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Prestressed concrete

bridges: design and


construction

Nigel R. Hewson

ThomasTelford
Contents

Preface xiv
Disclaimer xvi
Acknowledgements xvii
List of figures xix
List of tables xxviii

Prestressed concrete in bridgeworks


Introduction I
Principles of prestressing 4
Pre-tensioning 6
Post-tensioning 7
Brief.history of prestressed concrete bridges 9
References 19

Prestressing components and equipment 20

Introduction 20
Proprietary systems 20
Wires 21
Strands and tendons 23
Bars 24
Anchorages 25
Tendon couplers 26
Ducting 28
Equipment for placing tendons 30
Stressing jacks 31
References 33

Durabilty and detailing 34

Introduction 34
Recent history of durability issues in the UK 34
Corrosion protection and ducting 36
Concrete 37
Contents Detailing 38
Access 40
Stray current protection 43
External tendon replacement 44
References 44

4. Grouting post-tensioned tendons 46


Introduction 46
Recent history of grouting 46
Grout material 47
Grout material tests 48
Grouting equipment 50
Vents and other details 51
Grouting trials 53
Pre-grouting test (pressure testing) of the ducting system 54
Air pressure testing 54
Water pressure testing 55
Leakages 56
Grouting procedure 57
Grease and wax grout 58
References 58

5. Prestress design 60

Introduction 60
General approach 60
Primary and secondary prestress effects 64
Prestress force and losses 67
Friction losses and tendon extension 67
Elastic shortening and strains 69
Relaxation of tendon steel 70
Creep losses 71
Shrinkage losses 72
Tendon eccentricity in ducts 73
Serviceability limit state stress check 73
Deflections and pre-camber _ 76
Vibrations and fatigue in tendons 76
Ultimate moment design 77
Shear design 79
Torsion design 81
Longitudinal shear 81
Partial prestressing 82
Construction sequence and creep analysis 83
Temperature effects 84
Concrete properties 87
Application of the prestress 88
Design procedures to BS 5400 88
Serviceability limit state stress check 89

viii
Ultimate moment resistance 89 Contents
Ultimate shear resistance 90
Ultimate torsion 91
Longitudinal shear 92
Partial prestressing 92
Design procedures to AASHTO standard specifications 93
Allowable stress design check 93
Flexural strength 94
Shear capacity 95
Torsion 95
Horizontal shear 96
References 96

6. Design of details 98
Introduction 98
Anchorages 98
Pre-tensioned strand 98
Post-tensioned tendons 99
Cast-in dead-end anchors for post-tensioned tendons 103
Anchor blisters or blocks 104
Anchor pockets 106
Couplers 107
Ducts 108
Diaphragms , 110
Deviators 115
-References 119

Concept design of prestressed concrete bridges 120


Introduction 120
Deck types 121
Selecting the deck arrangement 126
Articulation and span arrangements 128
Post-tensioning with internal or external tendons 129
Bridge costs 130
Material quantities 132
References 133

Analysis of prestressed concrete bridges 134


Introduction 134
Traditional approach to deriving forces, moments and shears 134
Dead load and applied loading analysis 135
Deriving the prestress forces and moments 137
Stage-by-stage and creep effects 140
Combining effects 141
Specialist software for the analysis of prestressed concrete bridges 141
General description 141

IX
In
Contents Put data
Analysis of the structure
Output
Summary
References

9. Slab bridges 151


Introduction
Solid-slab bridges
Voided-slab bridges
Design of slab bridges
Reference

10. Beam-and-slab bridges 156

Introduction 156
General arrangement 160
Construction of in situ beam-and-slab decks 163 ,
Casting and transportation of precast beams 165
Erection of precast beams 169
Casting of deck slab 171
Design of beam-and-slab decks 173
General design 173
Stress distribution through section 173
Precast beams in continuous and integral decks 176
Prestress and reinforcement 176
References 178

11. In situ multi-cell* box girder decks 179


Introduction 179
General arrangement 180
Construction of in situ multi-cell box girders 181
Design of in situ multi-cell box girders 186
References 189

12. In situ single-cell box girder bridges ~ 190


Introduction 190
General arrangement 191
Construction, span-by-span 194
Construction by balanced cantilever 197
Design of in situ single-cell box girders 201
Box behaviour. 202
Prestress layout 202
Transverse prestressing of top slab 202
Deck articulation 204
Deck construction 205
References 205
13. Precast segmental box girders 206 Contents
Introduction 206
General arrangement 208
Casting of segments 210
Storage and transportation of segments 218
Segment erection, general 222
Segment erection by the balanced cantilever method 229
Segment erection by the span-by-span method 236
Segment erection by the progressive placement method 239
Design aspects associated with precast segmental decks 240
Prestress tendon layout 240
Shear keys at joint 240
Design with epoxy or concrete joints 243
Design with dry joints 244
Typical segment details 247
Deck erection 247
References 248

14. Precast full-length box girders 250


Introduction 250
General arrangement 253
Casting and storage of the units 253
Transportation of the units 256
Erection of the units 258
Design of full-length precast box girder decks 261

15. Incrementally launched box girder bridges 262


Introduction , 262
General arrangement 264
Casting the deck 267
Launching the deck 271
Design aspects associated with launched box girder decks 276
Longitudinal design during launch 276
Transverse and local design during launch 278
Construction tolerances 279
Construction loading 279
Loads on supports during launching 279
References . 281

16. Cable-stayed bridges 282


Introduction 282
Cable-stayed bridge arrangements 284
Construction of concrete cable-stayed bridges 287
Box girder decks 289
Beam-and-slab decks 290
Design aspects associated with concrete cable-stayed bridges 295
Contents Analysis of cable-stayed bridges
Deck design and behaviour
Deck dynamic behaviour
Stays
Temporary loading
References

17. Other prestressed concrete bridge types


Introduction
Extra-dosed bridges
Fin-back bridges
Truss bridges
Arch bridges
Footbridges
References

18. Problems and failures


Introduction
Prestressing components
Wire, strand and tendon failures
Tendon extensions
Grouting and ducts
Corrosion
Concrete and reinforcement
Concrete cracks
Honeycombing
Concrete cover
Problems during construction
Failures due to design
Construction procedures
Structural behaviour problems
Problems after opening
Durability
Rehabilitation and modifications
References

Appendix A: Definitions

Appendix B: Symbols and notations used

Appendix C: Further reading and useful references

Introduction
Books
Design guides and technical reports
Articles
Standards, codes of practice and specifications
Websites

xii
Appendix D: Proprietary systems 339 Contents
Introduction 339
Multi-strand systems 339
External tendon systems 346
Flat-slab systems 348
Bar systems 350
Wire prestressing systems 354
Auxiliary equipment 357

Company and person index 361

Project index 362

Subject index 364

XIII

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