DATA & INFORMATION

Data : Data refers to a collection of raw facts or information that

can be processed to derive meaning or knowledge. In easier terms
we can say any fact that can be stored. Ex- XYZ, 12

Information : Processed data is called information.

Ex- Your name, temparature, etc.
LET'S LEARN
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (DBMS)
-By Riti Kumari
DATABASE
Collection of interrelated data is called a database.
It can be stored in the form of table
It can be any size

Multimedia database College database

img+video staff+student
EXAMPLE
ID Name subject ID Name Place

1 Rahul PHE 1 Rahul DELHI

2 Raj ECO 2 Raj KOLKATA

3 Riti IT 3 Riti MUMBAI

Collection of related data

FILE SYSTEM

An operating system's approach for organising and storing data

on storage units like hard drives is called a file system.
In a file system, data is organised into files.

The major disadvantage of file system is

Data redundancy
Poor Memory utilisation
Data inconsistency
Data security
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The acronym DBMS stands for "Database Management

System."

Users can access databases, save data, retrieve it, update it,
and manage it safely and effectively with the use of a
software program or combination of programs.

The presence of rules and regulations in the management

system is crucial as they are necessary to uphold and
maintain the database effectively.
APPLICATION OF DBMS

Schools and Colleges

Banks

Airlines
APPLICATION OF DBMS

Schools and Colleges - DBMS is used to create and

maintain a student information system that stores student
records, including personal details, academic performance,
attendance, and extracurricular activities.

Banks - DBMS is used to maintain a centralised and secure

database of customer information, including personal
details, account numbers, contact information, and
transaction history.
LET'S LEARN
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (DBMS)
-By Riti Kumari
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1 DBMS Introduction 8 Normalisation

2 DBMS Architecture 9 Denormalization

3 Data Abstraction 10 Transactions & Concurrency control

4 Types of data model 11 Indexing(B ,B+ trees)

5 ER Model 12 SQL

6 Relational Model

7 Type of keys
DATA & INFORMATION

Data : Data refers to a collection of raw facts or figures that

can be processed to derive meaning or knowledge. In easier terms
we can say any fact that can be stored. Ex- XYZ, 12

Information : Processed data is called information.

Ex- Your name, temparature, etc.
DATABASE
Collection of interrelated data is called a database.
It can be stored in the form of table
It can be any size

Multimedia database College database

img+video staff+student
EXAMPLE
ID Name subject ID Name Place

1 Rahul PHE 1 Rahul DELHI

2 Raj ECO 2 Raj KOLKATA

3 Riti IT 3 Riti MUMBAI

Collection of related data

FILE SYSTEM

An operating system's approach for organising and storing data

on storage units like hard drives is called a file system.
In a file system, data is organised into files.

The major disadvantage of file system is

Data redundancy
Poor Memory utilisation
Data inconsistency
Data security
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The acronym DBMS stands for "Database Management

System."

Users can access databases, save data, retrieve it, update it,
and manage it safely and effectively with the use of a
software program or combination of programs.

The presence of rules and regulations in the management

system is crucial as they are necessary to uphold and
maintain the database effectively.
APPLICATION OF DBMS

Schools and Colleges

Banks

Airlines
APPLICATION OF DBMS

Schools and Colleges - DBMS is used to create and

maintain a student information system that stores student
records, including personal details, academic performance,
attendance, and extracurricular activities.

Banks - DBMS is used to maintain a centralised and secure

database of customer information, including personal
details, account numbers, contact information, and
transaction history.
 TYPES OF DATABASES
1 Relational Databases (RDBMS) 8 Columnar Databases

2 NoSQL Databases 9 XML Databases

3 Object-Oriented Databases 10 NewSQL Databases

4 In-Memory Databases 11 Blockchain Databases

5 Time-Series Databases SQL

6 Spatial Databases

7 Multimedia Databases
TYPES OF DATABASES
Relational Databases (RDBMS)- These databases
structure data into organized tables that have predefined
connections between them. Data manipulation and
querying are performed using SQL (Structured Query
Language). Well-known instances encompass MySQL,
PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, and Microsoft SQL Server.

NoSQL Databases- NoSQL databases are created to

handle data that doesn't fit neatly into the strict setup of
traditional relational databases. Ex- MongoDB(Document
Oriented DB)
TYPES OF DATABASES
Object-Oriented Databases- These databases hold
objects (data and actions) utilized in object-oriented
programming. They work well for applications with
intricate data designs, like scientific simulations or
multimedia software.

In-Memory Databases- In these databases, data is kept

in the primary memory (RAM) rather than on a disk,
leading to quicker data retrieval. They're employed in
applications that demand instant data processing and
top-notch performance.
NEED OF DBMS

DBMS plays a vital role for businesses, institutions, and

organizations of all scales in effectively managing their data,
ensuring data accuracy and security, and supporting essential
decision-making processes.

It serves as the core of contemporary information systems,

facilitating efficient data management and serving as a basis
for a wide range of applications and services.
ADVANTAGE OF DBMS

Data Security- DBMS implements security mechanisms

that regulate access to sensitive information, safeguarding
it from unauthorized access and potential data breaches.

Data Redundancy and Inconsistency - DBMS removes

data redundancy, minimizing storage needs and ensuring
consistency through the maintenance of a unified version
of the data.

Data Integrity - DBMS guarantees data integrity by

enforcing rules and constraints that prohibit the entry of
incorrect or inconsistent data into the database.
ADVANTAGE OF DBMS

Data Scalability- DBMS can handle large datasets and

scale to accommodate increasing amounts of data as an
organization grows.

Data Abstraction- DBMS offers data abstraction, allowing

users and applications to interact with the database
without needing to understand its underlying
complexities.
DISADVANTAGE OF DBMS

Cost- Acquiring, deploying, and sustaining DBMS software

can incur significant costs. Furthermore, the hardware
essential for the proficient operation of a DBMS can also
lead to substantial expenses.

Scale Projects- When dealing with modest applications

and minimal data storage requirements, adopting a
comprehensive DBMS could introduce avoidable
intricacies and additional burdens. In these instances,
more streamlined data storage alternatives could be
better suited.
DISADVANTAGE OF DBMS
Vendor Lock-In- Once you've chosen a specific DBMS, it
can be challenging to switch to a different one due to
differences in data formats, query languages, and other
technical aspects. This can lead to vendor lock-in, where
you are dependent on a particular vendor's technology
and pricing.
DATA ABSTRACTION

Database systems are built with complex ways of organizing

data. To make it easier for people to use the database, the
creators hide the complicated stuff that users don't need to
worry about. This hiding of unnecessary things from users is
called data abstraction.
DATA ABSTRACTION
There are three levels of Abstraction

view 1 DBMS view 2

Introduction view 3

logical level

physical level
TYPES OF LEVEL
Physical level- This is the lowest level of data abstraction.
It describes how data is actually stored in database. You
can get the complex data structure details at this level.

Logical level- This is the middle level of 3-level data

abstraction architecture. It describes what data is stored
in database.

View level- Highest level of data abstraction. This level

describes the user interaction with database system.
SCHEMA & INSTANCE
Let us first learn about some basic concepts:

Schema- A schema is a logical container or structure that

organizes and defines the structure of a database.

It defines how data is organized, what data types are used,

what constraints are applied, and the relationships between
different pieces of data. A schema acts as a blueprint for the
database, ensuring data integrity, consistency, and efficient
data retrieval.
SCHEMA & INSTANCE
Types of Schema :

1. Physical Schema- A physical schema defines how data

is stored on the underlying hardware, including details
such as storage format, file organization, indexing
methods, and data placement.
SCHEMA & INSTANCE
Characteristics of Physical Schema :

Its primary focus lies in enhancing the storage and

retrieval of data to boost performance.

Modifications made to the physical schema demand

meticulous planning and can potentially affect the overall
performance of the database.

Example: Deciding to use clustered indexes on specific

columns for faster retrieval.
SCHEMA & INSTANCE
Types of Schema :

2. Logical Schema- A logical schema defines the database's

structure from a logical or conceptual perspective, without
considering how the data is physically stored.

Logical Schema

Conceptual Schema External Schema or

View Schema
SCHEMA & INSTANCE
Types of Logical Schema :

Conceptual Schema: The conceptual schema represents

the overall view of the entire database. It defines the high-
level structure and relationships between all data
elements.

External/View Schema: An external schema defines the

user-specific views of the database. It focuses on the
portions of the database that are relevant to specific user
roles or applications.
SCHEMA & INSTANCE
Characteristics of Logical Schema :

It delineates how data is structured into tables, the

interconnections between these tables, and the
restrictions placed on the data.

Logical schemas prioritize data modeling and database

design over considerations related to hardware or storage
specifics.

Example: Defining tables, specifying primary and foreign

keys, and creating views for data access.
SCHEMA & INSTANCE
Instance - The information residing within a database at a
specific point in time is referred to as the database's
"instance."

Within a given database schema, the declarations of

variables within its tables pertain to that specific database.
The term "instance" in this context denotes the current values
of these variables at a particular moment in time for that
database.
DBMS ARCHITECTURE

Database Management System architecture, refers to the

structural framework and organization of a database
management system. It defines how the various components
of the system work together to store, manage, and retrieve
data efficiently.
DBMS ARCHITECTURE
Types of DBMS ARCHITECTURE :

There are several types of DBMS Architecture.

Choice of architecture depends on factors such as the type
of database (e.g., relational, NoSQL) and the specific needs of
an application.

1-Tier Architecture
2-Tier Architecture
3-Tier Architecture
DBMS ARCHITECTURE

1-Tier Architecture - In 1 tier architecture the entire database

application, including the user interface, application logic, and
data storage, resides on a single machine or computer.

ex- An illustration of a straightforward single-tier architecture

can be seen when you install a database on your system and
use it to practice SQL queries.
DBMS ARCHITECTURE

2-Tier Architecture - In 2 Tier Architecture the presentation

layer runs on a client (PC, Mobile, Tablet, etc.), and data is
stored on a server.

Two tier architecture provides added security to the DBMS as

it is not exposed to the end-user directly. It also provides
direct and faster communication.
DBMS ARCHITECTURE
2-Tier Architecture

Client (User/Application) Server(db)

DBMS ARCHITECTURE
3-Tier Architecture - It separates the application into
three logically distinct layers presentation, application,
and data layer

Presentation layer- It handles the user interface.

ex- your PC, Tablet, Mobile, etc

Application layer - It manages business logic

ex- server

Data layer- It manages data storage and processing.

ex- Database Server
DBMS ARCHITECTURE
3-Tier Architecture

CLIENT

Presentation layer

SERVER
Application layer

DATABASE
Data layer
DBMS ARCHITECTURE
Advantages of 3-tier-architecture

Scalability: Easily adjust each tier to handle changing user

demands.
Modularity and Maintainability: Simplify maintenance by
separating responsibilities.
Security: Protect sensitive data with an additional layer.
Performance: Optimize presentation and application tiers
for better performance.
DBMS ARCHITECTURE
Disadvantages of 3-tier-architecture

The disadvantages of 3-Tier Architecture include

increased complexity, potential latency issues, longer
development time, resource overhead, and the possibility
of bottlenecks.