1

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT
SUBMITTED BY
PRIYANSHU VERMA (1773700045)

PRIYANKA SINGH (1773700044)

RITESH KUMAR (1773700049)

SHASHANK (1773700054)

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

In partial fulfillment for the
degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJKIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AMBEDKAR NAGAR -224122 (U. P.)

Dr. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that all the work submitted in this comprehensive synopsis report on PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT is planned and prepared by the members
mentioned below.

Name of Students Roll No. Signature

1. Priyanshu Verma 1773700045

2. Priyanka Singh 1773700044

3. Ritesh Kumar 1773700049

4. Shashank 1773700054

Date :
Place :
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RAJKIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AMBEDKAR NAGAR
224122 (UP)

CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that the work presented in the project entitled “ PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT “ by PRIYANSHU VERMA, PRIYANKA
SINGH, RITESH KUMAR and SHASHANK submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of Rajkiya Engineering
College, Ambedkar Nagar, is an authentic work carried out by candidates under my supervision
and guidance.

To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the project has not been submitted to any
other university/institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Mr. ASIT SINGH Mr. AMIT KUMAR RAI

Asst. Prof. Head of Department
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

The B.Tech project viva-voce examination of Priyanshu Verma, Priyanka Singh, Ritesh Saroj and
Shashank has been held on ________________ and accepted.

External Examiner
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our heart quivers with the thrill for offering gratitude to those individuals who
helped us in completion of the project. The most idyllic point of presenting a report
is the opportunity to thanks those who have contributed to it.
Unfortunately, the list of acknowledging no matter how extensive is always
incomplete and inadequate. Indeed this page of mention shall never be able to touch
the horizon of generousness of those who tendered their help to us. First of all, we
would like to express our gratitude and obligations to Mr. Asit Singh (Asst. Prof.) ,
for his kindness in allowing us for introducing the present topic and for his inspiring
direction, constructive judgment and valuable propositions throughout this project
work. We are sincerely thankful to him for his effort in improving our contents of
this project.
We are also thankful to Asst. Prof. Mr. Amit Kumar Rai (Head of Department)
for assigning us this interesting project and for his valuable suggestions and boost us
at various stages of the work. A combination of this nature could never have been
attempted without reference to and inspiration from the work of others whose details
are mentioned in reference section. We acknowledge our indebtedness to all of them.
At last, our sincere thanks to all our friends who have patiently extended all sorts of help
for achieving this undertaking.
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INDEX

Content Page No.

Declaration

Certificate

Acknowledgement

List of Tables

List of Figures

Abstract

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 10 - 13

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Need of Performance Evaluation
1.3 Objective of the Study

CHAPTER – 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 14 - 17

CHAPTER – 3 METHODOLOGY 18- 35

3.1 Study Area

3.2 Sampling Techniques
3.3 Layout of Sewage Treatment Plant
3.4 Components of Sewage Treatment Plant
3.5 Methodology

CHAPTER – 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36 - 38

CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSION 39 – 41
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5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Health Problems Associated with Parameters
5.3 Forthcoming Ideas in Context of STPs

CHAPTER – 6 SITE REVIEW 42 - 44

CHAPTER – 7 REFERENCES 45 - 47
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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

1. Physical and Non – metallic parameters’ 36

acceptable an d
2. pH value of wastewater and treated water of the 36
study area
3. Alkalinity values of wastewater and treated water of 37
the study area.
4. Turbidity values of wastewater and treated water of 37
the study area
5. Chloride values of wastewater and treated water of 37
the study area
6. DO values of wastewater and treated water of the 38
study area
7. BOD values of wastewater and treated water of the 38
study area
8. COD values of wastewater and treated water of the 38
study area
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page No.

1. Location of STP (Google Earth) 19
2. Sewage Treatment Plant colour indicator 19
3. Plan of Sewage Treatment Plant 20
4. Flow chart of a treatment process 21
5. Sewage inlet drain 22
6. Bar screen filter 22
7. Submersible 22
8. Sludge pump 23
9. Slurry transfer pump 23
10. Air blower 23
11. Coarse bubble diffuser 24
12. Fine pore diffuser 24
13. Aeration grid 24
14. Tube settler 25
15. Filter press 25
16. Helical rotor pump 25
17. Dosing pump 26
18. Filter feed pump 26
19. Multi-grade filter 26
20. Activated carbon filter 27
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ABSTRACT

A study on the wastewater treatment plant assessment has been performed. This report
involves the analysis of the components of STP and its layout and analysis of water sample
based on parameters such as pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, Turbidity, Chloride, BOD, DO and
COD. This report also involves the study of various articles related to wastewater treatment.

A sewage treatment plant is quite necessary to receive the domestic and commercial waste
and removes the materials which pose harm for general public. Its objective is to produce
an environmentally – safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or
treated sludge) suitable for disposal and reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). The sludge
generated in primary and secondary treatment is treated with 4-steps treatment and used as
a fertilizer by the nearby farmers.

The sample has been taken from the wastewater collection tank where all the wastewater of
college campus is collected at a singke storage tank. The sampling is done on the above
mentioned parameters and the average value is found out. Based on these sampling a
conclusion has been drawn on the adverse effect of wastewater on public health.

This Sewage Treatment Plant is designed with a capacity of 250 KLD.

Keywords :- Sewage Treatment Plant, Performance Evaluation, Sampling Technique,

Methodologies, HealthResults and Discussion
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CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

What is sewage?
Sewage is the waste water generated by a community, namely:
a. Domestic waste water from bathrooms, toilets, kitchens.
b. Raw or treated industrial waste water discharged in the sewerage system.
c. Rain water and urban runoff etc.

Composition of sewage
1-Domestic or Sanitary sewage
2-Industrial sewage
3-Storm sewage

Why treat wastewater ?

1-It's a matter of caring for our environment and for our own health.
2-To prevent ground water pollution.
3-To prevent marine life.
4-To prevent sea shore.
5-Protection of public life etc.

Pollution in its broadest sense includes all changes that curtail natural utility and exert deleterious effect
on life. The crisis triggered by the rapidly growing population and industrialization with the resultant
degradation of the environment causes a grave threat to the quality of life. Degradation of water quality
is the unfavourable alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of water that prevents
domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses of water. Sewage
and sewage effluents are the major sources of water pollution. Sewage is mainly composed of human
fecal material, domestic wastes including wash-water and industrial wastes.
The growing environmental pollution needs for decontaminating waste water result in the study of
characterization of waste water, especially domestic sewage. In the past, domestic waste water treatment
was mainly confined to organic carbon removal. Recently, increasing pollution in the waste water leads
to developing and implementing new treatment techniques to control nitrogen and other priority
pollutants.

Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste from domestic, commercial and
industrial sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and compromise public health and
safety when discharged into water receiving systems. It includes physical and biological processes to
remove various contaminants depending on its constituents. Using advanced technology it is now possible
to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water.
The present study comprises the study on quality of water collected from all over the college premises
such as A.S Girls Hostel, Lohiya Boys Hostel, Atal Boys Hostel, Academic Departments and
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Administrative Block. The study includes characterization tests for pH value, acidity, alkalinity, chloride,
residual chlorine, turbidity, BOD, COD and DO.

1.2 NEED OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Performance evaluation of a sewage treatment plant is necessary :
a. To evaluate the existing effluent quality and/or meet higher treatment criteria
b. To know about the treatment plants whether it is possible to handle higher hydraulic and organic
loadings.
Existing facilities can be made to handle higher hydraulic and organic loads by process modification,
whereas meeting higher treatment requirements usually requires significant expansion and/or modification
of existing facilities.
One of the primary consideration in evaluating an existing wastewater treatment plant is in the area of plant
operation and control. A major factor responsible for proper process control is frequent and accurate
sampling and laboratory analysis. At present time, microorganism play a significant role in the treatment
of domestic sewage. Poor conditions of sewerage system, improper design of the plant and organizational
problems are important factors that cause treatment plant not to meet the effluent standards. The treatment
efficiency may be badly effected if the system is hydraulically under loaded. The main aims of the study
are to study and evaluate the wastewater treatment plant efficiency in REC Ambedkar Nagar STP

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY :

The principal objective of waste water treatment is generally to allow human and industrial effluents
to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment.
An environmentally-safe fluid waste stream is produced. No danger to human health or unacceptable
damage to the natural
environment is expected. Sewage includes wastewater The objectives of
the study are:

1. Performance evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plant unit of Rajkiya Engineering College,

Ambedkar Nagar.
2. Comparison with the prescribed standard
3. Design of the sewage treatment plant.
Observation of Study: Waste water samples are collected from the wastewater collection tank of sewage
treatment plant unit of Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar.

The following Physical characteristics are studied:

1. Taste
2. Odour
3. Color
4. Floatables
5. Turbidity

For determination of inorganic non-metallic constituents we determined the:

1. pH of the Sample
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2. Alkalinity
3. Acidity
4. Chloride
5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
6. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
7. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

1.4 MAJOR FINDINGS & TECHNOLOGIES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANT and WAY FORWARD
Uttar Pradesh has total number of 107 STPs installed all over the state in various districts with a total
installed capacity of 3374 MLD. Out of these 107 STPs, there are only 65 STPs which can treat upto 2114
MLD of wastewater.

So to increase the treating capacity of the STPs various advanced technologies have been used. Some of
them are mentioned below :-
1. Activated Sludge Process (ASP) :- The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment
process for treating seaways or industrial wastewater using a ration and a biological floc composed
of bacteria and protozoa..
2. Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) :- Sequential Batch Reactors are a type of activated sludge
process for the treatment of wastewater SBR reactors treat wastewater such a sewage or output
from an aerobic digester or mechanical biological treatment facilities in batches. SBR is a 5-steps
treatment process – a) Fill ; b) React ; c) Settle ; d) Decant ; e) Idle.
3. Membrane BioReactors (MBR) :- Membrane Bioreactors is a combination of a membrane
processes like microfiltration or ultrafiltration with a biological wastewater treatment process, the
activated sludge process full stop it is now widely used for Municipal and industrial wastewater
treatment.
4. Moving Bed Bio-Reactor (MBBR) :- MBBR consist of activated sludge aeration system where
the sludge is collected on recycled planstic carriers. These carriers have an internal large surface
for optimal contact water, air and Bacteria. The bacteria/activated sludge grow on the surface of
the carriers. The Bacteria break down the organic matter from the wastewater.

Out of these four methods, Moving Bed Bio Reactors (MBBR) is one of the more advanced technology
used for wastewater treatment. Because of its advantage this technology is widely used all over the world.
Some of the advantages are :- 1. Perfect Wastewater Solution for Space Constraints.
2. Easy to use for Inexperienced Plant Operators.
3. Resistant to Shock Loads.
4. Work Quickly with a Low Hydraulic Retention Time.

In India Moving Bed Bio Reactor method is not used at a great extent, rather the other 3 technologies are
widely used in India. Information received from the SPCBs on STPs are collected and compiled and
Analysis of data are carried out with respect to installed capacity, operational capacity, actual utilisation
and technological adopted along with compliance status. Observations are as follows :

1. STPs based on on technologies are installed by the states which ranges from conventional to
advanced technologies.
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2. STPs based on Sequential Batch Reactor treatment technology are installed and predominant in
most of the States/UTs. This is followed by ASP Technology based STPs. In total, 490 STPs are
designed on SBR Technology followed by 321 STPs is designed on Activated Sludge Process
(ASP).
3. Apart from conventional treatment technologies, STPs based on natural treatment systems are also
established all over the country. 67 STPs are based on Waste Stabilization Pond System and 61
STPs belongs to the category of Oxidation Ponds.
4. State Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, nct of Delhi and Karnataka are the top five states which
have installed significant seaways treatment facilities. These five states jointly contribute to 19,250
MLD i.e 60.5 % of the total installed treatment capacity of the country.
5. State of Haryana has the maximum compiled per capita treatment capacity (142 lpcd) whereas
Maharashtra is having compiled per capita treatment capacity of 58 lpcd.
6. STPs based on SBR, UASB and ASP technologies are predominant as compared to natural
treatment systems.
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CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

S.K Singh, JUSST Vol. 23 Issue 5, 2021 has been reviewed for the assessment of Sewage
Treatment Plant. The study has been carried out to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant
with Aeration Sludge Process. This is done by examining the various characteristics of water like BOD,
COD, Total solids, heavy metals, etc. In this evaluation, the activated sludge method and filters are used
within aerobic conditions.
Assessment of treatment plant is necessary to know the effluent quality as well as the effects of influents
characteristics variation on efficiency of different treatment units. It is necessary to ensure optimum
treatment of wastewater prior to discharge it in two areas from well being of living organisms.
Study Area :- The study was carried out at three STPs based on a ration treatment process located in
Delhi named as Vasant kunj STP, Mehrauli STP, and Najafgarh STP. The treatment was based on routine
monitoring and completed in three phases. The data was collected from DPCC site. The sample of raw
influent and effluent were collected on monthly basis at STP. Samples were analysed for different
parameters such as pH, BOD, COD and TSS based on standard method for the examination of water and
wastewater at DPCC lab, Kashmere Gate, Delhi, India.
Wastewater treatment plants with extended aeration as a biological treatment system has been considered
for performance assessment. In this study the pH value of the wastewater after treatment lies in the
alkaline zone. The BOD and COD values have been diminished to a large degree, which indicates the
expulsion of organic matter. Observe that the efficiency of The plant has shown and increasing trend
along the physicochemical parameters of TSS, BOD and phosphate at Vasant Kunj – 1, Mehrauli and
Najafgarh. Recycling of treated wastewater into various other uses such as agriculture can also be
achieved due to the treating of phosphate levels well below the threshold limit.

Mansi Tripathi and S.K Singal, Lucknow, 2013 state that currently two STPs are operating in
Lucknow it is UASB reactor and FAB reactor with total operating capacity of 345 MLD and 56 MLD
respectively. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) fluidized aerobic bioreactor FAB are the two
technologies currently being used to treat to treat the sea witch being generated in the city Lucknow. In
a USB reactor with three distinct zone - solids get suspended in the blanket and slowly decompose. At
the top, solids get separated from the gas and liquid, and biomass rises from sludge bed. Particles in the
settling zone settle into the sludge bed after moving through the sludge blanket zone.
First of all, water quality parameters namely BOD 5 (testing for BOD after taking incubation period
surfaces for the microbes to grow and this in turn maximise the growth of microbes in a given volume of
aeration tank compared to the conventional aeration without the media. The results have been reported
for a combined capacity of 56MLD. The sludge generated in both the cases was dried in sludge drying
beds and later dumped as waste or given away to local farmers for free. The Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
is a tool used for the evaluation of sewage treatment system. The operating temperature and pH were.
Controlled between 28 – 32°C and 7 +- 0.5 respectively. Sampling was done in a composite manner and
collected samples were refrigerated during the time between collection and analysis. Analysis of samples
was done on the day of collection.
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The result of this study conclude that the UASB reactor is better than the FAB however in terms of LCA (
life cycle analysis), the FAB seems to be more reliable.

G. Chandrakant, IJSER Vol. 6 Issue 7,2015 is related to the design and performance evaluation
of wastewater treatment plant-D at Tirumala. The increasing in population in pilgrimage area Tirumala
near Tirupati in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, observed as a result of the development of the
modern societies is accompanied by concerns in the water sector as a result of increasing requirements
of water supply and wastewater treatment. Poorly treated wastewater with high levels of pollutants
caused by poor design, operation or maintenance of treatment systems creates major environmental
problems. When such wastewater is discharged to surface water or on land considering the above stated
implication an attempt has been to evaluate the performance of wastewater treatment plant near Balaji
Nagar area at Tirumala with a capacity of 3MLD, were collected from each unit at a peak hours.
In this study the treatment process is carried out by the following 4 methods.

1. Preliminary Wastewater Treatment :- preliminary wastewater treatment is the removal of such

wastewater constituents that may cause maintenance or operational problems in the treating
operations. It also helps in removing the oils and greases, etc. from the sewage. This treatment
reduces the body of water by about 15 to 30%.
2. Primary Wastewater Treatment :- In primary treatment, a portion of the suspended solids and
organic matter is removed from the wastewater. This removal is usually accomplished by physical
operation such as sedimentation in settling basins. The principal function of primary treatment is
to act as a precursor to secondary treatment.
3. Secondary Wastewater Treatment :- secondary treatment involves for the treatment of the
effluent, coming from the primary sedimentation tank and is directed principally towards the
removal of biodegradable Organics and suspended solids through biological decomposition of
organic matter, either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
4. Tertiary / Advanced Wastewater Treatment :- This treatment processes required beyond
conventional secondary treatment to remove constituents of concerns including nutrients, toxic
compounds and increased amount of organic material and suspended solids and particularly to
kill the pathogenic bacteria.
The various methodologies used under this study are Performance Analysis, Screening, Design Criteria,
Aeration Tank, and Clarifier.
The conclusion that can be drawn from this study are-

• The COD removal efficiency of WWTP was found to be 62%.

• The BOD removal efficiency of WWTP was found to be 58.62%.
• The total solid removal efficiency of WWTP was found to be 73.91%.
• The current results suggest that the treated effluent is complying with the standard values and can
be used for irrigation.

Jayanthi Ganesan, Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Vol. 14, 2015 has
been evaluated for treatment of wastewater of multi-storey buildings to analyse the performance of each
technology, its design concept and the life cycle costing of each system. From this study it is observed
that extended aeration is a preferred technology as per the efficiency of plant in treating wastewater. This
study has been done for four locations such as Guduvancherry, Semmancherry, Perungudi and Nolambur.
There are various assumptions made for this study, some of them are :-

1. The life of all 4 STP technology is assumed as 20 years.

2. All 4 plants were assumed to be constructed in the same area having same land cost per sqm.
3. All 4 plants were assumed to use the same grade of concrete for construction purpose.
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4. The components installed in the plants were assumed to be same for all four plants.
TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) : TOPSIS has been
deemed as one of the major decision making techniques within the Asia-Pacific region. In recent years,
TOPSIS has been deemed successfully applied to the areas of human resources management
transportation product design and manufacturing of water management quality control and location
analysis. TOPSIS requires a decision matrix as the input data and relative weights to represent the DM’s
(Decision makers) preference information.
The conclusion not only consist the benefits of the system, but it also calculates the relative closeness
from its positive ideal solution and the study reveals that SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) is the most
appropriate technology for the multistoried buildings.

Vanarase V. P, IJIRSET Vol. 6 Special Issue 11, 2017 is carried out to evaluate the
performance efficiency of 115 MLD sewage treatment plant. Water samples in this study were collected
from influent, aeration tank and effluent of sewage treatment plant and analysed for the parameters such
as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Mixed Liquor Suspended
Solid (MLSS) and Sludge Volume Index (SVI).
The Objective of the study is to define the location of sampling which highly contrubuted in performance
evaluation of STP. To investigate relationship between various above mentioned parameters which are
related to performance of STP performance through Statistical Analysis.
Samples were collected from sampling point and tested in the laboratory. Based on the laboratory
analysis, the influent and effluent result of all the parameters have been identified through which
variation in wastewater parameters and the removal efficiency of each parameter have been calculated.
The overall treatment showed good performance. Every treatment phase of this STP has its unique
removal capacity and the treated water of STP met the effluent discharged standards.
Based on results we get from the laboratory, it can be concluded that :-

1. Average TSS removal efficiency of the plant is 84.67%.

2. Average BOD removal efficiency of the plant is 87.09%.
3. Average COD removal efficiency of the plant is 88.33%.
4. Average TN removal efficiency of the plant is 77.88%.
5. Average TP removal efficiency of the plant is 75.40%.
6. The above laboratory analysis results suggest that the plant is operating satisfactorily and treated
wastewater can be used for irrigation purpose and can be discharged in natural stream.

K. Sundara Kumar et al. / IJEST Vol. 2(12), 2010 has been undertaken to assess the
wastewater treatment plant. Fancy waste treatment plant operating on activated sludge process with an
average wastewater inflow of 23 MLD has been considered for case study. The Nesapakkam Sewage
Treatment Plant has been studied under this section. The complete treatment of wastewater us brought
by a sequential combination of various physical unit operations, and chemical and Biological unit
processes.
One of the primary considerations in evaluating an existing wastewater plant is in the area of plant
operation and control. A major tool required for proper process control is frequent and accurate sampling
and laboratory analysis. Poor conditions of sewage system, in proper design of the plant and organised
problems are important factor that cause treatment plant not to meet the effluent standards. Overloading
due to increase in population and water use, discharge of trade effluents are other reasons of recent times
for the poor performance of wastewater treatment plants. Performance appraisal has been carried out by
comparing the concentrations of pollutants at the inlet and outlet of the treatment unit. The samples were
 17
analysed for various parameters like pH, BOD, COD, TSS and TDS and depending on the results of
performance of each unit was evaluated.
To characterize the quality of wastewater averages, standard deviations as well as maximum and
minimum values were calculated for the above parameters from the data. The overall performance of the
existing Plant was satisfactory. The removal efficiency of body was found to be 94.56% and that of TSS
was 93.72%.

Vidyarthi and Singh, Central Pollution Control Board, 2020 has been studied for the
assessment of 7 existing STPs in Prayagraj, UP. These STPs are based on different treatment technology
comprising primary and secondary treatment. Three parameters namely Total Suspended Solid (TSS),
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was considered for the
study. The city of Prayagraj located between Ganga and Yamuna has a special importance because of
religious means. The city currently generates around 400 MLD to 430 MLD of sewage. Thus, it was one
of the cities identified under the first phase of Ganga Action Plan (GAP) and schemes for collecting and
treating city’s sewage were initiated. In view of the above in the present work, it has been planned to
evaluate the performance of all seven wastewater treatment units operational at Prayagraj having diverse
nature of treatment processes used for treatment of more or less identical sewage covering a period of
two years. These STPs are :-

1. Naini (80MLD) – Based on conventional activated sludge plant.

2. Numayadahi (50MLD) – Based on Bio-filters.
3. Kodra (25MLD) – Based on Bio-filters.
4. Ponghat (10MLD) – Based on Bio-filters.
5. Salori (29MLD) – Based on Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactors (FAB).
6. Salori (14MLD) – Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR).
7. Rajapur (60MLD) – Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB).
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) carried out monitoring of the STPs during March 2018 to
December 2019 and total 9 composite samples were collected to check to efficient working of the STPs.
Composite sampling were carried out as per standard protocol of CHPEEO. The samples were analysed
for relevant parameters as per American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2005).
The ranking to the STPs is provided based on general removal efficiency obtained from the actual influent
and effluent data sets. 29 MLD STP at Salori which is based on Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactors (FAB)
technology has the lowest actual removal efficiency. Out of these 7 STPs only three namely Naini,
Numayadahi and Salori (14 MLD) has shown progressive improvement in control of Coliforms in
treated sewage.
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CHAPTER – 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 STUDY AREA

Achievement of a safe and healthful workplace is the responsibility of an organization, the people residing
in the place and workers who are given the charge to protect and to keep the environment clean. Waste
disposal and minimization and pollution prevention should be the preferred approach. Stringent penalties
for the improper disposal of wastes should be adopted.
Ambedkar Nagar is known for its textile industry, power plant, sugar plant, and cement manufacturing
plant in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The major economic activity of the district is agro-based industries, firm
small, power looms and farming.
Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar is one of the most eminent higher educational institution
which has a large number of people residing in its campus, various number of laboratories of various
departments, academic block, administrative block and number of hostels for the students studying here.
Hostels are the main source of pollution generating unit for the treatment plant .

3.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Waste water samples have been collected in contamination free sampling bottles of 1000 ml from the waste
water influent tank of the Sewage Treatment Plant unit.
Water treated by the plant is collected in the contamination free bottle of 1000 ml from the outlet valve of
the tank in which the treated water is stored.
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Fig 1: Location of STP (google earth)

Fig- 2 : Sewage Treatment Plant colour indicator

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3.3 LAYOUT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Fig-4 : Flow chart of a treatment process

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3.4 COMPONENT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

1. Sewage inlet and treated water test report :- Inlet Screens remove sand, grit, textiles,
grease and other residue in the pretreatment phase of the wastewater treatment process is essential
to prevent costly damage to equipment and improve process efficiency. The most effective way of
filtering out grit, sand and unwanted materials like sanitary products and cotton buds is by use of a
mechanical screen.

Fig-5 : Sewage inlet drain

2. Bar screen :- A bar screen is a mechanical filter used to remove large objects, such as rags and
plastics, from wastewater. It is part of the primary filtration flow and typically is the first, or
preliminary, level of filtration, being installed at the influent to a wastewater treatment plant.

Fig-6 : Bar screen filter

3. Sewage pump-Submersible :- These are basically the motors which are used to pump the
low pressure sewage water from collection tank to a high pressure to transfer to treatment plant
units. Based on the volume of water to be pumped, these submersible comes various horse power
(HP).

Fig-7 : Submersible
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4. Sludge pump :- A slurry pump is a type of pump designed for pumping liquid containing solid
particles. Slurry pumps changes in design and construction to adjust to multiple type of slurry which
varies in concentration of solids, size of solid particles, shape of solid particles, and composition
of solution.

Fig-8 : Sludge pump

5. Slurry recirculation pump :- Slurry pumps are designed to move the thickest mixtures and
pass large pieces of debris without damage or wear on the pump. This is why the EDDY Pumps
are so useful for recirculation pump purposes. No matter the slurry recirculation purpose, there’s
likely a good way to use a slurry pump to tackle the task.

Fig-9 : Slurry transfer pump

6. Air blower :- the purpose of the blower is to create additional air flow, the purpose of blower
controls is to provide the correct air flow at any time, which in turn provides enhanced aeration
efficiency.

Fig- 10 : Air blower

7. Coarse bubble diffuser :- Coarse bubble diffusers produce 1/4 to 1/2 inch (6.4 to 13 mm)
bubbles which rise rapidly from the floor of a wastewater treatment plant or sewage treatment plant
tank. They are typically used in grit chambers, equalization basins, chlorine contact tanks, and
aerobic digesters, and sometimes also in aeration tanks. Coarse bubble diffusers typically provide
half the mass transfer of oxygen as compared to fine bubble diffusers, given the same air volume.
 24

Fig- 11:- Coarse bubble diffuser

8. Fine Pore Diffuser :- Fine-pore membrane diffusers are most commonly used in aeration
systems. Scaling and fouling on these membrane diffusers will lead to decreased performance in
aeration and increase energy consumption. Currently, fine-pore diffusers are mainly made of
ethylene-propylenediene monomer (EPDM), silicone, and polyurethane (PU). For these types of
diffusers, a main issue is organic and inorganic pollution forming during the aeration process

Fig-12 : Fine pore diffuser system

9. Aeration Grid :- Xylem's Sanitaire Eco-lift retrievable aeration grid system delivers superior
aeration efficiency in wastewater treatment plants. The system features an innovative new design
and utilizes high-efficiency Sanitaire Gold and Silver Series diffusers, reducing both the capital
and lifecycle costs associated with aeration systems.

Fig- 13: Aeration Grid

10. Tube Settler Media :- Tube settlers use multiple tubular channels sloped at an angle of
60° and adjacent to each other, which combine to form an increased effective settling area. This
provides for a particle settling depth that is significantly less than the settling depth of a
conventional clarifier, reducing settling times. Tube settlers capture the settleable fine floc that
escapes the clarification zone beneath the tube settlers and allows the larger floc to travel to the
tank bottom in a more settleable form. The tube settler’s channel collects solids into a compact
mass which promotes the solids to slide down the tube channel.
 25

Fig-14 : Tube settler

11.Filter Press :- An industrial filter press is a tool used in separation processes, specifically to
separate solids and liquids. The machine stacks many filter elements and allows the filter to be
easily opened to remove the filtered solids, and allows easy cleaning or replacement of the filter
media. Filter presses cannot be operated in a continuous process but can offer very high
performance, particularly when low residual liquid in the solid is desired. Among other uses, filter
presses are utilised in marble factories in order to separate water from mud in order to reuse the
water during the marble cutting process.

Fig-15 : Filter Press

12.Helical Rotor Pump :- These pumps comprise of a helix rubber stator and a helical rotor.
The rotor is fitted inside the stator which is lined with rubber. The rotor rotating inside the stator
forms cavities via which media is pumped from suction to the discharge end of the pump. The rate
of flow of the liquid is usually inversely proportionate to the pressure. These pumps can operate at
lower speeds as well and are produce negligible noise. These pumps have high suction lift
capability and can be reversely operated.

Fig-16 : Helical rotor pump

13.Chlorine Dosing Pump :- Generally dosing pumps are set up to inject a product into a
water or fluid stream to cause a chemical or physical reaction. This may be as simple as adding an
acid or caustic chemical to water to get the pH into a desired range or adding chlorine to kill
 26
bacteria. A dosing pump draws a measured amount of liquid into its chamber and injects the
chemical into a tank or pipe that contains the fluid that is being dosed. It’s powered by an electric
motor or an air actuator and has a controller that turns the pump on and off and manages the flow
rate. Some models include more

Fig-17 : Dosing Pump

14.Filter Feed Pump :- A feed pump is a specific type of pump primarily used to pump
feedwater into boilers for steam generation. The steam can be used to rotate a turbine or other
machine rotors. Feed pumps raise the pressure so feedwater can enter the boiler.
These pumps are high-pressure pumps and are generally of two types:
• Positive displacement type feed pumps
• Centrifugal feed pumps

Fig-18 : Filter Feed Pump

15.Multi-grade Filter :- Multigrade filter is a depth filter that makes use of coarse and fine
media mixed together in a fixed proportion. This arrangement produces a filter bed with adequate
pore dimensions for retaining both large and small suspended particles. This filter performs at a
substantially higher specific flow rate than conventional filters.
 27
Fig-19 : Multi-grade Filter

16.Activated Carbon Filter :- Activated carbon filters are generally employed in the process
of removing organic compounds and/or extracting free chlorine from water, thereby making the
water suitable for discharge. Eliminating organics in potable water, such as humic and fulvic acid,
prevents chlorine in the water from chemically reacting with the acids and forming trihalomethanes,
a class of known carcinogens.

Fig-20: Activated carbon filter

3.5 METHODOLOGY

1. METHODOLOGY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF pH VALUE

(ELECTROMETRIC METHODS)

The negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ion gives the pH of a sample. pH varies from 6-8
in a waste water sample, due to hydrolysis of salts of bases and acids. Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide
and Ammonia which are dissolved affect pH value of water. pH value may be more than 9 in alkaline
springs and the pH may be 4 or even less than 4 for acidic ones. Industrial waste do affect the pH as it
depends on buffer capacity of water. pH value of water sample in lab changes because of loss or
absorption of gases, reactions with sediments, chemical reaction taking place within the sample bottle.
Therefore pH should preferably be determined at the time of collection of sample. pH can be determined
Electrometrically or Calorimetrically. The electrometric method is more accurate but requires special
apparatus. The calorimetric method is simple and requires less expensive apparatus, and is sufficiently
accurate for general work.

1.1 PRINCIPLE
The pH value is found by the instrument called pH meter that measures the hydrogen ion activity in
solutions, indicating its acidity or basicity expressed as pH value. The pH range of solutions varies
between 1 to 14, where 1 is the highest in acidic nature and 14 is the highest in basic nature. The pH
meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and the reference electrode,
that is why the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a potentiometric pH meter.

1.2 APPARATUS

1. pH Meter – with glass and reference electrode (saturated calomel), preferably with temperature
compensation.
2. Thermometer – with least count of 0.5°C.
 28
1.3 PROCEDURE

1. We have performed a 2-point calibration with a pH 4 and pH 7 buffer solution for more acidic water
sample and a pH 7 and pH 10 buffer solution for more basic water sample.
2. Clean the eletrode of pH meter softly with tissue paper.
3. Take waste water sample in a beaker and dip the electrode in it. Note down reading
1.
4. Rinse the electrode with distilled water and wipe the electrode with tissue paper. Again perform step
3 and note down reading 2 and reading 3.
5. Repeat step 2 to step 4 for treated water and note down reading 1, 2 and 3.

2. METHODOLOGY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF

ALKALINITY

2.1 PRINCIPLE
The alkalinity of water can be determined by titrating the water sample with sulphuric acid of 0.02N.
Based on stoichiometry of the reaction and number of moles of sulphuric acid needed to reach the end
point, the concentration of alkalinity in water is calculated.

When a water sample that has a pH of greater than 4.5 is titrated with acid to a pH 4.5 end point, all OH—
, CO 3, HCO3²- will be neutralized.

For the pH more than 8.3, add phenolphthalein indicator, the colour changes to pink. This pink colour is
due to presence of hydroxyl ions. If sulphuric acid is added to it, the pink colour disappears i.e. OH —
ions are neutralized.

Then add mixed indicator, the presence of CO3²- and HCO3— ion in the solution changes the colour to
blue. While adding sulphuric acid, the colour changes to red, this colour change indicates that all the
CO3²- and HCO3— ions has been neutralized. This is the end point.
Note : The sample liquid for analysis should be either free from turbidity or should be allowed to
settle before analyzing it.

2.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. pH Meter
2. Burette – 50 ml capacity
3. Magnetic Stirrer Assembly

2.3 REAGENT

1. Distilled Water – pH must be greater than 6.0. In case the pH falls below 6.0, it shall be boiled for 15
minutes and cooled to room temperature.
2. Sulphuric Acid – 5.6 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid is diluted with 1 L of distilled water.
3. Standard solution of Sulphuric Acid – 0.02 N.
4. Phenolphthalein Indicator – 0.5 g of phenolphthalein in 100 ml is mixed, 1:1(v/v) alcohol water
mixture is taken.
 29
5. Mixed Indicator Solution – Dissolve 0.02 g methyl red and 0.01 g bromocresol green in 100 ml, 35%,
ethyl or isopropyl alcohol.

2.4 PROCEDURE

20 ml of sample is pipetted into a 100 ml beaker, 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added to

the sample if the pH of the sample is above 8.3. It is then titrated with standard H2SO4 solution till the
pink colour observed by the indicator just disappears (equivalence of pH 8.3). The volume of standard
H2SO4 solution used is recorded. 2 to 3 drops of mixed indicator is put to the solution in which the
phenolphthalein alkalinity has been determined. The solution is titrated with standard acid to light pink
colour (equivalence of pH 3.7). The volume of standard acid used after phenolphthalein alkalinity is
recorded.

Carry the same process 3 times with the waste water and also with the treated water and note down the
reading accordingly and take the average of the given readings.

2.5 FORMULA USED

Calculate alkalinity in the sample as follows :

Total alkalinity (as mg/L CaCO3) = (A+B) * N * 5000

V
Where,
A = ml of standard H2SO4 used to titrate to pH 8.3.
B = ml of standard H2SO4 used to titrate from pH 8.3 to pH 3.7 = normality of acid used.
V = volume in ml of sample taken for test

3. METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF

TURBIDITY.

3.1 PRINCIPLE

The intensity of light scattered by the sample under defined conditions is compared with the intensity of
light scattered by a standard reference suspension under the same conditions, forms the basis of
determination of turbidity.
Higher the intensity of scattered lights higher the value of turbidity. Formazin polymer is generally used
as turbidity standard because it is more reproducible than other types of standards used previously. The
turbidity of a particular concentration of Formazin suspension is defined as 40 Jackson turbidity units.
The same suspension of Formazin has a turbidity of approximately 40 units when measured on Jackson
candle turbidimeter. Thus turbidity units based on the Formazin preparation closely approximate those
derived from Jackson candle turbidimeter but it may not always identical to them.

3.2 APPARATUS USED

1. Sample Tubes – The sample tubes should be of clear and colourless glass.
 30
2. Turbidimeter
3. Water Sample

3.3 REAGENTS USED

1. Turbidimeter – Free water

2. Hexamethylene Tetramine Solution
3. Hydrazine Sulphate Solution
4. Turbidity Standard Suspension I (Formazin)
5. Turbidity Standard Suspension II.

3.4 PROCEDURE

Turbidimeter Calibration : The manufacturer’s operating instructions is followed. The standards on

turbidimeter covering the range of interest are measured. If the instrument is already calibrated in
standard turbidity units, this procedure will check the accuracy of calibration.

Turbidity less than 40 units : If possible, allow samples to come to room temperature before analysis.
Mix the sample to thoroughly disperse the solids. Wait until air bubbles disappear then pour the sample
into turbidimeter tube. Read the turbidity directly from the instrument scale or from the appropriate
calibration curve. Turbidity exceeding 40 units : Dilute the sample with one or more volumes of
turbidity-free water until the turbidity falls below 40 units. The turbidity of the original sample is then
computed from the turbidity of the diluted sample and the dilution factor. For example, if 5 volumes of
turbidity-free water were added to 1 volume of sample, and the diluted sample showed a turbidity of 30
units, then the turbidity of the original sample was 180 units.

3.5 FORMULA USED

Calculate the turbidity of diluted samples, using the following equation : Turbidity units = A * (B+C)
/C
Where,
A = Turbidity units found in diluted sample.
B = volume in ml of dilution water used.
C = Volume of sample in ml taken for dilution.

4. METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY

4.1 PRINCIPLE

Acidity of water is the numerically expressible capacity to react with a strong base to a designated pH.
It may be defined as equivalent concentration of hydrogen ions in mg/l. The equation in its simplest
form is as follows : H+ + NaOH = H2O + Na+

4.2 APPARATUS

1. pH Meter
 31
2. Burette – 50 ml capacity 3. Magnetic Stirring Device.

4.3 REAGENTS

1. Distilled Water
2. Potassium Acid Phthalate
3. Sodium Hydroxide Solution – 15 N

Sodium Hydroxide Solution – 1 N 67 ml of 15 N NaOH solution is diluted to 1L with distilled water.

Sodium Hydroxide Solution – 0.02 N 20 ml of 1 N NaOH solution is diluted to 1L and is standardized
using standard potassium acid phthalate.
Phenolphthalein Indicator – 0.5 g of phenolphthalein is dissolved in 100 ml 1:1(v/v) alcohol water
mixture and 0.02 N NaOH solution is added drop by drop till slight pink colour is observed.
Methyl Orange Indicator – 0.5 g of methyl orange is dissolved in distilled water and made up to 100
ml in a volumetric flask.

4.4 PROCEDURE

Indicator Method :- 20 ml of a suitable amount of sample is pipetted into a 100 ml beaker. Less than 20
ml of titrant shall be required for the titration that should be the volume of sample. The pH of water is
determined. If pH is less than 3.7, two drops of methyl orange indicator is added into the first sample
beaker. It is titrated with standard 0.02 N NaOH solution until the colour converts to the faint orange. The
volume of NaOH used is recorded. 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added to the second sample
beaker. It is again titrated with 0.02 N NaOH solution till the colour of solution changes to faint pink
colour. The volume used is recorded.

4.5 FORMULA USED

Acidity in the sample is calculated as follows :

Acidity at pH 3.7, as mg/l CaCO3 = A * N * 5000/V
Acidity at pH 8.3, as mg/l CaCO3 = B * N * 5000/V

Where,
A = volume in ml of standard sodium hydroxide
N = normality of standard sodium hydroxide
V = volume in ml of sample taken for test
B = volume in ml of standard sodium hydroxide used to titrate to pH 3.7 is used to titrate to pH 8.3.

5. METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF CHLORIDE

5.1 PRINCIPLE

Soluble and slightly dissociated mercuric chloride is formed when Chloride is titrated with mercuric
nitrate. Diphenyl Carbazone with the pH range of 2.3 to 2.8 signals the end point by the formation of a
purple complex with extra mercuric ions. Chloride is determined in a natural or slightly alkaline solution
by titration with standard silver nitrate , using potassium chromate as an indicator. Silver Chloride is
quantitatively precipitated before red silver chromate is formed.
 32

Chloride mg/L = (V1-V2) * N * 35.45 * 1000

V3
Where,
V1 = volume in ml of silver nitrate used by the sample
V2 = Volume in ml of silver nitrate used in the blank titration
V3 = volume in ml of sample taken for titration
N = normality of silver nitrate solution

5.2 APPARATUS

1. Erlenmeyer flask – 250 ml capacity

2. Micro-burette – 5 ml with 0.01 ml graduation intervals.

5.3 REAGENTS

1. Standard Sodium Chloride Solution

2. Nitric acid – 0.1 N
3. Reagents for chloride concentration below 700 mg/l

6. METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BOD

6.1 PRINCIPLE

BOD is a chemical procedure for determining the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological
organism in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain
temperature over a specific time period. It is most commonly expressed in mg/l of oxygen consumed during
5 days of incubation at 20°C and is often used as a robust surrogate and a degree of organic pollution of
water.

BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers and streams. The rate of oxygen
consumption is affected by a number of variable :- temperature, pH, the presence of certain kinds of
microorganisms, and the type of organic and inorganic material in the water. The greater the value, the
more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. This means less oxygen is available to higher forms of
aquatic life. The consequence of high BOD are the same as those for low dissolved oxygen : aquatic
organisms become stressed, suffocate and die.

6.2 APPARATUS

1. Incubation Bottle : The bottle has capacity of 300 ml. It has narrow neck with even mouth and has
ground glass stoppers. New bottles are cleaned with 5 N hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid and rinsed
with distilled water. In normal use, bottles ones used for Winkler’s procedure should only be rinsed
with tap water followed by distilled water. During incubation water is added to the flared mouth of the
bottle time to time, to ensure proper sealing.

2. Air Incubator : Air incubation with thermostatically controlled 27°C +- 1°C. Light is avoided to
prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of oxygen.
 33
6.3 PROCEDURE

1. Collect waste water samples marked as A, B and C and treated water samples marked as A’, B’ and
C’.
2. Prepare the BOD bottles for analysis in accordance with tha Standard Analytical Procedure fro BOD.
Prepare only ONE dilution as explained by the instructor for each sample.
3. Using standardized Sodium Thiosulphate titrant, determine the DO in one bottle of each sample
according to the Standard Analytical Procedure for DO measurement. Incubate the other two bottles at
27°C and determine the DO after 3 days.
4. Repeat the same above steps for the determination of BOD for treated water.

7 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF DO

All living organisms depend upon oxygen to maintain the metabolic processes that produces energy for
growth and reproduction. Dissolved Oxygen is important in precipitation and dissolution of inorganic
substances in water.

7.1 NEED

1. To assess quality of raw water.

2. To check on pollution.
3. Determination of biological changes by aerobic or anaerobic organisms.
4. DO is the basis of BOD test to evaluate pollution potential of wastes.
5. All aerobic biological wastewater treatment plant.
6. Important factor in corrosion.

7.2 PRINCIPLE
Oxygen present in sample oxidizes the divalent manganous to its higher valancy which precipitates as a
brown hydrates oxide after addition of NaOH and KI. Upon acidification, manganese revert to divalent
state and librates iodine from KI equivalent to DO content in the sample. The liberated iodine is titrated
against standard (N/40) solution of Sodium Thiosulphate using starch as an indicator

7.3 PROCEDURE

1. Collect sample in BOD bottle

2. 2 ml MnSO4 + 2 ml Alkali iodide – azide + close stopper
3. Mix well + allow the ppt to settle.
4. Add 2 ml concentrated H2SO4 + mix well till ppt dissolves
5. Take 203 ml ( correspond to 200 ml) sample in a conical flask + titrate against Sodium Thiosulphate
( 0.025 N) till pale yellow colour + starch + titrate till blue to colourless.
6. Repeat the same above steps for treated water.

7.4 FORMULA USED

1 ml of 0.025 N Na2S2O3 = 0.2 mg of O2

 34
DO in mg/l = (0.2 * 1000) * ml of thiosulphate
200
8 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COD.

8.1 PRINCIPLE

The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) determines the amount of oxygen required for chemical oxidation
of organic matter using a strong chemical oxidant, such as, potassium dichromate under reflux condition.
This test is widely used to determine :-
a. Degree of pollution in water bodies and there self purification capacity.
b. Efficiency of treatment plants.
c. Pollution load.
d. Provides rough idea of BOD which can be used to determine sample volume for BOD
estimation.

The limitation of the test lies in its inability to differentiate between the biologically oxidizable and
biologically inert material and to find out the system rate constant of aerobic biological stabilization.

Most of the organic matters are destroyed when boiled with the mixture of potassium dichromate and
sulphuric acid producing CO2 and H2O. A sample is refluxed with a known amount of potassium
dichromate in sulphuric acid medium and the excess of dichromate is titrated against ferrous ammonium
sulphate. The amount of dichromate consumed is proportional to the oxygen required to oxidized the
oxidizable organic matter.

8.2 SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION

1. Collect the samples in glass bottles, if possible. Use of plastic containers is permissible if it is known
that no organic contaminants are present in the container
2. Biologically active samples should be tested as soon as possible. Samples containing settled material
should be well mixed, preferably homogenized, to permit removal of representative aliquots.
3. Samples should be preserved with sulphuric acid to a pH< 2 and maintained at 4°C until analysis.

8.3 REAGENTS

1. Standard Potassium Dichromate solution.

2. Sulphuric Acid reagent.
3. Standard Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate [ Fe(NH4)2 (SO4)2.° 6 H2O]
4. Mercuric Sulphate (HgSO4)
5. Phenanthroline Ferrous Sulphate (Ferroin) indicator solution. ( FeSO4° 7 H2O)
6. Silver Sulphate (Ag2SO4)
7. Sulphuric Acid.

8.4 PROCEDURE

1. Pipet a 50 ml aliquot of sample not to exceed 800mg/L of COD into a 500 ml, flat bottom, Erlenmeyer
flask. Add HgSO4 in the ratio of 10 mg to 1 mg chloride, based upon the mg of chloride in a sample
aliquot and 5 ml of sulphuric acid.
 35
2. Swirl until all the mercuric sulphate has dissolved. Add 25 ml of 0.25 N K2Cr2 O7.
3. Carefully add 70 ml of sulphuric acid-silver Sulphate solution and gently swirl untill the solution is
thoroughly mixed.
4. Attach the flask to the condenser and reflux the mixture for two hours.
5. Cool and wash down the interior of the condenser with 25 ml of distilled water. Disconnect the
condenser and wash the flask and condenser joint with 25 ml of distilled water so that the total volume
is 350 ml. Cool to room temperature.
6. Titrate with standard ferrous ammonium sulphate using 10 drop of ferroin indicator. The colour
change is sharp, going from blue-green to reddish-brown and should be taken as the end point
although the blue-green colour may reappear within minutes.
7. Run a blank, using 50 ml of distilled water in place of the sample together with all reagents and
subsequent treatment.
8. For COD values greater than 800 mg/L, a smaller aliquot of sample should be taken; however the
volume should be readjusted to 50 ml with distilled water having a chloride concentration equal to
the sample.

8.5 FORMULA USED

COD = {[(A-B) C * 8000] – 50D} * 1.2 Volume of sample

Where,
A = Fe(NH4)2 (SO4)2 for blank in ml
B = Fe(NH4)2 (SO4)2 for sample in ml
C = normality of Fe(NH4)2 (SO4)2
D = chloride correction
1.2 = compensation factor to account for the extent of chloride oxidation which is dissimilar in systems
containing organic and non-organic materials.
 36
CHAPTER – 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TABLE 1 : PHYSICAL AND NON-METALLIC PARAMETERS’

ACCEPTABLE & PERMISSIBLE LIMITS ACCORDING TO
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD (BIS)

PARAMETERS ACCEPTABLE PERMISSIBLE

LIMIT LIMIT
Odour Agreeable Agreeable
Taste Agreeable Agreeable
pH 6.5-8.5 No Relaxation
Turbidity (NTU) 5 10
Alkalinity (mg/L) 200 600
Chloride (mg/L) 250 1000
BOD (mg /L) 30 100
COD (mg /L) 75 250
DO (mg /L) 5 12

TABLE 2 : pH values of wastewater and treated water of the study

area.
pH for wastewater pH for treated water
Samples pH Samples pH
Sample A 4 Sample A 7.63
Sample B 3 Sample B 7.86
Sample C 3 Sample C 7.82

The pH of wastewater ranges from 3 – 5 which shows that the wastewater is highly acidic in nature and is dangerous
to human health and animal health and plants if consumed. Acidity in water makes water sour in taste . The pH of
treated water ranges between 7.5 – 8.5 which is slightly basic in nature and does not create any harmful effect on
health and environment.
When the pH of water becomes greater than 8.5, water taste can become more bitter. This elevated pH can also lead
to calcium and magnesium carbonate building up in your pipes. But higher pH can cause skin to become dry, itchy
and irritated.
 37
TABLE 3 : Alkalinity values of wastewater and treated waster of the
study area
Alkalinity for wastewater Alkalinity for treated water
Samples Alkalinity (mg/L) Samples Alkalinity (mg/L)
Sample A 132.5 Sample A 96
Sample B 121.8 Sample B 105
Sample C 120.2 Sample C 118

Experiment carried out for wastewater gives the value of alkalinity ranging from 100 - 150 mg/L, which does not
create any harmful effect on human health but this increase in alkalinity is very harmful for aquatic life. An overall
excess of alkalinity in the body may cause gastrointestinal issues and skin irritations. Too much alkalinity may also
agitate the body’s normal pH, leading to metabolic alkalosis, a condition that may produce the following symptoms
: nausea, vomiting

TABLE 4 : Turbidity values of wastewater and treated water of the

study area
Turbidity for wastewater Turbidity for treated water
Samples Turbidity (NTU) Samples Turbidity (NTU)
Sample A 112 Sample A 1.5
Sample B 120 Sample B 0.6
Sample C 100 Sample C 1.1
High value of turbidity in water signifies that water is not good for drinking and needs to be treated. Turbidity also
signifies the non-transparency of water, which creates a psychological effect on mind that the water is impure. High
turbidity in drinking water can shield bacteria or other organisms so that chlorine cannot disinfect the water as
effectively. Some organisms found in water with high turbidity can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps and
headaches.

TABLE 5 : Chloride values of wastewater and treated water of the study

area
Chloride for wastewater Chloride for treated water
Samples Chloride (mg/L) Samples Chloride (mg/L)
Sample A 730 Sample A 115
Sample B 758 Sample B 97
Sample C 706 Sample C 103

Chloride increases the electrical conductivity of water and thus increases its corrosivity. As water from reservoir to
domestic uses travelled through metallic pipes, which cab corrodes and pollute the water.
 38
TABLE 6 : DO values of wastewater and treated water of the study area
DO values for wastewater DO values for treated water
Samples DO (mg/L) Samples DO (mg/L)
Sample A 7.95 Sample A 3.57
Sample B 7.88 Sample B 2.75
Sample C 8.06 Sample C 4.10

Note : Depletion values of samples

Sample A = 5.20
Sample B = 3.85
Sample C = 2.40
The Dissolved Oxygen present in wastewater ranges from 7 – 9 mg/L. If DO is very low then it could adversely
affect the aquatic life. Fish and other aquatic organisms cannot survive. Salinity is also important factor in
determining the amount of oxygen a body can hold ; fresh water can absorb more oxygen then salt water. Oxygen
level also may be reduced when there are too many bacteria and algae in water.

TABLE 7 : BOD values of wastewater and treated water of the study

area
BOD for wastewater BOD for treated water
Samples BOD (mg/L) Samples BOD (mg/L)
Sample A 746 Sample A 18.67
Sample B 840 Sample B 23.88
Sample C 685 Sample C 29.32

BOD of wastewater lies between 600 – 870 which is very high in number, and as the value of BOD increase, more
rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. A test is used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by these organisms
during a specific period of time.
Chlorine can also affect BOD measurement by inhibiting or killing the microorganisms that decomposes the organic
and inorganic matter

TABLE 8 : COD values of wastewater and treated water of the

study area
COD for wastewater COD for treated water
Samples COD (mg/L) Samples COD (mg/L)
Sample A 686 Sample A 77
Sample B 708 Sample B 79
Sample C 695 Sample C 63

COD is an important water quality parameter because, similar to BOD, it provides an index to assess the effect
discharged wastewater will have on the receiving environment. Higher COD level means a greater amount of
oxidizable organic material in tha sample, which will reduce DO level. COD and DO are inversely proportional to
each other.
 39

CHAPTER – 5
CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

1. Total treatment plant capacity is 250 KLD.

2. The average range of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of wastewater quality are
experimented and found out.
3. pH value of treated water ranges from 7.5 to 8.5. The turbidity range of wastewater is from 0.5 NTU
to 2 NTU
4. The value of turbidity is found under the acceptable limit.
5. The Chloride and Alkalinity were in the range of 70 mg/L to 120 mg/L and 50 mg/L to 10 mg/L.
6. Disposal without any treatment in to fresh water body or agricultural field may impose the danger
of eutrophication as well as serious problems of health and hygiene.
7. Long term leaching of waste water may alter the soil characteristics as well as may influence the
quality of ground water.
8. The treated water of treatment plant can be utilized by the farmers to water their fields and also for
gardening purpose in the premises.
9. Disinfection is unquestionably the most important step in the treatment of water for drinking-water
supplies. The microbial quality of drinking-water should not be compromised because of concern
over the potential long-term effects of disinfectants and DBPs.

5.2 HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREMENT OR DECREMENT

OF THE PARAMETERS VALUES

1. pH : A pH less than 7 makes the water more acidic. The danger of more acidic water – when the
pH is less than 6.5 – is that it can leach metals from the well and from the pipes that bring you
water. These metals include lead, manganese, copper and iron, and they can be toxic in large
amounts. So acidic water obviously poses a health risk.

2. Alkalinity : Despite the lack of proven scientific research, proponents of alkaline water still believe
in its proposed health benefits. These includes:
a. Anti-aging properties
b. colon-cleasing properties
c. Immune system support
d. Hydration, skin health and detoxifying properties.
e. Weight loss
f. Cancer resistance
 40

3. Turbidity : Excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, in drinking water is aesthetically unappealing, and

may also represent a health concern. Turbidity can provide food and shelter for pathogens. If not
removed, the causes of high turbidity can promote regrowth of pathogens in the water, leading to
waterborne disease outbreaks, which can caused significant cases of intestinal sickness.

4. Chloride : When chlorine enter into the body as the result of breathing, swallowing or skin contact,
it reacts with water to produce acids. The acids are corrosive and damages cells in the body on
contact. Most harmful chlorine exposures are the result of inhalation. The most common symptoms
are :-

a. Airway irritation
b. Wheeezing
c. Difficulty breathing
d. Sore throat
e. Chest tightness
f. Eye irritation
g. Skin irritation
Breathing high levels of chlorine causes fluid build-up in lungs, a condition known as pulmonary edema.
Contact with compressed liquid chlorine may cause frostbite of the skin and the eye.

5. Acidity : Excess acidity is a condition that weakens all the body systems. Excess acidity forces the
body to borrow minerals including calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium from vital organs,
bones and teeth to buffer (neutralize) the acid and safely remove it from the body. An acidic pH
may result in weight problems such as diabetes and obesity. When are body becomes too acidic,
we suffer from a condition known as Insulin Sensitivity. This forces excessive insulin to be
produced. As a result, the body is flooded with so much insulin that it diligently converts every
calorie into fat.

6. BOD : When BOD of a water body increases significantly, the aquatic life is adversely affected.
The oxygen used by aquatic organism for respiration and metabolism is significantly reduced by
the microbes for breaking down of organic waste. This results in the death of fishes and aquatic
plants and complete disruption in an aquatic ecosystem. The overall aesthetic and beauty of the
water body are damaged.

7. DO : Fish and other animals that live in the water need oxygen to live. Natural lakes and rivers
generally cannot have too much oxygen. On the other hand, if oxygen levels are too low in the
water, fish and other animals may suffocate and die. In polluted systems, overgrowth of animals,
plants and bacteria cause the oxygen to be used up quickly, sometimes causing fish to suffocate. If
dissolved oxygen levels decrease to about 3-4 mg/L, even the strongest fish may suffocate.
 41
5.3 FORTHCOMING IDEAS IN CONTEXT OF STP
1. Considering the Rapid urbanization and sewer generation, there is need to bridge the existing gap
in sewage treatment. Apart from filling the gap, there is also need to synchronise future requirement
of treatment capacity.
2. As it is found that utilisation of existing infrastructure is only 75% of operationalize treatment
capacity and thereby, it is suggested that sewerage conveyance system which include laying of
sewer line individual household sewer connection required to be strength in considering existing
and future demand.
3. With respect to compliance requirement, it is found that only 23% of treatment capacity is meeting
the consented parameters of SPCBs/PCCs. In view of this, there is also needed to have focus on
operation and maintenance of treatment facilities so that STPs meet desired quality of treatment.
4. Treated sewage shall also be provided to industrial clusters zones so that industrial zone shell treat
for other as for their requirement and utilise the same.
 42
CHAPTER – 6
SITE REVIEW
43
44
 45

CHAPTER – 7
REFERENCES

7.1 REFERENCES

[1] American health association , 1985 : standard methods for the examination of water & waste water
- (16th edition )

[2] Orhon.D. Ates. E., Sozen. S. , 1997 : characterization and cod fractionation of domestic waste
water, environmental pollution 95(2), 191 – 204

[3] Gerard Kiely, 2007 , Environmental Engineering

[4] S.I. Khan and N.Kamal: Assessment of treatment efficiency by quantitative recovery of indicator
bacteriaand pathogens in sewage effluents. 129. Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka,
Bangladesh.

[5] Sin G, Vanhulle S, Depauw D, Griensven A, Vanrolleghem P (2005) A critical comparison of

systematic calibration protocols for activated sludge models. A SWOT analysis. Water res 39:
2459-2474.

[6] Spérandio M, Paul E (2000) estimation of wastewater biodegradable COD fractions by combining
respirometric experiments in various so/xo ratios. Water res 34: 12331246.

[7] Stokes L, Takac I, Watson B, Watts JB (1993) dynamic modelling of an ASP sewage works - A
case study. Water sci technol 28: 151-161.

[8] Torrijos M, Cerro M, Capdeville B, Zeghal S, Payraudeau M, et al. (1994) sequencing batch reactor
tool for wastewater characterization for the IWAPRC model. Water sci technol 29: 81-90.

[9] Wentzel MC, Mbewe A, Ekama GA (1995) batch measurements of readily biodegradable COD
and active organism concentration in municipal wastewater. Water SA 21: 117-124.

[10] Olivera SC, Von SM (2006) performance and reliability of wastewater treatment plants. School of
engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais.

[11] Olivera SC, Von SM (2008) reliability analysis of wastewater treatment plants. Water research 42:
1182-1194.

[12] Quek ST, Ang KK, Ong SL (1995) reliability of domestic waste biofilm reactors. J environ engg.
121: 785-790.

[13] Woodruff BW, Moore AH (1988) application of goodness of fit tests in reliability.
[14] Krishnaiah PR, Rao CR (1988) handbook of statistic quality control and reliability. Elsevier science
publishers Netherland USA.
[15] Kaul SN, Mukherjee PK, Sirowala TA, Kulkarni H, Nandy T (1993) performance evaluation of full
scale waste water treatment facility for finished leather industry.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health 28: 1277-1286.
 46
[16] Storhaug R (1990) performance stability of small biological chemical treatment plants. Water
science and technology 22: 275-282.

[17] IS: 3025 (part 10) – 1984 methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and waste
water, part 10 - Turbidity.

[18] IS: 3025 (part 15) – 1984, methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and
waste water, part 15 - Total residue (Total Solids — Dissolved and Suspended).

[19] IS: 3025 (part 16) – 1984, methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and
waste water, part 16 - Filterable residue (Total Dissolved Solids)

[20] IS: 3025 (part 21) - 1983, methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and waste
water, part 21 - Total Hardness.

[21] IS: 3025 (part 51) – 2001, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and
waste water, part 51 – Carbonate and Bicarbonate.

[22] IS: 3025 (part 22) – 1986, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and
waste water, part 22 - Acidity.

[23] IS: 3025 (part 32) - 1988, methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and waste
water, part 32 - Chloride (first revision).

[24] IS: 3025 (part 22) – 1986, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and
waste water, part 22 - Acidity.

[25] IS: 3025 (part 23) – 1983, methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and
waste water, part 23 - Alkalinity.

[26] IS:10500 Draft indian standard drinking water – specification (second revision of IS 10500) 16.
Dugan, p.R. (1972). Biochemical ecology of water pollution. Plenum Press London, 159.

[27] Akan J.C., Abdulrahman F.I., Dimari G.A., Ogugbuaja V.O. (2008).
Physicochemical determination of pollutants in wastewater and vegetable samples along the Jakara wastewater
channel in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. Eur J Sci Res, 23(1):122–133.

[28] Ankit, Singh S.K. (2021) An Overview of Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plants,
Journal of USS & T, Vol. 23 No.4, pp 306-316.

[29] CPCB, Central Pollution Control Board (2005). Performance status of common effluent treatment
plants in India.

[30] Jamwal, P., Mittal, A. K., & Mouchel, J.-M. (2008). Efficiency evaluation of sewage treatment
plants with different technologies in Delhi (India). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,
153(1-4), 293–305.
[31] JN Sharma, Raj S. Kanakiya, S.K. Singh (2015), Limnological study of water quality parameters
of Dal lake, India, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, 4(2): 380-386.

[32] Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation, 2012 manual on sewage and
sewage treatment, Ministry of Urban Development New Delhi 1993.

[33] Guide manual : Water and Wastewater analysis - Central Pollution Control Board 2011.
[34] Lettinga, G. A Van Der Geest, S. Homa and J.V.D Laan, 1979, anaerobic treatment of methanolic
waste water research.
 47
[35] Metcalf and Eddy “Wastewater Engineering : Treatment and Reuse”. Tata McGraw – Hill Edition,
2003.

[36] Standard Methods for the Examination of Waste and Wastewater by American Public Association.
[37] Arceivala, S. J. and Shyam R. Asolekar 2006. Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control and
Reuse. Third Edition, Chapter 16, pp. 455-493.

[38] Cases, V., Alonso, V., Argandoña, V., Rodriguez, M. and Prats, D. 2011. Endocrine disrupting
compounds: A comparison of removal between conventional activated sludge and membrane
bioreactors. Desalination, 272: 240-245.

[39] CPHEEO 2012. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. Ministry of Urban Development,
New Delhi in Collabration with Japan International Cooperation Agency.

[40] EPA 1997. Wastewater Treatment Manuals-Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Treatment. Published
by The Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland.

[41] American Public Health Association (APHA), 2005. Standard methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater. 21 st Edition.

[42] Chaudhay Durgananda Singh, Vigneswaran Saravanamuthu, Ngo Huu-Hao, Shim Wang Geun and
Moon Hee, 2003. Bio-filter in Water and Wastewater Treatment.

[43] Khalil, N. Sinha, R. Raghav, A.K and Mittal, 2008. UASB Technology for Sewage Treatment in
India : Experience, Economic Evaluation and its Potential in other Developing Countries, Twelfth
International Water Technology Conference, Alexandria, Egypt.

[44] Singh D.D and John S, 2013. Study the different parameters of sewage treatment with UASB and
SBR technologies, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering.

[45] Wolmarans B. and De Villiers G.H, 2002. Start-up of a UASB effluent treatment plant on distillery
wastewater. Water SA, 28(1): 63-68.
[46] Geo Miller & Co. Pvt., 2010, Operation and Maintenance manual for 14 MLD STP based on FAB
Technology at Daulatganj, Lucknow.

[47] Sarti, Arnaldo, Marcelo Loureiro Garcia, Marcelo Zaiat and Eugenio Forest 2007. Domestic
sewage treatment in a pilot-scale anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR).
Conservation and Recycling, 51(1): 237-247.