Abstract

The aim of the project focus on comparing column, beam and slab analysis result Analysis and design of
a solid slab, a stair case, shear wall, beams, columns, foundation and analysis of frames. and this enabled
to select the most economical structure, therefore we analyze the G+4 mixed use building using both
method. To analyze and compare the design results we have used ETABS software to analysis frame, to
calculate moment, excel to summarize calculated results and generally all formulas and procedures that
have been used are all done by refereeing different section of ES-EN 2015 code and published books,
Therefore from the analyzed result we have concluded and recommended from the two method by
comparing the dimensions of beam, column and slab depth needed to support the upcoming load and this
directly will imply the cost need to construct the building. The building is composed of solid slabs from
the ground to four floors. For the analysis of frames, the restrained conditions at the foundation level are
assumed fixed. Loads acting on beams from slab reactions and walls directly resting on beams were added
to self-weight of beams to find total load acting on beams. Those loads are so called transferred loads.
These were inserted and analyzed using ETABS 2020 analysis and design software.
Generally, the project expresses full and stepwise procedures that provide an excellent structural design of
multistory building.it include detail procedural comparison for the building located in Afar ,samara which is G+4
Guest house Building.
The document incorporates the design steps and results, reinforcement detailing of slab, beam and column and
ETABS 2020 analysis outputs and some excel tables are included according to the European Standards Ethiopian
Norm (ES-EN).
 Chapter One
Overview of the project
1.1 Introduction
A building structure represents an assembly system that consists of components and their linkages.
Generally buildings are composed of architectural and structural parts. The structural part of the building
supports the body of the building preventing it from any collapse or failure. Therefore, structural design
involves the determination of the different sections of the skeletal part of the building to make it stable
and sustainable throughout its design life. A structural design is executed in such a way that the building
will remain fit with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economic way. It should sustain all the
actions and influences during execution and use. Therefore, structural design focuses on structural safety
and serviceability with due durability. It must also optimize the cost expended in building the structure
and maintenance.

Reinforced concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world in the construction
industry. It is a composite structure of construction material concrete and steel reinforcement bars. It is a
concrete with steel bars embedded in it.
The primary objective of design is structural safety and serviceability. In case the structure fails, it must
be in such a way it will minimize risks and casualty. It must extend the time for evacuation of people
inside a building. This requirement of structural design is accomplished by the principle called ductility.
Ductility allows yielding of steel reinforcement prior to the collapse of the building. Yielding of steel bars
warns the start of failure of a structure or its part. Therefore, structures are designed to be under reinforced
by certain percent to assure ductility mode of failure if it happens.
1.2 Objective of the project
1.2.1 General objective

The objectives of this project are:

 To analyze and design the building that resists different types of loads like dead loads, live
loads, and lateral loads (Wind load and Earthquake load).
 To make the building design safe against familiarity and make serviceable until its design life.
 To design a building which is structurally safe, serviceable and aesthetically pleasing to the end
users.
1.2.2 Specific objective

To apply the analysis and design principles of the new Ethiopian building code of standard(EBCS EN)
 To analyze and make economic and safe design of roof, slabs, staircase, beams, columns, and
footings.
 To show design result clearly using figures, tables and drawings details.
1.2.3 Scope of the project
The scope of the project is to design a G+4 mixed use building. It includes the activities like analysis and
design of:-

 Solid slab and stair case

 Frame(beams and columns) and

 Footing

The structure is to be built in afar, samara university. This location is considered during wind and seismic
load analysis. We will also assume the soil condition of the area to determine the bearing capacity. The
area covered by the building is around 359m2 and its specific dimensions are:-
 Height of the building=18.50m

 Width of the building = 16.45m

 Length of the building =16.30m

 Chapter Two
Material and Loads

This structural design is executed based on the Ethiopian Building Code of Practice (EBCS- EN). This
code follows the Limit State design approach. Limit state is a state beyond which the structure no longer
satisfies the design performance requirements. It consists of two states namely Ultimate Limit and
serviceability Limit states. Ultimate Limit states are conditions related with collapse or states prior to
structural failure. Its main concern is the safety of structure and people. Serviceability Limit states are
those associated to conditions beyond which a structure does not accomplish specified service
requirements. It is mainly concerned about the function of construction works, comfort of people, and
appearance. This structure is designed for 50years design lifetime.
2.1 Design Parameters

2.1.1 Material Property

Concrete:- Concrete property for all beams, slabs, and stairs is C20/25 (fck=20Mpa) and for columns is
C25/30. The corresponding strength and deformation characteristics are shown below:
Stress and Deformation Characteristics of Concrete
C20/25 C25/30
fck = 20Mpa fck,cube = 25Mpa fck = 25Mpa fck,cube = 30Mpa

Concrete: C20/25 steel: s-400 Concrete: C25/30 steel: s-300

fck=0.8*25=20Mpa fyk=400Mpa fck=0.8*30=24Mpa fyk=400Mpa
fcd=0.85*fck/1.5=11.33Mpa fcd=0.85*fck/1.5=13.6Mpa
fyd=fyk/1.15=347.83Mpa fyd=fyk/1.15=260.87Mpa
fcm=28Mpa fcm=33Mpa
fctm = 2.2Mp fctm = 2.6Mp

Stress and Deformation Characteristics of Steel

S 400 S 300
 fyd =
fyk 400 fyk 300
= =347.83 Mpa fyd = = =260.87 Mpa
γs 1.15 γs 1.15

Es = 200Gpa Es = 200Gpa

2.1.2 Unit weight of construction material

The material used for this project have the following densities based on EN1991-1-1-1;2015 Tables in Annex A.

Table 2.1 Unit weight of construction material

Material Unit Weight (KN/m3)

Concrete 25

Cement Screed 23

Plastering 23

RCC Slab 5.9

Porcelain tiles 27

Ceramic Tiles 23

Aluminum 27

Mortar cement 14

HCB 14

Concrete Cover Design as per ES EN1992-1-1_2015

The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest concrete surface
(including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where relevant ) and the nearest concrete surface.

Nominal cover is designed as maximum cover Cmin plus allowance in design for deviation ∆Cdev. Cnom=
Cmin + ∆Cdev
Minimum concrete cover, Cmin, shall be provided in order to ensure: The safe
transmission of bond forces
 The protection of the steel against corrosion (durability) An adequate
fire resistance
Cmin, Bonding

{
Cmin =max Cmin,dur+∆Cdur,γ − ∆Cdur,st− ∆Cdur,add

Cmin,fire10mm

Exposure Class:-Environment Afar, Samara Dryer

permanently wet
The concrete exposure class considered for Beam, Slab and Column (super structure) is xc1 and it is xc2 for
Foundation (Substructure).

Table2.2 Exposure class related toenvironmental condition

Description of
Exposure Class Structural Members Affected
the
Environment Concrete inside building with low air
xc1 Dryer Permanently wet
humidity Beam ,Slab Column and
Shear/lift/wall.
Surface subjected to long-term water contact
xc2 Wet, rarely dry concrete
Foundation (Footing , Retained Wall…)

Exposure classes related to environmental conditions in accordance with ESEN1992-1-1:2015 In our

case for design life of 50 years
For 50 years working life of structure Structural Classes 4, ESEN1992-1-1:2015,4.4.1.2(5)

Foundation

Concrete grade C25/30 , ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Annex E Concrete cover (assume for 50 years)

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev , ES EN 1992-1-1:2015(4.1)

Cmin, b

{
Cmin = max Cmin, dur + ∆Cdur, γ − ∆Cdur, st − ∆Cdur, add

Cmin, fire 10mm

where:

Cmin,b minimum cover due to bond requirement, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2 (3)

Cmin,dur minimum cover due to environmental conditions, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2 (5)

ΔCdur,γ additive safety element, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2 (6)

ΔCdur,st reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel, ESEN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2 (7)

ΔCdur,add reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2 (8)

Foundation column

Cmin,b = Ø bar =20mm ( Assume Øbar for footing = 20mm) Cmin,dur =25mm(Depends on exposure class and
structural class) Recommended values for ΔCdur,γ , ΔCdur,st , ΔCdur,add = 0

∆Cdev = 10mm, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.3 (1)

Concrete Cover design for Fire Resistance

Minimum cover for fire resistance, EN 1992-1-2:2014 Table 5.8 REI (60 Minutes)

One way, a = 20mm

Two way, ly/lx ≤ 1.5 , a = 10mm

1.5<ly/lx ≤ 2 , a =15mm

Max a = 20mm

a ≥ Cnom + Ølink + Øbar/2

20 ≥ Cnom + 12 + 16/2

0 ≥ Cnom Cnom ≤ 0 Hence, 20 ≥ Cnom + 12 + 16/2 0 ≥ Cnom

Cnom ≤ 0

Hence,

20mm
25mm + 0 + 0 + 0

Cmin= max{10mm

Cmin = 25mm

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 25 + 10 = 35mm

But according to Article 4.4.1.3(4) for concrete cast against uneven surface the nominal cover should be at least
K1,mm for concrete cast against prepared ground (including bonding).

Note: - The value of K1, for use in a country may be found in its national Annex. The recommended Value
K1=40mm

And K2=75mm for concrete cast directly against soil.

Therefore use =40 mm (for Substructure like Foundation and Retained wall)

Footing (Substructure)

C25/30, use bars Ø = 20mm

Exposure class Xc2

Structural class S4

Using table 4.4N Cmin,dur =25mm

20mm

25mm + 0 + 0 + 0

Cmin = max{10mm

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev =25+10=35mm

K1=40mm, K2= 75mm (if not used lean)

Therefore use Cnom = 40mm (for footing)

Slab

Exposure Class Xc1 (dry or Permanent wet) Structural class need to be adjusted from table 4.3N

Members with slab geometry, reduce Structure Class by 1

S4→S1

From table 4.4N using S4 and Xc1 Cmin,dur =10mm

12mm

10mm + 0 + 0 + 0

Cmin = max{ 10mm, 15mm,

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 15mm+10mm = 25mm (∆Cdev is between 0 and 10mm)

Table2. 3 summery of concert cover

Structural Member Nominal Concrete Cover(mm)

Footing and Foundation column 40
Slab 20
Beam, stair and Column 25

2.1.3 Section Property Beam Cross Section

Beam Cross Section

The cross section being used for the design of beams is: b=300mm D = 400mm

D= 400mm

B=300mm

Column layout and cross section

C1 C2 C3 C4

C5 C6 C7 C8

C9 C10 C11 C12

 C13 C14 C15 C16

The column cross section applied for the design column is: B = 400mm H = 400mm

400mm

400mm

Panel Layouts
Foundation Layout
  Loads and Load Combination

Structures are subjected to loads due to their own self-weight, live load and due to other unavoidable loads;
such as lateral and dynamic loads. The establishment of this loads which is acting on a structure is one of the
most difficult and yet important steps in the design process. The loads that act on a structure can be classified in
to three categories: dead loads live loads and environmental loads. Since the method of analysis is the same for
each category of loading, all loads can be combined before analysis is performed by the use of ETABS
software. However, separate analyses are usually carried out to facilitate the consideration of various load
combinations. EBCSEN provides design guidance for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering
works. It also provides

 Characteristic values for densities of specific building materials

 Methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight (dead load) of construction
elements
 Characteristic values of imposed (live loads) on floors and roofs in building structures

Dead Loads

Dead loads are loads that act on structures as a result of the self-weight of the structure itself and components
that are immovable fixtures and permanent components remain stationary and relatively constant over time.
Examples of dead loads are the weights of the structural members such as beams, floor slabs, columns and
walls, the weight of permanent partitions, plaster board, roof materials, and ceilings and of fixed service
equipment.

Unit weights of materials taken from ESEN1992:2014 are used to compute these dead loads of the structure.

Live Loads (Movable, Time dependent)

Examples for live loads are weight of persons, movable partitions, dust loads, weight of furniture etc.
Movable loads are those for which change in position take place over an extended period of time such as
people, merchandise, non-fixed furniture and equipment, stored material in a ware house and movable
partitions in an office building. The live loads on a structure can be obtained from ESEN1991-1-1:2014 based
on the function of building. According to table 6.1 in ESEN 1991-1-1:2014 Sec 6.3.1.1
 FunctiOn Category qk[KN/m2] Qk

kiFFDIII A 2.0 to 4.0 3.0 to 4.0

Laundry A 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 4.0

Shower A 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 3.0

Bed room A 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 3.0

Living Room A 2.0 to 2.5 2.0 to 3.0

Balcony A 2.5 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0

Corridor C3 3.0 to 5.0 4.0 to 7.0

Landing A 3.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0

Toilet A 2.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0

Shop D1 4.0 to 5.0 4.0 to 7.0

Floor A 1.5 to2.0 2.0 to 3.0

Stairs A 2.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 4.0

Load Determination

We determine the combination we were going to use. The combinations were as follows :

Serviceability Limit State (SLS) =D.L+L.L

U l t i m a t e L i m i t s t a t e ( U L S ) =1.35D.L+1.5L.L

Chapter Three

Slab Analysis and Design

A reinforced concrete slab is a broad, flat plate, with top and bottom surfaces parallel. It is used to provide flat
surfaces mainly for roofs and floors of buildings , parking lots, roadways and so on.

It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry or reinforced concrete Columns or

continuously by the ground Beams (and is poured monolithically).
 Determining the loads

Slabs support area loads. The loads carried by slabs are of two types .These are live load and dead load.

Live load

Live load or imposed loads are loads on the structure are those arising from occupancy. They depend on the
particular function of the slab. To determine the live load on a slab ,we first determine its occupancy or
function.ES-1991 Part 1-1 Table 6.1 puts possible buildings occupancy in different Categories. ESEN-1991
Part1-1 Table 6.2 also gives the respective live load value for each category. We will take this are a loads and
place them on each slab according to their category.

Depth determination

C20/25 –cylindrical compressive strength = 20Mpa

fck= 20 Mpa fyk= 400 Mpa

In order to determine the depth of the slab, first it is needed to find concrete cover and effective
depth since total depth, D=effective depth (d) +Clear concrete cover+ Φlong/2

AccordingtoESEN1992:2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:

 By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or

 By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3,with a limit value

𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16 𝑎) and 7.4.2 (7.16 𝑏) respectively.

Where;

 l/d- is the limit span / depth

  K- is the factor to take into account the different structural systems

 ρo- is the reference reinforcement ratio=√fck 10-3

 ρ- is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the
design loads (at support for cantilevers)
 ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist themoment due
to design loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units.
 F3=310/as=(500/fyk*(As req/As, prev))
 F2=0.8,for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth
exceeds 3. Otherwise; F2=1 for other cases.
 F3=7/ leff,for beams and slabs, other than flat slabs,with spans exceeding 7m,which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters, see Art.
 5.3.2.2(1)).or F3=8.5/leff, for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5m,and which

 Support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters). Otherwise; F3=1
for both cases

 Assumption: Initially we can’t know ρ and ρ’. So, let’s assume ρ=ρo and use equation
7.16a. As, req = As, provided.
l/d =k[11+1.5√fck (ρo/ρ) +3.2√fck (ρo/ρ−1)3/2]∗F1∗F2∗F3....𝑖𝑓 𝜌≤𝜌𝑜, 𝐴𝑟𝑡 .7.4.2 (7.16 𝑎 )
l/d =K∗N∗F1∗F2∗F3,where:-
 N=11+1.5√fck (ρo/ρ)+3.2√fck (ρo/ρ−1)3/2 But ρo=ρ (assumption)
 ρo=√fck∗10−3=√20∗10−3=0.447%
 N=11+1.5√fck=11+1.5√20=11.71 ,

F3=310/as=(500/fyk*(As req/As, prev))=500/400=1.25

Now: determine k using table 7.4 N of ESEN 1992 : 2015

 Basic ratios of span / effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial
compression

Table 4.1; basic ratio of effective depth for reinforced concrete

 K Concrete Concrete lightly
stressed stressed
Structural System
highly

Simply supported beam, one-or 1.0 14 20

two-way spanning simply supported slab

End span of continuous beam 1.3 18 26

or

one-way continuous slab or way

Two

Spanning slab continuous over

Interior span of beam or one-way or two- 1.5 20 30

way spanning slab

Slab supported on columns without beams 1.2 17 24

(flat slab) (based on longer

Cantilever 0.4 6 8
  SLAB ROOF ANALYSIS

LX LY DEPTH D(mm)
Panel Type of
(mm) (mm) LY/LX Element K LX/d (mm) Or d+d’
Name slab

P-1 4500 5000 1.1 Two way End 1.3 155.2259 185.22594
3
P-2 4500 5000 1.1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 155.2259 185.22594
P-3 4500 5000 1.1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 155.2259 185.22594
P-4 5000 5000 1 Two way Interior 1.5 22.3 149.4768 179.476831
P-5 5000 5000 1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 172.4733 202.473267
P-6 5000 5000 1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 172.4733 202.473267
P-7 4000 5000 1.25 Two way End 1.3 22.3 137.9786 167.978613
P-8 4000 5000 1.25 Two way End 1.3 22.3 137.9786 167.978613
P-9 4000 5000 1.25 Two way End 1.3 22.3 137.9786 167.978613
C-1 1450 5000 3.45 One way 0.4 22.3 162.5561 192.556054
C-2 1450 3000 3.38 One way 0.4 22.3 162.5561 192.556054
C-3 1600 2000 1.25 Two way 0.4 22.3 179.3722 209.372197
C-4 1600 5550 3.47 One way 0.4 22.3 179.3722 209.372197
C-5 1100 7450 6.77 One way 0.4 22.3 123.3184 153.318386
C-6 1050 4500 4.28 One way 0.4 22.3 117.713 147.713004
C-7 800 5000 6.25 One way 0.4 22.3 89.6861 119.686099
C-8 900 5000 5.53 One way 0.4 22.3 100.8969 130.896861
C-9 800 3300 4.1 One way 0.4 22.3 89.6861 119.686099

Taking the maximum provide 202.47≈ 210mm

D1, Depth for slab panel that maximum govern depth for all panel.

D1=210mm

D2, Depth for Cantilever that maximum govern all depth

D2=209.37≈ 210mm
 DEAD LOAD FOR ROOF SLAB

Unit
Thickness Total load
panel Material weight Load(KN/m2)
(mm) (KN/m2 )
(KN/m3 )

Marble 0.03 27 0.81

ROOF Cement screed 0.05 23 1.15 6.67

SLAB Rc Slab 0.17 25 4.25

Plastering 0.02 23 0.46

We take total dead load =6.67KN/m2

LIVE LOAD FOR ROOF SLAB = 1KN/m2

Design Load (Pd) for each panels.

Panels Dead load(KN) Live Load(KN) SLS=DL+LL (KN) ULS=1.35DL+1.5LL(KN) Design Load(Pd)(KN)
P-1 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
P-2 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
P-3 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
P-4 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
P-5 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
P-6 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
P-7 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
P-8 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
P-9 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-1 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-2 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-3 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-4 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-5 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-6 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-7 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-8 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
C-9 6.67 1 7.67 10.48 10.48
Moment Analysis by Coefficient Method
 Moments Analysis For Individual Panels by coefficient method.

Moments Analysis For Individual Panels.

A .Moment for two way interior slab

The two way interior panels can be designed using the coefficients method.

first stage of design to determine support and span moment for all panels. The support and span moments are
calculates as:

Mi=αiPdLx2

Where:- Mi = design moment per unit width of reference.

Pd = uniformly loaded distributed design load

 αi = coefficient given in table form

Figure:- Support conditions for two way interior slabs.

Pd Mxs,su Mxf,spa Mys ,su Myf ,spa

Panel Ly/Lx (KN/m Lx2 βsx,sup βfx,spa βsy,sup βfy,spa (KNm) (KNm) (KNm) (KNm)

P-1 1.1 10.48 25 0.056 0.042 0.045 0.034 14.672 11.004 11.79 8.908

P-2 1.1 10.48 25 0.049 0.036 0.037 0.028 12.838 9.432 9.694 7.336

P-3 1.1 10.48 25 0.056 0.042 0.045 0.034 14.672 11.004 11.79 8.908

P-4 1 10.48 25 0.039 0.03 0.037 0.028 10.218 7.86 9.694 7.336

P-5 1 10.48 25 0.031 0.024 0.032 0.024 8.122 6.288 8.384 6.288

P-6 1 10.48 25 0.039 0.03 0.037 0.028 10.218 7.86 9.694 7.336

P-7 1.25 10.48 25 0.066 0.049 0.045 0.034 17.292 12.838 11.79 8.908

P-8 1.25 10.48 25 0.0595 0.0445 0.037 0.028 15.589 11.659 9.694 7.336
P-9 1.25 10.48 25 0.066 0.049 0.045 0.034 17.292 12.838 11.79 8.908

Cantilever Roof slab moments calculation.

Cantilever slabs with and without edge wall

Using the span length and the loads, we will calculate the maximum moment that will occur on the slab.

Mys=PdL2/2
To calculate cantilever moment we will take 1m strip as shown in the figure below.

1.02m
1.02m

 Analysis of cantilever slabs

Cantilevers are designed by taking 1m strip width along the short side of the element.

Mc = ½ Pd *l2

Where Pd – design load

L – length

Design Moment of Cantilever (C-1)&(C-2)

10.48 KN

1.45 m

Length (L) =1.45M

Pd =10.48 KN

Mc =1/2(10.48*1.452)

Mc =11.017 KNM
Design Moment of Cantilever (C-3) & (C-4)

10.48 KN

1.6 m

Length (L) =1.6 m

Pd =10.48 KN

Mc =1/2(10.48*1.62)

Mc =13.41 KNM

Design Moment of Cantilever (C-5)

10.48 KN

1.1 m

Length (L) =1.1 m

Pd =10.48 KN

Mc =1/2(10.48*1.12)

Mc =6.340 KNM
Design Moment of Cantilever (C-6)

10.48 KN

Length (L) =1.05 m

Pd =10.48 KN

Mc =1/2(10.48*1.052)

Mc =5.771 KNM

Design Moment of Cantilever (C-7)&(C-9)

10.48 KN

0.8 m

Length (L) =0.8 m

Pd =10.48 KN

Mc =1/2(10.48*0.82)

Mc =3.354 KNM

Design Moment of Cantilever (C-8)

10.48 KN

0.9 m
 Length (L) =0.9 m

Pd =10.48 KN

Mc =1/2(10.48*0.92)

Mc =4.24 KNM

Support Moment Adjustment

I. Simply taking the maximum of support moments of two adjacent slabs as common support moment of the
slabs . When differences between initial support moments are less than 20 percent of the larger moment
M 1−M 2
∗100<20 % where M1 is the larger moment .
M1
II. The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method
MR−ML
 If ∗100<20 % then take (MR+ML)/2 , MR>ML
MR
MR−ML
 If ∗100>20 % then Distribute unbalanced moment MD=MR-ML based on relative
MR
stiffness…….. MR>ML

ML MR

MR>ML

KR
 MD = MR− ∗∆ M … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..considering ¿
KR+ KL

KR
 MD = MR+ ∗∆ M … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. considering
KR + KL
 Support Moment Adjustment Between Panel Section 4-4:- for roof floor

Between panel 1 and panel 2

 ∆M 9.55−7.85
∗100= ∗100=17.80 % <20 % so here moment redistribution is not needed
Mmax 9.55

We take here the average values.

9.55+7.85
MVAV= =¿ 8.7 KN.M
2

Between panel 3 and panel 2

∆M 9.55−7.85
∗100= ∗100=17.80 % <20 % so here moment redistribution is not needed
Mmax 9.55

We take here the average values.

9.55+7.85
MVAV= =¿ 8.7 KN.M the same as panel 1 and panel 2
2

Support Moment adjustment between Section A:A

Between panel-9 and panel-6

∆M 11.07−10.22
∗100= ∗100=7.678 % <20 % sohere not neded the redistribution ,
Mmax 11.07

So we take average of both,

10.22+ 11.07
Mav = =10.645 KN . M
2
 Between panel 6 and panel 3

∆M 11.88−10.22
∗1000= *100 =13.97% <20%
Mm, ax 11.88

11.88+10.22
Mav = =11.05 KN . M
2

Support Moment Adjustment Section 3:3

Between panel-6 and panel- 5

∆M 9.7−8.38
∗100= ∗100=13.6 %<20 % not needed redistribution method for panels
Mmax 9.7

9.7+8.38
We take the average between them, MAV 9.04 KN . M
2

Between panel-5 and panel-4

∆M 9.7−8.38 '
∗100= ∗100=13.6 %<20 % it s also not needed the redistributoion method .
Mmax 9.7

9.7+8.38
We take the average of both of two moment ,Mav = =9.04 KN . M the same as above panels .
2
 Support Moment Adjustment Section 2:2

Between panel-9 and panel -8

∆M 7.55−6.21
∗100= *100 =17.75% <20%
Mmax 7.55

7.55+6.21
Mav = =¿ 6.88KN.M
2

Between Panel-8 and panel- 7

The same as panel-9 and panel-7

Support Moment Adjustment Section B:B

 Between panel-8 and panel-5

∆M 9.98−8.41
∗100= ∗100=18.64 %< 20 % , not needed the redistribution method .
Max 9.98

9.98+8.12
MAV = =9.05 KN . M
2

Between panel-5 and panel-2

∆M 10.4−8.41
∗100= ∗100=19.23 % <20
Mmax 10.4

10.4+8.41
MAV = = 9.4KN.M
2

Support Moment Adjustment Section C:C

Between panel-7 and panel-4

∆M 11.07−10.22
∗100= ∗100=8.3 %<20 %
MmAX 10.22

11.07+10.22
MAV = =10.645 KN . M
2

Between panel-4 and panel-1

∆M 11.88−10.22
∗100= ∗100=13.97 % <20 %
Mmax 11.88
 11.88+10.22
MAV = =11.05KN.M
2

Span moment adjustment

If the support moment is decreased, the span moments Mxf and Myf are then increased to allow

for the changes of support moments. This increase is calculated as being equal to the change of

the support moment multiplied by the factors. If a support moment is increased, no adjustment

shall be made to the span moments.

 ∆Mx= Cx∆M, Mxf,𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙= Mxf+ ∆Mx

 ∆My= Cy∆M, Myf,𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙= Myf+ ∆My

Where 𝐶𝑥 and 𝐶𝑦 are coefficients obtained from Table A-2 of ES EN 1995

For example section 4-4 panel 2 & 3

For panel 2, as there is a decrease in filed moment, adjustment for field moment is not necessary.

But adjustment is needed on panel 3, due to the decrease in support moment In panel 3, Adjustment moment is
at the short direction.

FOR PANEL -3

Ly 5
= =1.1
Lx 4.5
Cx = 0.356 and Cy =0.22

∆ Mys=9.55−7.85=1.7 KN . M

∆ Mxs=0

∆ Myf =0.22∗1.7∗+7.22=7.594 KN . M

∆ Mxf =0.356∗1.7+ 8.7=9.3052 KN . M

Panels Adjustment neded on Cx Cy Mxf(KNM) Myf(KNM)
b/n panel-2 and panel-1 No need - - - -
b/n panel-3 and panel-2 panel 3 0.356 0.22 9.305 7.594
b/n panel-9 and panel-6 panel 6 0.314 0.374 10.96 7.61
b/n panel-6 and panel-3 panel 3 0.314 0.374 11.57 7.96
b/n panel-6 and panel-5 panel 6 0.356 0.22 9.502 7.63
b/n panel-5 and panel-4 No - - - -
b/n panel-9 and panel-8 panel 8 0.38 0.28 7.28 5.075
b/n panel-8 and panel-7 panel 7 0.356 0.22 7.36 6.005
b/n panel-8 and panel-5 No - - - -
b/n panel-5 and panel-2 No - - -- -
b/n panel-7 and panel-4 No - - - -
b/n panel-4 and panel-1 No - - - -
SLAB MOMENT ANALYSIS FOR TYPICAL FLOOR

LX LY DEPTH D(mm)

Panel Name (mm) (mm) LY/LX Type of slab Element K LX/d (mm) Or d+d’

P-1 4500 5000 1.1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 155.2259 185.22594

P-2 4500 5000 1.1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 155.2259 185.22594

P-3 4500 5000 1.1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 155.2259 185.22594

P-4 5000 5000 1 Two way Interior 1.5 22.3 149.4768 179.476831

P-5 5000 5000 1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 172.4733 202.473267

P-6 5000 5000 1 Two way End 1.3 22.3 172.4733 202.473267

P-7 4000 5000 1.25 Two way End 1.3 22.3 137.9786 167.978613

P-8 4000 5000 1.25 Two way End 1.3 22.3 137.9786 167.978613

P-9 4000 5000 1.22 Two way End 1.3 22.3 137.9786 167.978613

C-1 1450 5400 3.73 One way 0.4 22.3 162.5561 192.556054

C-2 1600 2000 1.25 Two way 0.4 22.3 179.3722 209.372197

C-3 1600 5550 3.47 One way 0.4 22.3 179.3722 209.372197

C-4 1100 2250 2.05 One way 0.4 22.3 123.3184 153.318386

C-5 1020 5000 4.90 One way 0.4 22.3 114.3498 144.349776

C-6 1100 1990 1.81 Two way 0.4 22.3 123.3184 153.318386

C-7 1100 3000 2.73 One way 0.4 22.3 123.3184 153.318386

C-8 700 3300 4.73 One way 0.4 22.3 78.47534 108.475336

C-9 700 1700 2.43 One way 0.4 22.3 78.475336 108.4753363

C-10 700 3000 4.29 One way 0.4 22.3 78.475336 108.4753363

C-11 700 2200 3.14 One way 0.4 22.3 78.475336 108.4753363
C-12 800 3300 4.13 One way 0.4 22.3 89.686099 119.6860987

Taking the maximum provide 209.37≈ 210mm

D1, Depth for slab panel that maximum govern depth for all panel.

Dead load

The dead load of the slab includes its own weight, floor finish and the partition load (the partition load
is considered as a dead load because there is a small probability of moving the partition in residential
areas).

The own weight of the slab is determined by multiplying the unit weight of each component of the

Dead load calculation: Some of the sources of dead load are shown on figure below and are the
following

 Slab it-self

 Cellining plaster (below slab) slab by its thickness.

 Cement screed(above sla b)

 Finishing material (Above slab)

 Exterior and interior walls resting on the slab

Loads from floor finish and own weight of the slab

 Material Thickness(m) unit weight load Total Dead Load
(KN/m3) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
Floor finish 0.008 27 0.216
Ceramic Tiles 0.02 25 0.5 7.326
Cement Screed 0.05 23 1.15
RC Slab 0.2 25 5
Plastering & Painting 0.02 23 0.46

We take total dead load=7.326KN/M2

Design load Typical First- Fourth Floor Plan Load for Each Panel

Loading: Live load calculation

LL=2.5KN/m2 (For laundry)
Design load: Pd=1.35DL+1.5LL=1.35(7.326)+ 1.5*2.5=13.6401KN/m2 with out considering
the partition load which will be considered for the design later.
N.B: The maximum value is taken as a governing live load for a single panel that might encounter
different live load.
 Panel function Dead load Live load Pd=1.35D.L+1.5L.L

(KN/M2) (KN/M2) (KN/M2)

P-1,P8 Laundry 7.326 2.5 13.6401

P-1,P-2,P-3,P-8 Bedroom 7.326 3 14.3901

P-1,P-6,C-2, Shower 7.326 2 12.8901

P-1,P-6,C-3 Kitchen 7.326 2.5 13.6401

P-2,P-4,P-7 Living/dinning 7.326 2.5 13.6401

P-4,P-5,P-6 P-9 Corridor 7.326 4 15.8901

C1 Stair 7.326 3 14.3901

C-4,C-5,C-6,C- Balcony 7.326 2.5 13.6401

6,C-7,C-8

 Partition wall dead load computation

 Thickness of HCB=15cm
 Thickness of plastering on two side=2cm
 Unit weight of plastering (mortar)=23KN/m3
 Height of wall=2.7m
Dead load of partition wall=Dead load of plaster + Dead load of HCB

D.Lpw=D.Lpl+D.LHCB

D.Lpw (kN)=(Hpl*Lpl*tpl*γpl)+(HHCB*LHCB*tHCB*γHCB)

D.Lpw (kN)=(2.7m*Lpl*0.02m*23KN/m3)+(2.7m*LHCB*0.15m*14KN/m3)

D.Lpw (kN)=1.242KN/m2*Lpl+5.67KN/m2*LHCB
 But Lpl =LHCB=Lpw, L pw (kN)= )= Lpw*6.912KN/m* Lpw

D . Lpw( KN )
D . Lpw ( KN / M 2)=
Area(M 2)
Partition Wall .then calculating for each panel will give the result tabular form below.

panel DL pl + DL hcb DL pw=L *6.912 Area D.L pw(KN)=(D.Lpw

Length (m) KN/M L *6.912KN/m^2 (m2) (KNm^2))/(Area (m^2))
P-1 8 6.912 55.296 22.5 2.4576
P-2 5.2 6.912 35.9424 22.5 1.59744
P-3 4.95 6.912 34.2144 22.5 1.52064
P-4 8.15 6.912 56.3328 25 2.253312
P-5 8.8 6.912 60.8256 25 2.433024
P-6 11.85 6.912 81.9072 25 3.276288
P-7 4.05 6.912 27.9936 20 1.39968
P-8 4.05 6.912 27.9936 20 1.39968
P-9 2.1 6.912 14.5152 20 0.72576
C-1 5.4 6.912 37.3248 7.83 4.766
C-2 1.980 6.912 13.686 4.059 3.371
C-3 5.55 6.912 38.3616 11.378 3.371
C-4 - No partition wall - - -
C-5 - No partition wall - - -
C-6 - No partition wall - - -
C-7 - No partition wall
C-8 0.65 6.912 4.4928 0.455 9.874
C-9 - No partition wall - - -

Parapet wall on the cantilever

Using 15cm HCB with height 2.7 m Pd,par =(0.15*2.7*14) +(0.02m*2.7m*23KN/M3)

Pd,conc =concentrated design load =6.912KN

  Design Load (Pd) for each panels.

Table 4.4 Summary of Design Load including the Partition Wall.

Panel Pd’=1.35D.L+1.5L.L Partition wall,Dead Design

Pd=Pd’+1.35D.Lpw SLS=D.L+L.L+1.35D.Lpw
s (KN/M2) load.Dl.pw(KN/M2) Load

P-1 14.3901 2.4576 17.70786 12.7836 17.708

P-2 14.3901 1.59744 16.546644 12.482544 16.547

P-3 14.3901 1.52064 16.442964 12.378864 16.443

P-4 13.6401 2.253312 16.6820712 14.3679712 16.682

P-5 15.8901 2.433024 19.1746824 14.6105824 19.175

P-6 15.8901 3.276288 20.3130888 15.7489888 20.313

P-7 13.6401 1.39968 15.529668 11.715568 15.530

P-8 14.3901 1.39968 16.279668 12.215568 16.280

P-9 15.8901 0.72576 16.869876 12.305776 16.870

C-1 14.3901 4.766 20.8242 15.092 20.824

C-2 12.8901 3.371 17.44095 13.87685 17.441

C-3 13.6401 3.371 18.19095 14.37685 18.191

C-4 13.6401 - 13.6401 9.826 13.6401

C-5 13.6401 - 13.6401 9.826 13.6401

C-6 13.6401 - 13.6401 9.826 13.6401

C-7 13.6401 13.6401 9.826 13.6401

C-8 13.6401 9.874 26.97 23.1559 26.97

C-9 13.6401 - 13.6401 9.826 13.6401

 4.1.2 MomentAnalysisfoindividua

Moments Analysis For Individual Panels.

A .Moment for two way interior slab

The two way interior panels can be designed using the coefficients method .The first stage of design to determine
support and span moment for all panels. The support and span moments are calculates as:

Mi=αiPdLx2

Where :- Mi = design moment per unit width of reference.

Pd = uniformly loaded distributed design load

αi = coefficient given in table form

1 2

Figure : Moment distribution coefficient method

Mxs=βxs*Pd*L2x

Mxf=βxf*Pd*L2 x

Mys=βys*Pd*L2 x

Myf=βyf*Pd*L x

Moments of the panels is summarized in figure below.

Figure:- Support conditions for two way interior slabs.

Panel Ly/Lx Pd Lx2 Bsx,sup Bfx,spa Bsy,su Bfy,spa Mxs Mxf Mys Myf
n p n

KN/ (KNm) (KNm) (KNm) (KNm)

m2

P-1 1.1 17.708 25 0.056 0.042 0.045 0.034 24.79 18.59 19.92 15.05

P-2 1.1 16.547 25 0.049 0.036 0.037 0.028 20.27 14.89 15.31 11.58

P-3 1.1 16.443 25 0.056 0.042 0.045 0.034 23.02 17.27 18.50 13.98

P-4 1 16.682 25 0.039 0.03 0.037 0.028 16.26 12.51 15.43 11.68

P-5 1 19.175 25 0.031 0.024 0.032 0.024 14.86 11.51 15.34 11.51

P-6 1 20.313 25 0.039 0.03 0.037 0.028 19.81 15.23 18.79 14.22

P-7 1.25 15.53 25 0.066 0.049 0.045 0.034 25.62 19.02 17.47 13.20

P-8 1.25 16.28 25 0.0595 0.0445 0.037 0.028 24.22 18.11 15.059 11.40

P-9 1.25 16.87 25 0.066 0.049 0.045 0.034 27.84 20.67 18.98 14.34
Cantilever slab moments calculation.

Cantilever slabs with and without edge wall

Using the span length and the loads, we will calculate the maximum moment that will occur on the slab.

Mys=PdL2/2
 To calculate cantilever moment we will take 1m strip as shown in the figure below.

 Analysis of cantilever slabs

Cantilevers are designed by taking 1m strip width along the short side of the element.

Mc = ½ Pd *l2 + Pdconc * l

Where Pd – design load

Pd – concentrated design load

L – length

 Design Moment of Cantilever one (C-1)

Concentrated load (pd,conc) =6.92KN Length(L) =1.45M

Pd =64.779KN

Mc =1/2(64.779*1.452)+(6.92*1.45) Mc =68.1+10.034

Mc =78.134KNM

 Design Moment of Cantilever Two (C-2)

Mc = ½ Pd *l2 + Pdconc * l

Mc =1/2(31.66*4.205)+(6.92*2.05)

Mc =80.96KN

 Design Moment of Cantilever Three (C-3)

Mc = ½(65.423*4.2025)+ (6.92*2.05)

Mc = 151.667KNM

 Design Moment of Cantilever Four (C-4)

Mc =1/2(13.6401*1.21)

Mc =8.25KNM

 Design Moment of Cantilever Five (C-5)

1.02m

MC =1/2(13.6401*1.04) =7.09KNM

 Design Moment of Cantilever Six (C-6)

1.1m

Mc =1/2(13.6401*1.21) =8.253KNM

 Design Moment of Cantilever Seven (C-7)

 0.70m

Mc =1/2(13.6401*0.49) =3.342KNM

 Design Moment of Cantilever Eigtht (C-8)

19.705KN

0.7M

Mc =1/2(19.705*0.49) = 4.83KNM

 Design Moment of Cantilever Nine (C-9)

0.8M

Mc =1/2(13.6401*0.64) = 4.36KNM

Support Moment Adjustment

III. Simply taking the maximum of support moments of two adjacent slabs as common support moment of the
slabs . When differences between initial support moments are less than 20 percent of the larger moment
M 1−M 2
∗100<20 % where M1 is the larger moment .
M1
IV. The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method
MR−ML
 If ∗100<20 % then take (MR+ML)/2 , MR>ML
MR
MR−ML
 If ∗100>20 % then Distribute unbalanced moment MD=MR-ML based on relative
MR
stiffness…….. MR>ML

ML
MR

MR>ML

KR
 MD = MR− ∗∆ M … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..considering ¿
KR+ KL

KR
 MD = MR+ ∗∆ M … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. considering
KR + KL
support moment adjustment section 4-4 (for 1st -4th floor)

P-3 P-2 P-1

0 23.02 20.3 20.3 24.8 0

11.32 9.38 12.19

Between panel 3 & 2

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR

¿ 23.021−20.271
*100 =11.45% < 20%
23.021

So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply wetake here the average Value.

M 1+ M 2 23.021+ 20.271
= =21.65
2 2

Between panel 2 & 1

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR

24.791−20.271
∗¿ 100 =18.23<20%
24.791

So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the average Value.

M 1+ M 2 24.791+ 20.271
= =22.53
2 2

support moment adjustment section C-C( for 1st -4th floor )

P-1 P-4 P-7

24.8 16.3 16.3 25.63

15.06 10.13 14.78

 Between panel 1 &4

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100>20 %
Mmax MR

24.791−16.265
*100 =34.39 > 20%
24.791

So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment redistribution method.

I 1
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 4) = = =0.2I
L 5

 Stiffness for far end free (Kp 1)= 0

 DFP 1 =0

KP 4 0.2
 DFP 4 = = =1
kp 1+kp 4 0+0.2

Panel -1 Panel -4

DF =0 DF =1

+24.8 -16.3

0 -8.5

+24.8 -24.8

Between panel 4 & 7

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100>20 %
Mmax MR

25.63−16.3
*100 =36.4 > 20%
25.63

So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment redistribution method.

 I 1
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 4) = = =0.2I
L 5

 Stiffness for far end free (Kp 7)= 0

DF P7 =0

KP 4 0.2
DFP 4 = = =1
kp 7+ kp 4 0+0.2

PANE -4 PANEL-7

DF =1 DF =0

-16.3 +25.63

-9.33 0

-25.63 +25.63

support moment adjustment section 3-3 (for 1st – 4th floor )

p-6 p-5 p-4

19.81 14.86 14.86 16.3

11.52 9.32 9.32

Between panel 4 & 5

∆M MR−ML
. ∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR
16.3−14.86
*100 =8.83< 20%
16.3

So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the average Value.

M 1+ M 2 16.3+14.86
= = 15.58
2 2

Between panel 5 & 6

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100>20 %
Mmax MR

19.81−14.86
*100 =25> 20%
19.81

So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment redistribution method.

I 1
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 5) = = =0.2I
L 5

 Stiffness for far end free (Kp 6)= 0

PANE -5 PANEL-6

DF =1 DF =0

-14.86 +19.81

-4.95 0

-19.81 +19.81

support moment adjustment section B-B (for 1st -4th floor )

 p-8 p-5 p-2

24.22 14.86 14.22 20.27

13.85 9.32 12.06

Between panel 2& 5

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR

20.27−14.86
*100 =26.69> 20%
20.27

So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment redistribution method.

I 1
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 5) = = =0.2I
L 5

 Stiffness for far end free (Kp 2)= 0

KP 5 0.2
 DF P5 = = =1
kp 5+kp 2 0+0.2

 DFP 2=0

PANEL -2 PANEL-5

DF =0 DF=1

20.27 -14.86

0 -5.41

+20.27 -20.27
Between panel 5 & 8

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR

24.23−14.86
*100 =38.67> 20%
24.23

So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment redistribution method.

I 1
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 5) = = =0.2I
L 5

 Stiffness for far end free (Kp 8)= 0

KP5 0.2
 DF P5 = = =1
kp 5+kp 8 0+0.2

 DFP 8=0

PANEL -5 PANEL-8

DF =1 DF=0

-14.86 +24.23

-9.37 0

-24.23 +24.23

support moment adjustment section 2-2 (for 1st -4th floor )

p-9 p-8 p-7

27.84 24.22 24.22 25.63

0 0

3.44 9.33 10.69

Between panel 7 & 8

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR

25.63−24.22
*100 =5.5<20%
25.63

So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the Average Value.

M 1+ M 2 25.63+24.22
= =24.93
2 2

Between panel 8 & 9

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR

27.84−24.22
*100 =13<20%
27.84

So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the Average Value.

M 1+ M 2 27.84+24.22
= =26.03
2 2

support moment adjustment section A-A (1st -4th floor )

p-9 p-6 p-3

27.84 19.81 19.81 23.02

4.76 12.34 13.98

Between panel 3 & 6

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR

23.02−19.81
*100 =13.9<20%.
23.02

So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the Average Value.

M 1+ M 2 23.02+ 19.81
= =21.42
2 2

Between panel 6 & 9

∆M MR−ML
∗100=¿ ∗100<20 %
Mmax MR

27.84−19.81
*100 =28.8>20%.
27.81

So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment redistribution method.

I 1
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 6) = = =0.2I
L 5

 Stiffness for far end free (Kp 9)= 0

KP 6 0.2
 DF P6 = = =1
kp 6+ kp 9 0+0.2

 DFP 9=0

Pane -9 Panel -6

DF =0 DF =1

-27.84 +19.81

0 +8.03

-27.84 +27.84
 Span moment adjustment

If the support moment is decreased, the span moments Mxf and Myfare then increased to allow

for the changes of support moments. This increase is calculated as being equal to the change of

the support moment multiplied by the factors. If a support moment is increased, no adjustment

shall be made to the span moments.

 ∆Mx= Cx∆M, Mxf,𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙= Mxf+ ∆Mx

 ∆My= Cy∆M, Myf,𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙= Myf+ ∆My

Where 𝐶𝑥 and 𝐶𝑦 are coefficients obtained from Table A-2 of ES EN 1995

For example section 4-4 panel 2 & 3

14.98
 p-3 13.69 p-2

12.4

For panel 2, as there is a decrease in filed moment, adjustment for field moment is not necessary.

But adjustment is needed on panel 3, due to the decrease in support moment:

In panel 3, Adjustment moment is at the short direction .

FOR PANEL -3

Ly 5
= =1.1
Lx 4.5
Cx = 0.356 and Cy =0.22

∆Mys=14.98-12.4=2.58

∆Mxs=0

∆Myf=0.22*2.58 +11.32 =11.89

∆Mxf=0.356*2.58 +13.98 =14.9

Table Summary of span moment adjustment for all panels in typical floor .

panel Adjustment

needed on Cx Cy Mxf Myf

panel 1 & 2 NO - - - -

panel 2 & 3 panel 3 0.356 0.22 14.9 11.89

panel 4 & 5 NO - - - -

panel 5 & 6 panel 6 0.356 0.22 13.33 12.13

panel 7 & 8 panel 7 0.356 0.22 13.03 12.64

panel 8 & 9 panel 8 0.38 0.28 16.75 11.46

panel 3& 6 panel 3 0.314 0.374 14.8 14.96

Panel 6 & 9 panel 6 0.314 0.374 15.37 15.95

panel 2& 5 NO - - - -

panel 5 &8 NO - - - -

panel 1 &4 NO - - - -

pane 4 & 7 NO - - - -

Adjusted values
Reinforcement calculation

Two-way slabs secondary Reinforcement

Sample calculation of flexural reinforcement for panel 1

Step1:- Material constants

Concrete: C20/25 steel: s-400

Fck =0.8*25=20Mpa400Mpa fcd =0.85*fck/1.5=11.33Mpa

Fyk =400Mpa fyd=fyk/1.15=347.83Mpa

Fctm = 2.2Mp

Step2: Calculation of reinforcement ratio

fcd
ρ =¿)* fyd , where b=1000mm, and d=210-25-10/2=180mm

11.33
ρ =¿)* 347.83 = 0.00257

Step3: Calculation of area of steel required

As min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
{0.26∗ ( fctm
fyk )
0.0013∗bt∗d
∗bt∗d
………………………ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (1

As min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
{ ( 347.83 )∗1000∗180=296 mm
2.2 2
0.26∗

0.0013∗1000∗180=234 mm2

=296mm2

As max= 0.04Ac…………… ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (3)

= 0.04*1000*180= 7200mm2/m

Area of steel required, As = ρ.b.d

 =0.00257*1000*180=462.6mm2

Step4: calculation of spacing

Using Ø10 bar, as=78.5mm2

For slab maximum spacing defined in ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.3.1.1 (3)

Smax = min {3 h=3∗200400mm=600

mm
mm

Smax =400mm

b∗as 1000∗78.5
Scalc= , =169.7mm, use Ø10 c/c 160mm
AScalc 462.6

The calculated reinforcement values are summarized in the table below.

Table: Reinforcement for support moment

Reinforcement calculation for support moment

Axis Location Moment ρ As calc Asmin Asmax AS used Scalc Smax Sprovided
Panel-9 & 6 27.84 0.00257 462.5 296 7200 462.5 169.7 400 Use Ø10c/c 160
A-A Panel-6 & 3 21.42 0.00196 352.8 296 7200 352.8 222.5 400 Use Ø10c/c 220
Panel-8 & 5 24.23 0.00223 401.4 296 7200 401.4 195.6 400 Use Ø10c/c 190
B-B Panel-5 & 2 20.27 0.00185 333 296 7200 333 235.7 400 Use Ø10c/c 230
Panel-7 & 4 25.63 0.00236 424.8 296 7200 424.8 184.8 400 Use Ø10c/c 180
C-C Panel-4 & 1 24.8 0.00228 410.4 296 7200 410.4 191.3 400 Use Ø10c/c 190
Panel-1 & 2 22.53 0.00206 370.8 296 7200 370.8 211.7 400 Use Ø10c/c 210
4_4 Panel-3 & 2 21.65 0.00198 356.4 296 7200 356.4 220.3 400 Use Ø10c/c 220
Panel-6 & 5 19.81 0.00181 325.8 296 7200 325.8 241.5 400 Use Ø10c/c 240
3_3 Panel-5 & 4 15.58 0.00142 255.6 296 7200 296 265 400 Use Ø10c/c 260
Panel-9 & 8 26.03 0.00241 433.8 296 7200 433.8 181 400 Use Ø10c/c 180
2_2 Panel-8 & 7 24.93 0.00229 412.2 296 7200 412.2 190.4 400 Use Ø10c/c 190

Table: Reinforcement for span moment

Axis Location M ρ As As As As Scalc Smax SProvided
calc
min max used

p1 Mxf 4.53 0.0009 106.48 224 4960 224 737.2 400 Ø10c/c400

Myf 5.12 0.001 120.57 224 4960 224 651.1 400 Ø10c/c400

p2 Mxf 2.48 0.0005 57.815 224 4960 224 1358 400 Ø10c/c400

Myf 2.76 0.0005 64.48 224 4960 224 1217 400 Ø10c/c400

p3 Mxf 4.53 0.0009 106.48 224 4960 224 737.2 400 Ø10c/c400

Myf 5.12 0.001 120.57 224 4960 224 651.1 400 Ø10c/c400

p6 Mxf 3.81 0.0007 89.243 224 4960 224 879.6 400 Ø10c/c400

Myf 3.81 0.0007 89.243 224 4960 224 879.6 400 Ø10c/c400

p7 Mxf 2.81 0.0005 65.707 224 4960 224 1195 400 Ø10c/c400

Myf 3.87 0.0007 90.785 224 4960 224 864.7 400 Ø10c/c400

p8 Mxf 3.71 0.0007 86.895 224 4960 224 903.4 400 Ø10c/c400

Myf 3.47 0.0007 81.397 224 4960 224 964.4 400 Ø10c/c400

p9 Mxf 2.81 0.0005 65.707 224 4960 224 1195 400 Ø10c/c400

Myf 3.87 0.0007 90.785 224 4960 224 864.7 400 Ø10c/c400

One-way slabs secondary Reinforcement

As per ES EN 1992-1-1, Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less than 20% of the
principal reinforcement should be provided in one-way slab.

fcd
ρ =¿)* , where b=1000mm, and d=210-25-10/2=180mm
fyd

11.33
ρ =¿)* = 0.000789
347.83
Area of steel required,

As max= 0.04Ac…………… ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (3)

= 0.004*1000*180= 720mm2/m

Area of steel required, As = ρ.b.d

= 0.0007*1000*170 = 126mm2/m

Ast, transverse=0.2*Ast, calc

=0.2*126mm2/m =25.2mm2/m

For slab maximum spacing in transverse direction is defined in section 9.3.1.1(3) of ES EN

Using Ø10 bar, as=78.5mm2

For slab maximum spacing defined in ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.3.1.1 (3)

Smax = min {3.5 h=3.5∗200 mm=700 mm

450 mm

Smax =400mm

b∗as 1000∗78.5
Scalc= , =3115.08mm, proved Ø10 c/c 450mm
AScalc 25.2

Table: Cantilevered slab secondary reinforcement

Cantilevered slab secondary reinforcement

As Sma
Cantiler Moment ρ calc As. trans Scalc x Sprovided
Cantiler 1 7.8134 0.0007 126 25.2 3115.08 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
Cantiler 2 8.094 0.00073 131.4 26.28 2987.06 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
Cantiler 3 15.117 0.00137 246.6 49.32 1591.65 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
Cantiler 4 8.25 0.00074 133.2 26.64 2946.7 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
Cantiler 5 7.09 0.0006 108 21.6 3634.26 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
 Cantiler 6 8.253 0.00074 133.2 26.64 2946.7 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
Cantiler 7 3.343 0.000289 52.02 10.02 7834 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
Cantiler 8 4.83 0.000439 79.02 15.804 4967 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
Cantiler 9 4.36 0.000398 71.64 14.328 5478.78 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm

Chapter Four

Analysis and design of staircase

Staircase is a structural member which provides vertical movement (circulation) between floors
of the building at different vertical levels. It consists of steps arrange in a series for the purpose
of giving access to different floors of building.

The type of stair on the architectural drawing is a quarter turn newel stair in which a well or
opening is left between forward and backward flight. The staircase is longitudinally supported. It
spans between supports of beam at the top and bottom of a flight.

In case of open well stairs where span partly cross at right angles the load on common area may
distributed as one half in each direction.

The basic steps of the analysis and design of a staircase are:

 Determine design life

 Assess actions on the stair

 Asses durability requirements and determine concrete strength

 Check cover requirements for appropriate fire resistance period

 Calculate minimum cover for durability, fire and bond requirements

 Check deflection for depth of stair

 Determine loading arrangements

 Analyze structure to obtain critical and shear forces

 Obtain critical moment

 Design flexural reinforcement

 Check shear capacity

 Check minimum reinforcement

 Check cracking

 Check anchorage

 Check laps

 Model of the stair

 Geometric data for stair from Architectural drawing

Riser = 15cm

Tread =30cm

Height of waist = 2.5m

Landing for flight 1 =1.25

Landing for flight 2 =1.25m

Number of tread =8

Number of riser =9

Effective Depth Determination: Serviceability requirement

C20/25 –cylindrical compressive strength =
20Mpa

Fck = 20 Mpa , fyk = 400 Mpa

In order to determine the depth of the slab, first it is needed to find concrete cover
and effective depth since total depth, D=effective depth (d) +Clear concrete cover+
Φlong/2

AccordingtoESEN1992:2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:

 By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or

 By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3,with a limit value

𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16 𝑎) and 7.4.2 (7.16 𝑏) respectively

where

 l/d - is the limit span/depth

 K- is the factor to take into account the different structural systems

 ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio=10-3√𝑓𝑐𝑘

 ρ - is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the
design loads (at support for cantilevers)

 ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist moment due to

design loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is characteristics compressive strength of
concrete in MPa unit.

 F3=310/as=(500/fyk*(As req/As, prev))

 F2=0.8,for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib
breadth exceeds 3. Otherwise; F2=1 for other cases.
  F3=7/ leff,for beams and slabs, other than flat slabs,with spans exceeding 7m,which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters, see Art.)
or

 Or F3=8.5/leff, for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5 m, and which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters).
 Otherwise; F3=1 for both cases Assumption initially we can’t know ρ and ρ’. So, let’s
assume ρ<ρo and use equation 7.16a
l/d =k[11+1.5√fck (ρo/ρ) +3.2√fck (ρo/ρ−1)3/2]∗F1∗F2∗F3....𝑖𝑓 𝜌≤𝜌𝑜, 𝐴𝑟𝑡 .7.4.2 (7.16 𝑎 )
l/d =K∗N∗F1∗F2∗F3,where:-
 N=11+1.5√fck (ρo/ρ)+3.2√fck (ρo/ρ−1)3/2 But ρo=ρ (assumption)
 ρo=√fck∗10−3=√20∗10−3=0.447%
 N=11+1.5√fck=11+1.5√20=11.71 ,

F3=310/as=(500/fyk*(As req/As, prev))=500/400=1.25

lx
=1.3 ⌊ 11+ 1.5
√ 20∗0.447 + 1 √20∗√ 0 ⌉
d 0.5−0 12 o .447

1
¿ 1.3 ⌈ 11+1.5∗4.472∗0.894+ ∗4.472∗0 ⌉
12

¿ 22.3
Where, L=4.2m=4200mm
⏀ 12 The effective depth d=4200mm/22.3=188.34mm
We have d '=cover+ =25+6=31mm
2

D = d+d’ =188.34mm+31mm =219.34 ≈220mm

D =220mm
Design for flight 1 and flight 3
 Table Dead load calculation
Material Thickness (m) Unit weight (KN/m3 )

Cement screed 0.05 23

Marble 0.02 27

Plastering 0.02 23

Concrete slab 0.24 25

For flight part

Self-weight of steps =1/2*0.15*25=1.875 KN/m2
Self-weight of slab (waist) = (0.24*25) = 6KN/m2
Cement screed=0.05*23= 1.15KN/m2
Weight of marble =0.02*27=0.54 KN/m2
Plaster =(0.02*23)=0.46KN/m2
Total Dead load= 9.975 KN/m2
Gk = 9.975 KN/m2
Live load

LL=6KN/m2 (4-7KN/m2 for shopping area or category D1)

Design load

Pd =1.35GK+1.5qk=1.35*9.975+1.5*6=22.466
KN/m2 Pd =22.466 KN/m2*1.25m= 22.64KN/m II.
For landing part

Self-weight of slab (waist)

=0.24*25=6KN/m2
C e m e n t =0.05*23=1.15KN/m2
plaster=0.02*23=0.46KN/m2
Total Dead load=7.61KN/m2
Live load LL=5KN/m2 (4-7KN/m2 for shopping area or category D1)
Design load Pd =1.35GK+1.5qk=1.35*7.61+1.5*6=19.274KN/m2
Pd =16.424KN/m2*1.5m= 28.91KN/m
Half load is applied for the common landing =28.91/2KN/M =14.456KN/M
 Chapter Five
Column Analysis and Design Result

A column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression loads with or without

moments. The cross sectional dimensions of a column are generally considerably less than its

height. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads

to the foundation.

Notice:-

Length depth and width for column design for

Element Depth(mm) Width(mm) Length(mm)

Column 400 400 3000

Design producer

Our column is bi axial column

Determine material design value

αcc∗fck 0.8∗0.85∗30
fcd= =
γc 1.5fyk
=13.6 ¿ N/mm
2
fyd= ¿ ¿ 400
1.15= ¿
¿ 1.15 =347.83 N /mm 2¿
¿
 Design cover

The nominal concrete cover is the distance b/n the surface of reinforcement closest to the

nearest concrete surface

C𝐴𝐴𝐴 = C𝐴𝐴𝐴 + ∆C𝐴𝐴𝐴 ES EN 1992:2015 Art 4.4.12(1)

Where; 𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴 –minimum ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is allowance in design for deviation.

Minimum cover, shall provide in order to ensure

 Safe transmission of bond force

 Corrosion resistance/ Durability
 Fire resistance
Cmin, Cmin = 𝐴 𝐴𝐴 { , + ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, − ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, − ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, 10𝐴𝐴

Where;

Cmin,b -minimum cover due to bond requirement,

Cmin,dur - minimum cover due to environmental

∆Cdur,γ- additive safety element,

∆Cdur,st -reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel

∆Cdur,add -reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection,

But; the recommended value of ∆Cdur,γ , ∆Cdur,st , and ∆Cdur,add is zero.

 Cover Design for Bond

In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate compaction of the concrete, the

minimum cover should not be less than Cmin,b

Bond Requirement

Type of steel Minimum Cover Cmin,b*

Ordinary Diameter of bar

Bundled Equivalent Diameter (Øn)

If the nominal maximum aggregate size is greater than 32mm Cmin,b should be increased by
5mm

Assume Φ16 longitudinal bar;

Therefore; Cmin,b=20mm

 Cover Design for Corrosion/Durability

The condition of exposure is XC1, which the environment condition is dry or permanently wet.

According to the exposure XC1 position of reinforcement not affected by construction process

exposure class will be reduced by 1class which is indicative strength class C20/25

The recommended Structural Class (design working life of 50 years) is S4 for the indicative

concrete strengths given in Annex E and the recommended modifications to the structural class

is given in Table 4.3N. But based on the above table the exposure class is reduce by 1 and the

structural class would be S3.

According to table 4.4N values of minimum cover Cmin,dur requirement with regard to

durability for reinforcement steel for structural class S3 Cmin,dur = 10mm

Cmin,b = 20mm

Then; Cmin = Max {Cmin,dur = 10mm,Cmin,b= 20mm ,10mm Therefore; Cmin= 20mm

 ΔCdev (allowance in Design for Variation

The value of ∆Cdev for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The

recommended value is 10 mm.

Then; Cnom= Cmin + ∆Cdev = 20mm + 10mm = 30mm

h’=30+20/2+10=50mm
h'
h= 50
¿
¿ 300=0.166 ¿
¿
Step 2: - Effective length determination

Effective length: a length used to account for the shape of the deflection curve.

It can also be defined as buckling length i.e the length of pin-ended column with constant

normal force,having the same cross section and buckling load. Determine the relative

flexibilities of rotational restraints at both ends 1,2

Determine effective length 𝑙𝑜 in each direction

Effective length, lo

For braced member,

3 3
bh 0.45∗0.3
Ibeam bottom = 12 ¿ = 12=0.00101 mm4 ¿
¿ ¿
 3 3
bh 0.4∗0.3
Ibeam top = 12 ¿ = 12=0.0009 m m4 ¿
¿ ¿
3 3
bh 0.4∗0.4
Icolumn= 12 ¿ = 12 ¿ =0.00213mm4
¿ ¿
EI (Column)/l
=0.832
2∑ EI ( beam ) /l
K1= ¿ for top
2∗ ¿
l
EI (Column)/l
=0.934
2∑ EI ( beam ) /l
K2= ¿ for bottom
2∗ ¿
l

lo=0.5*l√ ¿ ¿

lo

√
λ= iI ¿ h 400
¿ = = ¿
i= A
√ 12 3.46=115.46 mm ¿
¿2493 ¿
¿
¿
λ= 115.46 ¿ =21.56
¿
Step 3: - Specify reinforcement range (i.e maximum and minimum reinforcement) provided.

According to ES EN 1992-1-1, article 9.5.2.2, the minimum reinforcement provided should be

=0.002*400*400 =320mm2

Hence take as AS,min =561.3mm2

According to ES-EN 1992-1-1, article 9.5.2(3) the recommendation maximum value is

AS =0.04AC =0.04*400*400 =6400mm2

⏀long =20mm d’=25+10+20/2 =45mm

⏀long =10mm d =400mm-45mm =355mm

Step 4:- Imperfection (additional) Eccentricity

According to ESEN 1992-1-1, article 5.2.7 the effects of imperfection can be taken as:-
 lo
2493
eccentricity emax = 400 = h ¿
¿ 400=6.2325 mm ¿
30= ¿ 400 ¿ =0.01333m
¿ 30=13.33 mm ¿
¿

Therefore we take emax=13.33mm

Step 5:-first order effects:- action effects calculated without consideration of the effects of

structural deformation but including geometric imperfection first order moment including

imperfection.

MYY-T =-11.54KN.M MYY-B = 13.65KN.M

MZZ-T =63.47KN.M MZZ-B =-82.69KN.M

20∗A∗B∗Cx 20∗0.7∗1.1∗0.7572
λlim,y= = =12.30
√n √ 0.898

20∗A∗B∗Cx 20∗0.7∗1.1∗0.877
λlim,z= = =14.25
√n √ 0.898

λ=
lo
i √
,i=
I
=
H
=
400
A √ 12 3.46
=115.46 mm

2493
λ= 115.46 21.59
=¿ ¿
¿

λlim,y=12.30< λ=21.59 , And hence the column is not slender we do not consider e2
λlim,z=14.25< λ=21.59 , And hence the column is not slender we do not consider e2
𝑖𝑓 ʎ≥ʎ𝑙𝑖𝑚…𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒2 ), if not it is non slender
column(do not consider
second order)

Second order eccentricity, 𝑒2 computation

Second order effects: additional action effects caused by structural deformations. Second order
analysis on ES EN 1992: 5.8.8.2(3), 5.8.8.3(3), and 5.8.8.3(4) method based on nominal
curvature.

Step-8: Equivalent first order eccentricity

Y-Y direction

ee=max 0.6∗eo 2+ 0.4∗eo 1

0.4∗eo 2

mo1 13.65∗1000
eo 1= = =6.988 mm
nsd 1953.27
mo 11.54∗1000
eo 2= = =5.9 mm
nsd 1953.27

ee =max o .6∗5.9+0.4∗6.9888=6.33
0.4∗6.988=2.795 mm

ee=6.33mm
etot= ea+ ee=7.5mm+6.33mm=13.83mm
.
Z-Z direction

ee=max 0.6∗eo 2+ 0.4∗eo 1

0.4∗eo 2
 mo1 82.69∗1000
eo 1= = =42.33 mm
nsd 1953.27
mo 62.47∗1000
eo 2= = =31.98 mm
nsd 1953.27

ee =max o .6∗31.98+ 0.4∗42.33=36.12mm

0.4∗42.33=16.93 mm
ee=36.12mm
etot= ea+ ee=7.5mm+36.12mm=43.62mm

Step 9: - Reinforcement calculation

⍵∗Ac∗fcd
As,tot =
fyd

My=Nsd*etot-y =1953.27*0.01383 =27.01KNm

Mz= Nsd*etot-x=1953.27*0.04362 =85.20KNm

Nsd 1953.27∗1000
Vsd = = =0.8976
fcd∗b∗d 13.6∗400∗400

My 27.01∗1000000
µsd,s,y= = =0.031
fcd∗b∗ds 13.6∗400∗400∗400

Mz 85.20∗1000000
µsd,s,z= = =0.098
fcd∗b∗dsq 13.6∗400∗400∗400

h' b'
find ⍵ using = = =0.1
h b

From bi- axial interaction chart 18

⍵=0

⍵∗Ac∗fcd 0∗Ac∗fcd
As,tot = = =0
fyd fyd

⍵∗Ac∗fcd
As,tot =
fyd
My=Nsd*etot-y =1953.27*0.01383 =27.01KNm

Mz= Nsd*etot-x=1953.27*0.04362 =85.20KNm

Nsd 1953.27∗1000
Vsd = = =0.8976
fcd∗b∗d 13.6∗400∗400

My 27.01∗1000000
µsd,s,y= = =0.031
fcd∗b∗ds 13.6∗400∗400∗400

Mz 85.20∗1000000
µsd,s,z= = =0.098
fcd∗b∗dsq 13.6∗400∗400∗400

h' b'
find ⍵ using = = =0.1
h b

From bi- axial interaction chart 18

⍵=0

⍵∗Ac∗fcd 0∗Ac∗fcd
As,tot = = =0
fyd fyd

0.1∗1953.27∗1000 2
As,min=max =561.55 m m
347.83

2
0.002∗400∗400=320 m m

As,min=561.55mm2

Using ɸ20

561.55
µ= =1.788
π∗10∗10

Using 2ɸ20
Tie reinforcing calculation

Smax=min 20 ɸlong=20∗20=400 mm

min ( b , h ) =( 400,400 )=400 mm

Smax=400mm

Therefore use, 𝟇20c/c400mm

The reinforcement results are summarized in figure below: