Designation: A 125 96 (Reapproved 2001)

Standard Specication for

Steel Springs, Helical, Heat-Treated1

This standard is issued under the xed designation A 125; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope 1.1 This specication covers hot-coiled, heat-treated helical compression springs with tapered, closed, squared and ground ends made of hot-wrought round steel bars 38 in. (9.5 mm) and larger in diameter. 1.2 This specication also serves to inform the user of practical manufacturing limits, mechanical tests, and inspection requirements applicable to the type of spring described in 1.1. 1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S8 inclusive of an optional nature are provided. They shall apply only when specied by the purchaser. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only). 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: A 29/A 29M Specication for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought and Cold-Finished, General Requirements for2 A 689 Specication for Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars for Springs2 E 10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials3 E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size3 E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination4 3. Ordering Information 3.1 Orders for springs under this specication shall include the following information:
1 This specication is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.15 on Bars. Current edition approved Jan. 25, 1996. Published February 1996. Originally published as A 125 29 T. Last previous edition A 125 95. 2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05. 3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. 4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.

3.1.1 Quantity, 3.1.2 Name of material, 3.1.3 A drawing or list showing required dimensions and loads, and part number, 3.1.4 Packaging, marking and loading, and 3.1.5 End use.
NOTE 1A typical ordering description is: 500 springs Drawing 3303 Rev. A. to ASTM A 125, 1095 steel, for cyclical machine operation. Palletize, maximum weight 4000 lb.

4. Materials and Manufacture 4.1 Material: 4.1.1 Unless otherwise specied, the springs shall be made of carbon steel bars conforming to the requirements of Specication A 689. Due to hardenability limitations of carbon steel, it is suggested that the bar diameter be limited to 158 in. (41.8 mm) max in order to withstand the maximum test stress requirements of this specication. 4.1.2 If alloy steel is specied, the springs shall be made from alloy steel bars conforming to Specication A 689. Any of the alloy steel grades referred to may be used at the option of the spring manufacturer, providing that a minimum asquenched hardness of Rockwell HRC-50 will be achieved at the center of the bar section representing the spring when quenched in the same media and manner as the spring. 4.1.3 Springs Made from Bars Over 2 in. (50.8 mm)Note that the bias tolerance (reference Specication A29/A 29M, Table A1.1 on Permissible Variations in Cross Section for Hot-Wrought Round, Square, and Round-Cornered Square Bars of Steel) of the bar diameter shall be taken into consideration when designing and calculating the solid height, spring rate, solid stress, and solid capacity. 4.2 Hardness: 4.2.1 The springs must be quenched and tempered to a sufficiently high hardness (strength) to withstand the stresses developed in testing the nished spring. The maximum hardness shall not exceed 477 Brinell numbers (2.80 mm indentation diameter). 4.2.2 When hardness limits are specied, the total range or spread may not be less than 0.15 mm difference in indentation diameters. The specied or indicated minimum hardness must

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A 125 96 (2001)
be sufficient to develop the required strength to withstand the solid stresses of the spring design involved. 4.2.3 Hardness shall be read on a prepared at surface in an area not detrimental to the life of the spring at a full section after removal of the decarburized layer. A tungsten-carbide 10-mm ball shall be applied under a 3000-kg load and the indentation diameter converted to Brinell numbers by using Table 1. The values for Table 1 have been taken from Specication E 10. 4.3 Metallurgical Requirements: 4.3.1 The total depth of decarburization, partial plus complete as measured on the nished spring in the quenched and tempered condition, shall not exceed 0.006 in. (0.15 mm) plus 1 % of the bar diameter. The decarburization shall be examined at 1003 on a test specimen suitably etched and cut from a full cross section of the test spring showing at least one lineal inch of original bar circumference. 4.3.2 The structure of the nished spring shall have an average ASTM Grain Size No. 5 or ner as determined by the latest revision of Test Methods E 112. 4.4 End Construction: 4.4.1 End Construction-Tapered Squared and Ground The end bearing surfaces of the spring shall be ground to produce a rm bearing. The end bearing surfaces shall have a minimum bearing surface of two thirds of the mean coil circumference and a minimum width of two thirds of the hot-tapered surface of the bar. The tip ends of the bar shall be in approximate contact with the adjacent coil, and shall not protrude beyond the maximum permissible outside diameters of the spring as established by Table 2. 4.4.1.1 End Construction Coil Blunt Squared and Ground (Optional)The end bearing surfaces of the spring shall be ground to produce a rm bearing. The end bearing surfaces shall have a minimum ground bearing surface of two thirds of
TABLE 2 Brinell Hardness
Indentation Diameter, mm 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95 3.00 3.05 3.10 3.15 Brinell Hardness Numbers 495 477 461 444 429 415 401 388 375

the mean coil circumference and a minimum width of two thirds of the bar diameter. The tip ends of the bar shall be in approximate contact with the adjacent coil and shall not protrude beyond the maximum permissible outside diameters of the spring as established by Table 2. 4.4.2 Springs with ground ends having a free height-tomean diameter ratio of not less than 1 or more than 5 shall not deviate from the perpendicular more than the number of degrees prescribed in Table 3, as determined by standing the spring on its end and measuring the angular deviation of a straightedge along the outer helix from a perpendicular to the plate on which the spring is standing. 4.4.3 The ends of springs shall be parallel within a tolerance of twice that specied for the squareness of ends as determined by standing the spring on its end and measuring the maximum angular deviation of the other end from a plane parellel to the plate on which the spring is standing. 5. Physical Requirements 5.1 Measurements: 5.1.1 Solid HeightThe solid height is the perpendicular distance between the plates of the testing machine when the

TABLE 1 Permissible Out-of-Squareness, Springs with Ground Ends

Total Travel, in. (mm) 2 (51) and under Over 2 to 4 (51 to 102), incl Over 4 to 6 (102 to 152), incl Over 6 to 8 (152 to 203), incl Mean Diameter, in. (mm) Over 8 to 10 (203 to 254), incl Over 10 to 12 (254 to 305), incl Over 12 to 14 (305 to 356), incl Over 14 to 16 (356 to 406), incl Over 16 to 18 (406 to 457), incl Over 18 to 20 (457 to 508), incl

Degree 2 (51) and under Over 2 to 4 (51 to 102), incl Over 4 to 6 (102 to 152), incl Over 6 to 8 (152 to 203), incl Over 8 to 10 (203 to 254), incl Over 10 to 12 (254 to 305), incl Over 12 to 14 (305 to 356), incl Over 14 to 16 (356 to 406), incl Over 16 to 18 (406 to 457), incl Over 18 to 20 (457 to 508), incl Over 20 to 22 (508 to 559), incl Over 22 to 24 (559 to 610), incl Over 24 to 26 (610 to 660), incl Over 26 to 28 (660 to 701), incl Over 28 to 30 (702 to 762), incl Over 30 to 32 (762 to 813), incl Over 32 to 34 (813 to 864), incl Over 34 to 38 (864 to 914), incl Over 36 to 38 (914 to 965), incl Over 38 to 42 (965 to 1016), incl 114 134 214 212 234 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 114 112 134 214 212 234 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 114 112 134 2 214 212 234 3 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 114 114 112 112 134 2 214 212 234 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 114 114 112 112 134 2 214 212 234 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 114 114 112 134 2 2 214 214 214 212 212 234 234 234 3 ... ... ... 1 1 1 114 114 112 134 2 214 214 214 212 212 212 234 234 234 3 ... ... ... ... 1 1 114 112 134 134 2 2 2 214 214 214 212 212 234 234 3 ... ... ... ... ... 1 114 112 134 2 2 2 214 214 214 212 212 234 234 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 114 112 112 134 134 134 2 2 2 ... ... ... ... ...

A 125 96 (2001)
TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Outside Diameter of Helix (For springs with D/d ratio not exceeding 8)

NOTE 1 (for design information) These permissible variations, exclusives of manufacturing taper, should be used as a guide in the design of concentrically-nested helical-spring units for free assembly. The diametrical clearance desired is 116 in. (1.59 mm) less than the sum of the applicable tolerances of the nested spring units, but in no case shoulds it be less than 18 in. (3.17 mm). NOTE 2In cases where radical clearance on existing concentrically-nested helical-spring units will not accommodate these tolerances, the nominal inside diameters shall be adhered to as closely as practicable, with plus variation on the outer springs and minus variation on the inner springs to guarantee free assembly. Drawings must show reference to the complete nested spring units. NOTE 3 (For springs with D/d ratio not exceeding 8) For D/d ratio greater than 8, increase tolerance 50 %.
Nominal Outside Diameter, in. (mm) Nominal Free Height or Length of Spring, in. (mm) Up to 10 (254) incl, 6 Over 10 to 18 (254 to 457), incl, 6 (2.38) (3.17) 316 (4.76) 14 (6.35) ... ... ... ...
3 32 18

Over 18 to 26 (457 to 661), incl, 6 (3.17) (4.76) 14 (6.35) 14 (6.35) 516 (7.94) 38 (9.53) 716 12
18 3 16

Over 26 to 34 (661 to 874), incl, 6

5 32

Over 34 to 42 (874 to 1067), incl, 6

3 16

Over 42 to 60 (1067 to 1524), incl, 6 ... ... ... 516 (7.94) 38 (9.53) 716 (11.00) 12 12

Up to 6 (152), incl Over 6 to 8 (152 to 203), incl Over 8 to 12 (203 to 305), incl Over 12 to 16 (305 to 406), incl Over 16 to 20 (406 to 508), incl Over 20 to 24 (508 to 610), incl Over 24 to 28 (610 to 701), incl Over 28 (701), incl

1 16

3 32

(1.59) (2.38) 18 (3.17) ... ... ... ... ...

14 14 516 38
14

(3.97) (6.35) (6.35) (6.35) (7.94) (9.53) 716 12

14 516 38
14 14

(4.76) (6.35) (6.35) (6.35) (7.94) (9.53) 716 12

spring is compressed solid with the load specied in 7.3. The solid height thus measured may be less, but shall not exceed the specied nominal solid height by more than the limits given in Table 4. 5.1.2 Free HeightThe free height is the height of the spring after the load specied in 7.3 has been released, and is determined by placing a straightedge across the top of the spring and measuring the perpendicular distance from the plate on which the spring stands to the bottom of the straightedge at the approximate center of the spring. Tolerances are shown in Table 5. 5.1.3 Loaded HeightThe loaded height is the perpendicular distance between the plates of the testing machine when the specied working load has been applied in compression. Tolerances are shown in Table 5. 5.1.4 Permanent SetAfter determining the free height as specied in 5.1.2, the permanent set is the difference between this free height and the height after the spring has been compressed solid three additional times under the test load specied in 7.3, measured at the same point and in the same manner. Tolerances are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 4 Permissible Variations in Solid Height
Nominal Solid Height, in. (mm) Up to 7 (178), incl Over 7 to 10 (178 to 254), incl Over 10 to 13 (254 to 330), incl Over 13 to 16 (330 to 406), incl Over 16 to 19 (406 to 483), incl Over 19 to 22 (483 to 559), incl Over 22 to 25 (559 to 635), incl Over 25 to 28 (635 to 711), incl Over 28 to 31 (711 to 787), incl Deviation Above Nominal Solid Height, max, in.A (mm) (1.59) (2.38) 18 (3.17) 532 (3.97) 316 (4.76) 732 (5.56) 14 (6.35) 932 (7.14) 516 (7.94)
1 16 3 32

TABLE 5 Permissible Variations in Free Height, Loaded Height and Permanent Set
Nominal Total Deection, in. (mm) Deviation From Nominal Free Height, max, in. (mm), 6 Deviation From Nominal Loaded Height,A max, in. (mm), 6 632 732 832 932 1032 1132 1232 1332 1432 1532 1632 1732 1832 1932 2032 2132 2232 2332 2432 2532 2632 2732 2832 2932 3032 3132
4 32 5 32

Permanent Set, max, in. (mm)

Up to 3 (76.2), incl Over 3 to 4 (76.2 to 102), incl Over 4 to 5 (102 to 127), incl Over 5 to 6 (127 to 152), incl Over 6 to 7 (152 to 179), incl Over 7 to 8 (179 to 203), incl Over 8 to 9 (203 to 228), incl Over 9 to 10 (228 to 254), incl Over 10 to 11 (254 to 279), incl Over 11 to 12 (279 to 305), incl Over 12 to 13 (305 to 330), incl Over 13 to 14 (330 to 356), incl Over 14 to 15 (356 to 381), incl Over 15 to 16 (381 to 406), incl Over 16 to 17 (406 to 431), incl Over 17 to 18 (431 to 457), incl Over 18 to 19 (457 to 483), incl Over 19 to 20 (483 to 508), incl Over 20 to 21 (508 to 533), incl Over 21 to 22 (533 to 559), incl Over 22 to 23 (559 to 584), incl Over 23 to 24 (584 to 610), incl Over 24 to 25 (610 to 635), incl Over 25 to 26 (635 to 661), incl Over 26 to 27 (661 to 685), incl Over 27 to 28 (685 to 711), incl Over 28 to 29 (711 to 746), incl Over 29 to 30 (746 to 772), incl
A

(3.97) (6.35) 832 (6.35) 1132 (8.73) 1132 (8.73) 1432 (11.0) 1432 (11.0) 1732 (13.49) 1732 (13.49) 2032 (15.87) 2032 (15.87) 2332 (18.25) 2332 (18.25) 2632 (20.64) 2632 (20.64) 2932 (23.01) 2932 (23.01) 1 (25.40) 1 (25.40) 1332 (27.78) 1332 (27.78) 1632 (30.16) 1632 (30.16) 1932 (32.54) 1932 (32.54) 11232 (34.93) 11232 (34.93) 11532 (37.19)
5 32 8 32

(3.17) (3.97) (4.76) (5.56) (6.35) (7.14) (7.94) (8.73) (9.53) (10.32) (11.00) (11.91) (12.70) (13.49) (14.28) (15.08) (15.87) (16.67) (17.46) (18.25) (19.05) (19.84) (20.64) (21.43) (22.22) (23.01) (23.81) (24.61)

564 564 664 664 764 764 864 864 864 964 964 1036 1064 1164 1164 1264 1264 1364 1364 1464 1464 1564 1564 1664 1664
3 64 4 64 4 64

(1.19) (1.59) (1.59) (1.99) (1.99) (2.38) (2.38) (2.78) (2.78) (3.17) (3.17) (3.17) (3.57) (3.57) (3.97) (3.97) (4.37) (4.37) (4.76) (4.76) (5.16) (5.16) (5.56) (5.56) (5.96) (5.96) (6.35) (6.35)

If two loads are specied, no tolerance shall apply to the free height.

A For additional 3-in. (76-mm) increase in solid height, the deviation shown should be increased by 132 in. (0.79 mm).

5.1.5 Uniformity of PitchThe pitch of the coils shall be sufficiently uniform so that when the spring is compressed without lateral support to a height representing a deection of 85 % of the nominal total travel, none of the coils shall be in contact with one another, excluding the inactive end coils.
3

A 125 96 (2001)
Under 85 % deection, the maximum spacing between any two adjacent active coils shall not exceed 40 % of the nominal free coil spacing. The nominal free coil spacing is equivalent to the specied total travel divided by the number of active turns. When the design is such that it cannot be compressed to solid height without lateral support, these requirements do not apply. 5.1.6 Outside DiameterThe outside diameter shall be measured on a spring in the free condition and across any full turn excluding the end turns and must be taken approximately perpendicular to the helix axis. The tolerances are shown in Table 2. 5.1.7 Calculations for Testing Loads and Stresses: 5.1.7.1 Solid CapacityCalculate the solid capacity of the spring as follows:
P 5 Gd F/8 ND
4 3

shall this load exceed by more than 50 % the solid capacity as calculated (see 5.1.7.1). 7.3.2 If the uncorrected solid stress (see 5.1.7.2) exceeds 100 000 psi for carbon steel or 115 000 psi for alloy steel, the springs shall not be subject to solid compression, and requirements for solid height (5.1.1) and permanent set (5.1.4) do not apply. 7.4 The stresses specied in 7.3 are limiting stresses not to be exceeded in testing and are not intended as a guide in the design of springs. The proper working and solid stresses will depend upon the class of spring, bar size, spring index, and type of service for which it is intended. 8. Inspection 8.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspector all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that the material is being produced and furnished in accordance with this specication. Source inspection by the purchaser shall not interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturers operations. All tests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture unless otherwise agreed to. 8.2 The purchaser may make tests to govern the acceptance or rejection in his own laboratory or elsewhere. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser. 9. Rejection and Rehearing 9.1 Rejection: 9.1.1 Unless otherwise specied, any rejection based on tests made in accordance with this specication shall be reported to the manufacturer within 30 working days of receipt of the springs by the purchaser. 9.1.2 Individual springs that show injurious defects subsequent to inspection at the manufacturers plant or elsewhere will be rejected and shall be replaced by the manufacturer. 9.2 Rehearing: 9.2.1 Samples that represent rejected material shall be preserved for 2 weeks from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of these tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time. 9.3 Reworking: 9.3.1 Material that fails to conform to the requirements as to dimensions or mechanical tests may be again submitted after being reworked. 10. Marking 10.1 The name or brand of the manufacturer and the month and year of manufacture shall be legibly stamped on each spring on bar sizes 1116 in. (17.4 mm) and larger at a place not detrimental to the life or service of the spring. 11. Keywords 11.1 steel springs

(1)

where: G = 11 3 106 psi = effective torsional modulus of elasticity, d = nominal bar diameter, in., D = mean coil or helix diameter, in., F = spring deection = free to solid, in., N = active turns = (solid height)/bar diameter) 1.5, and P = solid capacity, lb. 5.1.7.2 Uncorrected Solid StressCalculate the uncorrected solid stress as follows: (WarningBar nominal diameter may not be the same as the specied diameter, due to biased tolerances on hot-rolled bars 2 in. (50.8 mm) and over.)
S 5 8PD/3.1416 d3 (2)

6. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance 6.1 Finish: 6.1.1 The surface of the spring shall be as furnished in the quenched and tempered condition. 6.1.2 The surface of the springs shall be free of injurious defects within the normal limitation of hot-coiled springs. 7. Sampling and Conduct of Tests for Lot Inspection 7.1 The springs shall be submitted singly or grouped as shown by the drawings and shall conform to the drawings within the permissible variations shown in 5.1.1 through 5.1.6 and 4.4.1 through 4.4.3. 7.2 The physical tests specied in 5.1.1 through 5.1.7.2 shall be conducted in the order specied. When lateral support during the test is not required, the springs shall not be rapped or otherwise disturbed during the tests. 7.3 The test load to be used in 5.1.1, 5.1.2, and 5.1.4 shall be determined as follows: 7.3.1 If the uncorrected solid stress (see 5.1.7.2) is not more than 100 000 psi (690 MPa) for carbon steel and 115 000 psi (795 MPa) for alloy steel, the test load shall be that load which is sufficient to bring all coils in contact. In no case, however,

A 125 96 (2001)
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when individually specied by the purchaser. When details of these requirements are not covered herein, they are subject to agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser. S1. Tapered and Squared Ends (Not Ground) S1.1 The ends of the bar shall be properly tapered to give the nished spring a reasonably rm bearing. The points of the bar shall be in approximate contact with the adjacent coil, and shall not protrude beyond the maximum permissible outside diameter of the spring, as established by Table 3. S1.2 All springs with ends not ground having a mean diameter-to-bar diameter ratio of 3.5 or over and having a free height-to-mean diameter ratio of not less than 1 nor more than 4 shall not deviate from perpendicular more than shown in Table S1.1. This is determined by standing the spring on its end and measuring the angular deviation of a straightedge along the outer helix from a perpendicular to the plate on which the spring is standing. S2. Magnetic Particle Inspection S2.1 When specied, magnetic particle inspection shall be employed for locating surface cracks and defects such as seams and similar irregularities. The methods and procedures for such inspection shall be in accordance with Guide E 709. Acceptable depth of defects shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser. S3. Shotpeening S3.1 When specied, shotpeening may be employed to increase the fatigue strength of the springs. S3.2 The minimum requirement for intensity and coverage shall be 0.006 in. (0.15 mm) and 90 % visual coverage as measured on an Almen C strip (Note S1). A test strip is to be located on the inside of a suitable test spring.
NOTE S1The Almen C test strip is a hardened steel strip 0.0938 in. (2.38 mm) thick made to close dimensional, atness, and hardness limits. This strip is mounted on a special holder exposing one side of the test strip
TABLE S1.1 Permissible Out-of-Squareness, Springs with Unground Ends
Mean Diameter, in. (mm) Up to 2 (51), incl Over 2 to 4 (51 to 102), incl Over 4 to 6 (102 to 152), incl Over 6 to 8 (152 to 203), incl Over 8 to 10 (203 to 254), incl Over 10 to 12 (254 to 305), incl Over 12 to 14 (305 to 356), incl Over 14 to 16 (356 to 406), incl Deviation, deg 312 3 212 212 214 214 214 214

to the steel shotpeening blast while protecting the other side from the shotpeening. The strip curvature, caused by the peening of one side only, is measured by means of a special micrometer dial gage (Almen No. 2). The depth of curvature so measured, is designated as the intensity. The coverage is determined by visual examination of the peened surface of the test strip at 103 magnication. Coverage is dened as the percentage of uniform denting or obliteration of the original surface of the test strip. S3.3 Because of the wide scope of spring sizes, bar diameters, and spring applications, higher intensities and coverage may be desirable, in which case the intensities and coverage are subject to agreement between purchaser and manufacturer.

S4. Special Surface Finishes S4.1 For closer control over spring characteristics and increased fatigue strength, the use of material with special surface nish may be specied, subject to special agreement between purchaser and manufacturer. S5. Protective Finishes S5.1 When specied, the springs will be coated with a good grade of corrosion preventative, suitable for temporary outdoor storage. The application of special coatings, plating, etc. for protection in environmental conditions shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser. S6. Load Rate S6.1 The average load rate shall be determined by dividing the difference in recorded loads at 20 % and 60 % of the nominal total travel by the measured deection between these two points. The average load rate is not subject to checking unless a tolerance is specied. When a tolerance is specied, it shall be 610 % on springs with 5 or more total turns and a matter of agreement on springs with fewer than 5 coils. S7. Special Load Requirements S7.1 With respect to loaded heights, if the tolerance is placed on the load rather than the height dimension, it shall be between 20 % and 80 % of calculated solid capacity and be no less than 65 % of the calculated solid capacity of the spring. S7.2 Only two of the following parameters: solid height, free height, load rate, load at a height, or a different load at a height, may be specied and the remaining parameters will be considered reference. S8. Additional Tests S8.1 Any testing in addition to that prescribed in Section 5, including the results of Paragraphs 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4, shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.

A 125 96 (2001)
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