Hydraulic Machines

MPE 321
By
Dr. Ismail Mohamed Sakr
ismailsakr@yahoo.com
Power Mechanical Engineering Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Menoufia University
32511, Shebin El-kom
EGYPT.
 References
1- Mahesh Kumar, “Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines”, Pearson India Education Services Pvt.
Ltd, 2019.
2-Mohd. Kaleem Khan, “Fluid Mechanics and
Machinery”, Oxford University Press, 2015.
3- Marc Borremans, “Pumps and Compressors”,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2019.
4- R. K. Rajput ,”A TEXTBOOK OF FLUID
MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES”, S.
CHAND & COMPANY LTD. RAM NAGAR, NEW
DELHI, 2019.
System of the Centrifugal Pump
 Pressure changes in pumps
ApplyB.E b / wA and B E

PA VA2 PB VB2
+ + ZA = + + ZB + h ls
 2g  2g D

PB VB2
+ + ZB − ZA + h ls = 0.0 C
 2g B

PB Ps P1 Vs2
= = = H m.s = −( + H s.s + h ls )
   2g
1

A
 Apply B.E. B/W B and C
p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + H th = + + H Limp
 2g  2g
p 2 − p1 V12 V22
= H th + − − H Limp
 2g 2g
p 2 − p1 V12 V22
H imp( act ) = = H th + − − H Limp 2
 2g 2g
V1 V2
p 2 − p1 V22
H imp( act ) = = H th − − H Limp
 2g
Q th H imp H imp
imp = =
Q th H th H th
B.E. in Ca sin g B / W C and D
p 2 V22 pd Vd2
+ = + + h lca sin g
 2g  2g
pd − p2 Vd2 V22
+ + h lca sin g =
 2g 2g
pd − p2 V22 Vd2
H ca sin g = = − − h lca sin g
 2g 2g
Vd2 V22 o / p Q th H m H m
H ca sin g + + h lca sin g = ca sin g = = =
2g 2g i / p Q th H imp H imp
o / p Q th H m Hm
H = = = ca sin g * imp =
i / p Q th H th H th
H m = H ca sin g + H imp(act ) 3

H Th = H m + Losses
 Apply B.E B/W D and E
Pd Vd2 Vd2
+ = H s.d + H f .d +
 2g 2g
Pd
= H s.d + H f .d 4


Different Expression for Hm
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + H th = + + H Li
 2g  2g
P2 V22 Pd Vd2
where + = + + H Lca sin g
 2g  2g
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
H th − H Li − H Lca sin g =( + )−( + )
 2g  2g
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
H m = H th − H Li − H Lca sin g =( + )−( + )
 2g  2g
p 2 V22 p d Vd2
+ = + + h lca sin g
 2g  2g
p d p 2 V22 Vd2
− = − − h lca sin g
  2g 2g
V22 Vd2 V22
− K
2g 2g 2g
pd p2 V22
− =K − h lca sin g
  2g
pd p2 V22
= +K − h lca sin g
  2g
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
H m = H th − H Li − H Lca sin g =( + )−( + )
 2g  2g
pd p2 V22
= +K − h lca sin g
  2g
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
H m = H th − H Li − H Lca sin g =( + )−( + ) 5

 2g  2g
2 2 2
p2 V V Ps V
Hm = ( + K − h lca sin g +
2
)−( +d
) s

 2g 2g  2g
2 2 2
p 2 Ps V V V
Hm = − + K + − − h lca sin g
2 d s

  2g 2g 2g 6
 HLimp
HLcasing
V2 V2
d
2g

2g Hcasing

Hth
Himp ideal
( )

Hm
Himp(act) (Himpact)
Minimum Speed of Pump
 Energy losses

Hydraulic losses Volumetric losses Mechanical losses

a)- Losses in impeller a)- Internal loss

b)- External loss
a)- Bearing & stuffing
- Circulating loss box losses
- Friction loss b)- Disc friction losses
- Shock +eddies
b)- Losses in casing
 Energy losses
Hydraulic Loss and Hydraulic Efficiency (ηh)
• Due to surface roughness at the inner side of the impeller, through which the
fluid passes, losses
• due to friction and losses due to secondary flow, take place, as a result of which
energy loss take place.
• Actual head developed (Hm) will be less than the theoretical head (Hth) by the
amount ΔH = Hth – Hm.
• ΔH is called the hydraulic loss. Hydraulic efficiency (ηh) is the ratio between,
actual head to the theoretical head.
• Hydraulic loss, ΔH = Hth – Hm
• Hydraulic efficiency
H
 =m = m = H th −H = H m = 1− H
h H H th H m +H H th
th
H = (1 − ) H
h th
a. Circulatory Flow
 Energy losses
Volumetric Loss and Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
• In order that the impeller can rotate inside the stationary casing, proper clearance is provided at the front and
rear side of the impeller at wearing rings. Due to pressure difference between impeller outlet and impeller
inlet at the front side of the impeller as well as the pressure difference between impeller outlet and slightly
higher than atmospheric pressure at the stuffing box, part of fluid coming out of the impeller leaks through the
clearances on both sides of the impeller.

• As a result the quantity coming out of the pump, the actual quantity (Qa) will be less than the quantity passing
through the impeller, i.e., theoretical quantity (Qth) by the amount of leakage quantity passing through the
clearances (ΔQ), i.e., ΔQ = Qth – Qa.

• Volumetric efficiency (ηv) is the ratio between actual quantity and theoretical quantity

Q = Q − Qa
th
Qth −Qa Qth −Q
=1− Q
Qa
v = = =
Q Qth Qth Qth
th
Q = (1−v )Q
th
 H
PL = QL H Im p = QL
ca sin g
 Energy losses
Mechanical Loss and Mechanical Efficiency (ηmach)
• Energy loss in ball, roller or thrust bearings (ΔNB ), in bush bearings at stuffing box or in
mechanical seal portion (ΔNs), and the disc friction losses (ΔND ) due to the impeller
rotation inside the volute casing, which is filled with fluid are classified as mechanical
losses (ΔN ).
• The energy received at the impeller side of the shaft, i.e., actual power (Nimp) for energy
conversion into fluid energy will be less than the energy supplied at the coupling side by the
prime mover, i.e., theoretical power (Nth), i.e., ΔN = Nth(s.h.p) – Nimp.
• The ratio between actual power (Nimp) and the theoretical power (Nth(s.h.p)) is the
mechanical efficiency (ηm)
N = N + N + N = S .H .P − N
D B S imp
N N imp
 = imp = S .H .P − N = =1− N
mach S .H .P S .H .P N imp +N S .H .P
N = (1− )S .H .P
mach
Brake power = Fluid power + Hydraulic losses + Leakage losses + Mechanical losses
 Figure 2.29 A disk rotating in a casing,
simulating disk friction losses

power loss due to disc friction

where K1 is a constant that depends on the
geometry as well as the fluid viscosity,
and N is the speed of rotation in rpm.
The frictional torque on the shown elementary area will be

The loss of power due to disk friction can now be written as

where K2 is a constant that depends on the

Figure 2.30 Circulatory flow between
geometry of the pump as well as the roughness
impeller and casing
of its internal surfaces.
 Energy losses

Total Losses and Overall Efficiency

Total losses = Hydraulic loss + Volumetric loss + Mechanical loss = ΔH + ΔQ +
ΔN.

N = N + N + N = S .H .P − N
D B S imp
NO
 =h mach v =
O S .H .P

Rotor power
S.H.P out put power
Pump
 Qth H th  Qth H m  Qact H m

volumetric losses
Hydraulic losses
 Pump Efficiencies

1- Hydraulic Efficiency = Manometric Efficiency

Hydraulic Efficiency(h =m )
H
 = m = m
h H
th
The normal value varies between 60% - 90%

2 -Volumetric Efficiency (ɳv)

v = Q
Q + Q The normal value lies between 97% to 98%

14
3- Mechanical Efficiency (ɳ)
It is due to losses in the shaft, coupling, and other operation losses as vibration

 = Power into the impeller

mach Power at the shaft

 (Q + Q ) Vu 2 u2
 = The normal value is 95% - 98%
mach Power Shaft

4 - Overall Efficiency (ηo)

N  QHm
o = out =
N S.H .P
in

o = v  The normal value is 71% - 86%

mach h

Discharge of a Centrifugal Pump

Q = D1b1Vr1 = D2b2Vr 2 15
A centrifugal pump lifts water from a sump to an
overhead reservoir. The static lift is 40 m out of which 3
m is the suction lift. The suction and delivery pipes are
both of 35 cm diameter. The friction loss in suction pipe
is 2.0 m and in delivery pipe it is
6.0 m. The impeller is 0.5 m in diameter and has a width
of 3 cm at the outlet. The speed of the pump is 1200 rpm.
The exit blade angle is 20°. If the manometric efficiency
is 85%, determine the pressures at the suction and
delivery ends of the pump and the
discharge. Assume that the inlet and outlet of the pump
are at the same elevation.
A centrifugal pump with impeller of 0.25 m
diameter has backward-curved blades having
outlet blade angle of 35o. The pump is running
at 1500 rpm. Estimate the theoretical total head
and exit velocity (a) when the pump is running
as designed, and (b) when the pump is running
in reverse direction at 1500 rpm. Assume the
flow velocity at outlet as 15% of peripheral
velocity in both cases.
The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an outer diameter
of 25 cm and rotates at a speed of 1500 rpm. The impeller
has 10 blades, each of 5 mm thickness. The blades are
backward facing at 30° to the tangent. The breadth of the
flow passages at the outlet is 12.5 mm. Pressure gauges are
fitted close to the pump at the suction and discharge pipes
and both are 2.5 m above the water level of the supply
sump. When the discharge is 26 L/s, the pressure readings
are 4 m water (vacuum) in the suction end and 16.5 m of
water (gauge) at the delivery end of the pump. If 50%
of velocity is recovered as static head in the volute,
estimate (a) theoretical head, (b) manometric efficiency, (c)
losses in the impeller, and (d) capacity of the motor to drive
the pump, if the mechanical efficiency of the pump is 0.9.
Assume that there is no whirl at inlet and no whirl slip
Example (1):
A radial single – stage, double suction centrifugal pump is
manufactured for the following date;

Q = 75 lit is D1 = 100 mm D2 = 290 mm

Hm = 30m N = 1750 rpm b1 = 25 mm/side

ηo = 55% α1 = 90 b2 = 23 mm in total

Leakage losses = 2.25 liters, β2 = 27 , Mechanical losses = 1.41 HP

Contraction factor due to vanes thickness = 0.87

Determine:

a-The inlet vane angle β1,

b-The angle at which the water leaves the impeller, α2

c-The speed ratio, , d-The absolute velocity of water leaving impeller,

v2, e-The manometric or hydraulic efficiency.

f- The volumetric and mechanical efficiencies.

Example (2):
The axis of a centrifugal pumps is 2.5 m above the water level in the
sump and the static lift from the pump center is 32.5 m. The friction
losses in the suction and delivery pipes are 1m and 8m respectively;
suction and delivery pipes are each 12 cm in diameter. At outlet, the
diameter and width of the impeller are 30 cm and 1.8 cm respectively
and the vanes are set back at an angle of 30o with tangent to the wheel.
For a speed of 1800 rpm, mechanical efficiency 75 % and manometric
efficiency 80 %. Make calculations for the discharge and the power
required to drive the pump. Assume radial entry.
In a centrifugal pump it is usual to make the outside diameter (D2)
of the impeller to be twice the inner diameter (D1). For this
condition, show that the minimum diameter of an impeller which
will enable it to pump water to head H meters at a speed n r.p.m at a
manometric efficiency of 0.7 is

81.7 H
D2 = m
N
u 22 − u12
= H m , u 22 − u12 = 2gH m
2g
2 2
 D 2 n   D1n 
  −  = 2gH m
 60   60 
2
 60  Hm
D − 0.25D = 
2
2
2
2 2g 2
   n
2
 60  Hm
0.75D = 
2
2  2g 2
   n
60 Hm Hm H th
D2 = 2g / 0.75 = 97.68 = 81.72
 n n n
A centrifugal pump, which runs at 996 r.p.m, is mounted so that its centre is 2.4
m above the water level in the suction sump. It delivers water to a point 19 m
above its centre; the friction loss in the suction pipe is 68 Q2 meter and that in the
delivery pipe is 650 Q2 meter where Q in m3/s is the rate of flow. The impeller of
the pump is 350 mm diameter, and the width of the blade passages at outlet is 18
mm. The blades themselves occupy 5 % of the circumference and are backward
facing at 35o to the tangent. At inlet, the flow is radial, and the radial component
of velocity remains unchanged through the impeller. Assuming that 50 % of the
velocity head of the water leaving the impeller is converted to pressure head in
the volute, and that friction and shock losses in the pump, the velocity heads in
the suction and delivery pipes are negligible, calculate the rate of flow and the
manometric efficiency of the pump.