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Lab Report V

The laboratory report focuses on transistor biasing and operating point stabilization, detailing the techniques and equipment used in the experiment. The objective was to study various biasing methods, including fixed bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter bias, while measuring key parameters such as collector-emitter voltage and collector current. Results indicated the importance of stable biasing circuits, particularly the voltage divider bias, in maintaining consistent performance despite variations in temperature and transistor characteristics.

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16 views

Lab Report V

The laboratory report focuses on transistor biasing and operating point stabilization, detailing the techniques and equipment used in the experiment. The objective was to study various biasing methods, including fixed bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter bias, while measuring key parameters such as collector-emitter voltage and collector current. Results indicated the importance of stable biasing circuits, particularly the voltage divider bias, in maintaining consistent performance despite variations in temperature and transistor characteristics.

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ung65014
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering


Addis Ababa University
Laboratory Report
Course: Electrical Engineering Lab II

Course No.: Eceg 2205

Experiment No. : 05

Title: Transistor biasing and Operating Point Stabilization

By: Aisha Abdulahi

Group: 2B

Date of Experiment: December 16, 2010

Date of Submission: December 23, 2010


Introduction
Bipolar transistor amplifiers must be properly biased to operate correctly. In circuits made with
individual devices (discrete circuits), biasing networks consisting of resistors are commonly
employed. Much more elaborate biasing arrangements are used in integrated circuits, for
example, band gap voltage references and current mirrors.

The operating point of a device, also known as bias point, quiescent point, or Q-point, is the
point on the output characteristics that shows the DC collector–emitter voltage (Vce) and the
collector current (Ic) with no input signal applied. The term is normally used in connection with
devices such as transistors.

Objective
 The objective of this experiment was to study the techniques of
transistor biasing and operating point.
Equipments Used

No. Description Code/Lab Reference Quantity


1 Regulated DC Power Supply - 1
2 Analogue multimeter - 1
3 Oscilloscope - 1
4 Function Generator - 1

Components Used
No. Description Type Quantity
1 Junction transistor BC-109B 1
2 Decade Resistor - 1
3 Resistor 1MΩ 1
4 Resistor 120KΩ 1
5 Resistor 56KΩ 1
6 Resistor 27KΩ 1
7 Resistor 1.8KΩ 1
8 Capacitor 10µF 1
9 Capacitor 200µF 1
Theory
Types of bias circuit
The following discussion treats five common biasing circuits used with Class A bipolar transistor
amplifiers:

1. Fixed bias
2. Fixed bias with emitter resistor
3. Voltage divider bias
4. Emitter bias

Fixed bias (base bias)

This form of biasing is also called base bias.


In the example image on the right, the
single power source (for example, a battery)
is used for both collector and base of
transistor, although separate batteries can
also be used. In the given circuit, V cc = IBRB +
Vbe

Therefore, IB = (Vcc - Vbe)/RB

For a given transistor, Vbe does not vary


significantly during use. As Vce is of fixed
value, on selection of RB, the base current IB Fixed bias with emitter resistance
is fixed. Therefore this type is called fixed
bias type of circuit.

Also for given circuit, Vcc = ICRC + Vce

Therefore, Vce = Vcc - ICRC

The common-emitter current gain of a


transistor is an important parameter in
circuit design, and is specified on the data
sheet for a particular transistor. It is
denoted as β on this page. Because, I C = βIB,
we can obtain IC as well. In this manner,
operating point given as (Vce,IC) can be set
for given transistor.
Voltage divider bias

The voltage divider is formed using external provided


resistors R1 and R2. The voltage across R2 .
forward biases the emitter junction. By
proper selection of resistors R1 and R2, the Also
operating point of the transistor can be
made independent of β. In this circuit, the For the given circuit,
voltage divider holds the base voltage fixed
independent of base current provided the
divider current is large compared to the
base current. However, even with a fixed
base voltage, collector current varies with
temperature (for example) so an emitter Emitter bias
resistor is added to stabilize the Q-point,
similar to the above circuits with emitter
resistor. In this circuit the base voltage is
given by:

voltage across
Procedure
Step One: A figure that looks like the figure below was set up using the respective values for the
component as C1=10µF, C2=10µF, CE=200µF, R1=120KΩ, R2=56KΩ, RC=1.8KΩ, RL=27KΩ and a
decade resistor set at 1KΩ in place of RE.

Step Two: After having the circuit checked,


VCC was set at 9.0V. The DC potentials of the
collector, the base and the emitter were
measured using the suitable ranges of the
analogue voltmeter.

Step Three: An AC signal of 1 KHz and


25mVpp was supplied on the input side and
the corresponding value of the output
voltage was measured using the
oscilloscope.

Step Four: The oscilloscope was connected to the output and V i was slowly increased until a
noticeable distortion was observed. The waveform of both the input and the output was
recorded by connecting the oscilloscope on the input and the output side respectively.

Step Five: Vi was further increased until either one or both the peaks were clipped. The
waveform of both the input and the output were recorded by connecting the oscilloscope on
the input and the output side respectively.

Step Six: The multimeter was connected across RE and the meter readings were recorded for
various values of emitter resistance, RE=0.9KΩ, 0.95KΩ, 1.00KΩ, 1.05KΩ and 1.1KΩ.

Step Seven: The Dc source, VCC was


removed and steps 2-6 were repeated for
the following figure ( RB=1MΩ).
Result
A.Figure 1
Step Two:
DC potential

VCEQ= 3.75V

VBE=0.75V

VB=2.3V

VE=2V

VC=5.4V

Step Three:
Output voltage when an AC signal of 1 KHz and 25Vpp was applied

Step Four:
Output when the first distortion was observed
Input when the first distortion was observed

Step Five:
Output when the first clipping was observed

Input when the first clipping was observed

Step Six:
Multimeter readings of the voltage across the emitter for various values of R E

RE Voltage
0.9 1.875V
0.95 1.9V
1.00 1.9V
1.05 1.925V
1.1 2.6V

B.Figure 2
Step Two:
DC potential

VCEQ= 3.84V

VBE=3.3V

VB=1.4V

VE=3.3V

VC=7V

Step Three:
Output voltage when an AC signal of 1 KHz and 25Vpp was applied

Volt/Division=1

Time/Division=0.5

Step Four:
Output when the first distortion was observed

Input when the first distortion was observed


Step Five:
Output when the first clipping was observed

Input when the first clipping was observed

Step Six:
Multimeter readings of the voltage across the emitter for various values of R E

RE Voltage
0.9 3.9V
0.95 1.6V
1.00 1.575V
1.05 0.45V
1.1 0.08V

Discussion and Conclusion


The objective of the laboratory activity was to differentiate between the different
techniques used in biasing a given transistor at the operating point. While biasing,
the effect of temperature and other external factors should be taken into
consideration which vary the operating point.

 The amplification power of a transistor is merely depend on the β value.


 Before using a transistor to amplify a small signal one should properly
select parameters to bias the transistor at a stable operating or quiescent
point.
 There are many type of transistor biasing methods among those two are
used in this laboratory activity:
1. Emitter stabilized bias circuit
2. Voltage divider bias circuit
 This biasing circuits are preferred because of their stable functioning in
cases where the transistors and the surrounding temperature vary, causing
a change in the operating point.
 The voltage divider biasing circuit is the mostly applied biasing circuit this Is
because it is more stable than the others this is because in the whole
analysis which will be done in the determination of the operating point one
is not expected to use the amplification constant β, this will make the
circuit stable because the selected parameters to bias the circuit are
independent of β and incase changes occur in the value of β they won’t be
affected
 And above all, in this laboratory activity one could practically see when an
input voltage is amplified and get relatively larger voltage output than the
input.

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