Name:

Section:

Laboratory Exercise 1
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION

1.1 GENERATION OF SEQUENCES

Project 1.1 Unit sample and unit step sequences

A copy of Program P1_1 is given below.

% Generation of a Unit Sample Sequence

clf;

% Generate a vector from -10 to 20

n = -10:20;

% Generate the unit sample sequence

u = [zeros(1,21) 1 zeros(1,9 )];

% Plot the unit sample sequence

stem(n,u);

xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');

title('Unit Sample Sequence');

axis([-10 20 0 1.2]);

Answers:

Q1.1 The unit sample sequence u[n] generated by running Program P1_1 is shown
below:

1
 Unit Sample Sequence
1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Time index n

Q1.2 The purpose of clf command is – xóa hình hiện tại

The purpose of axis command is – đặt lại các giá trị trên trục tọa độ

The purpose of title command is – thêm nhãn vào đồ họa

The purpose of xlabel command is – thêm tên cho trục x

The purpose of ylabel command is - thêm tên cho trục y

Q1.3 The modified Program P1_1 to generate a delayed unit sample sequence ud[n]
with a delay of 11 samples is given below along with the sequence generated by
running this program.

2
 Unit Sample Sequence
1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Time index n

Q1.4 The modified Program P1_1 to generate a unit step sequence s[n] is given below
along with the sequence generated by running this program .

3
 >

Unit Sample Sequence

1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Time index n

Q1.5 The modified Program P1_1 to generate a unit step sequence sd[n] with an ad-
vance of 7 samples is given below along with the sequence generated by running
this program.

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 Unit Sample Sequence
1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Time index n

Project 1.2 Exponential signals

A copy of Programs P1_2 and P1_3 are given below.

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Answers:

Q1.6 The complex-valued exponential sequence generated by running Program P1_2 is

shown below:

6
 Real part
2

Amplitude
0

-1

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Imaginary part
2

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q1.7 The parameter controlling the rate of growth or decay of this sequence is -

The parameter controlling the amplitude of this sequence is -

Q1.8 The result of changing the parameter c to (1/12)+(pi/6)*i is -

Q1.9 The purpose of the operator real is – là phần thực

The purpose of the operator imag is – là phần ảo

Q1.10 The purpose of the command subplot is – để vẽ nhiều trục tọa độ

Q1.11 The real-valued exponential sequence generated by running Program P1_3 is

shown below:

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 120

100

80
Amplitude

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n

Q1.12 The parameter controlling the rate of growth or decay of this sequence is -

The parameter controlling the amplitude of this sequence is -

Q1.13 The difference between the arithmetic operators ^ and .^ is -

Q1.14 The sequence generated by running Program P1_3 with the parameter a changed
to 0.9 and the parameter K changed to 20 is shown below:

8
 20

18

16

14

12
Amplitude

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n

Q1.15 The length of this sequence is – 36

It is controlled by the following MATLAB command line :n=0:35

It can be changed to generate sequences with different lengths as follows (give an

example command line and the corresponding length):n=0:199 and
length=200

Q1.16 The energies of the real-valued exponential sequences x[n]generated in Q1.11

and Q1.14 and computed using the command sum are -

Project 1.3 Sinusoidal sequences

A copy of Program P1_4 is given below.

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Answers:

Q1.17 The sinusoidal sequence generated by running Program P1_4 is displayed below .

Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

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Q1.18 The frequency of this sequence is -f=0.1 hz

It is controlled by the following MATLAB command line :f=0.1

A sequence with new frequency __1hz___ can be generated by the following

command line:

The parameter controlling the phase of this sequence is -phase

The parameter controlling the amplitude of this sequence is -A

The period of this sequence is T=1/F=10

Q1.19 The length of this sequence is – 41

It is controlled by the following MATLAB command line : n=0:40

A sequence with new length __77___ can be generated by the following command
line:

Q1.20 The average power of the generated sinusoidal sequence is -

Q1.21 The purpose of axis command is -

The purpose of grid command is – mạng lưới

Q1.22 The modified Program P1_4 to generate a sinusoidal sequence of frequency 0.9 is
given below along with the sequence generated by running it .

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 Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

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 A comparison of this new sequence with the one generated in Question Q1.17
shows -

A sinusoidal sequence of frequency 1.1 generated by modifying Program P1_4 is

shown below.

Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

A comparison of this new sequence with the one generated in Question Q1.17
shows -

Q1.23 The sinusoidal sequence of length 50, frequency 0.08, amplitude 2.5, and phase
shift of 90 degrees generated by modifying Program P1_4 is displayed below .

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 Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The period of this sequence is -

Q1.24 By replacing the stem command in Program P1_4 with the plot command, the
plot obtained is as shown below:

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 Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The difference between the new plot and the one generated in Question Q1.17 is -

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Q1.25 By replacing the stem command in Program P1_4 with the stairs command the
plot obtained is as shown below:

Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

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 The difference between the new plot and those generated in Questions Q1.17 and
Q1.24 is -

Project 1.4 Random signals

Answers:

Q1.26 The MATLAB program to generate and display a random signal of length 100 with
elements uniformly distributed in the interval [–2, 2] is given below along with the
plot of the random sequence generated by running the program :

clf;

n=0:99;

x=4*(rand(1,100)-0.5); % 4*[0,1]-0.5=[2,2]

stem(n,x);

title(' uniform random sequence');

xlabel(' Time index');

ylabel(' amplitude');

axis([ 0 99 -3 3]);

grid;

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 uniform random sequence
2.5

1.5

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time index

Q1.27 The MATLAB program to generate and display a Gaussian random signal of length
75 with elements normally distributed with zero mean and a variance of 3 is given
below along with the plot of the random sequence generated by running the
program:

clf;

n = 0:74;

mean = 0;

variance = sqrt(3);

x=variance*randn(1,75) + mean;

stem(n,x);

title('gaussian random signal');

xlabel(' time index n ');

ylabel(' amphitude');

axis ([ 0 75 -7 7]);

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grid;

trung binh
10

2
amplitude

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
n

Q1.28 The MATLAB program to generate and display five sample sequences of a random
sinusoidal signal of length 31

{X[n]} = {Acos(on + )}

where the amplitude A and the phase  are statistically independent random
variables with uniform probability distribution in the range 0  A  4 for the
amplitude and in the range 0     for the phase is given below. Also shown
are five sample sequences generated by running this program five different times .

clf;

n = 0:30;

f = 0.1;

Amax = 4;

phimax = 2*pi;

A= Amax*rand;

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phi = phimax*rand;

arg= 2*pi*f*n + phi;

x = A*cos(arg);

stem (n,x);

axis ([ 0 31 -5 5 ]);

grid;

title (' sinusoidal Sequence with random amplitude and phase');

xlabel (' time index n ');

ylabel(' Amplitude ');

axis ;

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 sinusoidal Sequence with random amplitude and phase
5

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time index n

sinusoidal Sequence with random amplitude and phase

5

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time index n 1.

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 2

SIMPLE OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES

Project 1.5 Signal Smoothing

A copy of Program P1_5 is given below.

% Program P1_5

% Signal Smoothing by Averaging

clf;

R = 51;

d = 0.8*(rand(R,1) - 0.5); % Generate random noise

m = 0:R-1;

s = 2*m.*(0.9.^m); % Generate uncorrupted signal

x = s + d'; % Generate noise corrupted signal

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(m,d','r-',m,s,'g--',m,x,'b-.');

xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');

legend('d[n] ','s[n] ','x[n] ');

x1 = [0 0 x];x2 = [0 x 0];x3 = [x 0 0];

y = (x1 + x2 + x3)/3;

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(m,y(2:R+1),'r-',m,s,'g--');

legend( 'y[n] ','s[n] ');

xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');

Answers:

Q1.29 The signals generated by running Program P1_5 are displayed below :

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 d[n]
6
s[n]
Amplitude x[n]
4

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time index n

8
y[n]
6 s[n]
Amplitude

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time index n

Q1.30 The uncorrupted signal s[n]is -

The additive noise d[n]is -

Q1.31 The statement x = s + d CAN / CANNOT be used to generate the noise

corrupted signal because -

Q1.32 The relations between the signals x1, x2, and x3, and the signal x are -

Q1.33 The purpose of the legend command is -

Project 1.6 Generation of Complex Signals

A copy of Program P1_6 is given below.

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

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Answers:

Q1.34 The amplitude modulated signals y[n] generated by running Program P1_6 for
various values of the frequencies of the carrier signal xH[n] and the modulating
signal xL[n], and various values of the modulation index m are shown below:

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index n Q1.35

The difference between the arithmetic operators * and .* is -

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 A copy of Program P1_7 is given below.

% Program P1_7

% Generation of a swept frequency sinusoidal sequence

n = 0:100;

a = pi/2/100;

b = 0;

arg = a*n.*n + b*n;

x = cos(arg);

clf;

stem(n, x);

axis([0,100,-1.5,1.5]);

title('Swept-Frequency Sinusoidal Signal');

xlabel('Time index n');

ylabel('Amplitude');

grid; axis;

Answers:

Q1.36 The swept-frequency sinusoidal sequence x[n] generated by running Program

P1_7 is displayed below.

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 Swept-Frequency Sinusoidal Signal
1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index n

Q1.37 The minimum and maximum frequencies of this signal are -

Q1.38 The Program 1_7 modified to generate a swept sinusoidal signal with a minimum
frequency of 0.1 and a maximum frequency of 0.3 is given below :

clf;

n=0:100;

a=2*pi*10^(-3);

b=0.2*pi;

arg = a*n.*n+b*n;

x = cos(arg);

stem(n,x);

axis([0,100,-1.5,1.5]);

title(' Swet frequency sinusoidal signal');

xlabel(' time');

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ylabel(' amplitude');

grid;

Swet frequency sinusoidal signal

1.5

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time

1.3 WORKSPACE INFORMATION

Q1.39 The information displayed in the command window as a result of the who
command is -

Q1.40 The information displayed in the command window as a result of the whos
command is -

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1.4 OTHER TYPES OF SIGNALS (Optional)

Project 1.8 Squarewave and Sawtooth Signals

Answer:

Q1.41 MATLAB programs to generate the square-wave and the sawtooth wave sequences
of the type shown in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 are given below along with the sequences
generated by running these programs :

clf;

n=0:50;

f=0.05;

phase = -pi/2;

duty = 50;

a =3;

arg = 2*pi*f*n + phase;

x=a*square(arg,duty);

subplot(211);

stem(n,x);

axis ([ 0 50 -4 4]);

grid;

title(' square wave sequence');

xlabel(' Time');

ylabel(' amplitude');

m = 0:50;

tanso = 0.03;

phasew = pi/6;

peak =1;

A1 =2.0;

arg2=2*pi*f*n + phasew;

x1=A1*sawtooth(arg2,peak);

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subplot(212);

stem (m,x1);

axis([0 60 -2 2]);

grid;

title(' sawtooth wave sequence ');

xlabel(' time ');

ylabel('amplitude');

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 square wave sequence
4

amplitude 2

-2

-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time
sawtooth wave sequence
2

1
amplitude

-1

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time

Date: Signature:

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