CE 322/322.1: PRINCIPLES OF 1.

​ Compressive strength
REINFORCED/PRESTERESSED CONCRETE 2.​ Resistance to fire and water
3.​ Rigid
LESSON 1: Properties of Concrete as a Construction
4.​ Low-maintenance
Material
5.​ Long service life
Objectives: 6.​ Economical material
7.​ Versatile
1.​ Define concrete and reinforced concrete.
8.​ Inexpensive and local material
2.​ Identify structures for which the use of reinforced or
9.​ Does not require skilled labor
prestressed concrete is applicable to use.
3.​ Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
Disadvantages:
reinforced concrete.
1.​ Low tensile strength
4.​ Compare reinforced concrete structure and structural
2.​ Formworks required
steel structure.
3.​ Low strength per unit of weight
5.​ Demonstrate the typical stress-strain characteristics
4.​ Relatively large
of concrete in simple compression and the evaluation
5.​ Properties vary
of its mechanical properties.
-​ Shrinkage and creep
6.​ Discuss the properties of reinforcing steel and grades
of steel available.
7.​ Understand and apply different types of loads and
combinations to structures using National Structural
Code of the Philippines 2015.
History:
8.​ Discuss the code used in practice for the reinforced
concrete design such as NSCP and ACI.

Definition:
Concrete – mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rocks, or
other aggregates held together in a rock like mass with a
paste of cement and water.
Reinforced Concrete – Combination of concrete and steel -​ Built during a.d. 126 using pozzolana mixed with
wherein steel provides the tensile strength lacking in the quicklime and water
concrete. (Brown & McCormac) -​ In 1824, Joseph Apsdin obtained a patent for
cement
-​ In 1867, Joseph Monier was credited for the
invention of reinforced concrete structures.
-​ In 1877, Thaddeus Hyatt was probably the first
person to correctly analyze the stresses in a
reinforced concrete.
-​ In 1870s, E. L. Ransome originated the creation
of deformed bars.
Reinforced Concrete vs Structural Steel
-​ <4 stories = concrete, steel, and wall bearing are
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural competitive
Material: -​ 4-20 stories = concrete and steel are competitive
 -​ > 20 stories = steel mostly being used in the Such concretes reach 28 days and continue to
past; but has concrete has become competitive gain strength at a lower rate thereafter.
today also -​ For massive structures, heat dissipates slowly
and can cause problems such as expanding
during hydration.

Admixtures:
1.​ Air-entraining admixtures
2.​ Accelerating Admixtures
3.​ Retarding admixtures
4.​ Superplasticizers
5.​ Waterproofing materials

Properties of Reinforced Concrete:

Compressive strength
-​ Other factors that need to be considered in
choosing which type to be used
●​ Availability of material
●​ Foundation
●​ Height and span
●​ Local building code
●​ Architectural
●​ Duration
Compatibility of concrete and steel:
-​ Compensates the disadvantage of each other
Building Code:

Concrete Compressive Strength (f’c)

Types of Portland Cement:
1.​ 2500 psi (17 MPa)
-​ Concretes made with Portland cement require 2.​ 3000 psi (21 MPa)
about two weeks to achieve sufficient strength. 3.​ 4000 psi (28 MPa)
4.​ 5000 psi (34 MPa)
 5.​ 6000 psi (41 MPa)
6.​ 7000 psi (48 MPa)
7.​ 10000 psi (69 MPa)
8.​ 20000 psi (138 MPa)
Used in the field
1.​ 3000 – 4000 psi; ordinary application
2.​ 5000 -60000 psi; prestressed construction
3.​ 9000 – 10000 psi; high-rise buildings

Modulus or rupture:

Limits of f'c based on NSCP

Poisson’s ratio:
Typical concrete stress-strain curve, with short term loading
-​ Ratio of the lateral expansion to the longitudinal
shortening
Modulus of elasticity:
Reinforcing Steel
Typical stress strain curve of steel:

References:
McCormac. J & Brown R., (2016). Design of Reinforced
Concrete. Wiley 10th Edition.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2019). Building Code
Mechanical Properties: Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-19)

Modulus of Elasticity: 200 Gpa

Ultimate tensile strength (Fu)
Yield Strength (Fy)

White – Grade 33
Yellow – Grade 40
Green – Grade 60
Red – Weldable

Concrete Density: