Cells & Tissues

Dr. Ananya
The Cell- Introduction
ü Both, bricks in a building and cells in the living organisms, are basic structural units
ü The buildings, though built of similar bricks, have different designs, shapes and sizes.
Similarly, in the living world, organisms differ from one another but all are made up of
cells

ü Cells in the living organisms are complex living structures unlike non-living bricks
The Cell- Introduction

ü Fundamental unit of life

ü Self replicating structure

ü Some organisms are unicellular, others are multicellular

ü Diameter- 2-120µm.
Variation in the shape & size of cells
Discovery of the Cell

üRobert Hooke in 1665 observed slices of cork under a simple

magnifying device
üCork is a part of the bark of a tree
üHe took thin slices of cork and observed them under a microscope. He
noticed partitioned boxes or compartments in the cork slice
Discovery of the Cell- contd.

üThese boxes appeared like a honey- comb

üHe also noticed that one box was separated from the other by
a wall or partition

üHooke coined the term ‘cell’ for each box

üWhat Hooke observed as boxes or cells in the cork were

actually dead cells
Discovery of the Cell- contd.
üIn 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view
organism (living things)

üThus, he was the first to see and discover living cell

üLeeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water

& scrapings from his teeth
 Cell Theory
ü Proposed by Matthais Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in
1839

-All living things are made up of cells.

ü In 1838, a German botanist
named Matthias Schleiden
-Cells are the smallest working unit of all living things. concluded that all plants were
made of cells
-All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division.
ü In 1839, a British zoologist
named Theodore Schwann
concluded that all animals were
ü In 1855, Rudolph Virchow reasoned that made of cells
all cells come from other pre-existing
cells by cell division (Omnis cellula-e-
cellula)
Constituents of a cell
ü Different substances that make a cell within the cell boundary are collectively
called Protoplasm
ü Protoplasm is composed of :-
1)Water -70-80% Water is present in cell

2)Carbohydrates

3)Lipids

4)Proteins

5)Electrolyte - Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Calcium (Ca2+),

Phosphate , Chloride (Cl-), and Bicarbonate (HC03 - ).
Subcellular structures

Major Structures Present in a cell are :-

• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm and its Organelles Cell Membrane
• Nucleus

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
ü Composed of double layer of phospholipids Outside
and proteins of cell
Carbohydrate
ü Living and surrounds outside of all cells Proteins chains
Cell
ü Controls what enters or leaves the cell membrane
ü Molecules in cell membranes are constantly
moving and changing Inside
of cell Protein Lipid bilayer
ü Proteins help move large molecules or aid in
(cytoplasm) channel
cell recognition
ü Peripheral proteins (In red) are attached on
the surface (inner or outer) Hydrophilic
ü Integral proteins (In black) are embedded
completely through the membrane
ü In case of plants, it lies immediately against the
cell wall

Hydrophobic
Cell Wall
Cell wall
• Found outside of the cell membrane
• Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
• Nonliving layer
• Supports and protects cell
• Gives a definite shape to the cell
• A typical cell wall is composed of three
different regions
1. Middle Lamella 2. Primary cell wall
(1-3 μm thick and elastic) 3. Secondary
cell wall (5-10 μm thick and rigid)
 Cytoplasm of a Cell

ü Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell

membrane

ü Provides a medium for chemical

reactions to take place

ü Contains organelles to carry out

specific jobs
Mitochondrion
(plural = mitochondria) Mitochondria come from cytoplasm
in the egg cell during fertilization
Therefore …
You inherit your mitochondria from
your mother!
Ø “Powerhouse” of the cell
Ø Generate cellular energy (ATP)
Ø More active cells like muscle cells have MORE
mitochondria
Ø Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
Ø Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
Ø Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Ø Has its own DNA
Ø Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE
(increases surface area
for more chemical reactions)
Ø Interior is called Matrix
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
üNetwork of hollow membrane tubules
üFunctions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport
üTwo kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
üRough ER Has ribosomes on its surface and makes the necessary
membrane proteins
ü Smooth ER makes the membrane lipids and steroids
Ribosomes
ü Made of PROTEINS and
à
rRNA
ü “Protein factories” for cell
ü Join amino acids to make
proteins through protein
synthesis
Can be attached to
Rough ER

OR

Be free (unattached)
in the cytoplasm
Golgi Bodies Transport
vesicle
CIS

ü Stacks of flattened sacs, look like a stack of pancakes

ü Have a shipping side (cis face) & a receiving side (trans face)

ü Receive proteins made by ER

ü Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends TRANS
ü Cargo of the cell. Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for
storage OR
transport out of cell
ü Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell
membrane by VESICLES
 Lysosomes
üContain digestive enzymes
üBreak down food, bacteria, and worn out cell
parts for cells
üProgrammed for cell death (APOPTOSIS), thus
known as ‘suicidal bags’ of cells
üLyse & release enzymes to break down &
recycle cell parts)
üCells take in food by phagocytosis and
Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes
 Chloroplasts

ü Found only in producers (organisms containing

chlorophyll)
ü Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
ü Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
ü Outer membrane smooth
ü Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids
ü Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected
ü Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids
 Centrosomes/ Centrioles
ü Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles arranged at
right angles to each other
ü Found only in animal cells
ü Paired structures near nucleus
ü Made of bundle of microtubules
ü Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle
ü Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite
ends of the cell
Cytoskeleton
ü Helps cell maintain cell shape, provides the structural framework
ü Also help move organelles around
ü Made of proteins
ü Microfilaments are threadlike & made of ACTIN
ü Microtubules are tube-like & made of TUBULIN

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS
Vacuoles
üFluid filled sacks for storage
üSmall or absent in animal cells
üPlant cells have a large Central
Vacuole
üIn plants, they store Cell Sap
üIncludes storage of sugars, proteins,
minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water,
and enzymes
Cilia & Flagella
üFunction in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in
small particles across the cell surface
üMade up of microtubules
üCilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
üFlagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on
cells
The Control Organelle - Nucleus

ü Controls the normal activities of the cell

ü Contains the DNA in chromosomes
ü Bound by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with
pores
ü Usually the largest organelle
ü Each nucleus has fixed
number of chromosomes that carry genes
ü Genes control cell characteristics
ü Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope is a double
membrane bound structure and contains nuclear
pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus
ü Nucleolus is present inside the nucleus and makes Nuclear
ribosomes for protein synthesis pores
 What Does DNA do?
Inside the Nucleus - ü Genes that make up the DNA molecule
code for different proteins
The genetic material (DNA) is found
ü DNA is the hereditary material of
the cell

DNA is condensed &

DNA is spread out
wrapped around
And appears as
proteins forming
CHROMATIN
as CHROMOSOMES
in non-dividing cells
in dividing cells
Prokaryotes – The first Cells

üCells that lack a true nucleus or membrane-

bound organelles
üIncludes bacteria
üSimplest type of cell
üSingle, circular chromosome
üEg. Bacteria

29
Eukaryotes

üCells that have a true nucleus and

membrane-bound organelles

üIncludes cells of all higher

organisms such as algae, fungi,
plants, and animals

üMore complex type of cells

A comparative account on bacterial, plant and animal
cells
Tissues

Structural organization