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2. AVOCADO

Avocado (Persea americana) is a highly nutritious evergreen subtropical fruit known for its high fat content and low sugar levels, making it suitable for diabetic patients. It is cultivated in various regions including Mexico, the USA, and India, with three main ecological races: West Indian, Guatemalan, and Mexican, each with distinct characteristics. Successful avocado cultivation requires specific climatic and soil conditions, heavy fertilization, and proper propagation methods, while also being susceptible to various pests and diseases.

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16 views18 pages

2. AVOCADO

Avocado (Persea americana) is a highly nutritious evergreen subtropical fruit known for its high fat content and low sugar levels, making it suitable for diabetic patients. It is cultivated in various regions including Mexico, the USA, and India, with three main ecological races: West Indian, Guatemalan, and Mexican, each with distinct characteristics. Successful avocado cultivation requires specific climatic and soil conditions, heavy fertilization, and proper propagation methods, while also being susceptible to various pests and diseases.

Uploaded by

Dilshad S 540
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AVOCADO

Avocado – Persea americana,


Lauraceae
• Evergreen subtropical fruit plant.
• Known as butter fruit, because of high fat
content(26.4g/100 g of edible portion).
• Highly nutritious containing 1.7 % protein, 16 mg
Vit.C, 368 mg K, 38 mg P & 35 mg Mg/100 g of
edible portion. Sugar % is low(total CHO-5 g/100 g)
– recommended for diabetic patients.
• Native of Mexico & now grown in USA, Mexico,
Brazil, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines.
• In India – in foot hill slopes of TN, Kerala(Wynad) &
Karnataka(Coorg & Bangalore).
Cultivars : Grouped under three distinct ecological races, e.g. West
Indian, Guatemalan & Mexican. DGP chased purple pb in LGbTL
1.W.Indian Race : Native of of low lands of C.America.
Leaves light green, fruits medium sized with smooth, leathery, glossy
skin & ripen in 6-9 months.
Seeds large loosely fitted in the cavity. purple pb g
Low fat – 3 to 10 % . e.g. Pollock, Purple, Black Prince.
2.Guatemalan Race : Native of high lands of C.America. m
Large sized(600-900 g), with thick, brittle & warty skin.
Ripen in 9-12 months. Seeds small, held tightly in the cavity. w
Fat – 8 to 15 %. LGbTL
E.g. Hass, Lula, Green, Taylor, Linda.
3.Mexican Race : Native of high lands of Mexico.
Leaves anise scented. Fruits small(225 g or less) with thin smooth
skin, ripen in 6-8 months. Seeds large, loosely fitted in the cavity.
Pulp smooth, highest fat content of 30 %. Resistant to frost. e.g.
Duke, Pernod, Goff fried.
DGP
hf ppt
• Varieties :
•
• 1.Fuerte : Most popular variety. Leading commercial variety in the
world and famous in California.Cross between Mexican &
Guatemalan . Popular in California. Pyriform in shape, 18-26 % fat.
• 2.Pollock : Large fruits(900-1300 g), oblong to pyriform, less fat(3-
5%).
• 3.Hass : Fruits round, 20% fat, turn purple on ripening.
• 4.Purple : Pear shaped, 8 to 10 % fat, smooth, shiny, deep
crimson/maroon coloured pericarp. Nutty flavour, popular in
India.
• 5.TKD-1 : from HRS, Thadiyankudissi, TNAU. Fruits round, 600-650
g, 260 kg fruits/tree.
Climatic and soil requirements:
• Subtropical to temperate climate. Flowering promoted by long
days. Temp. : 15 to 28 C is optimum for growth & yield.
• Soil – Clay loam, pH – 5 to 7.
• Avocado trees of the West Indian race perform well in humid
tropical climate, but the other two races viz., Mexican and
Guatemalan fail to flower or set fruit in the tropics.
• On the other hand, the West Indian race sets little or no fruit
in subtropical climate. Mexican race is the most resistant one
to cold followed by Guatemalan race.
• If proper race and cultivars are chosen, avocadoes can thrive
and produce a good crop in climatic conditions ranging from
true tropical to warmer parts of the temperate zone.
• Though avocadoes can be grown successfully
in varying soil conditions, they are extremely
sensitive to poor drainage and saline
conditions. They prefer soils with pH ranging
from 5-7
• Sandy loam of alluvial origin or soils having 20
to 40 % clay
West Indian Avocado
Mexican
Manuring
• Avocado requires heavy fertilization.
• Application of nitrogen is the most essential.
Nitrogen deficiency causes restricted growth, with
reduced, pale coloured leaves and smaller fruits.
• An average crop of avocado removes 40 kg N,
25kg P2O5, 60 kg K2O
• Therefore, to maintain the soil fertility for getting
consistent yields, it becomes necessary to
replenish these nutrients
• Propagation : 1. Seed (CP, heterozygous), 2.Vegetative – Approach
grafting(Mexican rootstock – dwarfing effect, 3.Cuttings – Leafy
cuttings in Mexican race. 4.Layering, 5.Chip budding &
6.Micropropagation. I In vitro multiplication through axillary buds
and microcuttings of adult grafted plants.
•
• Planting : Pits of 75 cm3 to 1 m3 at 6-12 m spacing. Spreading
types(Fuerte) – wider spacing. Upright cultivars(Pollock) – closer
spacing. ; HDP – 5m x 5m
•
• Flowering : Seedlings take 5 to 6 yrs & veg. propagated plants
take 3 to 4 yrs for flowering. Season – March to April in North
Hemisphere & Aug.-October in South Hemisphere. Flrs bisexual,
protogynous, cross pollination carried out by honey bees.
•
• Harvesting & Yield : Climacteric fruit, ripens only
after harvest. Maturity is tested by oil % or by
picking a few fruits to test ripening. Yield – 100 to
500 fruits/tree.
•
• Pests & Diseases : Scales, mealy bugs & mites.
Fruit rot, root rot, anthracnose, leaf spot & scab.
•
• Physiological disorders : Grey pulp, Pulp spot, Tip
burn, Mesocarp discolouration
Female stage, Male stage
Female Stage, Male Stage

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