Velocity Diagram and Workdone

Velocity Diagram and Workdone by impeller

Centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow
reaction turbine.

• Assumptions made for analysis are:-

1. Liquid enters the impeller in radial direction
2. No energy loses in impeller due to friction
and eddy formation
3. Liquid enters without shock
 Free surface
Heads of Pump:
where :
Vs = Velocity of fluid in the suctionpipe.
Vd = Velocity of fluid in the deliverypipe.
hs = Suction lift.
hd = Delivery lift.
Total Static or vertical lift = hs + hd
(1) Suction Head of the Pump (Hs)
2
V P V2
H s = hi + h f s + hs + = s+ s
s

2g  2g
where :
hi = loss of head at inlet to suction pipe (negligible)
hfs = loss of head due to friction.
hs +hi +hfs = head measured by vacuum gauge
near suction flange, adjacent to the pump

(2) Delivery Head of the Pump (Hd)

V 2
P V2 where : hd +hfd = head measured by pressure
H d = h f d + hd + = +
d d d
gauge near delivery flange, adjacent to the pump
2g  2g

10
 Free surface
Heads of Pump:
(3) Total External Head of the Pump against which pump has to work (H)

Pd/γ
Generally dischargevelocity
Ps V 2 head is quite low compared to Ps/γ
+ s
static head, hence neglected
 2g
h

(4) Manometric Head is difference of total energy at inlet and exit ofpump (Hm)
Fluid energy at suction Ps /  + Vs 2 / 2g
Fluid energy at discharge Pd /  + Vd / 2g + h
2
where h is difference
in elevation of two pressure gauge installed at inlet andoutlet
H m = (Pd /  +Vd 2 / 2g + h) − (Ps /  +V s 2 / 2g) = Pd /  − Ps / 
Hm is actually differences in pressure gauge reading
Another expression of Hm considering the external condition is as follows

Eventually this 10
expression equals to the
Total External Head
 Free surface
Heads of Pump:
(5) Net Positive Suction Head NPSH

Pa=atmospheric pressure
on the surface of thefluid
in the suction well
ṆPSH is suction head at
impeller eye; it represents h
NPSH = (Pa /  − Pv/  − hs − hfs ) head requires to transfer
fluid from suction to the
For smooth and cavitation free operation. impeller.
NPSH should have such a value so that
flowing fluid does not boil.
Velocity
Triangle
v1= velocity of fluid at inlet
u1= velocity of the vane at inlet
vr1 = relative velocity of fluid at inlet
α = angle between the fluid direction and the vane motion direction
vw1 = velocity of whirl at inlet
 = angle made by vr1 with direction of motion at inlet, inlet vane angle
v1= velocity of fluid at outlet
vf1 = velocity of flow at inlet
vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet
vf2 = velocity of flow at outlet
β = angle between v2 with the direction of motion of vane at outlet 10
ϕ= angle made by vr2 with vane motion direction at outlet, outlet vane
angle
Efficiencies of Pump:
(1) Manometric Efficiency (ηman) -ratio of
the measured /manometric head to thehead
imparted by the impeller to water . Hm H
= m
Power at the impeller of the
 =
 Vw2 2u  H e
man

pump is more than thepower  

given to the water at outlet of  g 
h = m
H
He= Theoretical /EulerHead
the pump. imparted to the fluid Hi
Power given to the
The ratio of the power given to water at outlet of the pump to WHm
water at outlet of the = kW W = weight of the water
the power available at the impeller is called as manometric pump i.e. Pump Output 1000 = g (Q+q), if no loss
efficiency. mentioned, then q=0
Work done by impeller per sec W  Vw2 u2 manometric
Power at the impeller /rotor = kW = kW gH
1000 g 1000 efficiency = man = m
(2) Mechanical Efficiency (ηm) – Power at the shaft of the impeller of Vw2u2
W Vw2 2u
centrifugal pump is more than the power available at the impeller of the pump. g  1000
The ratio of the power available in the impeller to the power at the shaft of the m = S. P.= Shaft Power
centrifugal pump is known as mechanical efficiency (95~98%). S.P.
(4) Hydraulic Efficiency (ηh) – Hydraulic Losses refer to energy consumed by friction and fluid
Hm H 
separation in the flow passage.This losses decrease the liftor head developed by the impeller. Hydraulic h = = m = man
efficiency is the ratio of manometric head developed by the pump to theoretical or ideal head Hi He 
developed by the pump (Hi). where Hi=μHe, μ is slip factor of impeller, if number of blade
is infinite, then μ =1 . ( for medium and higher discharge Q>0.28 m3/ṣ,ηv =0.98.) Q
v =
(4) Volumetric Efficiency (η )v – Flow through pump is always associated with a volumetric loss due (Q +q) i
to leakage effect between the impeller and casing. Fluid leakage occurs due to pressure differential
between the pressure and discharge side of the impeller, in the labyrinth seal, gland and stuffingbox.
volumetric efficiency is the ratio of actual to theoreticaldischarge.
o = man m
(5) Overall Efficiency (ηo) –The ratio of the power output of the pump =  WH m 
o  kW  S.P.
to the power input to the pump. (ηo Varies from 0.7 to 0.85)  1000   =o  h v  m
Type of Impeller:
Three main categories of impeller due to type of impeller’s vane:
V w2 V w2 U2
U 2=V w2 U2
Radial vanes, Fig. (a).
▪ Backward vanes, Fig. (b).    Vf2  Vf2 V r2  
▪ Forward vanes, Fig. (c). Vf2=V r2 V r2 V2
V2 V2
where :
V = absolute velocity of
the water.
U = Tangential velocity
of impeller (peripheral
velocity).
Vr = relative velocity of
water to the wheel.
Vf = velocity of flow.
vw = velocity of whirl  
N = Speed of impeller 
in (rpm). when β = 90o , (b) when β < 90o, the (c) when β > 90o, the
= angle between v2 radial curved vanes. Backwards curved vanes . Forwards curved vanes.
with the direction of
motion of vane at outlet Due to inertial effect, the liquid which is trapped between the impeller vanes is reluctant to move round with the impeller. This
= = angle made by vr2 results difference of pressure force across the vane.Therefore, high pressure developed in the leading side and low pressure
with direction of motion on the trailing side.This difference is called vane loading which increases with the number of vane.
of vane at outlet, vane
U2=Vw2 V’ w2
angle at outlet Slip
where : ’  V’2 ’ 
Fig (a) Γb = direction of blade V’r2
Vf2= V r2
circulation Vr
V2
Fig (b) Vr= Distribution of relative
velocity in blade spaces. Velocity diagram
Fig (c) Distribution of pressure in For Radial vane
a certain radial section.

The Γ decreases Vr in working side of blade and

vice versa. This forms pressure differential which is
(a) (b) (c)
overcome by torque developed by the drive.
Slip factor:
On high pressure side: liquid follows the blade contour it leaves blade tangentially . On
low pressure side: liquid leaves the vane with a certain circumferential component. As a
result liquid leaves at an average angle β which ’is less than actual geometric blade angle
β.
• Due to deviation in flow path, tangential component get reduced by (V w2-V’w2) which is
called slip of the impeller.
• The ideal slip coefficient is then defined as the ratio of whirl component with the fluid
deviation to the whirl component without fluid deviation
• Due to real fluid effect (friction and fluid separation on the wall of disc shroud and vanes)
the radial velocity may not be uniform around the periphery of the impeller.
• The net effect of the non-uniform velocity and slip is to reduce Euler Head (He)
• Also further reduction of the losses occurs due to intake loss, friction and separation loss
etc Empirical Relations for Slip factor

U2=Vw2 V’w2
Slip
Loss and actual Head-Q curve
’  V’2 ’ 
Vf2= V r2
The major loss considered is shock
V’r2
losses at the impeller inlet caused by
V2
the mismatch of fluid and metal angles
Velocity diagram
For Radial vane

Vr

(a) (b) (c)

Velocity Vector Diagram and Assumptions
Assumptions:
✓ Infinite number of vanes, no energy loss in impeller due to friction and eddy formation.
✓ Uniform velocity distribution in narrow passage between two adjacent passages.
✓ Fluid enters in the eye in radial/axial direction and whirl component at inlet Vw1 = 0, Vf1=V1
✓ No loss due to shock entry, i.e. Inlet edge of the impeller blades are parallel to the relative veQlocity.
The rate of change of angular momentum m (V w 2 r2 − V w 1 r1 ) =  Q (V w 2 r2 − V w 1 r1 ) = (V w 2 r2 − V w 1 r1 )
g
Therefore, Torque =  Q / g (V w 2 r2 − V w 1 r1 )
Energy transfer (E) = torque × rotational speed in rad/sec  Q (V r −V r ) =  Q (V u −V u ) 
g w2 2 w1 1
g w2 2 w1 1

Energy transfer per unit head i.e. Euler Head (He) E /  Q = (Vw2u2 −Vw1u1) / g
As whirl component at inlet Vw1 = 0, therefore He = (Vw2u2 − Vw1u1 ) / g = Vw2u2 / g (=Hm, shockless entry)
I II III
Finally Term I :increase in KE or dynamic head, conversation of dynamic head into
(V2 −V )1
2 2
(u2 − u1) (Vr2 −Vr12 )
2 2 2
static pressure is achieved through retardation in volute casing.
He = + + Term II :increase in static pressure due to centrifugal force, due to rotating
2g 2g 2g
fluid from one radius to another
Head Capacity relationship Term III :change in KE due to retardation of fluid relative to impeller.
Vw2u2 u2  
He = = u   u2 u 2− Q cot  
2 −V f 2 cot   =
g g g  A2 
For a particular pump running at constant
speed, i.e. β, A2 and u2=constant,So,
H e = K1 − K 2 Q (Straight line)
P  QH i.e. Pe = AQ− BQ2
For β<90º, cot β is +ve, Q↑ He↓
For β=90º, cot β is 0, Q↑ He constant
For β>90º, cot β is -ve, Q↑ He ↑

(Main Characteristics Curve)