Booster Prep Booster Cheat Sheets™– Endocrine System ©©

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General Terms Hormone Types Secondary Messengers

• Endocrine targets a distant cell • (*) Peptide Hormones: Bind to surface cell membrane receptor → Receptors start cell signaling pathways via secondary messengers • Small molecules that pass along signals (such as growth
through the bloodstream • (💊) Steroids: Diffuse plasma membrane and bind receptor in cytoplasm → hormone + receptor is transported into nucleus to act factors and protein hormones)
• Exocrine secretes enzymes into transcriptionally • Initiated by ligand-receptor binding
ducts • (Ⓨ) Tyrosine Derivatives: • Amplify signal strength to target molecules in the
• Paracrine target nearby cell • Thyroid hormones: Lipid-soluble, bind to receptors in nucleus, and require protein carrier in blood cytoplasm or nucleus
• Autocrine targets itself • Catecholamines: Water-soluble, bind receptors on target tissue, and mainly act via secondary messenger cAMP • Examples: IP3, cAMP, Calcium, DAG

Hypothalamus Pancreas

Cortisol ACTH Hypothalamus 1. Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones to the Glucagon * Insulin *
Adrenal cortex 1 anterior pituitary gland (APG) • Secreted by Alpha cells, • Secreted by Beta cells
T3 and T4 TSH 2. APG responds by secreting hormones released when energy • Anabolic, released when energy
3 levels are low levels are high
Thyroid gland 4 3. Hypothalamus secretes ADH & oxytocin to be stored in
Mammary Estrogen LH the posterior pituitary gland (PPG) • ↑ glucose levels in blood • ↓ glucose levels in blood
glands
Ovaries 2 4. PPG stores ADH & oxytocin for release • Stimulates liver to • Stimulates liver & muscle to store
Androgens FSH convert glycogen to glucose as glycogen
glucose
Testes ADH Kidneys
Tissues Bones hGH • Stimulates
gluconeogenesis in liver Somatostatin *
Anterior Posterior Mammary
Prolactin pituitary gland pituitary gland
Oxytocin Uterus
glands • Converts stored adipose • Secreted by Delta cells
Prolactin
tissue into blood lipids • Inhibits release of insulin &
glucagon
Anterior Pituitary: Posterior Pituitary:
• ↑ nutrient absorption time by ↓
Tropic hormones – Stimulate other endocrine glands Nontropic hormones – Directly • Does not synthesize hormones digestive system flow
• ACTH * : Stimulates adrenal cortex → releases glucocorticoids stimulate target organs • Stores ADH & oxytocin for release
• TSH * : Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones • GH * : Stimulates bone & muscle • ADH (vasopressin) * : Increases Adrenal Glands
• LH *♀: Stimulates corpus luteum formation growth reabsorption of water by increasing
Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex
♂: Stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone • Prolactin * : Stimulates milk permeability of nephron's collecting duct
• FSH *♀: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen production • Oxytocin * : Increases strength of uterine Epinephrine & Glucocorticoids (cortisol &
♂: Stimulates seminiferous tubule maturation & sperm production contractions; stimulates milk ejection; Norepinephrine Ⓨ cortisone) 💊
induces maternal behavior • “Fight or flight” • Raise blood glucose levels
catecholamines • Degrades adipose tissue to use as
Pineal Gland Thymus Parathyroid Thyroid
• Converts glycogen to energy
• Secretes melatonin • Immune function PTH * Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3) Ⓨ glucose [↑ blood
• Regulates circadian rhythm • Secretes thymosins that • Antagonistic to the function of • ↑ basal metabolic rate in body glucose]
(sleep) stimulate white blood cells to calcitonin • Iodine is necessary to synthesize thyroid • Vasoconstrictor to Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) 💊
become T-cells • Raises Ca2+ levels in blood by: hormones and prevent goiters kidneys and bladder • ↑ reabsorption of Na+ and
• Stimulating osteoclasts to • Vasodilator to skeletal excretion of K+ in kidneys
Testes & Ovaries breakdown bone Calcitonin * muscle, increased • Causes passive reabsorption of
• Increasing kidney • Stimulates osteoblast activity (builds up heartbeat water in nephron which raises
Testosterone 💊 : Increases spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics • Bronchodilation blood pressure
Estrogen 💊 : Menstrual cycle regulation, secondary sex characteristics reabsorption of calcium bone by using calcium in the blood)
• Increasing calcium uptake • Prepares body for
Progesterone 💊 : Menstrual cycle regulation, pregnancy intense physical activity
from the gut