flow-detect

Intro:
A flow meter is a device that monitors a fluid's flow rate. Flow meters are devices for
measuring the linear, nonlinear, mass, or volumetric flow rate of a gas or liquid. Flow meters
may also be referred to as flow gauges or flow measuring equipment. Accurate flow
measurements of gases and liquids are essential for better process control and quality. In
general, two types of flow meters are often used in industries.Mass Flowmeters and
Volumetric Flowmeters.Flow Measurement and Instrumentation is committed to
communicating the most recent research findings on all aspects of flow measurement in both
closed and open channels. The design of flow measurement systems entails a wide range of
multidisciplinary activities, including computational modeling of the flow sensor, fluid flow,
and sensor/fluid interactions; the development of advanced transducer systems and their
associated signal processing; and laboratory and field evaluation of the overall system under
ideal and disturbed conditions. The use of mathematical and computer modeling to
investigate the interaction of fluid dynamics with flowmeters, including flowmeter behavior,
better flowmeter design, and installation issues.
Conclusion
This study focuses on flow measuring techniques and the use of flow injection to enhance
process noise. In an experimental flow loop, the novel approach is explicitly created and
validated. The original approach has a problem in that the crucial correlated component for
estimating delay time is polluted by uncorrelated noise, resulting in mistakes in delay time
estimate and, ultimately, flow rate prediction, especially under situations with higher main
flow rates. A low SNR can be viewed as such a circumstance. Synthetic signals are used to
validate the link between Spent nuclear fuel and Cross-correlation function flow estimate
ability. The results show that increasing the Spent nuclear fuel is the key to better flow
estimate. This article analyzes the quantification of the impacts on this specific experiment
flow loop, and a higher-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation model is being
constructed to further investigate the ideal sensor site under varying main flow rates.
Head flow meter
A Head flow meter is one kind of volumetric flow meter that

measures the volume of the fluid that passes through a specified
region in a given amount of time. It operates on a principle that if a
restriction is placed in the pipe of flowing fluid, then it causes a
pressure difference across the restriction element used. This
difference in pressure that exists between the upstream & downstream
sides of a restriction is proportional to the square of the volume flow
rate. That’s why this type of flow meter is also called restriction type
flow meter. Here some pressure energy is converted into kinetic
energy which increases the velocity of the fluid and decreases the
pressure of the fluid in the downstream side and the volume flow rate
is directly proportional to the change in pressure. The mathematical
form will be:
Q α √∆P
Where Q = Volume flow rate,

∆P= Differential pressure in the upstream & downstream sides
The pressure difference between the upstream and downstream is

measured by a mercury manometer or a differential pressure detector.
The restriction in the

line is the primary
element of Figure 1
Head Flow Meter, and
the secondary element
is the differential
pressure measuring
device. A head flow
meter's fundamental
operation is shown in
Figure 1.
Instead of measuring mass flow, the head flow meter measures
volume flow rate. Knowing or detecting temperature and/or pressure
enables us to determine or compute mass flow rate from volumetric
flow rate. The density of a fluid and, as a result, the mass of fluid
moving through a location are affected by temperature and pressure. It
is possible to acquire a genuine mass flow rate signal by
compensating the volumetric flow rate signal for changes in
temperature and/or pressure. Temperature and density are inversely
proportional in thermodynamics, but pressure and density are
proportional directly. To show the relationship
between temperature or pressure, the mass flow rate equation is often
written as
KA √∆P (P)
KA √∆P (1/T)
m˙ = mass flow rate (lb/sec)

A = area (ft2)
∆P = differential pressure (lb/ ft2)
P = pressure (lb/ ft2)
T = temperature (°F)
K = flow coefficient
The flow coefficient is constant for the system, and it is depends
on the pipe's construction characteristics and the kind of fluid flowing
through it. Each equation's flow coefficient has the appropriate units
to balance the equation and supply the correct units for the
corresponding mass flow rate. The volumetric flow rate is calculated
using the pipe area and differential pressure. As previously stated, by
correcting for system temperature or pressure, this volumetric flow
rate is transformed to mass flow rate.
Many devices are used to obstruct the fluid flowing through the pipe.
Some most commonly used devices are as follows:
 Orifice plate
 Venturi tube
 Pilot tube
Orifice plate:
The orifice plate is a device used to restrict the fluid and make a
pressure difference between the upstream & downstream sides so that
the volume flow rate can be measured. In most cases, stainless steel is
used to make an orifice plate though it can be made of any material.
The flat plates which are used to construct the orifice plate are 1/16 to
1/8 inch thick. They're usually mounted between two flanges and
fitted in a straight stretch of smooth pipe to prevent flow patterns
from being disrupted by fittings and valves.
There are three kinds of orifice plates are used. These are:
I. Concentric
II. Eccentric
III. Segmental
Concentric orifice plate
It is the most commonly used among the three types of the orifice
meter. It is called concentric because the orifice is equidistant to the
pipe’s inside diameter. The concentric bore is sharp-edged which
offers near-perfect line contact between the plate and the fluid with
minimal friction drag near the boundary. The fluid converges as it
goes through the orifice, and the velocity of the fluid reaches its
maximum value. The pressure also decreases and becomes lowest.
The velocity drops back to its previous value when the fluid diverges
to cover the full pipe area. As the pressure loss is irrecoverable, the
output pressure will never equal the input pressure and becomes 60%
to 80% of the original input amount. The pressure difference which is
created due to the orifice plate is measured and the differential
pressure is proportional to the flow rate.
Figure 2: Concentric orifice plate
Eccentric orifice plate
Plates with eccentrically bored orifices, as opposed to concentrically

bored orifice plates, have the orifice off-center, or eccentrically bored.
The eccentric orifice's bore is inscribed in a circle that is 98% of the
pipe diameter which allows solid or slurries to flow through the bore.
The edge of the orifice is shifted to the inside of the pipe wall using
eccentric orifice plates. Upstream damming is also avoided with this
design. Many industries employ eccentric orifice plates, including
heavy and light chemicals, steel, paper, nuclear, and petrochemicals.
Figure 3: Eccentric orifice plate
Segmental orifice plate:
Solids entrained in a gas or liquid flow stream can be measured using

segmentally drilled orifice plates. The bore's circular part is inscribed
in a circle that is generally 98 percent of the pipe diameter. The
segmental aperture might be located at the pipe's top or bottom.
Sewage treatment, steel, chemical, water conditioning, paper, and
petrochemical industries all use these bores.
Figure 4: Eccentric
orifice plate
Venturi tube :
The Venturi tube is a fluid obstructing device that is installed in the
pipe. It creates a pressure difference that is proportional to the flow
rate.
The venture's entrance is shaped like a cylinder to fit the size of the
pipe through which fluid flows. Following the inlet section, there is a
converging conical segment with a 19' to 23' included angle. This
conical section decreases the area of the fluid stream as a result
velocity increases and pressure decreases. There is a cylindrical throat
after the converging section and the throat has a minimum area.
Therefore, pressure is lowest in the center of the cylindrical throat and
the lowest value of the pressure is measured. The pressure
difference is measured between the upstream of the
entrance cone and the center of the cylindrical throat.
Figure 5: Venturi tube
Pilot tube
An orifice plate can be replaced with an inexpensive pitot tube. It is

another device that creates differential pressure for flow
measurement. It actually measures the velocity of the fluid.
It consists of a tube with an entrance at one end. The small opening at
the end of the tube is angled to face the flowing stream. The velocity
of the fluid at the tube's entrance falls to zero. This allows a
differential pressure detector to receive high-pressure input. The low-
pressure input is provided through a pressure tap.
Figure 6: Pilot tube
From the following equation, the volumetric flow rate can be

measured using fluid velocity.
V̇ =KAV
Where
V̇ = volumetric flow rate (ft3/sec.)

A = area of flow cross-section (ft2)
V = velocity of flowing fluid (ft/sec.)
K = flow coefficient (normally about 0.8)
Advantages of Head flow meters

i. Accuracy up to 2%
ii. Low cost
iii. Venturi tube can be used for temperature extremes
iv. It works with any pipe diameter and flow rate
Disadvantages of Head flow meters
i. High permanent pressure loss.

ii. Linear characteristics can be found in it.
iii. Low flow rate can’t easily be recorded.
Variable Area flow meter
Variable area flowmeters are one of the most popular forms of

flowmeters. These are simple and adaptable instruments that measure
the flow of liquids, gases, and steam at a generally constant pressure
drop.
The area available for fluid passage rises as fluid flow elevates a float
in a tapered tube. The float is lifted higher as the flow increases. The
flow rate is proportional to the height of the float. The flow rate is
directly seen from the float, piston, or vane position.
Rotameter
Rotameter is one kind of variable area flow meter. It consists of a

metal float and a conical glass tube with a diameter that grows with
height. The float sits at the bottom of the tube when there is no fluid
moving through the rotameter. The increased density of the float
causes it to stay on the bottom as fluid enters the tube. Flow can pass
through the gap between the float and the tube. The pressure drop in
the tube increases with the increase of flow. When the pressure
decrease is adequate, the float will rise to show the quantity of flow.
The pressure drop is proportional to the flow rate. The higher the
pressure decreases the farther up the tube the float climbs up.
Figure 7: Rotameter
Advantages of variable area flow meter

i. Because of its linear scale, large measuring range, and minimal
pressure drop, the rotameter is popular.
ii. It's easy to set up and maintain.
iii. It is capable of withstanding a wide range of pressures and
temperatures.
iv. Cost-effective
Disadvantages of variable area flow meter
i. Low precision - the error on volumetric flowrate is 2% of the

reading.
ii. Turndown is usually small.
iii. At low flows, the float has a tendency to stick.
iv. In liquids, there is a requirement for buoyancy adjustment.
Positive Displacement meter
A positive displacement (PD) flow meter is a volumetric flow meter
that measures flow by transferring a precise volume of fluid through
every revolution. These devices are made up of a chamber (or
chambers) that block media flow and a rotating or reciprocating
mechanism that permits fixed-volume quantities to pass through. The
media volume is determined by the number of packages that travel
through the chamber. The flow rate is determined by the rate of
revolution or reciprocation.
Nutating disc
Nutating disc flow meters are one of the most common types of
positive displacement flow meters. A precision-machined chamber, a
center ball, moveable disc, and counter mechanism construct the
device. The disc is an intrinsic part of the inside-the-chamber
ball/sphere. To convert nutating motion/ eccentric spinning motion of
the ball into the rotational motion of the shaft, a tiny pin is connected
to the ball. In a specially built chamber, the disc is pivoted at the
geometric center and allowed to nutate or wobble. The appropriate
sealing and minimal leakage are ensured by the regulated clearance
between the disc and the chamber.
Liquid flows into a precision-machined chamber containing a
nutating disc (wobbles). The disc's location splits the chamber into
sections with precise volumes. The disc wobbles due to liquid
pressure, and a roller cam forces the nutating disc to complete a cycle.
As the volume of fluid necessary to complete one revolution of the
nutating disc is known, the total flow through the disc can be
determined by multiplying the number of disc revolutions by the
known volume of fluid.

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Intro:

Head flow meter

A Head flow meter is one kind of volumetric flow meter that

Where Q = Volume flow rate,

The pressure difference between the upstream and downstream is

The restriction in the

m˙ = mass flow rate (lb/sec)

Concentric orifice plate

Figure 2: Concentric orifice plate

Eccentric orifice plate

Plates with eccentrically bored orifices, as opposed to concentrically

Segmental orifice plate:

Solids entrained in a gas or liquid flow stream can be measured using

An orifice plate can be replaced with an inexpensive pitot tube. It is

From the following equation, the volumetric flow rate can be

V̇ = volumetric flow rate (ft3/sec.)

Advantages of Head flow meters

i. High permanent pressure loss.

Variable Area flow meter

Variable area flowmeters are one of the most popular forms of

Rotameter is one kind of variable area flow meter. It consists of a

Advantages of variable area flow meter

Disadvantages of variable area flow meter

i. Low precision - the error on volumetric flowrate is 2% of the

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