R.

6 Web Supplement: Calculus I Review Section 6,

Areas, Sums, and Definite Integrals

Author’s notes: Web supplements have not been edited or typeset by

Oxford University Press. Calculus I Review sections are designed for stu-
dents that have taken Calculus I but are not familiar with the infinitesimal
methods of Calculus Set Free.

Read section 4.3

The content of this review section consists of the content of section
4.3 of Calculus Set Free, which the reader should read now, and the
following additional material.

Definition of the definite integral

Recall that one of the applications of the definite integral is the (net)
area under a curve. We can therefore use the solution procedure of
example 11 to develop the definition of definite integral. In chapters
6 and 9 of Calculus Set Free, where other applications of the defi-
nite integral are presented, we use these same ideas to pass from an
omega sum to a definite integral.
The procedure of example 11 begins with 1 finding the width of
the intervals. Using n = Ω rectangles, the width of each rectangle is

b−a b−a
∆x = = = (b − a)ω.
n Ω
2 The right-hand endpoints are are always 1, 2, 3, . . . , Ω rectangle b− a
∆x = Ω = (b − a)ω
widths from x = a. Calling these endpoints x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xΩ , we
have x1 = a + 1 · ∆x, x2 = a + 2 · ∆x, x3 = a + 3 · ∆x, . . . , xΩ =
a + Ω · ∆x. In other words,

xk = a + k∆x.

3 The heights of the rectangles match the height of the curve

xk = a + k∆x
y = f ( x ) at the endpoints xk , hence the heights are f ( xk ). Then we 4
2 calculus i review consistent with calculus set free: infinitesimals to the rescue

form the omega sum; the area under the curve is found by multiply-
ing the heights of the rectangles by the widths of the rectangles and
adding the results:

Ω
area under the curve = ∑ f ( x ) · ∆x .
| {zk} |{z}
k =1
heights widths

The procedure finishes with 5 evaluating the omega sum.

When defining the definite integral,

most calculus textbooks use what is
Definition 1 DEFINITE INTEGRAL Let f be a function defined on also called the Riemann integral. The
Ω definite integral presented here is called
[ a, b]. If ∑ f ( xk )∆x renders the same real result L for every positive the omega integral (or Ω integral) and
is introduced in the article Dawson, C.
k =1
infinite hyperreal integer Ω (where ∆x = (b − a)ω and xk = a + k∆x Bryan, “A New Extension of the Rie-
mann Integral,” American Mathematical
for k = 1, 2, 3, . . . , Ω), then we write Monthly 125 No. 2 (February 2018),
130–140.
Z b
f ( x ) dx = L
a

Rb
and call a f ( x ) dx the definite integral of f from a to b.
When L is a real number (i.e., not ∞ or −∞), then we say that f is The Riemann integral is based on limits
of Riemann sums instead of omega
integrable on [ a, b].
sums.
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann
(1826–1866)
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.
For the purposes of calculation using the definition we write ac.uk/Biographies/Riemann.html

Z b Ω

a
f ( x ) dx = ∑ f ( xk )∆x
k =1

with the understanding that Ω is an arbitrary positive infinite hyper-

real integer and that we must render the same real result for every
such Ω or the integral does not exist.

R3
Example 12 Use the definition of definite integral to evaluate 0 x2 dx.

Rb
Solution Comparing a f ( x ) dx (notation from the definition) to
R3 2 2
0 x dx, we see that a = 0, b = 3, and f ( x ) = x . We then use the
formulas to proceed:

∆x = (b − a)ω = (3 − 0)ω = 3ω,

xk = a + k∆x = 0 + k · 3ω = k · 3ω, and
f ( xk ) = (k · 3ω )2 .
 section r.6: web supplement: calculus i review section 6, areas, sums, and definite
integrals 3

The formula for the definite integral gives Although we are no longer in the
context of areas, the procedure is the
Z 3 Ω Ω
same; only the notation is new. The first
0
x2 dx = ∑ f ( x ) ∆x = ∑ |(k ·{z
3ω )2 · |{z}
3ω line is the same as multiplying heights
k =1 k =1
}
f ( xk ) ∆x ( f ( xk )) by widths (∆x) and adding the
results; the second line performs the
Ω indicated arithmetic on the heights,
= ∑ k2 · 9ω2 · 3ω the third line multiplies by the widths,
k =1 and the fourth line uses the sum rules
Ω and the sum of powers approximation
= ∑ 27ω3 k2 formula.
k =1
Ω3
≈ 27ω 3 = 9.
3
Notice that units2 is not present in
the final answer. That is because we
The value of the definite integral is 9.
have extracted the calculation from
the context of area. Unless a context is
given, no units are appropriate.
Reading Exercise 5 Use the definition of definite integral to evaluate
Z 4
x2 dx.
0

Notation
Rb
The notation a f ( x ) dx is read “the integral from a to b of f of x The only difference between reading
R Rb
dx” or “the integral from a to b of f of x with respect to x.” Other f ( x ) dx and a f ( x ) dx is the insertion
of the phrase “from a to b” in the latter.
terminology associated with the notation is pointed out here:
upper limit of integration The limits of integration are not limits as
in section R.4; here we are using limit
integral sign
Z b synonymously with edge or boundary.
f ( x ) dx variable of integration
a
The integral sign (integral symbol)
is an elongated S (for “sum”) and is
lower limit of integration integrand
attributed to Leibniz.
The interval [ a, b] is also called the interval of integration.
The variable of integration is useful for telling the difference be-
tween the variable being used and other symbols representing con-
stants. It also lets us know that a and b are values of the variable x, a Why the differential dx? The notation
fact that is important when making substitutions. arose when differentials were dominant
instead of the use of the derivative. One
Eventually, we encounter other uses of the definite integral. Such would use the differential x2 dx rather
uses are recognized by the development of an omega sum, so it’s than the function value x2 .
helpful to practice rewriting an omega sum as a definite integral.

Example 13 Express the sum as a definite integral on the given interval:

Ω  √ 
∑ xk3 − xk ∆x on [2, 5].
k =1

Solution Compare the omega sum notation to the definite integral

notation and the procedure is clear: we replace the summation sym-
bol with the integral symbol, we insert the lower limit of integration
4 calculus i review consistent with calculus set free: infinitesimals to the rescue

2 and the upper limit of integration 5, we replace each xk with the

variable x, and we replace the ∆x with dx:
Z 5 √ 
x3 − x dx.
2

Ans. to Reading Exercise 5

64
Reading Exercise 6 Express the sum as a definite integral on the given 3
Ω   Selected details:
interval: ∑ xk2 + sin xk ∆x on [1, 4]. ∆x = (b − a)ω = (4 − 0)ω = 4ω
k =1 xk = a + k∆x = 0 + k · 4ω = k · 4ω
f ( xk ) = (k · 4ω )2

Exercises R.6 Z 4
x2 dx = ∑
Ω
f ( xk )∆x
0 k =1
Exercises 1–34 are exercises 1–34 of section 4.3 of Calculus Set Free. Ω
64
= ∑ (k · 4ω )2 · 4ω = · · · = 3
k =1
35–48. Use the definition to evaluate the definite integral.
R1 R2
35. 0 x9 dx 42. 0 (3x2 − 4) dx
R7 R5
36. 0 x2 dx 43. 1 (10 − x2 ) dx
R5 R4
37. 2 − x2 dx 44. 1 x3 dx
R4 R4
38. 3 5x2 dx 45. 0 x1.5 dx
R0 R −1
39. −4 3x2 dx 46. −2 ( x2 − 4x + 11) dx
R1 R3 Exercises 47 and 48 change the name
40. −1 (2x2 − 7) dx 47. 0 t4 dt of the variable of integration, but
R3 2 R3 otherwise they are identical to integrals
41. 0 ( x + 5) dx 48. 1 y2 dy with respect to x.

49–56. Express the sum as a definite integral on the given interval.

Ω
49. ∑ (xk5 − 4xk + 1)∆x on [3, 19]
k =1
Ω xk2 + 1
50. ∑ xk3
∆x on [1, 9]
k =1
Ω
51. ∑ (cos(xk + π ) + sin(4xk ))∆x on [ π2 , 3π2 ]
k =1
Ω
∑ 19 3 1 + xk ∆x on [−1, 1]
p
52.
k =1
Ω q
53. ∑ 4xk 1 − xk4 ∆x on [0, 1]
k =1
Ω
54. ∑ (9 − xk + 12xk tan xk )∆x on [−1, 0]
k =1
Ω  
55. ∑ ( f ( xk ))2 + ( g( xk ))2 ∆x on [ a, b]
k =1
Ω q
56. ∑ 1 + f ′ ( xk )2 ∆x on [ a, b]
k =1
 section r.6: web supplement: calculus i review section 6, areas, sums, and definite
integrals 5

Ω
57. (a) Evaluate the omega sum ∑ (−1 + 2ωk) · 2ω using the
k =1
method of examples 8–10. (b) Since the answer to part (a)
shows that the approximation principle has been violated (by
use of the sum of powers approximation formula something
was thrown away and the result was 0), use the exact formulas
Ω Ω
Ω2 + Ω
∑ 1 = Ω and ∑ k = 2 to evaluate the sum.
k =1 k =1
Ω
58. Evaluate the omega sum ∑ (−1 + 2ωk)2 .
k =1 Ans. to Reading Exercise 6
Z 4 
x2 + sin x dx
1
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Section R.6

1
35 10
37 −39
39 64
41 24
43 − 43
64
45 5 = 12.8
243
47 = 48.6
R519 5

49 3 x − 4x + 1 dx (All portions of the answer, including the dx, are required.)
R 3π/2
51 (cos( x + π ) + sin(4x )) dx
Rπ/2
1 √
53 4x 1 − x4 dx
R0b 2 2 dx


55 a ( f ( x )) + ( g ( x ))
.
57 (a) 0 (b) 2ω = 0