Franch air same & aa a@Beries parallel # result 7 Pai yea at ace aii st same wheat stone’ bridge infinite ladder type ‘yar fret Chie, AeA tydf capacitor CpC,, Cy Cain? 1 * C2* Ss + Tf capacitor C,, C2, ia are in parallel then ‘are in series then eq 4 & 4+ Tf two capacitor C, and C; are in series then GG eas GHG Q Find the equivalent capacitance of the Combination between A and 8 : acl ob ‘The circuit is @ balanced Wheatstone bridge ¢ C2 pr} ge Hee —Nere ra Here €, = C2 = % 8 gy Sol ¢ Hence Ca? 2°44Find Ceq. in following case- de At F Coq L, J ] ‘op Q Ts 14 } Sol . az Infinite » -Ladder ari hii te Phe 4 =? Dax Bel 4-0 whi BF > _ . Cc ia HH C38 oh wet hc 8) oe St ot oe area core, were, mt het ene que om, a ae oe[4c Cx3C _3¢ 18 C30 qoute So. = [4,4 c 2c Ai 1 44 Qa 1 ER chy ain ele : c poo ye : a3) ‘scl GA) x c B a cose d (bolance i _ Ae Ve Capacitance between plate 1 & 2 = bridge) Capacitance between plate 2 & 3 = Cece Capacitance between plate 3 & 4 = eee 9A | PLATE act waret 2 a) Q. Find Ceq. b/w A & B. i al : 1 2 je 8 4 d ‘a d * 4 4 8 4 oy 1° f : 2240236 Sol => ee | Ga FBZ (24) aaa) ' € NB Coqe C+ +0230 7 ahd 3 % d/2 Q a 2 d/3 3 asa @24964126 | 236 3 23A 6 Bhs «,=fAdsioh a DIELECTRIC SLAB IN CAPACITOR ©, = Gps C+ Cy # Am Area ” > Cz. Azo | oa 2 Q > eq=? { : K (dielectric | const.) | ae: - 1 A/3 1 KN Al3 ANS | Sol. ANY Ce _(A/3) 9 Gag ALSO oy +k) 24> C,+C, ®_ol a2 d/2 WU f Vif ae 1) C, ¢, ANH | gAGB a At at Ato | Ly j # Yy [—— => sCeq=? yy equivalent diagram is HH ke & & & pitta Ce GGG eee a Ca, Rey lk Acgk/t Ae itd-x-1) x Yn aex-t Aap Ae K Ac Cu, 7 A = Soften K) eve ond get) Be Aae_AT AEH portant & Mains or Advatice at & fea AISA LOY _ eI 5 | AWE WH 7 / K Ke ANH | | tis? | |. Ya) 2 ceq=? 4 < __Aty 6A | AWA co rtiis ay a. tf wter tee is decreasing with eloiy « AW (const) find C= fC) : a ter level is vt jelectric 2. Between \ph& capacitor plate ee K is of thickness and dielectric com introduee’as shown in figure. Find Cog |W 2 COpacitors gol, At any time watt 3BATTERY CONNECTED BATTERY on Aeok | DISCONNECTED eK: Gyr eck | When Battery is Connected an een | Tf gap between the capacitor plate is reduce to | one the sven WhetlBatteryis Connected 4Q_ 49, sod ee BR dielectric ae 2 inserted s _inserted | dod2 Use this Hy. 2e . Coke Vo some Vv same Ce @> ka ve Us>kKU Electric field Ey > 2, E> same Force on plate one -> 4 times eo) When Battery is disconnected on one plate 1 gap between the copacltad+plate Mice te half | Charge Flow through battery = foe analyse the situation. (WD)gartery = V (KQ - Q) i When Battery is Disconnected + | <—d> dielectric > aae inserted = Q seine 7 ie 44/2 same ule aah [Q=cy] Eko same U> uk (U= 172 Qc] force on -»,some. EEK [E= vd) “Bheplaté’ Net force on one plate > same force on one plate sel by other one Phys® Right the KVL in following circuit. 5 20Y 180,800 | ge |g agriwe— [bat ae Vq-6%10+20 ja ee Rp . agent ie i | wets-10-22-70+202% | 7 Vq- V7 80 sone - Casshesermee 78 = ue Een + Rate of Energy stored in capacitor i mit 1 oq. 4 | ‘At t= 0, a.uncharge capacitor is\élosed a8 shoun'in aq ft ‘igure. Analyse the situation + Pg Resist: c wa e900 We Ga mnportant result © rough copy 5 A a fr Fret | yore Ant we derive 3 she graph FTE Le cca insta tag a4 sit 3a th i {if you have insta Soleem nit) 2 , “ same result EMT at use er (offany time 7. dqp 46-0 ~RAeeo \7 aPC e «dq ptat Seeeta lone| + i Vp er E 037E = mle F + 0 de At4=0,12 © ond at += =, coment become zero R E +t por capacitor behaving like connecting taar (closed wire) t= 2» breaking wire. 5 “Ec Ec e e Q. Initially capacitor is unchargé, at = 9. Switch is closed find Sal. Reus So O00 fe ern ov (0), Time constant © =)RC = 10 {b), Charge on capacitor at =10 sec qzectt - eZ) = Sot -e 9) (0), yas EGF 50 Ut = par] (4) Find current in wire at t = 10 sec JE dame £10, 010 5 R 2 e € 10 ©) nage GD? itor at t = 10 sec. (f) pot. diff across cap q bolle") -eq_eh) Ve Ve = 1001 - e a) @ pot diff across resistonatt = 10 ser ve cet = 1001 210/e (n) Energy stored in copacitant = 10 sec ig ze (i) Power loss across résistance = P (j) Rate of nergy stored in capacitor at t = § second = 24 = 4xi put the value get the ans dtc (k) Find eharge flow from += 0 t= © Aq? fe fee g g (), Find heat loss from t = 0 > t = r sec. ff pdt J | | uz ih Sterin2, Q. Find i, and i, in the circuit eo ° R, c ebb» 4 ° x G> , Find current through the battery. Sol. Att=0 100 —_-20F 60! ee oeeoaee 0 4A 109 3 200 0 100, le ee eG i, 4A 300, 60 iF 2A ol —* eov. t= ba pe SX gii200 , 60 200 20 10 FA tai t= 0 capacitor closing wire ait + = st i wire #1 we behave Feat # Let's do some. question on it Q, Find current in each resistance at + = 04 t= = Quusilitch i closedlat t = 0, calculate ‘a. chargeon capacitor at = face b. value, i, &i, att =O&t= = 6a Sal, | oo 0 +20, cap > wine | 1910 | 3A 5A | ov 20 » 220 | | Om} _—_|-— | ‘+ Wpcop. > tutaitar rv | @ Find, i iy fushattepswitch closed ( ee | afer Yeny tong Timie(steady state, t eee | oF Mor’ “6* | 25x9245 a4 CopacitorsQ. Suppose we have two RC circuit (Ry Cr, &) ond (B.¢,, €) charge on the capacitor vs Tite raph js given for both the circuit analyse the oe Le ie ot ® | @ ; 10 ; pio .£ Sol. bax >Same= 5 &_& 5B G26) R= RR 2] Ry = Re ses Ri, ct, hoe ee el @ ® L_4, _at2 Given E/R same for both plot and Cj > C,\draw Inivs t graph ay R cs —we_} @ \ +0 E t @ e@ + ini= 2a Ine Ty'R ye ommeee +0, Ini > same — eosme (R=R,) (6,7 E; (same)] a Islopel, > Islopel, 24, (1 le DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR Suppose initially copaditon, has \éharge Qy an connected to resistance arelas’ shown in figue ‘at + = 0 switch is closed. Pind q = f(t) on capacitor | | J Magnitude. eRe i tT, gl, Us Total heat across in the resistance = —3e™ ygol, t= RC=5x2=10 . Q. Capacitor is initially charged 40 C, and at + switch closed in following figure. +40. -40C kw ce ay #0 + charge as function of time on capacitor 9: Qe" = 40779 40-110 10° @ At t=O switch 5; is closed and 5, is open find current as a function of time and charge on the capacitor as function of time. Se @ 100 ton C= 2F —— oo roov 720) Sal, i= 102" and q = 200(1 *€ (6) Tf ofter very long time Siiis openland S is closed then charge oh the capacitor as @ function of time for nelwobservation will be 102 on c=2F Sol. q= 200e'"/*° (Now time constant = 20*2= 40) stance. in (total) heat loss across resister setohd observation. wif ara faa? Questions ¥ attach wow ¢ 38 ae A am aa till the last Mens ka 2 bt +20, -20 +20 -20 ge +5¢ Vy-Vez? Q oa diclect# 45 45 «15 15-15] “inserted oy Ceq=15V q= Coq. V= 15 105.15 Gey 63 a 3 & 20 “+ Charge on each eapacitor 5 Vg- Mp2 BATA KVL 40 40 6 Me ‘Two squence plates (length L) are arranged as shown. Angle wis very small. Calculate equivalent capacitance. 1 (200) eeeye xa Copacitance of dx strip c= Ldn _Ldx ep dty 9 d+xa fi ; cage fae fst «oy do lena a (a) nf“) ) + ogee) e sale (ep 1, ] ara bo bel ba cf eget tt] cea oooh fy be y= 5 [i a] Q. Dielectric constant is givéh “| K= A Bx find Cap Sol. wy em | AY 50 plate ty AP og bode © @ Asg(A+Bx) dc = a | < 8) | a Sze" aero mea Se) | i Q. Dielectric constant is given is given 8k By. Plates are square of side U. —d¢— Sol *Q Yy | /*s9.Plate y © Find Cyg nA + By] de = Udy. “2(A+8y) 1 coe [ac flea -eyney a0 Q. find eg, 4 tono = ¢ xd p= xtano=*¢ f t y= d-x tan 4 pedex aan Ldx) eo dc, = WA0% vi dc, boo veSel ae Ldxeo[K Ke | Leg dx Find the equivalent capacitance of the combination between A and'B iththe fidure. Sur The simplified form of, the given combination has been shown in the figtine, [Ag PP AS (a y | Late . Here & Q. Find ¢,, capacitor, Ct ae Poth of the circuit andscharge "énjeach Le erret 4 balance wheat on stone bridge we Sol. as of EH 19 ca ° 0 er 10 da 0 Balance wheatstone X. (K-10) #14 (x-y)nBe(x-O)x220 0) (y-10)2+ y=) 3+y= from (i) & (ii) ary wae ey @, -a charge b/w the plates is at equilibrium, Find value of 4.(wb)left battery = -10 « 10 « 10, (WD) right battery =10 x 20% 10 1 (40%10°)? 310% 2 (8010) 1 (60«1047 +1010" x20- (60 2 exo” 2 ex10® Heatloss: Q. Find chargé Flaw, through switch when sy, closed, Zov E p= (ucoseyt SE 72 SWITCH WALE SAWAL . Find charge on capacitor before Hattéhiclosing the switch C=3R) C= 6uF Sol. Before Switch Clese- Ho es, (initial) “401 lov 10V + (WD) by battBlypatter switth close. » Heat loss after switeh cose. After Switch Close- G23 c=6 10v Jov_, gov cu fd b +40 40, +40°-40 ae 07 ~r0ov— Ly, _> 4, _] ov ov ov 1 lov, OV 0c c=3 c=6 oP pee socf 306 F ioc +30 -30] +60 -60 | 10 ne 30uC Y20 nC | Toe 30e 20 20 Ifov 10 Itov ° | be 306 | Charge flow through the switch wil @ ww ir aa for ADVANCE IMPORTANT 559Q Find charge on each capacitor as of time, Also find tine constant R function awe | e Sek ob, fo] a evi [oe ot E = ek wt, 2 | €-R-2,-1<0 ) 4 aR, +2RG i) =0 © (2) Solve equ’ (1) multiply by 2 and add in equ! (2). q 3q 2E ar, “4-0 a 2. ard 31.9 de 2e-3q= 18rc%4 at i dq f dt vee Lotte 1 oo ees « wo 26). 31 2EC |) BRC Bopp, sane <- % Ey) Need 96-2) ) @NGaléulare charge on capacitor an a function of ime. Switch closed at t = 0 60 Sol, > 12044 Hy 4 is distributed uniformly over the ball of radius R Find energy stored he surrounding space @ Q. A charge volume of in the ball energy in thSol. To calculate the energy stored in an electric field, we can use energy per unit volume = 1/2 5,6 1 sdu=4e, cay are Let us recall the expression for the field of a uniformly distributed charge of a non- conducting sphere. for rsR (@) Energy inside the ball us $e Bay Consider an element of radius rand thickness (©) Energy outside the ball U= [Reetav “Hate ce a UTE ZOncgR * BregR ‘Alternatively: Total energy = work done to ‘assemble the parts of the ball starting from infinity. ‘The potential at the surface of the bal op instant when it has @ radius x Charge on ball Qu 4ncgX_) AnegR? The work done to add a charged laye, thickness dx from infinity is Qx “AregR? aw=V dq2 2% (ody) 2 dW2- 2 | Ql anxta rea Ee Total workdone. we [OO ot axe 5 fg aq Hence total energy of the system = 20 Force on a Dielectric Slab Placed Between the Plates of a Parallel Plate Capacitor Case I: Isolated capacitor Considerachargedisolated capacitor. The copacitar Here A=L¥L (Lis side of its plate). When a dielectric slab is kept in it as shown, ® capacitance becomes (Area =L xL Fleets]: Ge QL gee (K=1)x} TF slab moves inside (without change in kinetic 9) x increases, which increases the capacitance. wtthus, the slab experiences a force Feo which ix pulls the slab inside | fp. eK egL[L+(K-1)xP Case II: A constant potential maintained across the capacitor difference is Inthis case, a constant potential difference is being raintained. When the slab moves inside by a small distance dx, capacitance increases and thus battery | supplies extra charge to the capacitor thereby! increasing its potential energy. During the displacement, an external force (external agent) of equal magnitude F should be"pplied im opposite direction, so that the dielectric moves with no acceleration, | Note: Slab moves inside the capacitor without change | inkinetic energy. fy AC ok 1 Again, C= Sf x(k -1)x] and Gy K-1) Now, Q= CV = dQ= de SEE Area Work done by battery = dW = dQ x Vndcve Area = L? Work done by external force dW, = -Fdx Change in potential ‘energy dU = Work done by battery + Work done by extefhal force = dcV* - Fdx [Battery and.externaliforce (external agent) both are “external” tithe system of capacitor] or mia or a1 yet As Ua Va Ee C= AF {Leki} oe ‘The force is independent of ». Tn ease (, the force depends on x as ae «oT independent of ». Fe whereas in case (2) force is