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Topic01_Introduction

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system that facilitates the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, and distribution of spatial data. It comprises four main components: data, technology, application, and people, and is widely applied in various fields such as agriculture, urban planning, and environmental management. The document also outlines the history of GIS development, notable software options, and new trends in the field.

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4 views

Topic01_Introduction

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system that facilitates the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, and distribution of spatial data. It comprises four main components: data, technology, application, and people, and is widely applied in various fields such as agriculture, urban planning, and environmental management. The document also outlines the history of GIS development, notable software options, and new trends in the field.

Uploaded by

Asad Yousaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 24

Introduction to GIS

What is GIS?
• GIS:
- Stands for geographic information system.
- Known as a set of computer tools that allows people to
work with data that are tied to a particular location on
the earth.
- Can deal with both spatial and aspatial data.
• Definition:
- A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-
based system to aid in the collection, maintenance,
storage, analysis, output, and distribution of spatial
data and information.
Components of GIS
• Data component
– Geographic data are represented by three basic
forms in GIS, which are vector, raster, and surface.

• Technology component
– includes hardware and software
– evolves rapidly over time

• Application component
– covers a wide range of application areas

• People component
– viewers, general users, and GIS specialists
GIS Applications
• GIS have been widely used in many fields:
- agriculture and land use planning
- forestry and wildlife management
- archaeology
- ecology
- geology
- municipal applications
- global changes
- engineering
- business
Animal Tracking Studies

Tracking a troop of
baboons living along
the Ewaso Ng’iro
River in Kenya to
study how groups of
the animals decide
when it’s time to
move

Source: Greg Miller, 2016. National


Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.co
m/news/2016/11/where-animals-go-
tracking-maps/
Crime Analysis for the City of Houston

Source: G. Blumel, 2009 Source:


http://www.geospatialtraining.com/Newsletter/
CrimeAnalysis/CrimeAnalysis.htm
Potential Hurricane Impact Analysis

Census Tracts within the Impact Zone of Hurricane Irene 2011


Estimated population within the zone: 49,214,784
Estimated households within the zone: 18,626,973
Connecting Theory with Practice
• It is important to understand the GIS concepts (i.e., GIS
education), in addition to learning how to use GIS
software (i.e., GIS software training).

Sign posted at the entry to


New Cuyama, California

It is important to learn how to use a tool.


However, it is more important to learn how we can use the tool correctly!!!
History of GIS and New Trends
Brief History of GIS
• The term “Geographic Information
System” first appeared in the early
1960s.
• The first modern GIS developed was
the Canadian GIS (CGIS) headed up
Roger Tomlinson
by Roger Tomlinson. CGIS was
conceptualized in the early 1960s
and became operational in 1971.
The purpose of CGIS was to address
the needs of land and resource
information management of the
Canadian government.
Brief History of GIS (cont.)
• In the US, an important part of GIS was development at the
Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics. It developed the
arguably first vector GIS called “ODYSSEY”.

• The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics was founded by


Howard Fisher. He had several important graduate students.
Among them were David Sinton and Jack Dangermond. Sinton
went on to start Intergraph; Dangermond founded ESRI. It is
fair to say that the commercial GIS sector is a child of Howard
Fisher and his graduate students.

ESRI president
Jack Dangermond.
Brief History of GIS (cont.)
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) also played an important role in
GIS development. In 1973, the USGS started the development
of the Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System
(GIRAS) for land-use and land-cover data.

• USGS today maintains many digital data sets for GIS, and is a
key federal agency of promoting GIS.
Brief History of GIS (cont.)
• Another key advance in the development of GIS was the US
Census Bureau's efforts to computerize the 1980 census.

• The development of DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding)


led to the serious study of what topological relationships had
to be stored in a GIS and address matching capabilities.
DIME files have since been replaced with TIGER
(Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and
Reference) files for the 1990, 2000, and 2010 census.

• One of the people who worked on developing


DIME files was Donald Cooke, president of
Geographic Data Technology (GDT).

Don Cooke
GIS Software:
• ArcGIS – esri, the most popular GIS software suite
• QGIS – open-source software initiated by Open Source
Geospatial Foundation
• GeoMedia – Intergraph
• MapInfo – MapInfo Corp.
• IDRISI – Clark University, GIS and image processing
• AUTOCAD MAP – Autodesk
• GRASS – free, open source GIS originally developed the US
Army Construction Engineering Laboratory
• ERDAS – Leica Geosystems, image processing
New Trends in GIS
• Proliferation of options for data sharing
• Proliferation of options for working with GIS data
• Expansion of GIS into wireless technology
• Emphasis on open-source solutions
• Customization
• Web GIS
Overview of ArcGIS Pro
What is ArcGIS Pro?
• ArcGIS Pro is the latest version of the desktop GIS
application from Esri.
• It is a 64-bit application that runs on Windows.
• It is released in three different levels (Basic,
Standard, and Advanced), each with more
functions (at higher cost).
Project in ArcGIS Pro
• Your work in ArcGIS Pro is organized within an entity called
a project, which contains many items related to the work.
• By default, a project is stored in its own system folder.
Project files have the extension .aprx.
• A project also has its own geodatabase (a file with the
extension .gdb) and its own toolbox (a file with the
extension .tbx).
Project Items
• A project may contain many types of items:
– Maps: views that display GIS data sets
– Toolboxes: container for tools
– Databases: places storing GIS data
associated with and generated by
work on the project
– Styles: collections of symbols used to
portray map data
– Folders: places for all data and files
– Locators: service for address matching
– Layouts: page design for map printing
ArcGIS Pro User Interface
• Pro uses a ribbon-style interface to present access to the
functions and commands.
• Below the ribbon is the main program window. A window
is a work area that may be floating or docked within the
program area. It can contain two types of objects:
– View: a window that
contains an entity to
ribbons
work with, such as a
map or a 3D scene
– Pane: a window that
contains commands or
pane view pane
settings used to work
with the active view
Ribbons
• Two types of ribbons:
– Core ribbons: always visible; seven of them (Map,
Insert, Analysis, View, Edit, Imagery, and Share)
– Contextual ribbons: only appear when the application
is in a particular state
• Each ribbon has many buttons that are organized
into functional groups.
Views
• Views are windows for working with maps, scenes, tables,
layouts, charts, reports, and other presentations of data.
• A project may have many views open, but only one is active.
• The active view affects which tabs appear on the ribbon and
which elements are displayed in panes.
Panes
• A pane contains commands or settings used to work with
the active view.
– Contents pane: displays the contents of a view
– Catalog pane: displays contents of a project
– Other panes for displaying commands and settings related to an
area of functionality (e.g., Symbology and Geoprocessing panes)
Panes (cont.)
• Panes offer functionality Back
Options
menu
that is more advanced
or complete than ribbon Text Tabs

commands. Graphic Tabs

– They may have rows of Panels

text tabs and graphical


tabs that partition and Headings
organize functionality.
– Grouped settings can be
placed in panels.
– Options menu contains
additional commands.

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