Name: Nguyen Tan phat

Mssv:23161307

Section:

Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION

2.1 SIMULATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.1 The Moving Average System

A copy of Program P2_1 is given below:

% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

1
Answers:

Q2.1 The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with
x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] as the input is shown below.

Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

The component of the input x[n] suppressed by the discrete-time system

simulated by this program is -

M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');

num = ones(1,M);

Q2.2 Program P2_1 is modified to simulate the LTI system y[n] = 0.5(x[n]–x[n–
1]) and process the input x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] resulting in the output
sequence shown below:
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = [1,-1];
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

2
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

The effect of changing the LTI system on the input is - making a HPF instead
of LPF as before.

Q2.3 Program P2_1 is run for the following values of filter length M and following values
of the frequencies of the sinusoidal signals s1[n] and s2[n]. The output

3
 generated for these different values of M and the frequencies are shown below.
From these plots we make the following observations -

F1=0.3,f2=0.47,M=4

Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

f1=0.03,f2=0.1,M=4
Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

Q2.4 The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a
swept-frequency sinusoidal signal (length 101, minimum frequency 0, and a
maximum frequency 0.5) as the input signal (see Program P1_7) are listed below :

4
n=0:100;
a=pi/200;
b=0;
arg=(a*n.*n+b*n);
x=cos(arg);
M=input("nhap gia tri M :");
num=[ones(1,M)];
y=filter(num,1,x)/M;
subplot(211);
plot(n,x);
title("x");
subplot(212);
plot(n,y);
title("y");

The output signal generated by running this program is plotted below .

x
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

y
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

The results of Questions Q2.1 and Q2.2 from the response of this system to the
swept-frequency signal can be explained as follows :

5
Project 2.2 (Optional) A Simple Nonlinear Discrete-Time System

A copy of Program P2_2 is given below:

% Program P2_2
% Generate a sinusoidal input signal
clf;
n = 0:200;
x = cos(2*pi*0.05*n);
% Compute the output signal
x1 = [x 0 0]; % x1[n] = x[n+1]
x2 = [0 x 0]; % x2[n] = x[n]
x3 = [0 0 x]; % x3[n] = x[n-1]
y = x2.*x2-x1.*x3;
y = y(2:202);
% Plot the input and output signals
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(n, x)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(n,y)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output signal');

Answers:

Q2.5 The sinusoidal signals with the following frequencies as the input signals were
used to generate the output signals :

x = cos(2*pi*0.05*n);
% Compute the output signal
x1 = [x 0 0]; % x1[n] = x[n+1]
x2 = [0 x 0]; % x2[n] = x[n]
x3 = [0 0 x]; % x3[n] = x[n-1]

The output signals generated for each of the above input signals are displayed
below:

6
 Input Signal
1

0.5

Amplitude 0

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
1
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The output signals depend on the frequencies of the input signal according to the
following rules:
y = x2.*x2-x1.*x3;

This observation can be explained mathematically as follows :

Q2.6 The output signal generated by using sinusoidal signals of the form x[n] =
sin(on) + K as the input signal is shown below for the following values of o
and K-

f=0.25

Input Signal
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
2

1.5
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

7
f=0.5

Input Signal
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
1
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The dependence of the output signal yt[n] on the DC value K can be explained as -

Project 2.3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems

A copy of Program P2_3 is given below:

% Program P2_3
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0 0]; % Set zero initial conditions
y1 = filter(num,den,x1,ic); % Compute the output y1[n]
y2 = filter(num,den,x2,ic); % Compute the output y2[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic); % Compute the output y[n]
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot x_{1}[n] + b \cdot x_{2}
[n]');
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yt);

8
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot y_{1}[n] + b \cdot y_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');

Answers:

Q2.7 The outputs y[n], obtained with weighted input, and yt[n], obtained by
combining the two outputs y1[n] and y2[n] with the same weights, are shown
below along with the difference between the two signals :

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1[n] + b x2[n]

20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y1[n] + b y2[n]

20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-15 Difference Signal

10
4

2
Amplitude

-2

-4

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The two sequences are -

x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);

The system is - x = a*x1 + b*x2;

Q2.8 Program P2_3 was run for the following three different sets of values of the
weighting constants, a and b, and the following three different sets of input
frequencies:
A=2 ; B=-4 f1=0.1 f2=0.4 A=3 ; B= -6 f1=f2=0.4 A=-8 ; B= 8 F1= 0.2 F2=0.4
n=0:40; n=0:40; clf;
x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n); x1=cos(2*pi*0.4*n); n=0:40;
x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n); x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n); x1=cos(2*pi*0.2*n);
a=2; a=3; x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
b=-4; b=-6; a=-8;

9
x=a*x1+b*x2; x=a*x1+b*x2; b=8;
num=[2.2403, 2.4908, num=[2.2403, 2.4908, x=a*x1+b*x2;
2.2403]; 2.2403]; num=[2.2403, 2.4908,
den=[1, -0.4, 0.75]; den=[1, -0.4, 0.75]; 2.2403];
y1=filter(num,den,x1); y1=filter(num,den,x1); den=[1, -0.4, 0.75];
y2=filter(num,den,x2); y2=filter(num,den,x2); y1=filter(num,den,x1);
y3=filter(num,den,x); y3=filter(num,den,x); y2=filter(num,den,x2);
y=a*y1+b*y2; y=a*y1+b*y2; y3=filter(num,den,x);
d=y3-y; d=y3-y; y=a*y1+b*y2;
subplot(311); subplot(311); d=y3-y;
stem(n,y3); stem(n,y3); subplot(311);
subplot(312); subplot(312); stem(n,y3);
stem(n,y); stem(n,y); subplot(312);
subplot(313); subplot(313); stem(n,y);
stem(n,d); stem(n,d); subplot(313);
stem(n,d);

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below :

20 20

0
0
-20

-20 -40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

20 20

0
0
-20

-20 -40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10 -15 10 -14
5 1

0 0

-5 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

100

-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

100

-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10 -14
2

-2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with different weights is -

LINEAR SYSTEM

Q2.9 Program 2_3 was run with the following non-zero initial conditions :

% Program P2_3

10
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0, 1]; % Set zero initial conditions
y1 = filter(num,den,x1,ic); % Compute the output y1[n]
y2 = filter(num,den,x2,ic); % Compute the output y2[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic); % Compute the output y[n]
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot x_{1}[n] + b \cdot x_{2}
[n]');
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot y_{1}[n] + b \cdot y_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');

The plots generated are shown below -

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x 1 [n] + b x 2 [n]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a y 1 [n] + b y 2 [n]
10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

11
 Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial
conditions is :

NONLINEAR SYTEM

Q2.10 Program P2_3 was run with nonzero initial conditions and for the following three
different sets of values of the weighting constants, a and b, and the following
three different sets of input frequencies :
A=2 ; B=-4 f1=0.1 f2=0.4 A=3 ; B= -6 f1=f2=0.4 A=-8 ; B= 8 F1= 0.2 F2=0.4
ic=[0,1] ic=[0,2]

n=0:40; n=0:40; clf;

x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n); x1=cos(2*pi*0.4*n); n=0:40;
x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n); x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n); x1=cos(2*pi*0.2*n);
a=2; a=3; x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
b=-4; b=-6; a=-8;
x=a*x1+b*x2; x=a*x1+b*x2; b=8;
num=[2.2403, 2.4908, num=[2.2403, 2.4908, x=a*x1+b*x2;
2.2403]; 2.2403]; num=[2.2403, 2.4908,
den=[1, -0.4, 0.75]; den=[1, -0.4, 0.75]; 2.2403];
ic=[0, 1] ic=[0, 2]; den=[1, -0.4, 0.75];
y1=filter(num,den,x1,ic) y1=filter(num,den,x1,ic) ic=[0,3]
; ; y1=filter(num,den,x1,ic)
y2=filter(num,den,x2,ic) y2=filter(num,den,x2,ic) ;
; ; y2=filter(num,den,x2,ic)
y3=filter(num,den,x,ic); y3=filter(num,den,x,ic); ;
y=a*y1+b*y2; y=a*y1+b*y2; y3=filter(num,den,x,ic);
d=y3-y; d=y3-y; y=a*y1+b*y2;
subplot(311); subplot(311); d=y3-y;
stem(n,y3); stem(n,y3); subplot(311);
subplot(312); subplot(312); stem(n,y3);
stem(n,y); stem(n,y); subplot(312);
subplot(313); subplot(313); stem(n,y);
stem(n,d); stem(n,d); subplot(313);
stem(n,d);

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below :

12
 Output Due to Weighted Input: a x 1[n] + b x 2 [n]
5
20
Amplitude
0
0

-5
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a y 1[n] + b y 2 [n]
10
10
Amplitude

0 0
-10

-20 -10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal 10
Amplitude

1 5

0 0

-1 -5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

100

-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

100

-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial
conditions and different weights is -

NONLINEAR SYTEM

Q2.11 Program P2_3 was modified to simulate the system :

y[n] = x[n]x[n–1]

The output sequences y1[n], y2[n],and y[n]of the above system generated
by running the modified program are shown below :

clf;
n=0:40;
x1=cos(2*pi*0.2*n);

13
x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
a=2;
b=-3;
x=a*x1 + b*x2;
y=x.*[0 x(1:40)];
yt=a*x1.*[0 x1(1:40)] + b*x2.*[0 x2(1:40)];
d=y-yt;
subplot(311);
stem(n,y);
subplot(312);
stem(n,yt);
subplot(313);
stem(n,d);

10

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-5

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Comparing y[n] with yt[n] we conclude that the two sequences are - not the
same

This system is - NONLINER

Project 2.4 Time-invariant and Time-varying Systems

A copy of Program P2_4 is given below:

% Program P2_4
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40; D = 10;a = 3.0;b = -2;
x = a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n) + b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd = [zeros(1,D) x];
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0 0]; % Set initial conditions
% Compute the output y[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic);
% Compute the output yd[n]
yd = filter(num,den,xd,ic);
% Compute the difference output d[n]

14
d = y - yd(1+D:41+D);
% Plot the outputs
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output y[n]'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yd(1:41));
ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð', num2str(D),']']); grid;
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.12 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
are shown below -

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð10]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows - y[n] = yd[n- 10].

The system is - time-invariant

Q2.13 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-D] generated by running Program P2_4 for
the following values of the delay variable D - 5, 10,15

are shown below -

15
D=5 D=10 D=15

Output y[n] Output y[n] Output y[n]

20 20 20

Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0 0

-20 -20 -20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð5] Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð10] Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð15]
20 20 20

Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0 0

-20 -20 -20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal Difference Signal Difference Signal
1 1 1

Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0 0

-1 -1 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n Time index n Time index n

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - y(n)=y(n-D)

The system is - Time-invariant

Q2.14 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for the following values of the input frequencies - 0.1-0.3, 0.2-0.4, 0.3-0.6

are shown below

D=4

0.1-0.3 0.2-0.4 0.3-0.6

Output y[n] Output y[n] Output y[n]

20 50 5
Amplitude

Amplitude
Amplitude

0 0 0

-20 -5
-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð4] Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð4] Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð4]
20 50 5
Amplitude

Amplitude
Amplitude

0 0 0

-20 -5
-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal Difference Signal
Difference Signal 1 1
1
Amplitude

Amplitude
Amplitude

0 0
0

-1 -1
-1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n Time index n
Time index n

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - y(n)=y(n-D)

16
 The system is - Time-invariant

Q2.15 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions are shown below - ic=[0,8]

Output y[n]
10
Amplitude

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð4]
10
Amplitude

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows - yn and y(n-D) are not the shifted
versions each

other.

The system is - Time-varying

Q2.16 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions and following values of the input frequencies -
f1=0.1, f2=0.3; f1=0.2 f2=0.4,

are shown below -

f1=0.1, f2=0.3 f1=0.2 f2=0.4,

Output y[n] Output y[n]

50
20
Amplitude
Amplitude

0 0

-20 -50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð10]
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð10] 50
20
Amplitude
Amplitude

0
0

-50
-20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Difference Signal
Difference Signal 5
Amplitude

5
Amplitude

0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-5 Time index n
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

17
 In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - yn and y(n-D) are not the
shifted versions each

The system is - Time-varying

Q2.17 The modified Program 2_4 simulating the system

y[n] = n x[n] + x[n-1]

is given below:
n=0:40;D=10;a=3;b=-2;
x = a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n) + b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd=[zeros(1,D) x];
nd=0:length(xd)-1;
y=n.*x+[0 x(1:40)];
yd=nd.*xd+[0 xd(1:length(xd)-1)];
d=y-yd(1+D:41+D);
subplot(311);
stem(n,y);
subplot(312);
stem(n,yd(1:41));
subplot(313);
stem(n,d(1:41));

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running modified

Program P2_4 are shown below -

200

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

200

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

50

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

These two sequences are related as follows - yn and y(n-D) are not the shifted
versions each

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 The system is -Time-varying

Q2.18 (optional) The modified Program P2_3 to test the linearity of the system of Q2.18 is
shown below:
% Program P2_3
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
y = n.*x+[0,x(1:40)];
yt = a*(n.*x1+[0 x1(1:40)])+b*(n.*x2+[0 x2(1:40)]);
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot x_{1}[n] + b \cdot x_{2}
[n]');
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot y_{1}[n] + b \cdot y_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');

The outputs y[n]and yt[n] obtained by running the modified program P2_3 are
shown below:

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x 1 [n] + b x 2 [n]

200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y 1 [n] + b y 2 [n]

200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10 -14 Difference Signal

Amplitude

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n

19
 The two sequences are - almost similar

The system is - LINEAR

2.2 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.5 Computation of Impulse Responses of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_5 is shown below:

% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.19 The first 41 samples of the impulse response of the discrete-time system of Project
2.3 generated by running Program P2_5 is given below:

Impulse Response
4

2
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q2.20 The required modifications to Program P2_5 to generate the impulse response of
the following causal LTI system :

y[n] + 0.71y[n-1] – 0.46y[n-2] – 0.62y[n-3]

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 = 0.9x[n] – 0.45x[n-1] + 0.35x[n-2] + 0.002x[n-3]

are given below:

% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 45;
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62 ];
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 45 samples of the impulse response of this discrete-time system

generated by running the modified is given below :
Impulse Response
2

1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time index n

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Q2.21 The MATLAB program to generate the impulse response of a causal LTI system of
Q2.20 using the filter command is indicated below:

% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62 ];
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
x=[1 zeros(1,39)];
ic = [0, 0];
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown
below:

Impulse Response
2

1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Comparing the above response with that obtained in Question Q2.20 we conclude
- SAME

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Q2.22 The MATLAB program to generate and plot the step response of a causal LTI
system is indicated below:
% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62 ];
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
x=[ones(1,40)];
ic = [0, 0];
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the step response of the LTI system of Project 2.3 are
shown below:
Impulse Response

1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Project 2.6 Cascade of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_6 is given below:

% Program P2_6
% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system

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den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num1,den1,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num2,den2,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.23 The output sequences y[n], y2[n], and the difference signal d[n] generated
by running Program P2_6 are indicated below:

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 Output of 4th order Realization
1

Amplitude
0

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10 -15 Difference Signal

5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] is - almost similar

Q2.24 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with the input changed to a
sinusoidal sequence are as follows :

Output of 4th order Realization

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10 -15 Difference Signal

5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is - almost similar

Q2.25 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with non-zero initial condition
vectors are now as given below:

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 Output of 4th order Realization
10

Amplitude
5

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
10
Amplitude

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
10
Amplitude

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is - DIFFERENT

Q2.26 The modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order systems in reverse order and
with zero initial conditions is displayed below :
% Program P2_6
% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
ic=[0 0 0 0]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
ic1=[0 0]
y1 = filter(num2,den2,x,ic2);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
ic2=[0 0]
y2 = filter(num1,den1,y1,ic1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)

26
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

The sequences generated by running the modified program are sketched below :

Output of 4th order Realization

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10 -15 Difference Signal

5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -almost similar

Q2.27 The sequences generated by running the modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-
order systems in reverse order and with non-zero initial conditions are displayed
below:

Output of 4th order Realization

10
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
10
Amplitude

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is - different

Project 2.7 Convolution

27
 A copy of Program P2_7 is reproduced below:
% Program P2_7
clf;
h = [3 2 1 -2 1 0 -4 0 3]; % impulse response
x = [1 -2 3 -4 3 2 1]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:14;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,8)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.28 The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running Program P2_7 are shown
below:

Output Obtained by Convolution

20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is - SAME

The reason for using x1[n] as the input, obtained by zero-padding x[n], for
generating y1[n] is - SINCE N HAS 15 VALUES, X HAS ONLY 7 VALUES, THE
FILTER FUNCTION SHOWS THE NUMBER OF BNAGWF VALUES AS THE

28
 NUMBER OF INPUT VALUES, SO I ADD 8 ZEROES TO NOT AFFECT THE
RESULT, BUT THE NUMBER OF VALUES IS STILL CORRECT FOR N

Q2.29 The modified Program P2_7 to develop the convolution of a length-15 sequence
h[n] with a length-10 sequence x[n]is indicated below:
% Program P2_7
clf;
h = [ 9 1 0 5 7 3 6 4 19 12 13 14 0 15 8 ]; % impulse response
x = [10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:23;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1, 14)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running modified Program P2_7 are shown
below:

Output Obtained by Convolution

600
Amplitude

400

200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
600
Amplitude

400

200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is - THEY ARE SAME

Project 2.8 Stability of LTI Systems

29
 A copy of Program P2_8 is given below:
% Program P2_8
% Stability test based on the sum of the absolute
% values of the impulse response samples
clf;
num = [1 -0.8]; den = [1 1.5 0.9];
N = 200;
h = impz(num,den,N+1);
parsum = 0;
for k = 1:N+1;
parsum = parsum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k)) < 10^(-6), break, end
end
% Plot the impulse response
n = 0:N;
stem(n,h)
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
% Print the value of abs(h(k))
disp('Value =');disp(abs(h(k)));

Answers:

Q2.30 The purpose of the for command is - Repeat statements a specific number of times.

The purpose of the end command is - Terminate scope of FOR, WHILE, SWITCH,

TRY, and IF statements.

for biến = giá_trị_bắt_đầu : bước_nhảy while: điều_kiện while điều_kiện

% Các câu lệnh thực hiện khi điều
% Một số câu lệnh
giá_trị_kết_thúc kiện còn đúng if điều_kiện_dừng
% Các câu lệnh thực thi trong vòng lặp break; % Thoát khỏi vòng lặp ngay lập
end tức
end end
% Các câu lệnh tiếp theo
end

Q2.31 The purpose of the break command is - Terminate execution of WHILE or FOR
loop.

Q2.32 The discrete-time system of Program P2_8 is - num = [1-0.8]; den = [1 1.5
0.9]

The impulse response generated by running Program P2_8 is shown below :

30
 3

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The value of |h(K)| here is - Value =

1.6761e-05

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is - stable

By running Program P2_8 with a larger value of N the new value of | h(K)|is -
9.1752e-07

From this value we can conclude that the system is - stable

Q2.33 The modified Program P2_8 to simulate the discrete-time system of Q2.33 is given
below:

% Program P2_8
% Stability test based on the sum of the absolute
% values of the impulse response samples
clf;
num = [1 -4 3]; den = [1 -1.7 1];
N = 200;
h = impz(num,den,N+1);
parsum = 0;
for k = 1:N+1;
parsum = parsum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k)) < 10^(-6), break, end
end
% Plot the impulse response
n = 0:N;
stem(n,h)
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

31
% Print the value of abs(h(k))
disp('Value =');disp(abs(h(k)));

The impulse response generated by running the modified Program P2_8 is shown
below:

2.5

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The values of |h(K)| here are - 2.0321

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is - stable

Project 2.9 Illustration of the Filtering Concept

A copy of Program P2_9 is given below:

% Program P2_9
% Generate the input sequence
clf;
n = 0:299;
x1 = cos(2*pi*10*n/256);
x2 = cos(2*pi*100*n/256);
x = x1+x2;
% Compute the output sequences
num1 = [0.5 0.27 0.77];
y1 = filter(num1,1,x); % Output of System #1
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System #2
% Plot the output sequences

32
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y1);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #1'); grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,y2);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #2'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.34 The output sequences generated by this program are shown below :

Output of System #1
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Output of System #2
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency
component of the input signal x[n] is -#system 2
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System #2
% Plot the output sequences

Q2.35 The required modifications to Program P2_9 by changing the input sequence to a
swept sinusoidal sequence (length 301, minimum frequency 0, and maximum
frequency 0.5) are listed below along with the output sequences generated by the
modified program:
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:300;
a = pi/600;
b = 0;
arg = a*n.*n + b*n;
x = cos(arg);
% Compute the output sequences
num1 = [0.5 0.27 0.77];
y1 = filter(num1,1,x); % Output of System #1
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System #2
% Plot the output sequences

33
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y1);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #1'); grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,y2);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #2'); grid;

Output of System #1
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Output of System #2
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency
component of the input signal x [n] is - SYSTEM #2
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System #2

Date: 14/4/2025 Signature: Nguyen Tan Phat

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