A MAJOR PROJECT

On
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A WATER SUPPLY PLANT AT
DOMMARAPOCHAMPALLY
A Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Submitted by

KOMMULA RAGHAVENDRA 177Y1A0126

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr.RUPENDRA DUGGIRALA M.TECH
Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2020-2021

i
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A WATER

SUPPLY PLANT AT DOMMARAPOCHAMPALLY” by Kommula Raghavendra
(177Y1A0126) in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of MARRI LAXMAN REDDY INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, Dundigal, Hyderabad during the academic year
(2020-21).

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr.D.RUPENDRA M.TECH. Mr. K. MURALI ,M.E ,(PhD)

Assistant Professor

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR Principal

Dr. K. VENKATESWARA REDDY
M.Tech., Ph.D,MISTE

ii
 DECLARATION OF CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the matter embodied in the report of mini project entitled
“PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A WATER SUPPLY PLANT AT DOMMARA
POCHAMPALLY”is genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of
Mr.RUPENDRA DUGGIRALA M.TECH, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering,Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management, Dundigal,
Hyderabad.

The work embodied in this report is original and has not been submitted to the basis for the award
of degree, associate ship or fellowship of any other university or institution.

KOMMULA RAGHAVENDRA

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my indebtedness and gratitude to my guide Mr.RUPENDRA DUGGIRALA,

M.TECH Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy
Institution of Technology and Management for his guidance and care taken by him in helping
me to complete the project work successfully.

I express my sincere thanks to Mr K. MURALI, M.E, (Ph.D), Head of Civil Engineering

Department for his support and guidance for doing the project.

I am very much thankful to Dr K. VENKATESWARA REDDY, M. Tech., PhD, MISTE

principal of Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management for their
encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work.

I express sincere thanks to all the teaching staff of Department of Civil Engineering for
providing a great assistance in the accomplishment of my project.

I also express my thanks to all the non-teaching staff of Department of Civil Engineering for
giving all the support and suggestions to complete my project.

I am very much thankful to the management of Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology
and Management for their encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Water is the basic necessity for the functioning of life forms that exist on earth.Groundwater is the
essential natural resource required for drinking by many people around the world, especially in
rural areas. An attempt has been made to determine the performance of the water supply plant by
evaluating the input and output water quality based on an integrated analysis of physical and
chemical parameters of Water Quality Index calculation.The physical and chemical parameters
are compared with Bureau of Indian standards for drinking.Based on the results Water quality
index has been created. The index was used to assess the suitability of groundwater from the water
supply plant area for human consumption.
In the present study, the water sampling and analysis of various parameters were made.It is
observed that the input water quality parameters like Turbidity,Electrical conductivity,Total
dissolved solids,Alkalinity,Hardness slightly high and parameters like pH,Chloride,Fluoride and
Dissolved Oxygen falls within the acceptable limits.The water quality of the water which is
discharged from the water supply plant after reverse osmosis process the parameters such as
Turbidity, Electrical conductivity,Total dissolved solids, alkalinity are varied and they are in
acceptable limits, The WQI of input water is between 50-60,which is moderately poor water
quality and the output WQI is between 40-50,which is good water quality.Hence the output water
after reverse osmosis is very safe for drinking.

Keywords: Ground water, physical and chemical parameters,Water quality index.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE ii

DECLARATION OF CANDIDATE iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Water Quality Index 2

1.2 Drinking Water Quality 2

1.2.1 Drinking Water Quality Standards 3

1.3 Sampling 4

1.3.1 General Principals 4

1.3.2 Sampling Procedure 5

1.3.3 Sampling Location 5

1.3.4 Types of sample Collection 5

1.3.5 Sampling Methods 6

1.4 Procedure Of Water Quality Analysis 7

1.4.1 Need For Water Quality Testing 8

1.4.2 Advantages and Limitations 8-9

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10-14

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3 METHODOLOGY 15-31

3.1 Grab Sampling 15

3.2 Determination of pH of water 16

3.3 Determination of turbidity 18

3.4 Determination of Electrical-conductivity 19

3.5 Determination of Total dissolved solids 20

3.6 Determination of Alkalinity 21

3.7 Determination of Total Hardness 23

3.8 Determination of Chloride 24

3.9 Determination of fluorides 25

3.10 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen 27

3.11 Determination of Water Quality Index 30

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32-42

4.1 Parameters and Values 32

4.1.1 pH 36

4.1.2 Turbidity(NTU) 36

4.1.3 Electrical Conductivity(µS/cm) 37

4.1.4 Total Dissolved Solids(ppm) 37

4.1.5 Alkalinity(ppm) 38

4.1.6 Total Hardness(ppm) 38

4.1.7 Chlorides(ppm) 39

4.1.8 Fluorides(ppm) 40

vii
 4.1.9 Dissolved Oxygen(ppm) 40

4.1.10 Water Quality Index 41

5 CONCLUSION 43-44

6 REFERENCES 45-46

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Water Supply Plant At Dommarapochampally 5
2 Water Samples 15

3 Testing of pH 17
4 Testing of Turbidity 19
5 Testing Electrical Conductivity 20
6 Reagents Preparation 21

7 Titration of Chlorides 25
8 Titration of Fluorides 27

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Rating of Water Quality Index 02

2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Ground 03

Water as per IS 10500-2012

3 Water Quality Index Calculation 31

4 Test Results of 1-5 Parameters at input of 32

Water supply plant

5 Test Results of 6-9 Parameters at input of 33

Water supply plant

6 Test Results of 1-5 Parameters at output of 34
Water supply plant

7 Test Results of 6-9 Parameters at input of 35

Water supply plant

8 Water Quality Index of both input and output water 41

x
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Units

Ppm - Parts per million

µs/cm - Micro siemen per centimeter

IS - Indian Standards
WHO - World Health Organization

Mg/L - Milligram per liter

Gm - Grams

EDTA - Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic acid

xi
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
WATER
Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of
Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Water available in
many states such as liquid, glaciers, and vapor. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It is vital
for all known forms of life. Earth comprises,1.7% of groundwater and only 2.5% of this water is
fresh water,98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in
rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%)
contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. A more significant quantity of
water found in the earth's interior.

The quality of water is a vital concern for humanity since it directly linked to human welfare. The
groundwater is believed to be comparatively much clean and free from pollution than surface
water. Groundwater can become contaminated naturally or because of numerous types of human
activities; residential, municipal, commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities can all affect
groundwater quality.

SOURCES OF WATER

Water resources are sources of water that are potentially useful and stated as follows.

SURFACE WATER

Rain water discharges into water bodies on the surface of the earth and forms rivers, lakes and
oceans.The water again lost into clouds in the form of evaporation,evapotranspiration and some
the water is recharged into ground.

GROUND WATER

Ground water is the fresh water sources which are located in the subsurface pores of the soil and
rocks.It is also water that is flowing into aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to

1
make a distinction between ground water that closely associated with surface water.

1.1 WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI)

A water quality index provides a single number that expresses overall water quality at a particular
location and time based on several water quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn
complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. The
index presented here is not explicitly aimed at human health or aquatic life regulations. However,
a water index based on some fundamental parameters can provide a simple indicator of water
quality. It gives the public a general idea the possible problems with the water in the region.

WQI VALUE RATING OF WATER GRADING

QUALITY
0-25 Excellent water quality A
26-50 Good water quality B
51-75 Poor water quality C
76-100 Very poor water quality D
> 100 Unsuitable for drinking E

Table-1 Rating of water quality index

1.2 DRINKING WATER QUALITY

Water quality measured by several factors, such as the concentration of Total dissolved solids, pH,
the amount of material suspended in the water (turbidity).Total alkalinity, Chlorides, Fluorides,
Electrical Conductivity, Iron, Nitrates and Sulphates. In some bodies of water, the concentration
of microscopic algae and quantities of pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, and other
contaminants may also be measured to determine water quality. Poor water quality can pose a
health risk for people. Poor water quality can also pose a health risk to ecosystems.

2
1.2.1 DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS:
The quality parameters set for drinking water.Despite the truism that every human on this planet
needs drinking water to survive, and that water may contain many harmful constituents, there are
no universally recognized and accepted international standards for drinking water. Even where
standards do exist, and are applied, the permitted concentration of individual constituents may
vary by as much as ten times from one set of standards to another. The World Health Organization
publishes guidelines on the standards that should achieved.

Table-2 Physical and chemical properties of groundwater as per IS 10500-2012

S.no Parameters Units Acceptable Permissible

Limits Limits
1 pH _ 6.5-8.5 No relaxation

2 Turbidity NTU 1 5

3 Electrical Conductivity µS/cm 750 1500

4 Total Dissolved Solids µS/cm 500 2000

5 Alkalinity Ppm 200 600

6 Total Hardness Ppm 200 600

7 Chlorides Ppm 250 1000

8 Fluorides Ppm 1.0 1.5

9 Dissolved Oxygen Ppm 5 6.5-8

3
1.3 SAMPLING

The process of collecting a representative portion of water from natural environment or from an
industrial site, for the purpose of analyzing it for constituents. e.g. drinking water to check that it
complies with relevant water quality standards, or river water to check for pollutants.

1.3.1 General Principals

To do a successful environmental study it is necessary to have a ‘plan of action’, a

sampling plan. If the content of heavy metals in a river being studied, for example, the
purpose might be to examine the effect of these metals on fish, or it might be to monitor the
content because the river is a drinking water source. Some of the significant steps involved
in the development of a successful study are as follows:

 Identify the environmental population or area of interest.

 Obtain information about the physical environment.
 Identify the measurement procedures to be used, because these affect the way samples
are collected and handled.
 Develop an appropriate field sampling design. Decide how many samples are to be
collected and delimit the time and area to be covered by the study.
 Determine the frequency of samples to be taken, both in time and space, depending
upon the project objectives. Decide if, for example, 24-hour integrated samples were
collected or individual samples were taken every few hours.
 Develop a plan to ensure and document the quality of each of the processes involved in
the study: sampling, laboratory analysis, contamination control, etc.
 Once the sampling and analysis are complete, assess the uncertainty of the
measurements.

4
 1.3.2 Sampling Procedure

 If sampling a body of running water, point the mouth of the bag upstream and your hands
downstream to avoid contamination.
 If sampling from a water faucet, run the faucet for 1 minute before obtaining a sample.
 Rinse the bag twice with the sample water prior to filling and closing.
 Fill bag as full as possible. Half-filling the bottle leaves more room for oxygen which will
promote degradation of your sample.
 Collect data such as temperature and pH which affect the solubility of many ions.

1.3.3 Sampling Locations

Sampling site is the water supply plant ,we collect the input and output water of the plant
simultaneously at D.pochampally.The plant works on the reverse osmosis process

Fig 1 Water supply plant at DommaraPochampally

1.3.4 Types of Samples Collection.

There is two type of samples that may be collected, depending on the time available the
5
tests to be made and the objects of the tests.

Grab sample: A grab sample is a discrete sample which collected at a specific location at a
particular point in time. If the environmental medium varies spatially or temporally, then a
single grab sample is not representative and more samples need to be collected.
Composite sample: A composite sample is made by thoroughly mixing several grab samples. The
whole composite may be measured, or random samples from the composites may be withdrawn
and measured.
A composite sample may be made up of samples taken at different locations, or at different points
in time. Composite samples represent an average of several measurements and no information
about the variability among the original samples is obtained. Composite samples may be used to
reduce the analytical cost by reducing the number of samples.

1.3.5 Sampling Methods

Systematic Sampling: Measurements are taken at locations and times according to a predetermined
pattern. For example, the area to be analysed may divide by a grid, and a sample taken at each
point of the grid.

Random Sampling: The basis of random sampling is that each population unit has an equal
probability of being selected. Random methods are suitable if the population does not have any
noticeable trends or patterns then used to select the grid points at which samples should collected.

Judgmental Sampling: This is a non-statistical sampling procedure. Here, the prior knowledge of
spatial and temporal variation of the pollutants is used to determine the location or time for
sampling. In the lake example, samples might be collected just around the outfall point. This type
of judgmental sampling introduces a certain degree of bias into the measurement. For example, it
would be wrong to conclude that the average concentration at these clustered sampling points is a
measure of the concentration of the entire lake.

Stratified Sampling: When a system contains several distinctly different areas, these may
be sampled separately, in a stratified sampling scheme. The target population divided into
different regions or strata. The strata are selected so that they do not overlap each other.
6
Haphazard Sampling: A sampling location or sampling time chosen arbitrarily. This type of
sampling is reasonable for a homogeneous system.

1.4 PROCEDURE OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

Selection of parameters:
The parameters of water quality are selected entirely according to the need for a specific use of
that water. Some examples are:
Drinking: As per WHO Standards
Selection of methods:
The methods of water quality analysis are selected according to the requirement. The factors
playing key role for the selection of methods are:
1. Volume and number of sample to be analysed

2. Cost of analysis

3. Precision required

4. Promptness of the analysis as required

Proper sampling:

Proper sampling is a vital condition for correct measurement of water quality parameters.Even if
advanced techniques and sophisticated tools are used, the parameters can give an incorrect image
of the actual scenario due to improper sampling.
Proper labeling:
Proper labeling prevents sample misidentification and ensures the responsibility and
accountability of the collector.The sample container should be labeled properly, preferably by
attaching an appropriately inscribed tag or label.Alternatively, the bottle can be labeled directly
with a water-proof marker.Barcode labels are also available nowadays.
Preservation:
There is usually a delay between the collection and analysis of a sample. The nature of the sample
can be changed during this period. Therefore proper preservation is required in the way to
laboratory after collection, and in the laboratory upto when analysis starts.

Analysis:
7
The samples, after reaching laboratory, are analyzed, according to the requisite
parameters, following standard methods and protocols.
Reporting:
The ultimate procedure of water analysis is to prepare a proper repost against the submitted
requisition.The repost must be authenticated before handing over the authority,submitted the
samples for testing.All date should be kept in the laboratory log and preferably in laboratory
database.

1.4.1 Need For Water Quality Testing

Testing the water allows a knowledgeable approach to address the specific problems of a water
supply.It helps ensure that the water source properly protected from potential contamination and
that an appropriate treatment system is selected and is operating correctly.It is essential to test the
suitability of your water quality for its intended purpose,whether it is livestock
watering,irrigation,spraying or drinking water. The following are the reasons to do testing of
water quality for groundwater:

 Regular testing is necessary to determine specific water quality problems.

 To help ensure that your drinking water is safe.
 Ensure safe drinking water.

1.4.2 Advantages and Limitations

Advantages

 More consistent results

 High level of quality assurance
 Controlled environment
 High level of precision and accuracy
 More samples processed in a shorter time
 Accepted by international standards.

Limitations

 Requires trained and skilled technicians.

 Relatively expensive.

8
 Usually located in urban areas may require samples to be transported over long
distances.
 Some laboratories may have insufficient options for test methods.

9
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Dinesh Kumar Tank(2008): Study focused on the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the Jaipur
city to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and
agriculturalpurposes. Groundwater samples were collected from eleven stations of Jaipur city
during monsoon season and were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC,TDS,
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride,sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate and
fluoride.
Comparison of the concentration of the chemical constituents with WHO (world health
organization) drinkingwater standards of 1983, the status of groundwater is better for drinking
purposes. The parameters like pH, sodium,potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride are
withinpermissible limit as per WHO but calcium, magnesium andnitrate values exceeding the
limit. The calculated values of SAR, RSC and percentage sodium indicate that the water for
irrigation uses is excellent to good quality.

Chidanand Patil(2013): Carried out Physical, chemical,bacteriological analysis of water samples

from seven borewells located around landfill site at Turmuri, Belgaum to ascertain the magnitude
of dumpsite pollution on groundwater quality. During the study period,7 bore wells were selected
around the landfill area at a distance of 500,750 and 1000m.The parameters analyzed during the
study period were pH, Total dissolved solids(TDS),Total Hardness, Nitrate, Most Probable
Number (MPN) and heavy metal such as Lead using standard laboratory procedures. The pH
ranged from 6.01 to 7.3 indicating acidic in nature in the month of Feb and March, but in the
month of April and may all the wells within the levels. The pHs of water in wells within 500-
700m are contaminated by the leachate of landfill. Concentrations of Hardness, TDS, Nitrate
ranged from 0 to 80 mg/L, 49 to 190 mg/L, 4 to 79.89 mg/L respectively. The analysis was done
for four months from Feb to May. The results showed that within 500 m bore wells were
contaminated by E-Coli bacteria.

Mona A. Hagras(2014): To assess the quality of groundwater and to characterize the

hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater in Punjab, groundwater samples were collected
10
from different cities of Punjab Province and analyzed for 28 water quality parameters
Groundwater suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes was assessed by using WHO and
USDA standards.SAR values and the sodium percentage (Na%) in locations indicate that majority
of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. This investigational study indicates that
water in many cities of Pakistan is unsafe for human consumption due to presence of both
bacterial and chemical contamination.

J.M. Ishaku, A.S. Ahmed, and M.A Abubakar (2012) studied the Assessment of groundwater
quality using WQI and GIS was carried out in Jada area. The results of 11 physic-chemical
parameters were used for the calculation of WQI. The results indicated that WQI values ranged
from 15-43, and thus indicated well to first groundwater quality status. The geographical
information system using the Inverse Distance Weighted method (IDW) delineated two
groundwater quality zones into excellent and perfect potential areas. The hierarchal cluster
analysis identified anthropogenic contamination, natural mineralization, reverse cation exchange
and cation exchange as the dominant processes controlling groundwater chemistry. It was
recommended that regular groundwater quality monitoring should be encouraged as a strategy
towards groundwater quality protection and conservation.

K. Ramamohan Reddy and R. S. Patode (2013) studied the suitability of groundwater for drinking
purpose concerning BIS: 10500-1991standards is assessed through statistical analysis of the data
and by seasonal variation in the quality of groundwater. The study was undertaken during 2010-
2011. The samples are collected during the post-monsoon period from bore wells being monitored
by the Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department. The study area comprises
of Kondapur Mandal, which is one of the 46 medals of Medak District lying in the semi-arid
Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh. The Mandal has 23 Revenue villages with no towns
accounting to a total population of about 45000 as per census 2001. As per water quality index
(WQI) values, the groundwater in the study area during post-monsoon ranging from “Good” to
“Unfit for drinking” and nowhere it was found “excellent.” The poor quality of water is due to
higher concentrations of fluoride and increased total hardness values. It was found that about 84%
of the samples analyzed are suitable for drinking. Correlation amongst all the parameters was
found to be positive but weak. The only fluoride showed a negative correlation with other
parameters, but it is fragile. It indicates that there is no regionally colossal factor governing the

11
water quality and it is varying with local conditions only.

Gopal Krishan, C. P. Kumar, B.K. Purandara, Surjeet Singh, N. C. Ghosh, Suman Gurjat and A.
G. Chachadi (2005) studied the water quality index (WQI) is a tool which numerically
summarises the information from multiple water quality parameters into a single value, and this
information can be used to assess spatial and temporal variations in overall water quality.
However, these indices are time and region specific and may influence by local factors. In the
present study, water quality index has been worked out to assess the spatial and temporal variation
of groundwater quality status for future planning and management of North Goa. Data of 19
groundwater samples were collected in the year 2005 during January, March and April, are used
for the analysis. The Water Quality Index has been computed using four parameters viz. pH, Total
Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, and Chloride. The WQI results show that the overall water
quality class is ‘good’ and water is acceptable for domestic use.

Mufid al-hadith (2012) studied the Water Quality Index has been applying in the present
study to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking purposes in Ratmao –
Pathri Rao Watershed, Haridwar District, India. It was carried out by subjecting twenty-one
groundwater samples, collected from eleven selected site to comprehensive
physicochemical analysis. Nine parameters considered for calculating the WQI such as pH,
total hardness, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, and total
dissolved solids. The computed WQI shows that 48% of water sample falls into select
categories and 48% falls in the premium water category. On the other hand, one site located
at Teliwala village which represents 4% falls in inferior categories. Such waters are not
suitable for drinking purposes under normal condition, and further action for salinity
control required. The high value of WQI at this site has been found to be mainly due to the
higher values of TDS, Ca+2, K +, Cl, Hco3-, No3 2- and So4 2- where it was found that
there is a very high correlation coefficient between them.

T.A. Aderibigbeand A.A. Jimoh (2015) studied the Water Quality Index (WQI) in Yaba and
Ibafon areas of Lagos State calculated to ascertain the quality of water for public consumption.
WQI indicates water quality regarding index numbers and offers a useful representation of the
12
overall quality of water. In this study, WQI determined by various physicochemical parameters
like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, total
suspended solids, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, dissolved oxygen and
biological oxygen demand. The weighted arithmetic index method used for the calculation of
water quality index of the water body. The WQI of the Control Water was 38.62, while the water
from Yaba groundwater, Ibafon community borehole and the Ibafon community well gave 112.7,
370.9 and 186.6 respectively. The results indicate that the quality of water in the study areas is
poor as suspected and this can attribute to the highly dense population as well as substantial
commercial activities in the areas.

Krishan G, Singh S, Kumar CP, Gurjar S, Ghosh NC (2016) studied the Water quality index
(WQI) of groundwater based on the data of samples collected from Rajkot district, Gujarat was
assessed using seven parameters viz. pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Fluoride,
Chloride, Sulphate and Nitrate. The WQI value 98 is maximum, and the value 27 is minimum in
the study area. The computed WQI shows that 51.8% of water sample fall in the ‘good’ to
‘excellent’ water category. On the other hand, 48.2% of water samples fall in the ‘fair’ to ‘poor’
category indicating that the water is not suitable for direct consumption and require treatment.
After treatment, the water can use for drinking purpose.

Shweta Tyagi, Bhavtosh Sharma, Prashant Singh, Rajendra Dobhal (2013) studied the Water
quality index (WQI) is a valuable and unique rating to depict the overall water quality status in a
single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment technique to meet the
concerned issues. However, WQI depicts the composite influence of different water quality
parameters and communicates water quality information to the public and legislative decision
makers. In spite of the absence of a globally accepted composite index of water quality, some
countries have used and are using aggregated water quality data in the development of water
quality indices. Attempts have been made to review the WQI criteria for the appropriateness of
drinking water sources. Besides, the present article also highlights and draws attention towards the
development of a new and globally accepted “Water Quality Index” in a simplified format, which
may be used at large and could represent the real picture of water quality.

13
M.R.G. Sayyed(2011) :Assessed the groundwater from the south-eastern part of Pune city for the
seasonal variation in their quality parameters. Using Piper diagram the hydrogeochemical facies
were identified and the groundwater were classified with regards to the changes in their major
chemical compositions. Based on the hydrogeochemical facies it has been found that the
groundwater regime is severely deteriorated by the anthropogenic activities. The predominant
SO4 and Cl in the wells of Fursungi and Mantarwadi areas have strong influence of leachate
throughout the year due to solid waste disposal site.

Salin Peter And C Sreedevi (2012) studied the Sample water collected from the open wells around
the KMML area. Then the primary physiochemical and biological analysis of the parameters like
colour, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, pH, BOD, COD, TDS, iron, nitrates, Fecal coliforms were
done. After selecting some critical water quality parameters, the calculation of Water Quality
Index (WQI) done. Finally, the water quality mapping using GIS done. All the well water was
found unsuitable for domestic purpose as it confirmed by WQI. Hence the use of waters of open
wells in and around the industrial area may cause health hazards to nearby inhabitants. So it is
necessary to control the contaminant transportation and groundwater pollution in and around
KMML area.

14
 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

The methodology of research includes the collection of required water samples from both input
and output of the water supply plant for a period of 10 days.The representative samples were
collected by grab sampling method over a period of 10 days. Thus collected samples were used to
analyze the parameters such as pH, Total dissolved solids, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Chloride,
Fluoride, Hardness,Dissolved oxygen & Electrical conductivity. The results obtained from the
conducted experiments were verified with the permissible standard limits and graphs are drawn to
observe the variation of the parameters .

The variations in water quality is analyzed and compared with drinking water standards specified
in IS code 10500-2012. Also find the side effects by drinking this water and suggest appropriate
solutions.

3.1 Grab Sampling

Grab samples are the samples collected at a specific place at a particular time. It represents the
composition at the specific time and space. When a source is known to vary in time, as in the case
of waste effluents, grab samples collected at various time intervals and analyzed separately can be
of higher value.

Figure-2 Water samples

15
3.2 DETERMINATION OF pH OF WATER

Aim: To determine the pH of a given sample of water.

Apparatus: pH meter with electrode, beakers, 100ml standard flask, wash bottles.

Chemicals Required: Distilled water, buffer tablets pH values of 4.0, buffer tablets pH
values of 7.0, buffer tablets pH values of 9.2

Procedure:
1. Electrometric method: Wash the combined electrode of pH meter with distilled
water and clean the same with distilled water.
2. Dip the combined electrode in the buffer solution of pH value 4.
3. Adjust the temperature by the adjustment knob to ambient (room) temperature.
4. If the instrument shows the reading as four then it is in order if not, adjust the reading to
4.0 by calibration adjustment knob.
5. Wash the electrode of pH meter with distilled water and clean the same with
distilled water and dip it to the buffer solution of pH value 9.2.
6. Note the reading if the instrument shows the reading as 9.2 then it is in order
otherwise use the calibration adjustment knob and bring the reading to 9.2.
7. Repeat the above procedure until the meter shows reading as 4 when the electrode
is a dip in a buffer solution of pH 4 and shows reading as 9.2 when the electrode is
a dip in a buffer solution of pH value 9.2.
8. Now the instrument is calibrated.
9. After cleaning the electrode dip in the sample for which p1! Value is to be found out.
10. Directly record the reading from the meter without making any adjustments.

Reagent Preparations: Standard Buffer Solutions:

They can be prepared readily by dissolving the pH powder or tablets entirely in 100ml of
distilled water.

Principle: pH unit of measure which describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a

solution. It measured on a scale of 0 to 14. The term pH is derived from P the mathematical

16
symbol of the negative logarithm, and H the chemical symbol of the Hydrogen. The formal
definition of pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity.

pH= -log10[H+]

Figure 3 : Testing of pH

Theory: Fresh distilled water has a pH of 7. Acidic waters have a pH of 0 to 7, whereas

alkaline waters have a pH of 7 to 14. As pH measured on a logarithmic scale, water having
a pH of 6 to 10 times more acidic than the natural water, water having a pH of 4 is 1000
times more acidic than water with pH 7, and a pH of 2 is 100000 times more acidic than a
pH of 7.

Specification:

Range : 0-14pH

Accuracy : 0.01Ph (1digit)

Resolution : 0.01Ph

Temp. Compensation : 0 to 100 Degree C. (Manual)

17
3.3 DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY

Aim: To find out the turbidity of the given sample.

Apparatus: Turbidity meter, Water sample

Principle:
When light in passing through a sample having Suspended particles, some of the light in Scattered
by the particles. The scattering of the light is proportional to the turbidity. The turbidity of the
sample measured from the amount of light scattered by the sample, taking a reference to standard
turbidity suspension.

Apparatus Required: Nephelometers, turbidity meter, Sample tubes.

Reagents Preparation:

1. Dissolve 1.0gm Hydrazine sulfate and dilute to 100ml

2. Dissolve 10gm Hexmethylene Tetraamine and dilute in l00ml

3. 5ml of each of the above solution (1 and 2) in an l00ml volumetric flask and allow
to stand for 24hrs at 25±3°C and dilute to l000ml. This solution has a turbidity of
40NTU.

Procedure:
1. The Nephelometer turbidimeter in switched on and waited for few minutes till it
warms up.
2. The instrument is set up with a 40NTU standard suspension
3. The sample thoroughly was shaken and kept it for sometimes, so the air bubbles are
eliminated.
4. The sample is taken in Nephelometer sample tube, and the sample is put in the
Sample chamber, and the reading is noted directly. The sample diluted with
turbidity-free water, and again the turbidity is read.

18
 Figure 4: Testing of turbidity

3.4 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Aim: To determine the Electrical Conductivity value of a given sample using conductivity
meter.

Apparatus Required: Conductivity meter with measuring cell, Water sample, Beaker

Thermometer

Principle:

The electrical conductivity is a total parameter for dissolved, dissociated substances. Its
value depends on the concentration and degrees of dissociation of the ions as well as the
temperature and migration velocity of the ions in the electric field.

Reagents: KCL 0.1N

Procedure:

1. Calibrate the conductivity meter with standard 0.1N KCl solution of conductivity
2. 14.12 mhos at 30-degree centigrade.
3. Rinse the conductivity meter thoroughly with DE-ionized distilled water and carefully wipe
with a tissue paper.
4. Dip the cell into the sample solution, swirl the solution and wait up to 1 minute for a steady.

19
 Figure 5 : Testing of Electrical Conductivity

3.5 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Aim: To determine the amount of dissolved solids present in the given sample.
Apparatus Required: Burette with stand, pipette, conical flask, measuring jar

Chemicals Required: Sodium Hydroxide, Manganous Sulphate, Potassium iodide, Sodium

Thiosulphate, Conc.H2SO4, Starch.
Reagent Preparation:

1. MaganousSulphate:12gms of ManganousSulphate dissolved in 25m1 of distilled

water.
2. Alkaline —Iodide Solution 9gms of Sodium Hydroxide and 2.5gms of Potassium
iodide dissolved in 25m1 of distilled water.
3. Sodium thiosulphate Solution (O.O1N) 2.48gms of Sodiumthiosulphate dissolved
in 1litre of water.
4. Starch Solution Take 1gm of starch. Prepare a paste with distilled water. Make 100
ml of water and boil by stirring and cool it.
5. Pipette Solution:2m1 of the Manganous Sulphate solution and 2ml of alkaline
Iodide Solution added to 250m1 of the sample taken in a reagent bottle. The bottle
is stoppered and shaken thoroughly when the precipitate formed is settled, 2ml of
Con. HCL or Con. H2S04 is added and shaken thoroughly until the precipitate gets
dissolved completely.

20
Procedure:
1. Take 50ml of clear pipette solution in a conical flask
2. Add to it one or two drops of starch indicator until the color becomes blue.
3. Titrate against Standard Sodium Thiosulphate solution until the disappearance of color.
Repeat the titration for concordant values.

Figure 6: Reagents preparation

3.6 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS

Aim: To determine total hardness ,temporary hardness and permanent hardness of a given water
sample.
Apparatus: Burette with stand, pipette, conical flask, measuring jar.

Reagents:Hardness buffer solution, Eriochrome Black T indicator,Standard EDTA solution

0.01M
Procedure:
1. Take 25ml sample in a conical flask.
2. Add 1 ml of hardness buffer solution.
3. Add 2-3 drops of EDTA indicator,wine red colour is observed.
4. Titrate with standard EDTA solution till wine red colour changes to blue.
5. Note down the volume of EDTA run down (A).
6. For determination of permanent hardness, sample be boiled for 30mintues and cooled.The
sample procedure is followed as above.The volume of EDTA run down is noted (B).

21
Tabulation
1.Total hardness
S.No Description of Initial buretee Final buretee Vol of
sample (vol) reading reading EDTA(ml)

Calculation:
Total Hardness as mg/l CaCO3 = Vx 1000
Volume of sample taken
Where V= volume of EDTA

2. Permanent hardness
S.No Description of Initial buretee Final buretee Vol of
sample (vol) reading reading EDTA(ml)

Calculation:
Permanent Hardness as mg/l CaCO3 = Vx 1000
Volume of sample taken
Where V= volume of EDTA

Temporary Hardness = (Total hardness - Permanent hardness)

= ---------------- as CaCO3

22
Water Classification Total hardness concentration in mg/l as CaCO3

Soft 0-50
Moderately soft 50-100
Slightly soft 100-150
Moderately hard 150-200
Hard 200-300
Very hard >300

3.7 TOTAL ALKALINITY IN WATER

Aim: To determine the alkalinity of a given water sample.

Apparatus Required: Stand, burette, funnel, conical flask, beaker.

Reagents: sodium hydroxide 0.02N, methyl orange indicator, phenolphthalein indicator

Procedure:

1. Take 50 ml of water sample in a flask. Add six drops of phenolphthalein indicator

in the sample (water), note the initial reading of the burette containing H2SO4
(N=0.02)
2. Start the titration till the color changes and note the reading of the burette,
Calculate the phenolphthalein alkalinity using the formula alkalinity = (final
reading - initial reading) X 100/50
3. Now add six drops of brome cresol green in the methyl solution which turns the
color to greenish one. Note the initial reading of the burette and start the titration
till the color changes to gray and note the final reading.
4. Calculate total alkalinity by using the formula.

Tabulation: Phenolphthalein Indicator

23
 S.No Sample Name The volume Burette Reading The volume of
of the H2SO4 consumed
Initial Final
sample (ml) (ml)

Total alkalinity = (final reading - initial reading) x 100/50

3.8 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDES

Aim: To determine the amount of chloride present in the given sample

Chemicals Required: Sodium Chloride, Silver nitrate, Potassium Chromate.

Reagents preparation: Silver Nitrate Solution

1. Dissolve one .2g of silver nitrate in distilled water and makeup to 250 ml. Sodium
chloride Solution (O.028N).
2. Dissolve 0.1 648g of sodium chloride in distilled water and make it to 100ml.

3. Potassium Chromate Solution (K2CrO4)

4. Dissolve 1 gm of potassium chromate in 20m1 of distilled water.

Procedure: Standardization of Silver Nitrate Solution

1. Pipette 20 ml of sodium chloride solution into the conical flask.

2. Add one or two drops of potassium chromate solution.
3. Titrate against Silver Nitrate solution until the appearance of reddish brown color
4. Repeat the titration for concordant values.

Silver Nitrate Vs. Sample -

1. Pipette 20 ml of sample in the conical flask.

24
 2. Add one or two drops of potassium chromate solution.

3. Titrate against silver Nitrate solution until the appearance of reddish brown color.

4. Repeat the titration for concordant values.

S.No Sample Name Volume of Burette Reading Volume of AgNO3

sample (ml) consumed (ml)
Initial Final

Where,NTU = A*(B+C)

A= NTU of diluted sample

B=Volume of dilution water, the C=Sample volume taken for dilution ml.

Figure 7 : Titration of chlorides

3.9 DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDES

Aim: To determine the fluorides present in the given sample.

Apparatus Required: Burette with stand, Pipette, Conical flask, measuring flask.
Chemical required: Oxalate, concentrated hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein indicator,

25
sodium hydroxide.

Reagents Preparation: Oxalate Solution:

Dissolve 630mg of oxalate in distilled water and makeup to l00ml.

Phenolphthalein indicator: Add 1g of phenolphthalein in 200 ml distilled water and

dissolve it. Add 0.02N Sodium hydroxide solution dropwise until a faint pink colour
appears.

Sodium hydroxide solution: Dissolve 4g of sodium hydroxide in distilled water and

makeup to 100ml.

Procedure:
Titration — I NaOH Vs Oxalic acid:

1. Pipette 20m1 of oralic acid solution into the conical flask.

2. Add one or two drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
3. Titrate against sodium hydroxide solution until the appearance of pink color.
4. Repeat the titration for concordant values.

Titration —II NaOH Vs Sample:

1. Take 19m1 of the sample in the conical flask and add 1 ml of concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
2. Add one or two drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
3. Titrate against sodium hydroxide solution until the appearance of pink color.
4. Repeat the titration for concordant values.

S.No Sample Name The volume Burette Reading The volume of

of the NaOH
Initial Final
sample(ml) consumed(ml)

26
 Figure 8 : Titration of fluorides

3.10 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Aim:To find out the dissolved oxygen in a given water sample

Apparatus:Burette, Burette stand, 300 mL glass stoppered BOD bottles, 500 mL conical flask,
Pipettes with elongated tips, Pipette bulb, 250 mL graduated cylinders, Wash bottle
Chemicals Required: Manganous sulphate solution, Alkaline iodide-Azide solution, Sulfuric
acid, Concentrated, Starch indicator solution, Sodium thiosulphate, Distilled or deionized water,
Potassium Hydroxide, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Azide

Reagents Preparation:

1. Manganous Sulphate:
Dissolve 480 g MnSO4.4H2O, 400 g MnSO2.2H2O or 364 g MnSO4.H2O in
distilled water, filter and dilute to 1 litre.

2. Alkali iodide-azide reagent.

Dissolve 500 g NaOH or 700 g KOH and 135 g NaI or 150 g KI in distilled water and
dilute to 1 litre. Add 10 g sodium azide (NaN3) dissolved in 40 mL distilled water. The
reagent should not give colour with starch when diluted and acidified.

3. Starch indicator:

Add cold water suspension of 5 g soluble starch to approximately 800 mL boiling water
27
with stirring. Dilute to 1 litre, allow to boil for a few minutes and let settle overnight.
Use supernatant liquor.

4. Stock sodium thiosulphate, 0.1N:

Dissolve 24.82g Na2S2O3.5H2O in distilled water. Preserve by adding 0.4g solid NaOH
or 1.5mL of 6N NaOH and dilute to 1000mL.

5. Standard sodium thiosulphate, 0.025N:

1. Dissolve 6.205 g sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) in freshly boiled and cooled distilled
water and dilute to 1 litre.
2. Preserve by adding 5 mL chloroform or 0.4 g NaOH/L or 4 g borax and 5 to 10 mg HgI2/L.
Standardise this with 0.025 N potassium dichromate solution which is prepared by dissolving
1.226 g potassium dichromate in distilled water and diluted to 1 litre.

6. Standardisation of 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate solution:

1. Dissolve approximately 2 g KI in an Erlenmeyer flask with 100 to 150 mL distilled water.

2. Add 10 mL of H2SO4, followed by exactly 20 mL, 0.1 N potassium dichromate solution.
3. Place in the dark for 5 minutes, dilute to approximately 400 mL and titrate with 0.025 N
sodium thiosulphate solution, adding starch towards the end of titration.
4. Exactly 20 ml 0.025 N thiosulphate will be consumed at the end of the titration. Otherwise,
the thiosulphate solution should be suitably corrected.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take two 300-mL glass stoppered BOD bottle and fill it with sample to be tested. Avoid any
kind of bubbling and trapping of air bubbles.
2. Add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just
below the surface of the liquid.
3. Add 2 mL of alkali-iodide-Azide reagent in the same manner.
4. Squeeze the pipette slowly so no bubbles are introduced via the pipette (The pipette should
be dipped inside the sample while adding the above two reagents. If the reagent is added
above the sample surface, you will introduce oxygen into the sample).
5. If oxygen is present, a brownish-orange cloud of precipitate or flock will appear.
28
6. Allow it to settle for sufficient time in order to react completely with oxygen.
7. Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the
sample.
8. Carefully stopper and invert several times to dissolve the floc.
9. At this point, the sample is "fixed" and can be stored for up to 8 hours if kept in a cool, dark
place.
10. Rinse the burette with sodium thiosulphate and then fill it with sodium thiosulphate. Fix
burette to the stand.
11. Measure out 203 mL of the solution from the bottle and transfer to an conical flask.
12. Titration needs to be started immediately after the transfer of the contents to conical flask.
13. Titrate it against sodium thiosulphate using starch as indicator. (Add 3 – 4 drops of starch
indicator solution)
14. End point of the titration is first disappearance of the blue color to colorless.
15. Note down the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution added which gives the dissolved
oxygen.

CALCULATIONS:

Sodiumthiosuphate Vs potassium chromate

S.No Name of Volume Burette reading (ml) Na2S2O3.5H2O

sample of water consumed
sample
Initial Final
1
2
3
N1V1=N2V2
Where N1= normality of potassium dichromate, V1= volume of
potassium dichromate, N2=normality of sodiumthiosulphate,
V2=volume of potassium sodiumthiosulphate

29
 S.No Name Volume Burette reading (ml) Volume of sodium
of of water thiosulphate Consumed
sample sample (ml)
Initial Final
1
2
3

Dissolved oxygen = Volume of sodiumthiosulphate consumed × N ×1000

Volume of sample taken

3.11 Determination of Water Quality Index

The WQI has been calculated to evaluate the suitability of groundwater of the study area
for drinking purpose. The WHO (2004) standards for drinking purpose have been
considered of WQI. For the calculation of WQI, Nine parameters such as pH,
Turbidity,TDS, Total Hardness,Alkalinity, chlorides, fluorides, Dissolved Oxygen have
been used. To compute WQI four steps are followed.It is calculated by weight arithmetic
index method which is given by (Brown et al. 1972).

First Step:Calculation of unit weight (Wn) factors each of the 9 parameters by using the
formula.
Wn=K/Sn
1 1
K= 
1 1 1 1
 
S1 S2

Sn Sn
Sn = Standard desirable value of the nth parameter.
Second Step:Calculation of sub index(Qn) using by formula

[( Vn - Vo)]
Qn=
[( Sn - Vo)]
Vn= Mean concentration of the nth parameter.
Vo= Actual values of the parameters in pure water (generally Vo =0,except pH and
dissolved oxygen).

Third Step: Combining step1 and step2,WQI is calculated as follows

30
 WQI=
 WnQn
 Wn
Table-3 Water quality index calculation for input water day-1

Paramete summ
bis mean vn/sn
rs (1/sn)k K=1/( wn=k/ ideal vn/s Wn*
limits 1/sn value(v *100 WQI
=1/(1/s 1/sn) sn value n Qn
(Sn) n) =qn
n)

pH 8.5 0.11 2.33 0.4 0.05 7 6.6 0.26 26 1.3

Turbidity 1
1 2.3 0.42 0.4 0 1 1 100 42.8

Electrical 750
0.00 0.428 0.000
Conductiv 2.33 0 790 1.05 105.3 0.060
1 2 5
ity
Total 500
0.00 0.000
Dissolved 2.3 0.42 0 790 1.58 158 0.135
2 8
Solids

Alkalinity 200 0.00

2.33 0.42 0.002 0 150 0.75 75 0.160
5

Total 200
0.00
Hardness 2.3 0.42 0.002 0 150 0.75 75 0.16
5

Chlorides 250 0.00

2.33 0.42 0.001 0 200 0.8 80 0.137
4

Fluorides 1 0.02
1 2.33 0.42 0.428 0 0.021 2.1 0.89
1

5
Dissolved 0.2 2.33 0.42 0.085 14 4 1.11 111 9.50
Oxygen

2.33 1 55.1 55.1

31
 CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Parameters and values

The values of the physical and chemical parameters are given below in table 3 and table 4
respectively.

Table-4 Test results of 1-5 parameters at input water supply of plant

S.no Day pH Turbidity(NTU) Electrical TDS Alkalinity

(ppm) (ppm)
conductivity(µs/cm)

1 1 6.6 1 790 790 150

2 2 6.7 1.1 750 750 140

3 3 6.7 1.0 760 760 130

4 4 6.8 1 780 780 140

5 5 6.9 0.9 800 800 150

6 6 7.1 0.9 760 760 130

7 7 6.9 1 750 750 140

8 8 6.9 0.7 760 760 120

9 9 7.2 0.8 780 780 120

10 10 7.0 1.1 740 740 130

32
 Table-5 Test results of 6-9 parameters at input of water supply of plant

S.no Day Total Chlorides Fluorides Dissolved oxygen

Hardness (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
(ppm)

1 1 150 200 0.021 4

2 2 120 180 0.02 4.1

3 3 130 180 0.022 4.2

4 4 120 180 0.021 4.2

5 5 130 170 0.021 4.3

6 6 130 150 0.018 4.1

7 7 130 160 0.02 4.1

8 8 120 170 0.018 4.2

9 8 150 200 0.019 4.3

10 10 130 210 0.02 4.3

33
Table-6 Test results of 1-5 parameters at output water supply of plant

S.no Day pH Turbidity Electrical TDS Alkalinity

(NTU) conductivity (ppm) (ppm)
(µs/cm)

1 1 7.1 0.8 450 450 140

2 2 6.9 0.9 500 500 140

3 3 7.0 0.9 560 560 130

4 4 7.2 0.9 580 580 130

5 5 6.9 0.9 570 570 150

6 6 7.0 0.8 400 400 125

7 7 7.1 0.9 500 500 130

8 8 6.9 0.8 560 560 120

9 9 6.9 0.9 400 400 115

10 10 7.1 0.85 530 530 130

34
Table-7 Test results of 6-9 parameters at output of water supply of plant.

S.no Day Total Chlorides Fluorides Dissolved oxygen

Hardness (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
(ppm)
1 1 140 180 0.02 4

2 2 115 150 0.019 4.2

3 3 130 170 0.018 4.2

4 4 125 160 0.02 4.2

5 5 120 160 0.018 4.3

6 6 120 160 0.018 4.1

7 7 110 165 0.02 4.1

8 8 100 160 0.017 4.3

9 8 130 180 0.018 4.4

10 10 120 190 0.017 4.33

35
4.1.1 pH

pH
14

12

10

0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

The presence of hydrogen ion concentration measured regarding pH range. In the

investigations carried out by us the pH value of input water ranged from 6.6 to 7.1and out
water pH ranges from 6.9 to 7.1 indicating that the nature of water is slightly acidic from
neutral to slightly basic. It was within the permissible range 6.5 to 8.5, prescribed by BIS
drinking water standards.
4.1.2 Turbidity

TURBIDITY
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
-0.1 Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

Turbidity is the muddiness or haziness of a fluid caused by a large number of individual

36
particles that are invisible to the bare eye.Maximum turbidity was measured at input and
output of water supply 1.1 and 0.9.
4.1.3 Electric conductivity

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
1000

800

600

400

200

0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

Conductivity is the capacity of water to carry an electrical current and varies both with
number and types of ions in the solutions, which in turn is related to the concentration of
ionized substances in the water. Most dissolved inorganic substances in water are in the
ionized form and hence contribute to conductance. The higher electrical conductivity of
water at input and output of water supply plant is 800µS/cm and 560 µS/cm.

4.1.4 Total Dissolved solids.

TDS
1000

800

600

400

200

0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

37
Total solids refer to the matter that remains residue left after the evaporation and
subsequent drying indefinite temperature. Higher total dissolved stable of water sample was
in input water 800mg/l.
4.1.5 Alkalinity

ALKALINITY
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

The alkalinity of water is its capacity to neutralize a strong acid, and it usually is due to the
presence of bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide compound of calcium, sodium, and potassium
Higher alkalinity value of water sample recorded at input and output water is 155mg/l and
150mg/l

4.1.6 Total Hardness.

TOTAL HARDNESS
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

38
The property of water to form an insoluble curd with soap instead of lather. In other words it is the
soap destroying property due to the presence of Bicarbonates, Sulphates and Chlorides of Calcium
and Magnesium.The highest Total hardness of water observed at input and output water are
150ppm and 140ppm.

4.1.7 Chlorides.

CHLORIDES
250

200

150

100

50

0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

The chloride concentration serves as an indicator of pollution by sewage.People

accustomed to higher chloride in water subjected to laxative effects. In natural fresh water,
however, its concentration remains quite low and is less than that of sulfate and
bicarbonates. A higher value of chloride content was recorded at input and output water are
210ppm and 190 ppm.

39
4.1.8 Fluorides.

FLUORIDE

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

Fluoride occurs as fluorspar (fluorite), rock phosphate, triphite, phosphorite crystals in

nature. Among factors which control the concentration of fluoride are the climate of the
area and the groundwater is circulating. As per IS: 10500-2012 Desirable limit for fluoride
is 1 and the the Permissible limit is 1.5mg/l.Fluoride content is within the acceptable limits
at both input and output water.
4.1.9 Dissolved Oxygen

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water output water

40
Dissolved Oxygen is the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in the water.Dissolved
Oxygen can be measured by Titration method. The maximum dissolved oxygen observed at input
and output water is 4.3ppm and 4.4ppm ,which is within the acceptable limits.

4.1.10 Water Quality Index: The water quality index (WQI) of output water was found to
be excellent . The water after discharging from plant was found to be suitable for drinking
purposes. And the variation of the WQI at input and output water is given below

Table-8 Water quality index of both input and output water

S.no Day Input water quality index Output water quality index

1 Day-1
55.198 45.498

2 Day-2 58.9 49.51

3 Day-3
54.68 49

4 Day-4 59.6 50.1

5 Day-5 52.1 49.5

6 Day-6
53.4 48.4

7 Day-7 54.6 49

8 Day-8 55 48

9 Day-9 53.8 46

10 Day-10
52.3 45

41
 WATER QUALITY INDEX
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7 Day-8 Day-9 Day-10

input water quality index output water water quality index

42
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In the present study, the water sampling and analysis of various parameters were made. Based on
the observations, analysis, and results the following conclusions are deduced.It can seen that the
input water quality parameters like Turbidity,Electricalconductivity,Total dissolved
solids,Alkalinity,Hardness slightly vary with the acceptable limits and parameters like
pH,Chloride,Fluoride and Dissolved Oxygen falls within the acceptable limits.The water quality
of the water which is discharged from the water supply plant after reverse osmosis process the
parameters such as Turbidity, Electrical conductivity,Total dissolved solids, alkalinity is varied
and they are in acceptable limits, which is very safe for drinking.The water supply plant which is
operating on reverse osmosis process has great efficiency in treating the input water.

1. pH values are within the acceptable limits in both input and output water hence no need of
any addition of chemicals or treating the water which is released from the plant.

2. Turbidity values are slightly varied in input water,but after treating with reverse osmosis
process the values are within the range.

3. The Electrical conductance value also improved in output water.

4. I also observed that the Total dissolved solid are also within the range after treating the water
with reverse osmosis process the solids amount is reduced

5. Alkalinity values of the output water are well within the range so need of any changes

6. The water is soft water at the output supply of the plant.

7. Chloride content is well within the range,no need to add any chemicals.

8. Fluoride values are similar in both input and output water and it does not effect to the health
of the people who are consuming it.

9. Dissolved oxygen content also well within the acceptable limit in both input and out water ,no
need for addition of oxygen into it.

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10. The water quality index for the input water is between 50-60 which is slightly poor quality of
water drinking ,after the reverse osmosis process the output water quality index value lied
between 40-50 which is very good grade for drinking purpose.

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 CHAPTER VI

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