The document provides an overview of electronic communications, focusing on amplitude modulation (AM) and its principles, including the modulation process, advantages, and types of modulation. It describes the components and functions of AM transmitters and receivers, detailing the roles of various elements such as antennas, amplifiers, and demodulators. Additionally, it explains the modulation index and total transmitted power calculations, along with examples and comparisons between tuned radio frequency and super heterodyne receivers.
The document provides an overview of electronic communications, focusing on amplitude modulation (AM) and its principles, including the modulation process, advantages, and types of modulation. It describes the components and functions of AM transmitters and receivers, detailing the roles of various elements such as antennas, amplifiers, and demodulators. Additionally, it explains the modulation index and total transmitted power calculations, along with examples and comparisons between tuned radio frequency and super heterodyne receivers.
The document provides an overview of electronic communications, focusing on amplitude modulation (AM) and its principles, including the modulation process, advantages, and types of modulation. It describes the components and functions of AM transmitters and receivers, detailing the roles of various elements such as antennas, amplifiers, and demodulators. Additionally, it explains the modulation index and total transmitted power calculations, along with examples and comparisons between tuned radio frequency and super heterodyne receivers.
The document provides an overview of electronic communications, focusing on amplitude modulation (AM) and its principles, including the modulation process, advantages, and types of modulation. It describes the components and functions of AM transmitters and receivers, detailing the roles of various elements such as antennas, amplifiers, and demodulators. Additionally, it explains the modulation index and total transmitted power calculations, along with examples and comparisons between tuned radio frequency and super heterodyne receivers.
OCTOBER 2024 Electronic Communication Classification based on analog or digital communication RADIO MODULATION It is the basic requirements for transmitting signals through free space.
Process of impressing a low-frequency
intelligence signal onto a higher frequency carrier signal. Principles of Amplitude Modulation Amplitude Modulation or AM is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulation signal (information). Principles of Amplitude Modulation It is inexpensive, low quality form of modulation and used for communication broadcasting of both audio and video. AM Modulators are nonlinear devices with two inputs and one output. One input is a single, high frequency carrier signal of constant amplitude and the second input is Principles of Amplitude Modulation relatively low frequency information signals which may be a single frequency or a complex waveform made up of many frequencies. The modulated output waveform from an AM modulator is called an AM envelope. AM Frequency spectrum and bandwidth: components of an AM waveform •Lower side frequency (fc – fm) •The carrier frequency (fc) •Upper side frequency (fc + fm) Bandwidth of an AM Double Sideband Full Carrier (AM DSBFC) is equal to the difference between the highest upper side frequency and the lowest side frequency or two times the highest modulating signal frequency. B = fUSB - fLSB B = (fc + fm) – (fc – fm) B = 2fm(max) Carrier signals
Intelligence signals
AM waveform under varying intelligence signals
Advantages of Modulation •Antenna size gets reduced •No signal mixing occurs •Communication range increases •Multiplexing of signals occurs •Adjustments in the bandwidth is allowed •Reception quality improves High Level Modulator
Low Level Modulator
High-Level Modulation in an AM transmitter, intelligence superimposed on the carrier at the last point before the antenna. requires larger intelligence power to produce modulation but allows extremely efficient amplification of the higher-powered carrier. Low-Level Modulation in an AM transmitter, intelligence superimposed on the carrier; then the modulated waveform is amplified before reaching the antenna. Low level schemes allow low-powered intelligence signals to be used, but all subsequent output stages must use less efficient linear (not class C) configurations. Low-Level Modulation Low-level systems usually offer the most economical approach for low-power transmitters. Simple AM Transmitter block diagram Modulation Index, m measure of the extent to which a carrier voltage is varied by the intelligence for AM systems. Represented as a decimal quantity between 0 and 1 for AM transmitters. Modulation Index, m
𝐸𝑖 %m = x 100% 𝐸𝑐
or
𝐵−𝐴 %m = x 100% 𝐵+𝐴 Total Transmitted Power
PT = Pc + Pi where PT is the total transmitted power Pc is the carrier power Pi is the intelligence power Total Transmitted Power
𝑚² PT = Pc ( 1 + ) 2 where PT is the total transmitted power Pc is the carrier power m is the modulation index EXAMPLE A 500 W carrier is to be modulated to a 90% level. a) Determine the total transmitted power & b) the intelligence power. Radio Receivers A radio receiver is a device which reproduces the modulated or radio waves into sound waves. The radio receivers used in reproducing amplitude modulated signals are called AM radio receivers. So as to reproduce the AM wave into sound waves, every radio receiver must perform the following functions: Radio Receivers 1. The receiving antenna must intercept a portion of the passing radio waves. 2. The radio receiver must select the desired radio waves intercepted by the receiving antenna. Tuned parallel LC circuit are used which select only the radio frequency which is in resonant with them. Radio Receivers 3. The selected radio waves must be amplified by the tuned frequency amplifiers. 4. The audio signal must be recovered from the amplified radio waves. 5. The audio signals must be amplified by suitable number of audio amplifiers. 6. The amplified audio signals must be fed to a speaker for the sound reproduction. Two types of Radio Receivers 1. Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver 2. Super Heterodyne Receiver (SHR) Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver
Antenna – captures the signal in space.
RF Amplifier – amplifies the weak RF signal, it
has a variable resistor that controls the RF gain and sensitivity. Demodulator – extracts the message signal from the carrier wave.
AF Amplifier – a volume controlled amplifier
that raises the power level of the audio signal to a value sufficient to drive the loudspeaker of the receiver.
Speaker – converts the signal to its original
form. Super Heterodyne Receiver (SHR)
Antenna – captures the signal in space.
RF Amplifier – amplifies the weak RF signal
received from the antenna. Mixer – combines the incoming RF signal and the signal from the oscillator and produces in its output the two original frequencies, their sum and differences and various harmonic frequencies.
Local Oscillator – a stable crystal oscillator
whose frequency is in line with the incoming signal to produce the correct intermediate frequency. Intermediate Frequency (IF) Amplifier – amplifies the 455 kHz output of the Mixer and rejects the remaining output frequencies.
Demodulator – it demodulates the 455 kHz IF
signal and receives or extracts the original modulating signal or audio signal. Audio Frequency (AF) Amplifier – raises the power level of the audio signal to a value sufficient to drive the loudspeaker.
