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Te

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 INDEX
Class- 6 ........................................................................................... 5-43
Chapter- 1 Components of Food........................................................................... 5
Chapter- 2 Sorting Materials into Groups ............................................................ 9
Chapter- 3 Separation of Substances .................................................................. 10
Chapter- 4 Known Plants .................................................................................... 13
Chapter- 5 Body Movements .............................................................................. 17
Chapter- 6 The Living Organism Characteristics and Habitats.......................... 24
Chapter- 7 Measurement of Motion and Distances ............................................ 28

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Chapter- 8 Light, Shadows and Reflections ....................................................... 29
SP
Chapter- 9 Electricity and Circuits ..................................................................... 32
Chapter- 10 Magnets ........................................................................................... 37
Chapter- 11 Air Around Us ................................................................................ 41
m
Class- 7 ....................................................................................... 44-114
a

Chapter- 1 Nutrition in Plants ............................................................................... 44

Te

Chapter-2 Nutrition in Creatures ........................................................................ 49

Chapter-3 Fiber to Textiles ................................................................................. 52
Chapter-4 Heat .................................................................................................... 57
Chapter-5 Acid, Base and Salt ............................................................................ 59
Chapter-6 Physical and chemical changes.......................................................... 64
Chapter-7 Adaptations of animals to Weather and Climate.................................... 67
Chapter-8 Wind, Storm and Cyclone.................................................................. 71
Chapter-9 Soil ..................................................................................................... 74
Chapter-10 Respiration in Organisms ................................................................ 81
2
Chapter-11 Transportation in Animal and Plants ............................................... 86
Chapter-12 Reproduction in Plants ..................................................................... 93
Chapter-13 Speed and Time ............................................................................... 98
Chapter-14 Electricity and It's Effect ............................................................... 102
Chapter-15 Water : A Precious Resource ......................................................... 105
Chapter-16 Forests : Our Lifeline ..................................................................... 108
Chapter-17 Waste Water Story ......................................................................... 112

Class-08 .................................................................................... 115-194

Chapter-1 Crop Production And Management ................................................. 115
Chapter-2 Microorganism- Friends and Enemies ............................................. 120

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Chapter-3 Synthetic Fibers and Plastics ........................................................... 125
SP
Chapter-4 Matter-Metal & Non-Metal ............................................................. 129
Chapter-5 Coal and Petroleum.......................................................................... 133
am
Chapter-6 Combustion and Flame .................................................................... 136
Chapter-7 Conservation of Plants and Animals ............................................... 138
Chapter-8 Cell - Structure and Functions ........................................................ 145
Te

Chapter-9 Reproduction in Animals ................................................................ 150

Chapter-10 Towards Adolescence .................................................................... 156
Chapter-11 Force and Pressure ......................................................................... 160
Chapter-12 Friction ........................................................................................... 166
Chapter-13 Sound ............................................................................................. 169
Chapter-14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current............................................. 174
Chapter-15 Some Natural Phenomena.............................................................. 176
Chapter-16 Stars and the Solar System ............................................................ 180
Chapter-17 Air and Water Pollution ................................................................. 186
3
Class-09 .................................................................................... 195-228
Chapter-1 Matter in Our Surroundings ............................................................ 195
Chapter-2 Is Matter Around Us Pure? ............................................................. 197
Chapter-3 Atoms and Molecules ...................................................................... 199
Chapter-4 Structure of the Atom .................................................................... 202
Chapter-5 The Fundamental Unit of Life ......................................................... 205
Chapter-6 Tissues .....................................................................................................................208
Chapter-7 Motion .............................................................................................. 212
Chapter-8 Force and Laws of Motion .............................................................. 215
Chapter-9 Gravity ............................................................................................ 217

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Chapter-10 Work and Energy .......................................................................... 219
Chapter-11 Matter in Our Surroundings ........................................................... 221
SP
Chapter-12 Improvement in Food Resources .................................................. 225
Class-10 .................................................................................... 229-288
m
Chapter-1 Chemical Reactions and Equation ................................................... 229
Chapter-2 Acid, Base and Salts ........................................................................ 233
a

Chapter-3 Metals and Non-metals .................................................................... 238

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Chapter-4 Carbon and It’s Compounds .................................................................. 243

Chapter-5 Life Processes .................................................................................. 250
Chapter-6 Control and Coordination ................................................................ 256
Chapter-7 How do Organisms Reproduce ....................................................... 260
Chapter-8 Heredity and Biological Evolution ................................................. 264
Chapter-9 Light-Reflection and Refraction ..................................................... 268
Chapter-10 The Human Eye and the Colourful World..................................... 273
Chapter-11 Electricity ....................................................................................... 277
Chapter-12 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current ............................................. 282
Chapter-13 Our Environment ........................................................................... 285
4
 Science
Class-VI
Role of Proteins
Chapter-1 Components of Food Proteins are needed for the growth and repair of our
body. Food proteins are often called 'body building
Nutrients foods'.
Those ingredients which contain some components
that are needed by our body. These components are
called nutrients.
Types of Nutrients
The major nutrients in our food are named
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, and
minerals. Food contains dietary fibers and water
which are also needed by our body.

Y
SP
am

Some sources of carbohydrates

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Some sources of proteins: (a) plant sources

and (b) animal sources
Vitamins
Vitamins are of different kinds known by different
names. Some of these are Vitamin A, Vitamin C,
Vitamin D, Vitamin E and K. There is also a group
of vitamins called Vitamin B-complex.
∎ Role of vitamins
Vitamins help in protecting our body against
Some sources of fats: (a) plant sources and (b) diseases. Vitamins also help in keeping our eyes,
animal sources bones, teeth and gums healthy.

NCERT Science 5 YCT

 Some sources of Vitamin A Some sources of iron

Sources of some minerals

Some sources of Vitamin C
Balanced Diet
The diet should contain a good amount of roughage

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and water. Such diet is called a balanced diet.
Deficiency Diseases
SP Deficiency of one or more nutrients can cause
diseases or disorders in our body. Diseases that
occur due to lack of nutrients over a long period are
called deficiency diseases.
All deficiency diseases can be prevented by taking a
Some sources of Vitamin D
balanced diet.
m
Minerals Important Questions
Minerals are needed by our body in small amounts. 1. Which of the following options is an example of
Each one is essential for proper growth of body and a balance diet?
to maintain good health.
a

(a) Burgers, chips, cold drinks

(b) Roti, vegetables, cold drinks
(c) Roti, pulses, vegetables
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(d) Rice, chips, cold drinks

Ans. (c) : Amongs the given option, option (c), Roti,
pulses, vegetables is an example of a balance diet. A
diet that contains all the essential nutrients like proteins,
carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fibers is called as
balance diet.
2. Which of the following is a balanced diet in
itself, and is considered good for teenagers?
Some sources of iodine (a) Pulses (b) Roti/Rice
(c) Milk (d) Vegetable
Ans. (c) : Milk is considered as a complete nutritious
food. It contains Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc,
Phosphorus, Iodine, Potassium, Folic acid, Vitamin A,
Vitamin D Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Protein and healthy
fat. Casein protein is a protein found in milk, which
gives white colour to milk.
3. In which of the following food items, Iron is
found in abundant?
(a) Rice (b) Butter
Some sources of Phosphorous (c) Jaggery (d) Milk
NCERT Science 6 YCT
Ans. (c) : In the given option, Iron is found in abundant Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
in Jaggery. Iron is an important component in our body Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acid
which helps in maintaining skin, hair, cells and other 9. In which of the following elements, hence of
things along with relieving fatigue, its deficiency causes human blood is a part of heme/haem?
shortness of breath, weakness, headache, dizziness, loss (a) Manganese (b) Iron
of appetite etc.
(c) Cobalt (d) Magnesium
4. Which of the following is a good source of
vitamin A? Ans. (b) : Heamoglobin is found in RBC in which
(a) Cabbage (b) Carrot Iron-containing pigments heme is present. Due to this
(c) Potato (d) Strawberry the colour of blood is ‘red’. The iron containing
Ans. (b) : The chemical name of vitamin A is retinal. compound present in heme is called “Hematin”.
Its source is all type of green leafy vegetables and fruits 10. In the context of deficiency diseases, Rickets is
like carrots, papaya etc. Its deficiency causes night caused by the deficiency of _______.
blindness and xerophthalmia. It is also called - infection (a) Vitamin C (b) Vitamin E
vitamin, because it prevents bacterial infection in the (c) Vitamin D (d) Vitamin B-12
body.
Ans. (c) :
5. Which of these foods is called body building
Vitamins - Chemical name - Disease
food?
(a) Food rich in protein such as peas. Vitamin A - Retinol - Night blindness
(b) Food rich in fat, such as butter. Vitamin B12 - Cyanocobalamin - Anemia
(c) Vitamin rich food such as apple. Vitamin E - Tocopherol - Infertility
(d) Food rich in carbohydrates such as wheat. Vitamin D - Calciferol - Rickets

Y
Ans. (a) : Protein is commonly known as body-building 11. Cod liver oil is obtained from fish is a rich
food. These are more nutrients that provide the body source of which Vitamin?

6.
SP
with nutrients for cell growth and repair, in which milk
chicken, fish, egg and pulses are rich source of proteins.
Carrots contain high amounts of Vitamin A.
(a) Vitamin C
(c) Vitamin D
(b) Vitamin B12
(d) Vitamin B
Ans. (c) : Cod liver oil obtained from fish is a rich
How does eating carrot help the child?
source of Vitamin D. Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty
(a) This will improve the eyesight of the child
(b) This will strengthen the bones of the child. acids (EPA and DHA).
am
(c) This will help the child to fight many 12. Which diseases is caused by deficiency of
diseases. Vitamin C?
(d) This will provide good amount of energy to (a) Rickets (b) Beriberi
the child. (c) Scurvy (d) Night blindness
Ans. (a) : Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, which the Ans. (c) : Scurvy is a disease caused by deficiency of
body converts into vitamin A. Vitamin A is essential for Vitamin C. Due to its deficiency, gums swell and teeth
good vision, particularly in low condition. start falling. The chemical name of Vitamin C is
Te

7. Which of the following dietary components Ascorbic acid, Vitamin ‘C’ is found in Orange, lemon,
provides maximum energy per gram in amla and tomato etc.
humans?
(a) Protein (b) Roughage 13. Given below is an assertion (A) and reason (R).
(c) Carbohydrate (d) Fat Assertion (A) : Beri- Beri is viral infection.
Ans. (d) : Fat is the main food item that provides Reason (R): Vitamin deficiency causes disease.
energy to the body. Fat molecules are formed by the Choose the right option-
combination of glycerol and fatty acids like (a) A is wrong but R is correct
carbohydrates, fats are also compounds of carbon, (b) A is correct but R is wrong
hydrogen & oxygen. By complete oxidation of its water (c) Both A and R are wrong
9.3 Kcal of energy released. The main source of fats are (d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct
milk, meat, fish, peanut oil, ghee etc.
explanation of A.
8. Cyanocobalamin is a man-made form of the
vitamin- Ans. (a) : Beri- Beri disease is caused by deficiency of
(a) B12 (b) B6 vitamin B1 (thiamine). It is not a viral infection. The
(c) B2 (d) B1 given statement is incorrect, while the reason is correct
Ans. (a) : that vitamin deficiency causes disease.
Vitamins Chemical name 14. Name that vitamin due to its deficiency there is
Vitamin B12 - Cyanocobalamin excessive bleeding.
Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine (a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin B
Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin (c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin C
NCERT Science 7 YCT
Ans. (c) : Due to deficiency of vitamin K. There is Ans. (b) : Deficiency of vitamin K leads to reduction
excessive bleeding. The chemical name of this Vitamin in blood clotting. Due to its deficiency bones are also
Phylloquinone. weak. Vitamin K activates the protein and calcium
It is an antihemarrhagic vitamin that is necessary for the needed for blood clotting.
formation of prothrombin in the liver. Due to Vitamin Deficiency disease
deficiency of this vitamin blood clot does not formed in Vitamin B1 Beri- Beri
human body and there is excessive bleeding at the cut Vitamin D Rickets
places. It is found in green leafy vegetables tomato etc. Vitamin C Scurvy
● The chemical name of vitamin A is Retinal. Due to its Vitamin A Night blindness
deficiency a disease caused named night blindness.
Vitamin E Reduce fertility
● Vitamin B: Its chemical name is thiamine. Its
19. In which of the following Vitamins, yeast in
deficiency causes a disease named Beri- Beri.
found in abundance?
● Vitamin C: Its chemical name is ascarbic acid, its
(a) Vitamin B (b) Vitamin C
deficiency causes a disease named scurvey.
(c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin A
15. Beri - Beri is a disease which caused due to
Ans. (a):
deficiency of ______.
Vitamin Chemical Name Sources
(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin B
Vitamin B (B 2 ) Riboflavin Yeast, liver,
(c) Vitamin D (d) Vitamin C
meat, green
Ans. (b) : Vitamin Deficiency disease
Vegetables,
/disorder
milk
Vitamin B1 Beri- Beri

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Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Hemon, orange,
Vitamin A Xerophthalmia, Night
blindness
chili, sprouted
grains, tomato,
Vitamin C Scurvy, gingivitis
Vitamin D Rickets ( in
Osteomalavia
SP children)
Vitamin A Retinal
tangerine.
Milk, egg,
(in adults)
cheese, green,
vegetables, fish
16. What is the common name of E 300?
oil.
(a) Vitamin D (b) Vitamin C
Vitamin K Phylloquinone Tomato, also
m
(c) Vitamin B (d) Vitamin A
produced in the
Ans. (b) : The common name of antioxidant E 300 is intestine, green
Vitamin C. The chemical name of Vitamin C is vegetable.
'ascorbic acid'. Its deficiency causes scurvey. 20. _____ has three active forms. Retinal, retinol
a

The main source of vitamin C are tomato, lemon, Amla and retinoic acid.
and orange etc. (a) Vitamin-B (b) Vitamin- A
17. Which of these is a water soluble vitamin?
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(c) Vitamin-D (d) Vitamin- C

(a) Vitamin D (b) Vitamin E Ans. (b) : Vitamin A has three active forms retinal,
(c) Vitamin B (d) Vitamin A retinol and retinoic acid. It is a fat soluble vitamin. Its
Ans. (c) : Vitamin was invented by Casimir funk in deficiency causes night blindness. It is found in
1992 AD. It is a type of organic compound no energy is abundance in carrots, green leafy vegetables, milk and
obtained from these but they are essential for fish.
metabolism in the body. It is also called protective 21. Which vitamin keeps our eyes and skin
substance. There are two type of vitamins on the basis healthy?
of solubility. (a) Vitamin D (b) Vitamin A
(c) Vitamin B (d) Vitamin E
Ans. (b) : The chemical name of vitamin A is retinol. It
is a fat soluble vitamin. Vitamin A is necessary to keep
the outer skin of the body healthy and this vitamin is
essential for the pink pigment rhodapsin found in the
retina of the eyes. Deficiency of vitamin A cause night
blindness and xerophthalmia. Carrot, green vegetables,
milk, cod liver oil etc are the major source of vitamin A.
18. Which Vitamin activates the proteins and 22. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by deficiency of
calcium required for blood clotting. which vitamin?
(a) Vitamin B (b) Vitamin K (a) Vitamin B2 (b) Vitamin C
(c) Vitamin D (d) Vitamin C (c) Vitamin B9 (d) Vitamin A
NCERT Science 8 YCT
 Ans. (c): Vitamin Deficiency diseases Important Questions
Vitamin B9 Megaloblastic diseases 1. In potato _____ is present.
Vitamin B2 Skin cracking redness (a) Starch (b) Calcium
of eyes (c) Fat (d) Phosphorus
Vitamin C Scurvy Ans. (a) : Most starch is found in potatoes.
Vitamin A Night blindness Antioxidants are found in potatoes which protect
23. Which of the following is stored as glycogen in against damage caused by radicals. Apart from the
the body? magnesium, phosphorus, iron and zinc are also found in
(a) Carbohydrate (b) Protein it. The starch present in potatoes is also called
(c) Lipid (d) Vitamin carbohydrate.
Ans. (a) : Carbohydrate are stored in body in the form 2. Goiter disease is caused by deficiency of ?
of glycogen. It is water soluble and sweet in taste and is (a) Vitamin C (b) Calcium
the main sources of energy for the cells of living beings. (c) Iodine (d) Phosphorus
24. Which vitamin increases the absorption of Ans. (c) : Goiter disease is a minor disease, which occur
calcium in the body? due to lack of iodine in our food. Iodine is usually
(a) A (b) D consumed in the diet in the form of iodized salt. Goiter
(c) B (d) B6 disease is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland that
Ans. (b) : Vitamin D increases the absorption of is the throat becomes swollen in goiter disease.
calcium in the body. 3. The main sources of roughage-
(a) Rice
Chapter-2 Sorting Materials into (b) Gram flour

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Groups (c) Water
SP (d) Fresh fruits and vegetables
Materials Ans. (d) : The main sources of roughage includes fresh
fruits and vegetables as well as whole grains, pulses,
A material is a substance or mixture of substances
potatoes etc. The fibrous, rough and low nutrition grass
that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or and chaff present in the diet of animals is called
impure, living or non-living matter. roughage animals get them in the form of dry straw,
Properties of Materials grass etc.
am
Appearance 4. During starch test, the color of the load
Materials usually look different from each other. changes when a few drops of a mild solution of
Wood looks very different from iron. Iron appears tincture iodine is added to the food.
(a) Blue (b) Black
different from copper or aluminium.
(c) Blue or Black (d) None of these
Hardness Ans. (c) : The starch test is an test, in which iodine
Materials which can be compressed or scratched solution is poured on the food item, i.e. for the starch
Te

easily are called soft while some other materials test, take a material like potato and add 2 or 3 drops of
which are difficult to compress are called hard. For dilute iodine solution to it, observe the change in color
example, cotton or sponge is soft while iron is hard. of the food. This blue will turn black. This blue black
Soluble or Insoluble colour indicates the presence of starch.
Some substances have completely disappeared or 5. Nutrients that provide maximum energy are
dissolved in water. called-
(a) Fat (b) Carbohydrate
Other substances do not mix with water and do not
(c) Fat and Carbohydrate (d) None of these
disappear even after we stir for a long time. These
substances are insoluble in water. Ans. (a) : Fat and carbohydrates are the basic nutrients
that provide energy on which our body depends for the
Transparency main source of energy. Food energy is usually
Those substances or materials, through which things expressed in terms of calories. Proteins and
can be seen, are called transparent. Glass, water, air carbohydrates provide 4 kcal of energy per gram, while
and some plastics are examples of transparent fats provide 9 kcal of energy per gram so the fat is the
materials. source of maximum energy.
On the other hand, there are some materials through 6. Which of the following is a soft substance?
which you are not able to see. These materials are (a) Soap (b) Rubber
called opaque. Wood cardboard and metals, are (c) Wood (d) Iron
examples of opaque materials. Ans. (b) : Materials which can be easily compressed or
The materials through which objects can be seen, stretched are called soft materials, such as rubber, cloth,
but not clearly, are known as translucent. cotton or sponge etc. are examples of soft matter.

NCERT Science 9 YCT

7. The following substances do not shine- 14. Which of the following substances is normally
(a) Iron (b) Copper found in all three states of matter-
(c) Gold (d) Wood (a) Water (b) Camphor
Ans. (d) : Among the following materials, wood is dull (c) Naval officer (d) Milk
in appearance hence wood is not shiny. Ans. (a) : Water is a substance which is normally found
8. Which of the following substances can be a in all three states of matter. The three states of matter
solvent other than water? are solid, liquid and gas.
(a) Wood (b) Turpentine oil
(c) Sugar (d) Mustard oil Chapter-3 Separation of
Ans. (b) : Turpentine oil is liquid that can dissolve Substances
other substances, making it a solvent. Wood and sugar
are not liquid substances and therefore can not act as The substances to be separated may be particles of
solvent. Mustard oil is liquid but not a solvent. different sizes or materials. These may be in any
three states of matter i.e., solid liquid or gas.
9. The solution which does not have the capacity
to dissolve more amount of solute is called- Methods of Separation
(a) Saturated solution Some simple methods of separating substances that
(b) Unsaturated solution are mixed together.
(c) Light solution Handpicking
(d) Thick solution
Ans. (a) : A saturated solution is one that can not
dissolve any more solute at a given temperature and
pressure. This means that the solution has reached its

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maximum capacity for the solute.
10. Such substances through which objects or
things appear vaguely blurred are called.
(a) Transparent
(c) Translucent
SP
(b) Opaque
(d) None of these. Handpicking stones from grain
Ans. (c) : Translucent objects fall between opaque and The method of handpicking can be used for
transparent substances. Translucent objects allow some separating slightly larger sized impurities like the
light to pass through them, some not but partially. When pieces of dirt, stone and husk from wheat, rice or
light strikes a translucent material, only a certain
m
pulses.
amount of light passes through the material. Light
changes its direction many times and is so translucent Threshing
that we cannot see through them clearly. Additionally
objects on the other side of a translucent object appear
a

blurry and indistinct.

11. Substances which dissolve in water or other
liquids are called-
Te

(a) Soluble (b) Insoluble

(c) To surround (d) Drain
Ans. (a) : Such substances which dissolve easily in
water and other liquids are called soluble substances.
Like salt, sugar etc. Threshing
12. Which of the following substances changes The process that is used to separate grain from stalks
directly from solid state to gaseous state? etc. is threshing. Machines are also used to thresh
(a) Ice (b) Water large quantities of grain. Sometimes, threshing is
(c) Camphor (d) Milk done with the help of bullocks.
Ans. (c) : Sublimation is a process in which a substance Winnowing
is directly changed from solid state to gaseous state.
Household Example- include the use of camphor,
naphthalene balls and salt.
13. The liquid of an unboiled egg changes after
receiving heat-
(a) Solid (b) Liquid
(c) Gas (d) None of these
Ans. (a) : On continuous heating of the egg, more
bonds are formed in the yolk (liquid), in which less
space is left for water, hence after heating the yolk get
converted into solid state. Winnowing
NCERT Science 10 YCT
 Method of separating components of a mixture is Important Questions
called winnowing. Winnowing is used to separate 1. The textile fibers which are obtained from
heavier and lighter components of a mixture by wind plants or animals are called-
or by blowing air. (a) Natural fiber (b) Man made fiber
Sieving (c) Naturals man made (d) None of these
Ans. (a) : The fibers which are obtained from plants or
animals are called natural fibers. Fibers obtained from
plants are cotton, jute and fibers obtained from animals
are wool and silk etc.
2. Man made fibers are-
(a) Polyester (b) Nylon
Sieving (c) Acrylic (d) All of the above
Ans. (d) : These fibers which are made using chemicals
in laboratories are called man-made fibers, that is nylon.
Polyester, acrylic and rayon etc are example of man-
made fibers. Rayon is cheaper than silk and can be
woven like silk fiber.
3. Which of the following mixture can be
separated by different funnels?
Pebbles and stones are removed from sand by (a) Alcohol and water (b) Salt and water
sieving (c) Oil and water (d) Iodine in alcohol
Sieving allows the fine flour particles to pass Ans. (c) : The mixture of oil and water can be
through the holes of the sieve while the bigger separated by different funnels because, it is a
impurities remain on the sieve. heterogeneous mixture generally there are two type of
Sieving is used when components of a mixture have mixtures.
different sizes. (i) Homogeneous mixture :- Those mixture whose
Sedimentation, Decantation and Filtration constituent particles cannot be seen separately for
example, aqueous solution of salt cannot be seen
separately into salt and water.
(ii) Heterogeneous mixture:- Those mixture whose
constituent particles can be seen separately for
example, even if oil is poured into water, the oil remains
on top and the water settled down.
4. Process of making thread from fibers is called-
Separating two components of a mixture by (a) Spinning (b) Weaving
sedimentation and decantation (c) Washing (d) Dyeing
When the heavier component in a mixture settles
after water is added to it, the process is called Ans. (a) : Converting fibers into threads is called
spinning. This is the first stage of the textile
sedimentation. When the water (along with the dust)
manufacturing process. After this there is the process of
is removed, the process is called decantation.
making thread i.e. called spinning.
If a mixture of such liquids is allowed to stand for
some time, they form two separate layers the 5. Method of making clothes from thread are
component that forms the top layer can then be ____.
separated by decantation. This process is called (a) Weaving
filtration. (b) Binding
(c) Weaving and knitting
Evaporation (d) None of these
Ans. (c) : Weaving and knitting both the method of
making clothes from thread.
Weaving:- By arranging two sets of threads together is
the process of making clothes from thread called
weaving.
Knitting:- It is the process of using a single thread or
yarn to make a piece for a garment.
● Both these techniques are done by hand and machine.
Obtaining salt from sea water 6. In which of the following can show
The process of conversion of water into its vapour is sublimation?
called evaporation. The process of evaporation takes (a) Ammonium nitrate
place continuously wherever water is present. (b) Ammonium sulphate
NCERT Science 11 YCT
 (c) Ammonium chloride Ans. (a) : The method of separating hydrogen and
(d) Ammonium sulphide oxygen from water is called electrolysis. This method is
Ans. (c) : Sublimation is a process where a substance also used in industrial areas. It helps in the production
transitions directly from a solid to a gas without passing of aluminum, lithium, sodium potassium etc.
through the liquid state. Among the options ammonium
chloride (NH4Cl) is known to undergo sublimation.
Electrolysis
2H 2 O  → O 2 + 4H + + 4e −
Ex. Camphor 12. Which of the following is not a sublimating
7. In which of the following is not sublimation? substance?
(a) Ice (a) Sodium sulphate (b) Camphar
(b) Ammonium chloride (c) Ammonium chloride (d) Naphthalene
(c) Napthalene
Ans. (a) : Sublimation is a physical process. The
(d) Camphor
process by which a substance changes its state directly
Ans. (a) : Sublimation:- When we heat a substance
from solid to gas is called sublimation. During this
and it changes directly from solid to gas, then that
process is called sublimation. entire process the state of the element does not change
If we heat ice, then- into any intermediate liquid state like camphor,
ammonium chloride, naphthalene are sublimating
substance where as sodium sulphate is not sublimating
substance.
13. The one of the technology used for desalination
of sea water is _____.
(a) Filtration (b) Distillation
Therefore ice does not sublimate. (c) Evaporation (d) Condensation
8. Which of the following methods will separate Ans. (b) : The one of the technology used for
water from muddy water? desalination of sea water is distillation. Distillation is a
(a) Separating funnel (b) Distillation physical method of separation. The phenomenon of gas
(c) Crystallization (d) Filtration becoming liquid is called as condensation.
Ans. (d) : To separate water from muddy water, which ● The change of any element or compound from liquid
is filtered through a special filter paper. Particles larger state to gas is called vaporization.
than a certain size cannot pass through this filter paper. 14. In which of the following process would you use
This process is called filtration. to separate ammonium chloride from sodium
9. Which process is used in water purification? chloride ?
(a) Osmosis (b) Reverse osmosis (a) Distillation (b) Sublimation
(c) Cytolysis (d) Turgar pressure (c) Crystallization (d) Filtration
Ans. (b) : Reverse osmosis is used in sea water Ans. (b) : Sublimation process is used to separate
purification to remove salt and other substances from ammonium chloride (NH Cl) from sodium chloride
4
water molecules. It is not worthy that is osmosis is the
(NaCl). Sublimation is a method of separating
molecule of solvent move from a solution of higher
concentration to a solution of lower concentration. substances from a mixture in which when a solid
substance is heated, it directly vaporizes without
10. What is desalination?
liquifying. For example, when camphor and ammonium
(a) It is a process of cleaning the environment
(b) It is a process in which salt separates minerals chloride are heated they directly converted into vapour.
from water 15. The process of separating substances is called -
(c) It is the process of removing caffeine (a) Evaporation (b) Choose
(d) It is the process of purification (c) Filtering (d) Any of these
Ans. (b) : Desalination is a process in which minerals Ans. (d) : The process of separating substances is called
are separated from salty water. Generally, the process of separation which includes evaporation, picking etc
removing salt and minerals is also called desalination.
16. When the mixture is in very small quantity
Desalination is done to convert salt water into fresh
water. then which method will be better to separate it?
This process sometimes produces table salt as a by- (a) Choose (b) Promotion
product so that it remains suitable for human (c) Drain (d) Chromatography
consumption or irrigation. Ans. (d) : For separating a mixture in very small
11. What is called the process of separating quantities, chromatography is the best method. It allows
hydrogen from water? for precise separation of components based on their
(a) Electrolysis (b) Osmosis movements through a medium, making it ideal for small
(c) Ozonolysis (d) Oxidation scale separations.
NCERT Science 12 YCT
 Chapter-4 Known Plants Trees
Some plants are very tall and have hard and thick
Some plants are small, some very big, while some stem. The stems have branches in the upper part,
are just patches of green on the soil. Some have much above the ground. Such plants are called trees.
green leaves, while some others have reddish ones. Example- Mango, guava, pipal etc.
Some have huge red flowers, some have tiny blue Creepers and climbers
ones, while some have none. Plants with weak stems that cannot stand upright but
spread on the ground are called creepers, while those
that take support and climb up are called climbers.
These are different from the herbs, shrubs and trees.

Creepers

Herbs, Shrubs and Trees

Climbers
Stem

(a) Herb, (b) shrub and (c) tree

Based on these characters most plants can be
classified into three categories: herbs, shrubs and (a) Water moves up the stem and reaches
trees. Stems bear leaves, branches, buds, flowers and
Herbs fruits. The stem helps in upward movement of water.
Plants with green and tender stems are called herbs. Leaf
They are usually short and may not have many
branches.
Example- Wheat, paddy, tomato, etc.
Shrubs
Some plants develop branches near the base of stem.
The stem is hard but not very thick. Such plants are Leaf
called shrubs. The part of leaf by which it is attached to the stem is
Example- Rose, jasmine, lemon, tulsi, and henna called petiole. The broad, green part of the leaf is
etc. called lamina.
NCERT Science 13 YCT
 Leaf venation (a) reticulate and (b) parallel
Lines on the leaf are called veins. The middle of the Parts of a flower
leaf this is called the midrib. The design made by
veins in a leaf is called the leaf venation. If this
design is net-like on both sides of midrib, the
venation is reticulate.
In the leaves of grass you might have seen that the
veins are parallel to one another. This is parallel
venation.
Transpiration
Water comes out of leaves in the form of vapour by
a process called transpiration. Plants release a lot of
water into the air through this process.
Photosynthesis Parts of a stamen
Leaves prepare their food in the presence of sunlight
and a green colored substance present in them. For • The innermost part of flower is called the pistil.
this they also use water and carbon dioxide. This
process is called photosynthesis. Oxygen is given
out in this process.
Root
Roots help in holding the plant firmly to the soil.
They anchor the plant to the soil.
∎ Type of roots
For roots of the kind shown in the main root is
called tap root and the smaller roots are called lateral
roots. Plants with roots as shown do not have a main
root. All roots seem similar and these are called
fibrous roots.

Parts of a pistil

The structure of ovary, it is the lowermost and

swollen part of the pistil.

(a) Taproot and (b) fibrous roots

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil and
the stem conducts these to leaves and other parts of
the plant.
Flower
The prominent parts of the open flower these are the
petals. The most prominent part in a bud, part is
made of small leaf-like structures. They are called Cutting an ovary (a) longitudinal cut and (b)
sepals. transverse cut
NCERT Science 14 YCT
 Ans. (c) : Litchi is monocotyledonous fruit, where as
papaya, apple and pomegranate are multi cotyledons.
6. Plant root cells also produce energy. Oxygen is
required for this. Therefore they take is air
from the roots.
(a) Water
(b) Stomata
(c) Air space between soil particles.
(d) Cytoplasm.
Ans. (c) : Plants have their roots underground but root
cell also need oxygen for respiration, which produces
energy for their own use. The roots of plants draw air
from the space between the soil particles.
Inner structure of an ovary (a) longitudinal cut,
7. Why are long hair – like parts often found in
(b) transverse cut
the water – absorbing epidermal cell of roots?
The inner parts of the ovary using a lens. See some
small bead like structures inside the ovary. They are (a) To increase the surface area available for
called ovules. absorption.
(b) To reduce the surface area available for
Important Questions photosynthesis.
1. Plant store food for future use in the form of- (c) To increase the surface area available for
(a) Plumule (b) Radical. transpiration.
(c) Cotyledon (d) Embryo. (d) For locomotion
Ans. (c) : Seed is formed from ovule. Plant store food Ans. (a) : Long hair – like structures are often found in
in the cotyledons of seeds it is noteworthy that after the water absorbing epidermal cells of roots to increase
fertilization seed develop from the ovule. The seed the surface area available for absorption.
usually consist of a seed coat and an embryo. The
embryo consists of a radicle, an embryonic axis and 8. Where do plant roots obtain oxygen from?
one. (wheat, maize) or two (gram, pea) Cotyledons. (a) Form the water present in the soil.
2. _____ functions as a food store in the seed of (b) Roots do not require oxygen.
plants. (c) From the air spaces present between the soil
(a) Ovule (b) Cotyledons particles.
(c) radicle (d) Radix (d) Oxygen taken in through stomata reaches the
Ans. (b) : Cotyledon is an important part of the seeds of roots.
plants. When the seeds of some plants germinate, this Ans. (c) : Plant roots obtain oxygen from the air spaces
Cotyledon develops and takes the form of the first leaf present between the soil particles.
of the plant, which acts as a food store, while female 9. All of the following plants have fibrous roots
reproductive cells are formed and stored in the Ovule. except.
In plants radicle is the front part of the seed from which (a) Rice (b) Wheat
germination of leaves, branches etc. begins and the part (c) Beetroot (d) Maize.
that emerges from the root or radicle at the time of
setting of the seed is called root. Ans. (c) : Tap root has are main root. This land as the
length increases inside. Many branches emerge from
3. What is tomato? them.
(a) Vegetable (b) Fruit Like:- Beetroot, peas, Neem, Mango
(c) Pod (d) Edible stem.
Fibrous roots:- Some plants have no taproot. These
Ans. (b) : Tomato is a fruit. The edible parts of tomato have many fiber like roots. These are called fibrous
are pericarp and nucellus. Its botanical name is Solanum root. These roots spread everywhere in the soil.
lycopersicum. It originated in South America. A
Like :- Wheat, Maize, Rice.
pigment called lycopene found in tomatoes.
4. Which of the following is not generally used as 10. The leaves of the plant contain methanoic acid.
a fruit? (a) Tamarind (b) Orange
(a) Strawberry (b) Grapes (c) Tomato (d) Nettle
(c) Pear (d) Tomato Ans. (d) : Nettle leaves contain methanoic acid (also
Ans. (d) : Tomato is generally not used as a fruit. It is known as formic acid), which is responsible for the
used as a vegetable. stinging sensation when touched. The tiny hairs on the
5. Which of the following is not a multi – seeded nettle leaves act like needles, injecting the methanoic
fruit? acid into the skin, causing irritation and burning
(a) Papaya (b) Apple sensation. This defense mechanism protects the plant
(c) Litchi (d) Pomegranate from being eaten by herbivores.
NCERT Science 15 YCT
11. After fertilization, what happens to the flower 16. Which of the following is not a component of
organ stamen, style, stigma, petal and sepals? the male reproductive organ of a flower?
(a) They fall off except the sepals which may be (a) Anther (b) Stigma
permanent in some plants. (c) Filament (d) Pollen.
(b) A part from the stamens, sepals and sepals, Ans. (b) : Stigma is not a component of the male
stigmas and stigmas fall off. reproductive organ of the flower. It is a component of
(c) In some plants apart from the petals and the female reproductive organ of the flower are stigma
sepals the stigma and stamens fall off. and ovary. Male reproductive organs of the flower, the
(d) In most plants except the loss of sepals all are major parts are pollen, anther and filament.
permanent. 17. Which of the following is the female
Ans. (a) : After fertilization, these parts of the flower – reproductive organ of a flower?
stamen style, stigma and sepal are fall of except the (a) Gynoecium (b) Petal
sepal which may be permanent in some plant. After (c) Stamens (d) External part.
fertilization the zygote undergoes several divisions and Ans. (a) : Gynoecium is the female reproductive organ in
an embryo develops in the ovule. A hard cover develops flowering plants. It is composed of one or more carpels,
from the ovule and it turns into a seed. The ovary grows which include the ovary (where ovules are produced),
rapidly and matures and forms fruits. style and stigma (the part that receive pollen).
12. Which products are transported from leaves 18. Which of the following parts of a flower
and roots by the plant transport system? develops into a fruit after fertilization?
(a) Only water. (a) Gynoecium (b) Ovule
(b) Only carbohydrates (c) Petal (d) Ovary
(c) Energy reserves and raw materials. Ans. (d) : The Ovary is a wide and swollen part
(d) Carbohydrates and minerals. adjacent of the pistil which contains many ovules. After
Ans. (c) : Energy stores and raw materials and transport fertilization a fruit is formed from the ovary and a seed
from leaves and roots by the plant transport system. In is formed from the ovule.
plants, water and minerals are transported by two types 19. Mango plant is a-
of conducting tissues. (a) Vegetable (b) Bush
(I) Xylem tissue. (c) Tree (d) None
(II) Phloem tissue. Ans. (c) : Mango tree a type of tropical fruit tree.
13. A sticky substances is produced from the stems Mango trees are classified as large woody plants. That
of some plant which is used in making glue means it is not a vegetable, herb or bush.
adhesive. 20. Leaves do the following to make water useful.
What is the use of this gum for plants? (a) Food (b) Transpiration
(a) It helps in transportation of water. (c) Oxygen (d) In all
(b) It attracts insect pollinators. Ans. (d) : Leaves work in food, transpiration and
(c) It is a waste product of metabolism. oxygen etc. to make water useful.
(d) It has medicinal importance. 21. Drops of water come out from the leaves in the
Ans. (c) : A sticky substance is produced from the form of water vapor. This action is called-
stems of some plants which is used in making glue (a) Transpiration (b) Photosynthesis
adhesive. It is a waste product of metabolism typically (c) Oxidation (d) None of these
formed by the breakdown of plant cellulose. Ans. (a) : The action of water vapor being released
14. Ginger, which is used for cooking and flavoring from the leaves of plants is called transpiration. It is a
is a rhizome which is - process where water absorbed by the root is evaporated
(a) Underground stem from small pores in the leaves known as stomata.
(b) Underground root 22. The male part of the flower is-
(c) Aerial stem (a) Ovary (b) Petal
(d) Root towards the ground (aerial). (c) Stamens (d) Pistil
Ans. (a) : Ginger, turmeric, potato are examples of Ans. (c) : The male part of the flower is called stamen,
underground stems. which help in reproduction. The part of the stamen
15. Which part of the potato plant do we eat? where pollen is produced is called anther.
(a) Root (b) Seeds 23. The female part of the flower is-
(c) Flower (d) Stem (a) Stamens (b) Pistil
Ans. (d) : The stem part of the potato plant is used as a (c) Ovary (d) Petal
vegetable. Potato is produced mostly in China, India Ans. (b) : The female part of the flower in the pistil,
rank second in potato production. Potato contains which is usually located in the center of the flower and
vitamin C, B complex and iron, calcium, manganese, is made up of three parts the stigma, the style and the
phosphorus elements. ovary.
NCERT Science 16 YCT
24. Flower which has only stamens and no pistils is The bowl is like the part of the shoulder to which
called- your arm is joined. The rounded end of one bone fits
(a) Male flower (b) Female flower into the cavity (hallow space) of the other bone.
(c) Male flower (d) None of these Such a joint allows movements in all directions.
Ans. (a) : A flower which has only stamens and no Pivotal Joint
pistils is called male flower.
25. Flower in which both stamens and pistils are
present-
(a) Manosexual
(b) Bisexual flowers
(c) Monocotyledonous flowers Pivotal joint
(d) None of these The joint where our neck joins the head is a pivotal
Ans. (b) : A flower in which both stamens and pistils joint. It allows us to bend our head forward and
are present is called bisexual flower. backward and turn the head to our right or left.
26. How many parts does a complete flower have? Hinge Joints
(a) Two (b) Three
(c) Four (d) Five
Ans. (c) : A complete flower has four parts.
(i) Sepal mass (ii) Corolla
(iii) Stamens (iv) Gynoecium.
27. Plants make their own food by the following
process-
(a) Respiration (b) Photosynthesis
Hinge joints of the knee
(c) Stimulation (d) Excretion
Hinge joints function by allowing flexion and
Ans. (b) : Plants make their own food by the process of extension in one plane with small degree of motion
photosynthesis. in other planes.
28. The leaves of which of the following plants The elbow has a hinge joint that allows only a back
suddenly shrink on touching- and forth movement.
(a) Rose (b) Mimosa pudica Fixed joints
(c) Hibiscus (d) Henna The bones cannot move at these joints. Such joints
Ans. (b) : The leaves of Mimosa pudica plant suddenly are called fixed joints.
shrink when touched. It has seismonastic movement. There is a joint between the upper jaw and the rest
of the head which is a fixed joint.
Chapter-5 Body Movements This framework is called the skeleton.
There are so many movements that happen in our All the bones in our body form a framework to give
bodies. Different parts of our body move while we a shape to our body.
remain at the same place. We walk, run, skip, jump The human skeleton is composed of around 305
and move from place to place. bones at birth. The number of bones in the skeleton
changes with age. It decreases to 206 bones by
Human Body and its Movements adulthood after some bones have fused together.
Where two parts of our body seem to be joined
together - like elbow, shoulder or neck. These places
are called joints.
Bones cannot be bent. There are many bones present
in each part of the body. We can bend or move our
body only at those points where bones meet.
There are different types of joints in our body to
help us carry out different movements and activities.
Ball and Socket Joints

s
A ball and socket joint Human Skeleton
NCERT Science 17 YCT
 Bones of the hand
The back of your palm, it is made up of several
small bones called carples.

Shoulder bones
The pelvic bone also known as the hip bone or
innominate bone, is a large, sturdy bone located in
the lower part of the trunk. They enclose the portion
of your body below the stomach.

Bones of the hand

The ribs are curiously bent. They join the chest bone
and the backbone together to form a box. This is
called the rib cage. There are 12 ribs on each side of
chest.

Pelvic bones
The skull is made up of many bones joined together.
It encloses and protects a very important part of the
body, the brain.

The rib cage

Starting from the neck, move downwards on the
back is the backbone. It is made up of many small The skull
bones called vertebrae. The backbone consists of 33 There are some additional parts of the skeleton that
vertebrae. The rib cage is joined to these bones. are not as hard as the bones and which can be bent.
These are called cartilage.
Gait of Animals
Earthworm
The body of an earthworm is made up of many rings
joined end to end.
During movement, the earthworm first extends the
front part of the body, keeping the rear portion fixed
to the ground. Then it fixes the front end and
releases the rear end. It then shortens the body and
pulls the rear end forward. This makes it move
forward by a small distance.

The backbone
The shoulder is made up of 3 bones: the scapula,
clavicle and humerus. They are called shoulder
bones. Movement of earthworm
NCERT Science 18 YCT
 Snail The shape is such that water can flow around it
The shell is the outer skeleton of the snail, but is not easily and allow the fish to move in water. During
made of bones. The shell is a single unit and does swimming, muscles make the front part of the body
not help in moving from place to place. It has to be curve to one side and the tail part swings towards the
dragged along. opposite side. The fish forms a curve.
Cockroach This makes a jerk and pushes the body forward. A
series of such jerks make the fish swim ahead. This
is helped by the fins of the tail.

Cockroach
Cockroaches walk and climb as well as fly in the air.
They have three pairs of legs. These help in walking. Movement in Fish
The body is covered with a hard outer skeleton.
This outer skeleton is made of number of plates Snakes
joined together and that permits movement.
There are two pairs of wings attached to the body
behind head.
Birds
Birds fly in the air and walk on the ground. Some
birds like ducks and swans also swim in water.
The birds can fly because their bodies are well
suited for flying. Their bones are hollow and light.
The bony parts of the forelimbs are modified as
wings.
Movement in a snake
The snake's body curves into many loops. Each loop
of the snake gives it a forward push by pressing
against the ground. Since its long body makes many
loops and each loop gives it this push, the snake
moves forward very fast and not in a straight line.
Important Questions
1.
Which of the following muscles are found in
blood vessels?
(a) Smooth muscles
(b) Skeletal muscles
(c) Cardiac muscles
Skeleton of a bird (d) Smooth and striated muscles
Fish Ans. (a) : Smooth muscles are non – striated muscles.
These muscles are also called involuntary. These
muscles do not work as per our wish and smooth
muscles are found on the walls of our internal organs.
Smooth muscles are found in our blood vessels. A part
from this, smooth muscles are also found on the wall of
the uterus of women. Cardiac muscles are involuntary
muscles.
2. Which of the following is not a flying muscle?
Fish (a) Pectoral muscle
The head and tail of the fish are smaller than the (b) Coracobrachialis longus
middle portion of the body- the body tapers at both (c) Gastrocnemius
ends. This body shape is called streamlined. (d) Tensor longus
NCERT Science 19 YCT
Ans. (c) : Gastrocnemius is not a flying muscle. Three Ans. (b) : In the sarcomere, where actin and myosin
types of flying muscles are found in bird. The pectoral filaments overlap 6 actin filaments surround each
muscle, the coracobrachialis longus muscle and tensor myosin filament. Actin and myosin form protein
muscle. Birds fly primarily by the large pectoralis filaments which extend longitudinally across myofibrils
muscle which depresses the wings at the shoulder and are arranged from myosin and actin control the
provides the powerful wing stroke necessary for flight. movement of voluntary muscles in the human body.
The coracobrachialis longus is an accessory muscle that 8. Keratinocytes are found in -
helps raise and lower the wing during flight. The tensor (a) Kidney (b) Skin
longus muscle keeps the propatagium propped up (c) Lungs (d) Brain
during flight. Ans. (b) : Keratinocyte cells are found in the skin.
3. The wall of an artery is thicker than the wall of These develop from the stratum corneum. These are the
a vein. Because artery is - executors of the predominant cell – epithelialization
(a) A thick layer of striated muscles. process. As the predominant cell type of human skin, it
(b) A thick layer of smooth muscles. plays an important role in important immune functions
(c) Alternating layers of smooth and striated such as wound healing, in the skin. It plays an important
muscles. role in providing structure to the skin and in the
(d) A thick layer of connective tissue. functioning of the immune system.
Ans. (b) : The wall of an artery is thicker than the wall 9. Sarcosomes are:-
of a vein because the artery is made of a thick layer of (a) Muscle fibers
smooth muscle. Internal valve is absent in artery. (b) Muscle mitochondria
4. The arrangement of microtubules in the axon (c) Muscle protein
of the eukaryotic cell is called 9+2 system. (d) Myofibrils
(a) Cilia (b) Flagella Ans. (b) : Sarcosomes are specialized mitochondria
(c) Both (d) None found in muscle cells. They play a crucial role in
providing the energy required for muscle contraction by
Ans. (c) : Study of a cilia or flagella shows that they are generating ATP through cellular respiration within
covered with plasma membrane. Their core is called the muscle fibres.
axon. It contains many microtubules that run parallel to
the long axis. The axon usually consists of nine pairs of 10. What are myofibrils made of:-
radially arranged peripheral microtubules and one pair (a) Myosin and actin
of centrally located microtubules. Such arrangement of (b) Myosin and troponin
axial microtubules is called 9+2 system. (c) Actin and tropomyosin
(d) All the above components
5. Ossein protein is found in -
(a) In the matrix of bone Ans. (d) : Myofibrils are made up of myosin, actin,
tropomyosin and troponin. Myofibrils are organization
(b) In the nerve base
of protein filaments that contain the contractile element
(c) In the matrix of cartilage of the cardiomyocyte that is the machinery or motor that
(d) In the base of tendon drives contraction and relaxation. Myofibrils are
Ans. (a) : Ossein protein is a protein found in the matrix composed of thick and thin myofilaments thick
of bones in the human body. It is made up of about 95% filaments are composed of myosin and thin filaments
collagen. It is separated from the bones by treating them are composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin.
with hydrochloric acid. Collagen in it apart from this 11. Blood vessels are lined internally:-
many, acidic protein containing components are present (a) Squamous epithelium
in the form of trace elements. (b) Columnar epithelium
6. Haversian mechanism is characterized by - (c) Sensory epithelium
(a) of the bones of vertebrates (d) Ciliated epithelium
(b) Bones of birds and mammals Ans. (a) : Blood vessels are internally lined by
(c) Only bones of mammals squamous epithelium. This type of epithelium usually
(d) Cartilages of mammals has protective functions, including protection from
Ans. (c) : Haversian system is characteristic of the microorganisms that invade the underlying tissue and
bones of mammals only. The structure of the bones of protection from damage by water.
mammalian organisms is very strong, dense and 12. The cation required in the final muscle
complex, hence many tubes are formed in their matrix contraction is
for blood supply. Which are called haversian tubes. (a) Ca++ (b) Na+
++
7. In the mesentery region where action and (c) Mg (d) Fe++
myosin filaments overlap, how many of the Ans. (a) : The cation required in the final muscle
following numbers of action filaments contraction is Ca++. The action potential causes the
surround each myosin filament? release of cations from the sarcoplasmic reticulum,
(a) 3 (b) 6 which bind to troponin on actin filaments and expose
(c) 9 (d) 12 myosin binding sites causing conformational change.
NCERT Science 20 YCT
13. Melanin is secreted by:- Ans. (b) : The innermost surface of the ectoderm in the
(a) Erythroblasts of blood skin is the stratum malpighi. It is also called stratum
(b) Chromatophores of skin basale. The cells are cubic or columnar in shape. It
(c) Cells of sensory nerves protects the skin from pathogen and prevents excessive
(d) Ganglia of sensory nerves water loss.
Ans. (b) : Melanin is secreted by chromatophores of the 20. The length of muscle does not change.
skin. Melanin is a substance in the body that produces (a) In isotonic contraction
pigmentation of hair, eyes and skin. (b) In isometric contraction
14. Troponin is a:- (c) In tetanic contraction
(a) Muscle protein (d) In rapid contraction
(b) Digestive enzymes Ans. (b) : The length of the muscle does not change in
(c) High energy storage isometric contraction. Isometric contraction is also
(d) Water soluble vitamins called static exercise. Under this the muscles are
warmed up but there is no change in the length of the
Ans. (a) : Troponin is a muscle protein. Troponin is a
muscles during this contraction.
sarcomeric Ca++ regulator of striated (skeletal and
cardiac) muscle contraction. 21. Quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles are
present.
15. The muscles around the pupil of the human eye (a) In hands (b) In the legs
are:-
(c) In the shoulder (d) In the wrist
(a) Unlined and involuntary
Ans. (b) : Quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles are
(b) Linear and involuntary
found in the legs. The quadriceps is a hip flexor and
(c) Non-linear and optional
knee extensor, consisting of four muscles (three vastus
(d) Linear and optional and the rectus femoris.) This gastrocnemius muscle is
Ans. (a) : Muscle around the pupil of the human eye it located on the back of the lower leg, which forms the
is surrounded by unlined and involuntary muscles. Pupil calf muscle.
hole which controls the light entering the eye. 22. Sarcomere is the distances between which two
16. Located in striated or striated muscle fibre M bands.
line:- (a) H - strops (b) Z - straps
(a) A - band (b) H - band (c) A - straps (d) M - straps
(c) I - band (d) Z - line Ans. (b) : Sarcomere is the distance between two Z –
Ans. (b) : M – lines are found in the H – zone of bands. It the stained muscle, the darken stripes are
striated muscle each myofibril has black and white called 'A' stripes. In each 'A' strip part, thick rods made
stripes. The white bands are called Isotropic bands or I of protein called myosin and in 'I' strip part. Thin rods
– bands There are also alternating black plates in of protein called actin are spread parallel to each other
between the white plates, which are called A – band. in length. These fibers are called myofilaments there is
There is a line right in the middle of each white plates a fibrous and zigzag transverse partition in the middle
which is called hensen's line or H – band. of the eye strip. Action rods extend on both sides of this
17. The functional unit of muscle contraction is:- plate. This strip is called 'Z' line or kraus's membrane.
(a) A - band (b) Myofibril The part between each two Z lines (a complete 'A' band
(c) Sarcomere (d) Myofiber and halves of the band on either side of it) together form
Ans. (c) : Sarcomere is the functional unit of muscle a muscle segment, i.e. sarcomere.
contraction. Each sarcomere has myosin rods spanning 23. Primary structural protein of thin filaments?
2/3 of its length. During relaxation, the bridges (a) Actin (b) Troponin
connecting the actin and Myosin rods open. Therefore, (c) Tropomyosin (d) All of these
all the actin rods of each muscle segment return to their Ans. (d) : Thin filaments are made up of two helically
normal position. Thus, sarcomeres are the structural and arranged filamentous polymers of the protein
functional unit of muscle fibers. tropomyosin that lies in the grooves of the helix as well
18. Creatine phosphate is found in - as an associated globular protein troponin. So option d
(a) In epithelial tissues (b) In nervous tissues is correct.
(c) In muscle tissue (d) In bone marrow 24. Calcium is added to muscles during
Ans. (c) : Creatine phosphate is found in muscle tissue contraction?
creatine phosphate is a phosphorylated form of creatine (a) From actin (b) Myosin
that serves as a reserve store of high – energy phosphate (c) Tropomyosin (d) Troponin
in skeletal muscle. Ans. (d) : When the amount of Ca++ increases in the
19. The innermost surface of the epidermis in the sarcoplasm. Ca++ binds with the troponin subunit on the
skin is - actin filament and opens the covered active sites of
(a) Stratum Corneum (b) Stratum malpighi actin. Using the energy obtained from the hydrolysis of
(c) Stratum spinosum (d) Stratum Lucidum ATP, the myosin heads bind to the open active sites of
NCERT Science 21 YCT
actin to from cross bridges causing the sarcomere to 30. During impulse transmission, what causes
shorten or contract In this, the length of the I band is depolarization of the axon phase?
reduced while the A band remains as it is. (a) Due to k+ coming out at a fast speed.
25. Working for a long time makes the muscles (b) By going inside k+
tired are during muscle fatigue. (c) Due to entry of Na+
(a) Citric acid is formed (d) Due to Na+ coming out.
(b) Pyruvic acid is formed Ans. (c) : During impulse transmission, depolarization
(c) Glucose is converted into glycogen of the axon phase occurs due to influx of Na+, in this
(d) Lactic acid is formed during impulse transmission, the doors of Na+ channels
are open and the doors of k+ channels remain closed and
Ans. (d) : Due to working for too long, our muscles the entry of Na+ gate causes depolarization of the nerve
undergo anoxic respiration which results in formation of membrane or axon membrane.
lactic acid which causes fatigue. Where as pyruvic acid
31. Haversian canals are connected to each other
is formed by glycolysis. by:-
26. Which part of the brain controls muscular (a) Schlemm's duct (b) Cloquest's canal
coordination in mammals? (c) Volkmann's canal (d) Herring's canal
(a) Cerebrum (b) Cerebellum Ans. (c) : Haversian canals found in bones are
(c) Medulla (d) Corpus callosum connected to each other by Volkmann canal. The canal
Ans. (b) : Cerebellum provides involuntary control and found in the vertebral column of mammals is Cloquet's
coordination of voluntary muscles in humans. The canal. Schlemm's duct is found in the eyes of mammals.
cerebellum part of a person who drinks alcohol get Herring's canal is found in the posterior pituitary gland.
affected, due to which he is unable to maintain his 32. Chordae tendineae is a part of:-
balance and starts staggering. (a) Heart (b) Notochord
27. The ions which are re-pumped into the (c) Tendon (d) Lung
myoplasmic reticulum during relaxation of Ans. (a) : Chordae tendineae (tendinous cords) are
muscles are. collectively known as heart strings. The chordae
(a) Ca++ (b) Mg++ tendineae are strong fibrous connections between the
(c) K +
(d) Mn++ bulbous leaflets and the papillary muscles. These are
attached to the leaflets on the ventricular side and
Ans. (a) : In abundance of Ca++ actomyosin bridges are prevent the blood from swinging back into the atrial
formed between myosin and actin in each muscle fiber cavity during systole.
which works to contact the fibers. As soon as the fibers 33. The bone formed by bone growth of tendon is
contract, Ca++ is pumped back into the myoplasmic called.
reticulum. Troponin inactivates the actin due to which (a) Art bone (b) Sesamoid bone
the bridge bonds open, the actin due to which the bridge (c) Dermal bone (d) Cartilage
bonds open, the actin fragments reach their place and Ans. (b) : The bone formed by the bone development of
thus the muscle relaxes. the tendon is called sesamoid bone.
28. The organs of balance in human ears are:- Cartilage:- cartilage like other tissues, originates from
(a) 3 Semi – circular canals the mesoderm of the embryo. Its matrix contains a
(b) Eardrum protein and has a network of white collagen and yellow
(c) Cochlea canal elastic fibers which provides strength and flexibility to
(d) Sacculus the cartilage.
Ans. (a) : The organs of balance in human ears are 3 34. Sesamoid bone is formed by whose
semi – circular canals. Saculus and cochlea are involved modification
as organs of hearing. The utriculus plays an important (a) Nerves (b) Cartilage
role in orientation and balance or especially in (c) Adipose tissue (d) Tendon
horizontal tilt. Ans. (d) : Sesamoid bone is formed by modification of
29. Which one of the following vertebrate tissues is tendon. It is a small triangular bone which is located in
an excellent source of collagen:- front of the knee joint. It is formed by calcification of
the tendon. Such bone is called sesamoid bone. It is
(a) Liver (b) Muscle
attached to the projections of the femur and is also
(c) Tendon (d) Nerve attached to the tibia bone of the thigh (shank) by an
Ans. (c) : The excellent source of collagen in vertebrate elastic ligament. It helps the knee to bend and protects
tissues is tendon. Collagen is a protein molecule made the joint.
up of amino acids. They provided structural support to 35. Which of the following bones are made up of
the extracellular space of connective tissues. Due to its the three bones of the ear of the breast?
toughness and resistance to stretch is the perfect matrix (a) Squamosal, jugal and pterygoid.
for skin, tendons, bones and ligaments. (b) Jugal, hyomandibular and articulate
NCERT Science 22 YCT
 (c) Quadrate, terrygoid and Jugal Ans. (a) : Tendon connects the muscles to the bone.
(d) Quadrate, articulate and hyomandibular. Striated muscles are muscles attached to bones or
Ans. (d) : The ear of the mammal is made up of three tendons. Muscles or ligaments connect bones to bones.
bones quadrate, articulate and hyomandibular. 42. Osteoblast responsible for-
Malleus – Articulate (a) Bone digestion (b) Bone formation
Incus – Quadrates (c) Bone disease (d) Bone protection
Stapes – Hyomandibular. Ans. (b) : Osteoblasts are specialized cells responsible
Each of our middle ears has two small bones attached to for building new bone tissue. They secrete a matrix that
each other. There are malleus, incus and stapes becomes mineralized forming the hard, supportive
structures of bones.
respectively from the eardrum towards the inner ear.
43. Which of the following pumps is responsible
36. The function of the tympanic bones present in for initiating muscle contraction through
the middle ear cavity is- depolarization of the muscle cell membrane?
(a) Increasing the frequency (a) Na+ pump (b) K+ pump
+
(b) Increasing the amplitude (c) Ca pump (d) Mg+ pump
(c) Increasing the wavelength +
Ans. (c) : Ca pump is responsible for initiating
(d) All of these. contraction in muscles through depolarization of the
Ans. (b) : The function of the tympanic bones (also muscle cell membrane. Where Ca++ is released into the
known as the auditory ossicles: Malleus, incus and muscle from the binding site. Ca++ ions accumulate in
stapes) in the middle ear cavity is primarily to increase the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibrils.
the amplitude of sound vibrations transmitted from the When Ca++ ions are released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum into muscle cells, muscle contraction occurs.
eardrum to the inner ear.
In contract, relaxing muscle cells require Ca++ ions to be
37. The correct order of bones in the middle ear of pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
human is- 44. In mammals the coronoid process is a part of:
(a) SIM (b) IMS (a) Axis vertebra (b) Atlas vertebra
(c) MIS (d) MSI (c) Pelvic girdle (d) Lower jaw
Ans. (c) : Three bones are found in the middle ear of Ans. (d) : In mammals, the coronoid process is the part
humans. Which are called MIS in short, their correct of the lower jaw or mandible.
sequence is as follows- 45. The joint between incus and stapes is:-
Malleus → Incus → steppes. (a) Ball and socket joint (b) Hinge joint
38. Otolith is found in- (c) Gliding joint (d) Pivot joint
(a) In the stomach s (b) In the inner ear Ans. (a) : The joint between incus and stapes is a ball
(c) In bone marrow (d) In the liver and socket joint. This type of joint allows for the
greatest range of motion, including flexion, extension
Ans. (b) : Otolith are found in the tympanic membrane
etc. This is crucial for the transmission of sound
of vertebrates. Very small crystals of calcium carbonate vibrations from external ear to the inner ear.
are found in the otolith Membrane.Which is called
46. The skeletal structure of the body is called.
otolith. It helps is maintaining balance in animal.
(a) Skeletal system (b) Muscular system
39. In mammals, the zygomatic arch is formed by:- (c) Digestive system (d) none of these
(a) Jugal, squamosal and maxilla. Ans. (a) : The structure of bones of the body called the
(b) Quadratojugal, terygwide and nasal. skeletal system.
(c) squamosal, palatine and vomer. 47. The Joint of upper Jaw and skull is-
(d) Squamosal, maxilla and vower. (a) Movable Joint (b) Immovable Joint
Ans. (a) : In mammals the Zygomatic arch is formed by (c) Hinged Joint (d) Pivot Joint
the jugal, Squamosal and maxilla. Ans. (b) : The Joint of the upper Jaw and the skull is
The function of the Zygomatic arch is to protect the eye called the fixed Joint.
origin of the masseter and temporal muscles, and to There is no movement in it.
provide articulation for the mandible. 48. Which of the following creatures has hallow
40. Fibrous fixed joints are found in whose bones:- but strong bones?
(a) Vertebral column (b) Skull (a) Human being (b) Birds
(c) Girdle (d) Limb (c) Carnivorous animals (d) Fish
Ans. (b) : Fibrous fixed joints are found in the bones of Ans. (b) : The bones of birds are hallow but strong
the skull. Immovable or fibrous joints are those that do which helps them in flying.
not allow movement (or allow only slight movement) at 49. Which of the following organisms eats soil-
the joint sites. (a) Snake (b) Fish
41. The muscles attached to bones or tendon are:- (c) Earthworm (d) Lizard
(a) Striated muscles (b) Unstriated muscles Ans. (c) : Earthworm eats soil and makes the soil
(c) Heart muscles (d) Scissor muscles fertile, so it is called farmer's friend.

NCERT Science 23 YCT

 Adaptation does not take place in a short time
Chapter-6 The Living Organism because the abiotic factors of a region also change
Characteristics and very slowly. Those organisms which cannot adapt to
these changes die and only the adapted ones survive.
Habitats
Some Terrestrial Habitats
Organisms and the Surroundings Where Desert
They Live There are desert animals like rats and snakes, which
The kinds of living organisms that were present in do not have long legs that has a camel. To stay away
different locations, for example the deserts had from the intense heat during the day, they stay in
camels, the mountains had goats and yak. burrows deep in the sand.
Habitat and Adaptation

Desert animals in burrows

Camels in their surroundings

The presence of specific features or certain habits,
which enable an organism to live naturally in a place
is called adaptation.
Adaptation of organisms differ depending on their
place of dwelling.
The place where organisms live is called habitat. Some typical plants that grow in desert
Habitat means a dwelling place (a home). The Desert plants lose very little water through
habitat provides food, water, air, shelter and other transpiration. The leaves in desert plants are either
needs to organisms. Several kinds of plants and absent, very small, or they are in the form of spines.
animals live in the same habitat. Photosynthesis in desert plants is usually carried out
Some examples of terrestrial habitats are forests, by the stems. The stem is also covered with a thick
grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain regions.
waxy layer, which helps to retain water in the tissues
of cacti.
Mountain regions

Different kinds of fish

The habitats of plants and animals that live in water
are called aquatic habitats. Lakes, rivers and oceans
are some examples of aquatic habitats.
Biotic and abiotic components
The organisms, both plants and animals, living in a
habitat are its biotic components. Trees of a mountain habitat
The non-living things such as rocks, soil, air and water Trees are normally cone shaped and have sloping
in the habitat constitute its abiotic components. branches. The leaves of some of these trees are
Acclimatization needle - like.
Small changes that take place in the body of a single Animals living in the mountain regions are also
organism over short periods, to overcome small adapted to the conditions there. They have thick skin
problems due to changes in the surroundings, are or fur to protect them from cold. For example, yaks
called acclimatization. have long hair to keep them warm.
NCERT Science 24 YCT
 Lion’s light brown color helps it to hide in dry
grasslands when it hunts for prey (animals to eat).
The eyes in front of the face allow it to have a
correct idea about the location of its prey.
Some Aquatic Habitats
Oceans
Many other sea animals have streamlined bodies to
help them move easily in water. There are some sea
animals like squids and octopus, which do not have
(a)
this streamlined shape.
Ponds and lakes

(b)

Some aquatic plants float on water.

Some have their roots fixed in the soil at the
bottom. Some aquatic plants are submerged in water
Some aquatic plants are submerged in water. All
parts of such plants are under water. Some of these
plants have narrow and thin ribbon-like leaves.
(c)
These can bend in the flowing water.
(a) Snow leopard, (b) yak and (c) mountain goat
are adapted to mountain habitats Characteristics of Organisms
Grasslands Plants and animals found in different surroundings.
Trees, creepers, small and big animals, birds, snakes,
A lion lives in a forest or a grassland and is a strong
insects, rocks, soil, water, air, dry leaves, dead
animal that can hunt and kill animals like deer. It is animals, mushrooms and moss may be only some of
light brown in color. Lions have long claws in their the objects that are present in the forest.
front legs that can be withdrawn inside the toes. Objects that you can see around you at this moment
and group them as living and non-living.
Need of food for organisms
All living things need food. Plants make their own
food by the process of photosynthesis. Animals
depend on plants or other animals for their food.
Food gives organisms the energy needed for them to
grow. Organisms also need energy for other life
processes that go on inside them.
(a) Growth in organisms
Young ones of animals also grow into adults. Some
are very small and young, some are bigger. They
may all be in different stages of growth. Growth
seems to be common to all living things.
Respiration in organisms
Respiration is necessary for all living organisms. It
is through respiration that the body finally obtains
energy from the food it takes.
In respiration, some of the oxygen of the air we
(b) breathe in, is used by the body. We breathe out
(a) Lion and (b) deer carbon dioxide produced in this process.
NCERT Science 25 YCT
 Some animals may have different mechanisms for Plants also reproduce. Plants produce seeds, which
the exchange of gases, which is a part of the can germinate and grow into new plants.
respiration process. For example, earthworms
breathe through their skin. Fish have gills for using
oxygen dissolved in water.
Organisms respond to stimuli
Anything that causes a living organism to react is
called a stimulus. All living organisms respond to
their environment. Response to stimuli is an
important characteristic of life.
A seed from a plant germinates into a new plant

Plants respond to light

All living things respond to changes around them.
Excretion in organisms
A new plant grows from a bud of potato
All organisms need food. Not all the food that is
Plants also reproduce through cuttings. Living things
eaten is completely used, only a part of it is utilised
produce more of their own kind through
by the body.
reproduction. It takes place in many different ways,
Excretion has to be removed from the body as
for different organisms.
wastes. Our body produces some wastes in other life
processes also. The process of getting rid of wastes Movement in organisms
by organisms is known as excretion. All living things seem to have some common
Excretion is another characteristic common to all characteristics. They all need food, respire, respond
organisms. to stimuli, reproduce, show movement, grow and
die. Animal move from one place to another and
Reproduction in organisms also show other body movement.
Many birds lay their eggs in the nest. Some of the
In general, something that is living may have all the
eggs hatch and young birds come out of them.
characteristics discussed, while non-living things
may not show all these characteristics at the same
time.
Important Questions
1.
Which of the following materials is not used in
building houses?
(a) Cement (b) Iron
(a) Birds lay eggs which after hatching produce
(b) young ones (c) Stone (d) Scooter
Animals reproduce their own kind. The mode of Ans. (d) : Cement, iron and stone are building materials
reproduction may be different, in different animals. while scooter is a means of transportation.
Some animals produce their young ones through 2. The houses of monkey, lion and mouse are
eggs. Some animals give birth to the young ones. respectively.
(a) Nest, tree and cave
(b) Cave, hole and tree
(c) Tree cave and burrow
(d) Bill, tree and cave
Ans. (c) : The habitat of a monkey is a tree, the habitat
of a lion is a cave and the habitat of a mouse is a
burrow.
3. Which of the following birds does not build its
own nest?
(a) Crow (b) Cuckoo
Some animals which give birth to their young ones (c) Sparrow (d) Nightingale
NCERT Science 26 YCT
Ans. (b) : Cuckoo is a bird which does not build its own Ans. (c) : Animals like termites, flies and earthworms
nest. She lays eggs in the crow's nest. The crow also are reared in terrarium. In aquarium, aquatic creatures
incubates the cuckoo's eggs along with its own eggs. like fish are reared in museum, dead bodies or organs of
4. The two creatures are good friends and live various creatures are kept in forest, all the creatures are
together. One of these provides shelter, water found in their natural habitat.
and nutrients, while the other produces and 9. Purva is included in which settlement?
provides food. This type of relationship of (a) Rural (b) Linear
living beings is called- (c) Urban (d) Disintegrated
(a) Self - nutrition (b) Parasitism Ans. (a) : Purva is included in the rural settlement.
(c) Heteronutrition (d) Symbiosis Apart from this, villages and farmsteads also come
Ans. (d) : When two organisms live together, one of under rural settlements. Purva settlements live
them provides shelter and nutrients while the other dispersedly in many small units in villages. These
produces and provides food, then this type of settlements are generally found in West Bengal, Eastern
relationship is called symbiosis The best example of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and coastal plains.
symbiosis is lichen. In lichen, an alga and a fungus live 10. Which of the following birds makes its nest
closely together. The fungus continues to get food made among the thorns of the catcus plant?
from algae and in return it receives mineral salts, space (a) Dove (b) Sugar - eater
and protection from the fungus. (c) Baya (d) kalchidi
5. Are symbiotic plants formed by mutual Ans. (a) : The dove makes its nest among the thorns of
cooperation of algae and fungi. cactus plants or in the stalks of rosemary. The sugar-
(a) Funeraria (b) Lichen eater makes its hanging nest on the branch of a small
(c) Marchantia (d) Riccia tree or bush.
Ans. (b) : Plants formed by symbiotic interaction of 11. Which of the following insects does not live
algae and fungi are lichens. In this, algae perform the together in a colony like bees?
function of producing food while fungi provide habitat. (a) Wasp (b) Ant
Riccia, Marchantia and the funaria are bryophyta. (c) Termites (d) Spider
6. Select the set that represent only the biological Ans. (d) : Spiders do not live together in colonies like
components of a habitat: bees. Where as a wasp, an ant and a termite live
(a) Bear, turtle, crab, rocks. collectively in a colony.
(b) Insects, frogs, fish, aquatic plants. 12. Consider the following characteristics of
(c) Tiger, deer, grass, soil. houses.
(d) Insects, water, aquatic plant, fish. (A) No window in the lower floor.
(B) Sloping roofs made of wood from tree
Ans. (b) : Insects, frogs, fish, aquatic plants etc.
trunks.
organisms reside in biological components. Where as
(C) Houses built on stone pillars at a height of
the abiotic component includes non-living things. Such
about 10-12 feet from the ground.
as sunlight, oxygen, nitrogen, other gases, water soil,
(D) Thick wall made of stone, mortar and lime.
minerals etc.
(E) Wooden floors.
7. Which of the following statements is true Which of the above mentioned features can be
regarding endemic species? found the houses of Leh and ladakh?
(a) The destruction of their habitat has no effect (a) B, C, D (b) C, D, A
on them. (c) A, D, E (d) A, B, C
(b) It is found only in zoos and botanical gardens. Ans. (c) : Leh and Ladakh are located in the Kashmir
(c) It is found only is specific habitats. state of India, where is extreme cold and snowfall. The
(d) Special regional species can never become houses here are built to suit the weather. The
endangered. characteristics of the houses here.
Ans. (c) : Regional species (endemic species) are those 1. Absence of windows in the lower floors of houses.
species of organisms, which are found in specific area. 2. Thick wall made of stone mortar and lime.
They do not exist anywhere else in the world. For 3. Wooden floors.
example, there is a one-horned rhinoceros found in 13. Study the following.
Kaziranga national park of Assam, which is a regional The crow makes its nest on a high branch of a
species of India. tree. A variety of materials are use to make this
8. The place where small animals like termites, nest, even wooden branches and iron wire.
flies, earthworm etc. are reared according to These is also a clever bird which does not make
their nature is called. its own nest and lays its eggs in the crow's nest.
(a) Aquatic aquarium (b) Museum The poor crow incubates these eggs along with
(c) Terrarium (d) Forest its own. Which bird is this?
NCERT Science 27 YCT
 (a) kalchidi (b) Basant gauri
(c) Cuckoo (d) More Chapter-7 Measurement of
Ans. (c) : The cuckoo does not make its own nest. The Motion and Distances
cuckoo lays its eggs in the crow's nest. The crow
considers the cuckoo's egg as its own and incubates it. Standard Units of Measurements
So that, cuckoo is also known as brood parasits. Scientists all over the world have accepted a set of
standard units of measurement. The system of units
14. Eskimos build their houses 'igloo' from snow. now used is known as the International System of
What is the reason for this? Units (SI units).
(a) Snow does not allow cold air and water to The SI unit of length is a metre. Each metre (m) is
enter. divided into 100 equal divisions, called centimetre
(b) The air present between the wall of ice (cm). Each centimetre has ten equal divisions, called
prevents the heat inside from going out. millimetre (mm). Thus,
(c) Ice is available for free, other materials will 1m = 100 cm
coast more.
1 cm = 10 mm
(d) Only ice is available in Polar Regions. For measuring large distances, metre is not a
Ans. (b) : Eskimos are tribes living in polar regions convenient unit. We define a larger unit of length. It
who build their houses from snow. Their houses are is called kilometre (km).
called igloos. Eskimos build houses out of snow 1 km = 1000m
because the air present between the walls of snow
prevents the heat inside from going out, due to which
the house feels worm.
15. A bird makes its nest on a high branch of a tree A metre scale and a 15 cm scale
It could be a bird. Types of Motion
(a) Sugar - eater (b) Kalchidi The objects move along a straight line, this type of
(c) Crow (d) Dove motion is called rectilinear motion.
Ans. (c) : The crow builds its nest on a high branch of a
tree. Sugar - eater (also known as humming birds or
sunbirds ) typically nest in shrubs or vines, not high
branches.
Doves often nest on lower branches, ledges or even the
ground.
16. In rural area, the wall and floors of huts are
plastered with cow dung.
(a) To keep away insects.
(b) To make smooth and clean.
(c) To increase friction by making it rough.
(d) To give natural color to the floor.
Ans. (a) : In rural areas, the floor and wall of the hut are Some examples of rectilinear motion
plastered with cow dung to protect the wall from The distance of the stone from your hand remains
insects. the same. This type of motion is called circular
motion.
17. Which of the following is non-living-
(a) Cow (b) Horse
(c) Trees and plants (d) Train
Ans. (d) : The train is non living, all other organisms
like cow, horse and plants are living beings.
18. Which of the following is living-
(a) Chair (b) Table
(c) Stone (d) Seeds
Ans. (d) : The seed is living, the rest, chairs, table and
stone are all non-living.
19. The main characteristics of living beings are
not-
(a) Respiration (b) Reproduction
(c) Growth (d) Stability
Ans. (d) : Stability is not a characteristic of living
being, all the rest respiration, growth and reproduction
are characteristics of living beings.
NCERT Science 28 YCT
 3. The product of velocity and time gives:-
(a) Distance (b) Displacement
(c) Momentum (d) Speed
Ans. (b) : The product of velocity and time is called
displacement. The perpendicular distance traveled by an
object between two point in a certain direction is called
displacement. This is a vector quantity. Its S.I. the unit
Some objects in circular motion is meter.
The motion of a point marked on the blade of an
4. If the distance traveled by an object is zero then
electric fan or the hands of a clock are examples of what will be the displacement of the object?
circular motion. (a) Negative
An object repeats its motion after some time. This (b) Zero
type of motion is called periodic motion. (c) Positive
(d) May or may not be zero.
Ans. (b) : Displacement of an object is the minimum
distance between the final position of the object and the
initial position. Since the distance traveled by the object
is zero, the minimum distance between the final
position and the initial position of the object will also be
zero, hence the total displacement of the object will
also be zero.
5. An object is thrown upwards. It goes up to a
hight of 100 meters and then comes back to the
thrower, so
(a) Actual displacement of the object is 50m
(b) The total distance traveled by the object is
zero.
(c) Actual displacement of the object is 100m
(d) Actual displacement of the object is zero.
Ans. (d) : When an object moves through and path from
one point P to another point O, then the magnitude of
this displacement will be the minimum distance
between those two points. Displacement is a vector
Examples of periodic motion quantity. When an object is thrown upward, it reaches a
Motion is a change in the position of an object with height of 100 meter and then comes back to the thrower
time. The change in this position can be determined then the actual displacement of the object is zero.
through distance measurements. This allows us to
know how fast or slow a motion is. Chapter-8 Light, Shadows and
Important Questions Reflections
1. It is a physical quantity which can not be Light helps us see objects, without light, things
negative. cannot be seen.
(a) Distance (b) Force Luminous Objects
(c) Acceleration (d) Velocity Objects like the sun that give out or emit light of
Ans. (a) : Distance is a scalar quantity which is never their own are called luminous objects.
negative, where as force, acceleration and velocity are Transparent, Opaque and
vector quantities whose values can be positive, negative translucent objects
and zero. If we cannot see through an object at all, it is an
2. _____ is used to describe the overall motion of opaque object. If you are able to see clearly through
an object and find its final position with respect an object, it is allowing light to pass through it and is
to its initial position at a given time. transparent. There are some objects through which
(a) Distance and speed we can see, but not very clearly, such objects are
(b) Velocity and speed known as translucent.
(c) Distance and displacement
(d) Displacement and velocity
Ans. (b) : Displacement describes the change in
position of an object, while velocity indicates the rate of
change of displacement with respect to time. Together,
they provide a comprehensive description of an objects
motion and its final position relative to its initial Observing objects that do or do not allow light to pass
position. through them
NCERT Science 29 YCT
 To see a shadow, there must be a source of light and These circular images are, in fact, pinhole images of
an object that blocks that light. the Sun. The gaps between the leaves, act as the
pinholes. These gaps are all kinds of irregular
shapes, but we can see circular images of the Sun.

A shadow is obtained only on a screen

The shadow can be seen only on a screen.

Looking through a pipe pointed (a) towards and

(b) a little away from a candle
Mirrors and Reflections
A smooth shiny, surface of glass which reflects light
Shadows of animals hidden in your hand is called a mirror.
Shadows give us some information about shapes of Mirror reflection is the phenomenon when light
objects. Sometimes, shadows can also mislead us reflects off of surfaces. Any surface that is really
about the shape of the object. well-polished or shiny acts like a mirror.
A pinhole Camera
The pinhole camera is the simplest kind of camera,
that does not have a lens.

A sliding pin hole camera

There is an interesting pinhole camera in nature.
Sometimes, when we pass under a tree covered with
large number of leaves, we notice small patches of
sunlight under it.

A mirror reflects a beam of light

Light travelling along straight lines.

Natural pinhole camera. Pinhole images of the Light travelling in a straight line and getting
Sun under a tree! reflected from a mirror
NCERT Science 30 YCT
 Important Questions M=
−36
= +3
1. The characteristics of the image formed by a −12
plane mirror are: Thus, the magnification produced by the mirror is +3.
(a) Equal size, upright, laterally inverted, virtual 5. The radius of curvature of a convex mirror is
(b) Same size, upright, inverted, real, magnified 15 cm. following the new Cartisian sign
(c) Different sizes, upright, inverted, virtual convention, the principal focus will be located
(d) Different sizes, magnified, inverted, virtual. at x = _____ .
Ans. (a) : Mirrors whose reflecting surface is flat called (a) 15 cm (b) – 7.5 cm
plane mirrors. Plane mirrors are used in making mirrors. (c) 15 cm (d) 7.5 cm
The nature of the image formed by a plane mirror is Ans. (d) : Radius of curvature of convex mirror =
virtual and erect and the image is formed behind the +15cm Focal length of convex mirror is positive,
mirror at the same distance as the object is placed in Radius of curvature
front of the mirror. Focus distance =
2
2. The radius of curvature of a concave mirror is
+15
12 cm. Following the new Cartesian sing F= = +7.5cm
convention, the principal focus will be located 2
at x = 6. What is the material called through with light
(a) – 6 cm (b) 12 cm can pass?
(c) – 12 cm (d) 6 cm (a) Translucent (b) OPEC
Ans. (a) : (c) Transparent (d) Vitreous
Radius of curvature Ans. (c) : Such materials through which light passes
Focal length of the mirror = without scattering are called transparent materials. This
2 is an important physical property of light, which is used
f = 12/2 = 6 cm in optics goes.
The focal length (f) of a concave mirror is negative.
Hence f = – 6 cm 7. The substances through which objects cannot
be seen clearly are ______ called
3. The focus of a concave mirror is located at a (a) Translucent (b) Transparent
distance of 16 cm from its place. Its centre of (c) Opaque (d) Shine
curvature will be located at a distance of from
the pole. Ans. (a) : The substances through which objects cannot
be seen clearly are called translucent substances.
(a) 8 cm (b) 24 cm
Translucent materials are as follows- Smooth paper,
(c) 32 cm (d) 16 cm
rubbed glass etc.
Ans. (c) : Given- Opaque:- Those substances through which you cannot
focal length (f) = 16 cm see through the objects are called opaque substances
radius of curvature = 2 × 16 = 32cm like paper, metal wood, etc.
4. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in 8. Which of the following can not be explained
front of a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. using the phenomenon of scattering of light?
The magnification produced by the mirror will (a) The sun turns red at sunrise
be _______. (b) Use of red colour for danger signals
(a) + 0.6 (b) + 3 (c) Twinkling of stars
(c) – 0.6 (d) –3 (d) Blue colour of the sky
Ans. (b) : Ans. (c) : Twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric
f = –18 cm refraction of starlight. While other options use the
u = –12 cm phenomenon of scattering of light.
1 1 1 • When light passes through a medium which contains
Mirror formula = + very fine particles of dust and other substances, the light
f u v
gets scattered in all directions by them, which is called
−v
Magnification m = scattering of light.
u 9. Red light is scattered----- by for or smoke
1 1 1 because its wavelength is ------- the wavelength
= +
−18 −12 v of other colour components of white light.
1 1 1 (a) Least, less (b) Least, more
= − (c) Most, more (d) Most, less
v 12 18
Ans. (b) : Red coloured light is scattered the least by
1 18 − 12 6
= = fog or smoke because its wavelength is greater than the
v 12 × 18 216 wavelength of other components of white light. The
216 sky appears blue because violet and blue coloured light
v= = 36cm
6 are scattered the most.

NCERT Science 31 YCT

10. When sunlight passes through the canopy of a 15. What would be the color of the sky in the
dense forest, ting water droplets in the mist ---- absence of atmosphere?
-- the light and tyndall effect is observed. (a) Blue (b) White
(a) Reflected and refracted (c) Red (d) Black
(b) Scattered Ans. (d) : In the absence of Earth's atmosphere there is
(c) Reflected no scattering of light so the sky appears black.
(d) Refracted 16. Due to ---------, When light passes through
Ans. (b) : When sunlight passes through the canopy of suspended particles of a medium, some portion
a dense forest, tiny droplets of water in the mist scatter of the light is absorbed and is emitted
the light and the tyndall effect is visible. The (Scattered) in all directions.
phenomenon of scattering of light by particles present in (a) Scattering of light (b) Refraction of light
a colloidal solution is called the tyndall effect. This (c) Reflection of light (d) Dispersion of light
effect can be observed in solutions containing tiny Ans. (a) : Due to the scattering of light, when light
suspended particles. passes through suspended particles of a medium, some
11. The image formed by a plane mirror is always part of the light gets absorbed and is emitted (Spread) in
________. all directions.
(a) Real and straight (b) Virtual and erect Examples of scattering of light-
(c) Real and inverted (d) Virtual and inverted The sky appears blue, the sea appears blue.
Ans. (b) : A float plate of glass polished on one side is 17. When light falls on shiny surface, the
called a plane mirror. The images formed by a plane Phenomenon of --------- reflection occurs.
mirror. The images formed by a plane mirror are virtual (a) Irregular (b) Diffuse
and straight, because the reflected rays do not meet at a (c) Regular (d) General
single point but appear to diverge from the image. Ans. (c) : Regular reflection- In this type of reflection,
Therefore, these rays cannot form a real image of the the rays of light fall on a plane, smooth reflecting
object on a screen. surface in parallel direction and even often reflection,
12. The colour of the scattered light depends on the the reflected rays remain parallel.
size of the particles being scattered. Very Small Hence, when light falls on a shiny surface, the
particles scatter------ light mainly. phenomenon of regular reflection occurs.
(a) Green (b) Red
(c) Blue (d) Yellow
Ans. (c) : The colour of the scattered light depends on
the size of the scattered particles. The smallest particles
scatter mainly blue cloured light
13. The blue colour of a clear sky is due to the ------
- of light by particles ------ in Size than the
wavelength of visible light present in the
atmosphere.
(a) Small, refracting (b) Large, scattering
(c) Large, refracting (d) Small, scattered Chapter-9 Electricity and Circuits
Ans. (d) : The blue colour of the sky is due to the Introduction
scattering of light by particles in the atmosphere which We use electricity for many purposes to make our
are smaller than the wavelength of visible light. Violet tasks easier. For example, we use electricity to
and blue coloured light are scattered more than the operate pumps that lift water from wells or from
white light component of the sun due to which the ground level to the roof top tank.
colour of the sky appears blue. Electricity makes it possible to light our homes,
14. What is the reason that space appears black? roads, offices, markets and factories even after
(a) Scattering of light by small particles sunset. This helps us to continue working at night. A
(b) Because there is no refraction of light power station provides us with electricity.
(c) Because there is no scattering of light Electric cell
(d) Scattering of light by large particles
Ans. (c) : The reason for the space appearing black is
that there is no atmosphere there and there is no
scattering of light. The sky appears blue due to the
scattering of light. When light passes through a medium
that has dust or micro particles of other substances, the
light gets spread in all directions by them. This is called
scattering of light. An Electric Cell
NCERT Science 32 YCT
 Electricity to the bulb in a torch is provided by the Stick the wires to the bulb with the tape used by
electric cell. Electric cells are also used in alarm electricians. Use rubber bands or tape to fix the
clocks, wristwatches, transistor radios, cameras and wires to the cell. Now, connect the wires fixed to the
many other devices. It has a small metal cap on one bulb with those attached to the cell in six different
side and a metal disc on the other side.
ways.
The metal cap is the positive terminal of the electric
cell. The metal disc is the negative terminal. All
electric cells have two terminals; a positive terminal
and a negative terminal.
An electric cell produces electricity from the
chemicals stored inside it.
When the chemicals in the electric cell are used up,
the electric cell stops producing electricity. The
electric cell then has to be replaced with a new one.
A torch bulb has an outer case of glass that is fixed
on a metallic base.
The thin wire that gives off light is called the
Different arrangement of electric cell and bulb
filament of the bulb. The filament is fixed to two
thicker wires, which also provide support to it. One Carefully look at the arrangement in which the bulb
of these thick wires is connected to the metal case at glows. Keep the tip of your pencil on the wire near
the base of the bulb. The other thick wire is one terminal of the electric cell for the arrangement.
connected to the metal tip at the centre of the base. Move the pencil along the wire all the way to the
The base of the bulb and the metal tip of the base are bulb.
the two terminals of the bulb. An Electric circuit
The electric circuit provides a complete path for
electricity to pass (current to flow) between the two
terminals of the electric cell.
The bulb glows only when current flows through the
circuit.
In an electric circuit, the direction of current is taken
to be from the positive to the negative terminal of
(a) Torch bulb and (b) its inside view
These two terminals are fixed in such a way that the electric cell.
they do not touch each other. The electric bulbs used
at home also have a similar design. Thus, both the
electric cell and the bulb have two terminals each.
A bulb connected to an electric cell
Take four lengths of electric wire with differently
colored plastic coverings. Remove a little of the
plastic covering from each length of wire at the
ends. This would expose the metal wires at the ends
of each length. Fix the exposed parts of two wires to
the cell and the other two of the bulb.
Direction of current in an electric circuit
When the terminals of the bulb are connected with
that of the electric cell by wires, the current passes
through the filament of the bulb. This makes the
bulb glow.
Sometimes an electric bulb does not glow even if it
is connected to the cell. This may happen if the bulb
Electric cell with two wires attached to it has fused.
An electric bulb may fuse due to many reasons. One
reason for a bulb to fuse is a break in its filament.
A break in the filament of an electric bulb means a
break in the path of the current between the
terminals of the electric cell.
Therefore, a fused bulb does not light up as no
Bulb connected to two wires current passes through its filament.
NCERT Science 33 YCT
 Electric switch Electric conductors and insulators
In all our activities we have used metal wires to
make a circuit. The bulb does not glow when the
free ends of the wires are in contact with some of the
materials you have tested. This means that these
materials do not allow the electric current to pass
through them.
On the other hand, some materials allow electric
current to pass through them, which is indicated by
the glowing bulb.
Materials which allow electric current to pass
A simple switch through them are conductors of electricity.
Insulators do not allow electric current to pass
through them.
Conductors and insulators are equally important for
us. Switches, electrical plugs and sockets are made
of conductors. On the other hand, rubber and plastics
are used for covering electrical wires, plug tops,
switches and other parts of electrical appliances,
which people might touch.
Your body is a conductor of electricity. Therefore,
An electric circuit with a switch be careful when you handle an electrical appliance.

Important Questions
1. What is a continuous and closed path of electric
current called?
(a) Route (b) Electrical circuit
(c) Mesh (d) Loop
Ans. (b) : A continuous and closed path of electric
Switch in 'on' position current is called an electrical circuit.
An arrangement for switching on or off our home 2. Wires that transmit electricity to homes have a
made torch by moving the base of the bulb away coating of __________.
from the tip of the cell. (a) Polyvinyl chloride (b) Polythene
When we close the switch, the circuit is completed (c) Polyethyl fluoride (d) Polystyrene chloride
and the bulb glows. Ans. (a) : Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an amorphous
thermoplastic hard substances. It is used in making
electrical wires, pipes, cables, insulation, floor sheets
etc.
3. In the circuit given below, what is the current
flowing in the 6Ω resistance?

(a) 0.22 A (b) 0 .55 A

(c) 2.22 A (d) 2.775 A
Ans. (b) : Value of current in resistance of 6Ω-

Applying nodal analysis on node A,

V − 10 V V
Inside view of a torch + + =0
2 2 8
A switch is a simple device that either breaks the 4V – 40 + 4V + V = 0
circuit or completes it.
40
The switches used in lighting of electric bulbs and V=
other devices in homes work on the same principle 9
although their designs are more complex. Hence : Current flowing in 6Ω,
NCERT Science 34 YCT
 V 40 40 (c) Keeps on changing continuously
I= = = (d) Decreases very rapidly
R 9 × 8 72
Ans. (a) : In a short circuit, the current increases very
I = 0.55A fast. Often, due to being damaged or worn out, the
Now, I = 0.55A electrical wire and the neutral wire came in contact with
4. Why is a battery used in an electric circuit? each other, due to which the resistance of the circuit
(a) To generate current becomes almost zero and as a result, excessive current
starts flowing in the circuit and due to excessive current
(b) To produce electrons
flow, The wire melt and break, this is called short
(c) To generate potential difference
circuit.
(d) To measure potential difference
10. In series connection, the current passing
Ans. (c) : Electric battery converts chemical energy into
through each resistance is ________.
electrical energy and it generates electromotive force
(a) Increases gradually
(EMF) to maintain continuous flow of electric current in
(b) Proportional to their thickness
the circuit i.e. it generates potential difference, between
two points in the electric circuit. Thus electric battery is (c) Proportional to their resistance
a source of electrical energy which provides the energy (d) Equal in all resistances
required for the flow of charge in a circuit. Ans. (d) : In series combination the current passing
5. Which of the following is a working component through each resistance is equal in all the resistances.
of a circuit? The unit of resistance is ohm. Ohm is represented by Ω.
(a) Transistor (b) Resistor 11. Connecting several resistors in parallel can be
(c) Capacitor (d) Inductor considered equivalent to-
Ans. (a) : Transistor is a type of semiconductor device (a) Increasing the cross-sectional area of the
which work as a active component of circuit. It conductor
basically act as a switch and an amplifier. (b) Decreasing the cross-sectional area of the
conductor
6. In an AC circuit, power loss usually occurs due
(c) Increasing the length of the conductor
to which of the following?
(d) Increasing the resistance of the conductor
(a) Resistance and inductor
(b) Inductor only Ans. (a) : Connecting several resistors in parallel can be
(c) Capacitor only considered equivalent to increasing the cross-sectional
(d) Resistance only area of the conductor.
Because as the cross-sectional area of conducting wire
Ans. (d) : In an AC circuit, power loss occurs only in increases (In the case of same length), the resistance
resistance. Power loss in resistance = I2 R
 ρℓ 
• The higher the value of resistance, the greater is the  R =  of the conducting wire decreases. Similarly,
power loss, which is the loss of energy through heat.  A
H = I2 Rt when two different resistances of different values are
7. The working principle of a fuse is- connected in parallel, the total resultant resistance of the
(a) Light produced by electric current circuit is less than the value of the lowest value
resistance among the given resistances.
(b) Heat generated by electric current
(c) Magnetic effect produced by current 12. Which of the following statements is true
(d) Heat absorbed by electric current regarding parallel circuits?
(a) The net current of a parallel circuit is always
Ans. (b) : A fuse works on the principle of thermal less than the individual currents
effect of electric current. Fuse wire is used in electrical
(b) The potential difference between the
circuits to protect equipment from getting damaged
terminals of different resistances in a parallel
during short circuit or overloading, its characteristic
circuit is always unequal.
properties should be high resistance and low melting
(c) The net resistance of a parallel circuit is
point. Due to high resistance, the fuse wire melts due to
always greater than the sum of the individual
the increase in temperature during excessive current
resistances.
flow.
(d) The net resistance of a parallel circuit is
8. In electrical circuits, losses occur in the form always less than the sum of the individual
of _____ due to the flow of electric current. resistances
(a) Sound (b) Heat Ans. (d) : An electric circuit is called a parallel circuit
(c) Light (d) Magnetic losses when it has several paths for electric current. In this
Ans. (b) : In electrical circuits, losses occur in the form circuit all the electrical components are connected in
of heat due to the flow of electric current. parallel. The potential difference across all the devices
9. In a short circuit, the current_______. connected in a parallel circuit remain constant.
(a) Increases very rapidly The net resistance of such a circuit is always less than
(b) Does not change the sum of the individual resistances.
NCERT Science 35 YCT
13. When excessive current flows through a 18. What makes electric flow possible in a circuit?
filament used as a fuse, it________ (a) Speed of neutron (b) Speed of positron
(a) Boils (b) melts (c) Speed of proton (d) Speed of electrons
(c) Gets heated (d) Gets cold. Ans. (d) : Electric current in a circuit is possible due to
Ans. (b) : When excessive current flows through the the movement of electrons. The rate of flow of electric
filament used as a fuse, it melts due to the thermal effect charge in a conductor is called electric current. The
of the electric current. Due to which the supply of direction of electric current is considered to be in the
electric current in the electric circuit stops and all the direction of movement of positive charge. Its SI unit is
equipment remains safe. ampere.
14. Festival lights installed in buildings during 19. When resistors are connected in series in a
festivals are Example of __________ circuit, the value of current through the circuit
(a) Parallel circuit is:
(a) Remains the same (b) Increases
(b) Magnetic effect
(c) Decreases (d) Gets halved
(c) Electromagnetic induction
(d) Series circuit Ans. (a) : When resistors are connected in series in a
circuit, the current through the circuit remains the same.
Ans. (d) : Festival lights installed in houses and Similarly, when resistors are connected in Parallel in a
buildings during festivals is an example of a series circuit, the voltage across each resistors remains the
circuit. When 2 or more devices or bulls are connected same through the circuit.
in an electric circuit in such a way that the same current 20. Keeping the voltage constant, if more lamps are
flows in them, then it is called series or series circuit. connected in a series circuit, then the overall
On the contrary, the circuit in which all the components current in the circuit:
are connected in parallel is called a parallel circuit. For (a) Increases (b) Decreases
example the electrical appliances used in homes are (c) Remains the same (d) Becomes infinite
connected to the electric circuit in parallel.
Ans. (b) : Keeping the voltage constant, if more lamps
15. Which of the following materials is mainly used are connected in a series circuit, the total current in the
for power transmission lines? circuit decreases.
(a) Copper (b) Nichrome 21. According to the international colour code for
(c) Tin-lead alloy (d) Tungsten electrical wires, which of the following options
Ans. (a) : Copper is mainly used for power transmission represents the neutral wire?
lines. Copper wires are used for power transmission, in (a) Red (b) Green
power distribution lines etc. Copper has high electrical (c) Blue (d) Yellow
and thermal conductivity as well as copper wire has the Ans. (c) : Color of wire Usage
lowest resistance to electrical and conductivity 1. Red Electric
compared to aluminium. Therefore copper is used more 2. Blue/Black Neutral
in power transmission. 3. Green ground wire
16. Electric current is generated by the movement 22. When several resistances are connected in
of ________ in an electric circuit. series in a circuit, the value of current:
(a) Electron (b) Neutron (a) Increases (b) Decreases
(c) Electrode (d) Proton (c) It gets halved (d) Same
Ans. (a) : Electric current is generated by the movement Ans. (d) : When several resistance are connected in
of electrons in an electric circuit. Electron was series in a circuit, the value of current in the circuit is
discovered by J.J. Thomson. The SI unit of electric the same and the potential differences across the
current is ampere. If one ampere of electric current is resistors is different. Whereas in resistors connected in
flowing in a conducting wire, it means that every parallel, the value of current is different and the
second 6.25 ×1018 electrons enter the wire from one end potential difference is the same.
and the same number of electrons exit from the other 23. ________ is an example of a series circuit
end. (a) Domestic wiring system
17. The value of electromotive force is equal to (b) Decorative lights
_____. (c) Street lights
(a) ε = Q/t (b) ε = W/Q (d) Headlights of a car
(c) ε = E/Q (d) ε = P/Q Ans. (b) : Decorative lights are an example of a series
circuit.
Ans. (b) : A force which maintains the continuous flow
of electric current in the circuit, is called electromotive • Components in a circuit can be connected in two
ways- series and parallel. A circuit in which all the
force, it is obtained from electric cell. The electromotive
components are connected in a series is called a series
w circuit. In a series circuit the same current flows through
force of the cell is ε = Joule/coulomb.
Q each component.

NCERT Science 36 YCT

 Such rocks were given the name magnetite, perhaps
Chapter-10 Magnets after the name of that shepherd. Magnetite contains
Introduction iron.
In some pin holders, the pins seem to be sticking to Some people believe that magnetite was first
the holder, in some pencil boxes, the lid fits tightly discovered at a place called Magnesia.
when we close it even without a locking The substances having the property of attracting iron
arrangement. Such stickers, pin holders and pencil are now known as magnets.
boxes have magnets fitted inside. In any case, people now have discovered that certain
rocks have the property of attracting pieces of iron.
They named these naturally occurring materials
magnets. Later on the process of making magnets
from pieces of iron was discovered.
These are known as artificial magnets. Nowadays
artificial magnets are prepared in different shapes.
For example, bar magnet, horse, shoe magnet,
cylindrical or a ball - ended magnet.

Picking up pieces of iron from waste

Magnets of different shapes

Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Materials
The materials which get attracted towards a magnet
are magnetic - for example, iron, nickel or cobalt.
The materials which are not attracted towards a
Some common items that have magnets inside them magnet are non-magnetic.
How Magnets were discovered
There was a shepherd named Magnes, who lived in
ancient Greece. He used to take his herd of sheep
and goats to the nearby mountains for grazing. He
would take a stick with him to control his herd. The
stick had a small piece of iron attached at one end.
One day he was surprised to find that he had to pull Magnet with (a) many iron filings (b) few iron
hard to free his stick from a rock on the fillings and (c) no iron filings sticking to it
mountainside. Poles of Magnet

Iron fillings sticking to a

The iron fillings are attracted more towards the
region close to two ends of a bar magnet. Poles of a
magnet are said to be near these ends.
Finding Directions
Magnets were known to people from ancient times.
A natural magnet on hillside! Many properties of magnets were also known to
It seemed as if the stick was being attracted by the them.
rock. The rock was a natural magnet and it attracted One such story is about an emperor in China named
the iron tip top of the shepherd's stick. It is said that Hoang Ti. It is said that he had a chariot with a
this is how natural magnets were discovered. statue of a lady that could rotate in any direction.
NCERT Science 37 YCT
 There are several methods of magnets. Take a
rectangular piece of iron. Place it on the table. Now
take a bar magnet and place one of its poles near one
edge of the bar of iron.
Without lifting the bar magnet, move it along the
length of the iron bar till you reach the other end.
Now, lift the magnet and bring the pole (the same
pole you started with) to the same point of the iron
bar from which you began.
Move the magnet again along the iron bar in the
same direction as you did before. Repeat this
The chariot with direction finding statue process about 30-40 times, Bring a pin or some iron
The statue had an interesting property. It would rest filings near the iron bar to check whether it has
in such a position that its extended arm always pointed become a magnet.
towards South. By looking at the extended arm of the If not, continue the process for some more time. The
statue, the Emperor was able to locate directions when pole of the magnet and the direction of its movement
he went to new places on his chariot. should not change.
A freely suspended bar magnet always comes to rest Attraction and Repulsion between
in a particular direction, which is the North- South magnets
direction. Property of the magnets can also be observed by
The end of the magnet that points towards North is suspending a magnet and bringing one by one the
called its North seeking end or the North pole of the poles of another magnet near it.
magnet.
Magnets loose their properties if they are heated
The other end that points towards the South is called hammered or dropped from some height.
South seeking end or the South pole of the magnet.
All magnets have two poles whatever their shape
may be. Usually, north (N) and south (S) poles are
marked on the magnets.
It is said that in olden days, travelers used to find
directions by suspending natural magnets with a
thread, which they always carried with them.
Later on, a device was developed based on this
property of magnets. It is known as the compass.
A compass is usually a small box with a glass cover Magnets lose their property on heating, hammering
on it. A magnetized needle is pivoted inside the box, and dropping
which can rotate freely. Magnets become weak if they are not stored
properly. To keep them safe, bar magnets should be
kept in pairs with their unlike poles on the same
side.
The must be separated by a piece of wood while two
pieces of soft iron should be placed across their
ends.

A compass
The compass is kept at the place where we wish to
know the directions. Its needle indicates the north-
south direction when it comes to rest.
The compass is then rotated until the north and south Store
marked on the dial are at the two ends of the needle. For horse-shoe magnet, one should keep a piece of
To identify the north-pole of the magnetic needle, it iron across the poles.
is usually painted in a different color. Keep magnets away from cassettes, mobiles,
Make your own magnet television, music system, compact disks (CDs) and
the computer.

Important Questions
1. A strong magnet is moved towards a stationary
coil. When the angle between the direction of
motion of the magnet and the plane of the coil
is ______, then the induced current in the coil
Making your own magnet will be maximum.
NCERT Science 38 YCT
 (a) 75º (b) 45º Ans. (a) : In Fleming's left hand rule, an angle of 90º is
(c) 90º (d) 15º formed between thumb and middle finger. According to
Ans. (c) : A strong magnet is moved towards a this rule, the index finger, middle finger and thumb of
stationary coil. When the angle between the direction of the left hand are stretched in such a way that these three
motion of the magnet and the plane of the coil is 90º, are perpendicular to each other and if the index finger
then the induced current in the coil will be maximum. points towords the direction of electric current flowing
2. The magnetic field lines around a current through the conductor, then the thumb points to words
carrying circular loop are ______. the direction of force applied on the conductor. This
(a) Semi-circular rule is also called Fleming's left hand rule.
(b) Parallel lines 7. What causes the phenomenon of
(c) Perpendicular to the conductor electromagnetic induction?
(d) Concentric circles (a) Connecting the system to an electromagnet
Ans. (d) : When we pass current in a circular coil, a (b) Presence of a Galvanometer in the system
magnetic field is generated around it. The magnetic (c) Stationary position of magnet and coil
field lines around a current carrying circular loop (coil) (d) Change in magnetic flux passing through the
are in the form of concentric circles. coil.
3. The part of a magnet from which the magnetic Ans. (d) : The phenomenon of electromagnetic
field lines emerge is called ______. induction occurs due to change in magnetic flux passing
(a) North and south pole through the coil.
(b) Central part of the magnet 8. Magnetic field lines never cross each other.
(c) South pole This fact implies that the magnetic field always
(d) North pole has.
Ans. (d) : Substances which attract nickel, cobalt and (a) Two values at any point of the field.
especially iron are called magnetic substances. Every (b) A unique value of any point of the field
magnet has two pales, North pole and south pole. (c) Multiple values at any point of the field
Magnetic field lines are closed curved lines. Which (d) Three values at any point of the field
always starts from the north pole of the magnet and Ans. (b) : Magnetic field lines never cross each other.
goes to the south pole and passes through the magnet
This fact means that the magnetic field always has a
and then comes back to the north pole
unique value at any point. Magnetic field lines emerge
4. If the direction of motion of the coil is at right from the north pole of the magnet and merge at the
angle to the magnetic field, the induced current south pole. These lines are closed curves.
will be _____
9. Electric current in dynamo is generated by
(a) Infinite (b) Maximum
using the principle of ______.
(c) Minimum (d) Zero
(a) Electromagnetic induction
Ans. (b) : When the direction of motion of the coil is at
(b) Electromagnetic radiation
right angles (90º) to the magnetic field, the induced
(c) Electromagnetism
current generated is maximum.
(d) None of the above
5. If a copper wire is passed through a uniform
magnetic field, the direction of induced current Ans. (a) : Electric current in dynamo can be generated
in it can be determined using which of the by using the principle of electromagnetic induction. In
following this, mechanical energy is used to impart rotational
(a) Maxwell's left hand screw rule motion to a conductor placed in a magnetic field, as a
(b) Maxwell's right hand screw rule result of which electric current is generated.
(c) Fleming's left hand rule Magnetic field + speed of conductor = Induced electric
(d) Fleming's right hand rule current.
Ans. (d) : When a copper wire is passed through a 10. Which of the following devices is not based on
uniform magnetic field, the direction of induced current the concept of force applied or a current
in it can be determined using Fleming's right hand rule. carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field?
In Fleming's right hand rule, thumb, index finger and (a) Loudspeaker (b) Electric fuse
middle finger represent the motion of the conductor, (c) Voltmeter (d) Ammeter
direction of magnetic field and direction of induced Ans. (b) : Among the Given devices, electric fuse
current respectively. device is not based on the concept of force applied or a
6. In Fleming's left hand rule, what is the angle current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.
between thumb and middle finger? • Loudspeaker, Voltmeter and ammeter are based on the
(a) 90º (b) 45º concept of force applied on a current carrying conductor
(c) 120º (d) 180º placed in a magnetic field.

NCERT Science 39 YCT

11. The magnetic field lines at the north pole of a Ans. (c) : The magnetic field lines from a closed curve
magnet are the _________. and outside the magnet they start from the north pole
(a) Intersecting lines and move towards the south pole, and inside the magnet
(b) Lines emerging from the pole they move from the south pole to the north pole.
(c) Parallel lines
(d) Lines merging into the pole 17. When a bar magnet is used as a source of a
Ans. (b) : Magnetic field lines are at the north pole of a constant magnetic field, the direction of the
magnet. Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines, the magnetic field will be which of the following ?
tangent drawn at any point of which shows the direction of (a) Normal to the length of the magnet
the magnetic field at that point. These lines start from the (b) From the north pole of the magnet towards
north pole of the magnet and end at the south pole in the the south pole
magnet and end at the south pole in the outer region of the (c) From the south pole of the magnet towards
magnet, whereas the magnetic field lines inside the magnet the north pole
start from the south pole and end at the north pole.
(d) Perpendicular to the south pole of the magnet
12. The polarity of an electromagnet can be
reversed by changing ________. Ans. (b) : When a bar magnet is used as a source of a
(a) Distance between the turns constant magnetic field, the direction of the magnetic
(b) Magnitude of the current flowing through it field will be from the north pole of the magnet towards
(c) Direction of the current the south pole
(d) Number of turns in the electromagnet 18. The magnetic field produced by a current
Ans. (c) : The polarity of an electromagnet can be carrying conductor decreases with increase in
reversed by changing the direction of the current. _______.
13. The process of obtaining images of various (a) Voltage (b) Distance
body parts using a weak magnetic field (c) Resistance (d) Current
generated inside the body is called ______?
Ans. (b) : The main characteristics of the magnetic field
(a) CT Scan (b) MRI Scan
(c) Ultrasound Scan (d) PET Scan produced by a current carrying conductor are-
Ans. (b) : The process of obtaining images of various • Two magnetic field lines never intersect each other.
body parts using a weak magnetic field generated • Where the magnetic field lines are dense, there the
inside the body is called MRI Scan. magnetic field is strong.
14. According to Fleming's left hand rule used to • Magnetic field lines form closed curves.
find the direction of force on a current carrying 19. The direction of magnetic field can be
conductor placed inside a magnetic field, the determined by the _______ drawn at any point
middle and index fingers represent the
of the magnetic force lines.
direction of _____ and _____ respectively.
(a) Magnetic field, current (a) Sub-tangent
(b) Magnetic field, force (b) Tangent
(c) Force, magnetic field (c) Slope
(d) Current, magnetic field (d) Secant line
Ans. (d) : According to Fleming's left hand rule used to Ans. (b) : The direction of magnetic field can be
find the direction of force on a current carrying determined by the tangent drawn at any point of the
conductor placed inside a magnetic field, the middle magnetic force lines.
and index fingers represents the direction of "current"
and "magnetic field" respectively. 20. When a current carrying wire is placed
15. When a conductor moves in a direction parallel horizontally in a magnetic field with its north
to the magnetic field, the induced EMF pole in the upward direction and south pole in
produced in it will be_____. the downward direction, the wire deflects
(a) Infinite (b) Minimum towards the south direction. The direction of
(c) Maximum (d) Zero electrons in the wire is _______
Ans. (d) : When a conductor moves in a direction (a) West to east
parallel to the magnetic field, the Induced EMF (b) North to south
produced in it will be zero (c) East to west
16. Inside a bar magnet, the direction of the (d) South to north
magnetic field lines are______.
Ans. (a) : A current carrying wire is placed horizontally
(a) From the centre to all sides
(b) From the north pole to the south pole in a magnetic field with its north pole in the upword
(c) From the south pole to the north pole direction, the wire deflects towards the south direction.
(d) From the centre to the north pole only The direction of electrons in the wire is west to east

NCERT Science 40 YCT

 Chapter-11 Air Around Us What is Air made up of?
Until the eighteenth century, people thought that air
was just one substance. Experiments have proved that
The moving air makes it possible for you to fly your
it is really not show. Air is a mixture of many gases.
kite.
Water vapour
Air contains water vapour. We also saw that, when
air comes in contact with a cool surface, it
condenses and drops of water appear on the cooled
surfaces. The presence of water vapour in air is
important for the water cycle in nature.
Different types of firki Oxygen

Making a simple firki

Air has oxygen
Most of the component is used up by the burning
candles. This component of air, which supports
burning is known as oxygen.
Nitrogen
The major part of air (which does not support
burning candle) is nitrogen.
Carbon dioxide
There is some material that is burning, you may
have felt suffocation. This is due to excess of carbon
dioxide that may be accumulating in the room, as the
A weather cock
burning continues.
Is air present everywhere around us? Carbon dioxide makes up a small component of the
Air occupies space. It fills all the space in the bottle. air around us. Plants and animals consume oxygen for
It is present everywhere around us. respiration and produce carbon dioxide. Plant and
Air has no color and not can see through it. It is animal matter also consumes oxygen on burning and
transparent. produces mainly carbon dioxide and a few other gases.
Our earth is surrounded by a thin layer of air. This It is advisable not to burn dry leaves and discarded
layer extends up to many kilometers above the remains of the leaves and discarded remains of the
surface of the earth and is called atmosphere. As we crop which pollute our surroundings.
move higher in the atmosphere, the air gets rarer. Dust and smoke
The burning of fuel also produces smoke. Smoke
contains a few gases and fine dust particles and is often
harmful. Dust particles are always present in air.

Mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders

with them
Mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders with them,
while climbing high mountains. Observing presence of dust in air with sunlight
NCERT Science 41 YCT
 The presence of dust particles in air varies from time The organisms that live inside the soil and the plant
to time and from place to place. roots respire in this air. A lot of burrows and holes
Fine hair and mucus are present inside the nose to are formed in deep soil by the animals living in the
prevent dust particles from getting into the soil.
respiratory system. These burrows also make spaces available for air to
move in and out of the soil. However, when it rains
heavily, water fills up all the spaces occupied by the
air in the soil. In this situation animals living in the
soil have to come out for respiration.
How is the oxygen in the atmosphere
replaced?
Plants make their own food and oxygen is produced
along with it. That is why we say plants produce oxygen.
It is obvious that animals cannot live without plants. The
balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Policemen regulating traffic at a crowded is maintained through respiration in plants and animals
crossing often wear a mask and by the photosynthesis in plants. This shows the
The gases in air are mainly nitrogen, oxygen, small interdependence of plants and animals.
amount of carbon dioxide and many other gases.
However, there may be some variations in the
composition of air from place to place.

Composition of air
Air contains mostly nitrogen and oxygen. In fact,
these two gases together make up 99% of the air.
The remaining 1% is constituted by carbon dioxide Windmill
and a few other gases and water vapour. The wind makes the windmill rotate. The windmill is
used to draw water from tubewells and to run flour
How does oxygen become available mills. Windmills are also used to generate electricity.
to animals and plants living in water and Air helps in the movements of sailing yachts,
soil? gliders, parachutes and airplanes. Birds, bats and
insects can fly due to the presence of air.
Air also helps in the dispersal of seeds and pollen of
flowers of several plants. Air plays an important role
in water cycle.
Important Questions
1. Camel is an animal found in the following
environment-
(a) aquatic (b) Mountainous
Water contains air (c) Desert (d) None of these
When you heat the water, to begin with, the air
Ans. (c) : Camel is an animal found in desert
dissolved in it escapes. As you continue heating, the environment. It is also called the ship of the desert.
water itself turns into vapour and finally begins to
2. Streamlined body is of-
boil.
(a) Horse (b) Bear
Animals living in water used the dissolved oxygen
(c) Fish (d) Frog
in water.
The organisms that live in soil also need oxygen to Ans. (c) : Streamlined body is of fish. Streamlined body
respire. is basically an adaptation, which helps aquatic
When the water is poured on the lump of soil, it organisms to survive in aquatic habitat.
displaces the air which is seen in the form of • Streamlined body is cone shaped and thin at both
bubbles. ends.
NCERT Science 42 YCT
3. We have difficulty in breathing- 9. Which of the following starts from the surface
(a) In plain area (b) In aquatic area of the earth, reflects the correct order o the
(c) In mountainous area (d) In desert area presence of atmospheric layers?
Ans. (c) : We have difficulty in breathing in (a) Troposphere - Stratosphere - mesosphere-
mountainous regions because there is less amount of Ionosphere - Exosphere.
(b) Troposphere - Stratosphere - Exosphere -
oxygen in the air and the air pressure is low.
Ionosphere - Mesosphere
4. The powerful animal of grassland or forest is - (c) Troposphere - Mesosphere - Stratosphere -
(a) Deer (b) Lion Ionosphere - Exosphere.
(c) Horse (d) Camel (d) Troposphere - stratosphere - Ionosphere -
Ans. (b) : The powerful animal of grassland or forest is Mesosphere - Exosphere.
lion. Lion is a carnivorous animal, which hunt deer, Ans. (a) : The correct order of the presence of
wild buffaloes etc. and gets its food Camel is called the atmospheric layers on the earth is
ship of the desert. We use horse for riding. Troposphere - Stratosphere - Mesosphere-Ionosphere -
5. Water hyacinth is found in- Exosphere.
(a) forest (b) on mountains
(c) in water (d) in snow
Ans. (c) : Water hyacinth is found in water. It spreads
rapidly in ponds, lakes and rivers. It is called the terror
or Bengal.
6. Which Gas can be stabilized by lightning in the
atmosphere.
10. Which of the following statement regarding
(a) Argon (b) Nitrogen
coriolis force is incorrect?
(c) CO2 (d) O2
(a) It is produced due to difference in
Ans. (b) : Nitrogen gas is stabilized by lightning in the atmospheric pressure.
atmosphere about 78% Nitrogen is found in the (b) It is directly proportional to the angle of
atmosphere. When there is electrical discharge latitude.
(lightening), atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen combine (c) It is maximum at the poles.
with each other to form nitric oxide. Nitric oxide (d) It does not occur on the equator.
combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Ans. (a) : Coriolis force is an apparent force, which is
This nitrogen dioxide dissolves in rainwater and gets generated due to the rotation of the earth. In fact, the
converted into nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrous acid rotation speed of the earth varies due to the size of the
(HNO2) and by seeping into the soil with rain water, it circumference and the distance from the center at
becomes fertile nitrate for plants. different latitudes of the earth. Due to this difference in
7. Which of the following atmospheric layers has speed, this force acts on any moving object which
the lowest density? moves from one latitude to another. It is proportional to
(a) Ionosphere (b) Exosphere the angle of latitude and is maximum at the poles.
(c) Stratosphere (d) Mesosphere 11. Who protects the earth from the ultraviolet
radiation of the sun?
Ans. (b) : Among the layers of the earth's atmosphere,
(a) Ozone (b) Nitrogen
the exosphere has the lowest density. Among the layers
(c) Oxygen (d) Mg
of earth's atmosphere, the troposphere has the highest
Ans. (a) : The ozone layer found in the stratosphere is
density.
very important for human life, which prevents the
8. Which of the following gases present in the harmful UV radiation coming from the sun, it is called
atmosphere is used in all the three processes good ozone. Ozone (O3) is a colorless and reactive
namely combustion, respiration, and formation oxidizing gas formed by the combination of three
of oxides of nitrogen? molecules of O2.
(a) CO2 (b) O2 12. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is
(c) H (d) He approximately ...........
Ans. (b) : The atmosphere contains a mixture of N2, O2, (a) 0.03% (b) 3.34%
CO2, water vapour and some other gases. The layer of (c) 0.054% (d) 0.38%
air which surrounds the earth is called atmosphere. Ans. (a) : The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere
Atmosphere is essential for life on earth. Oxygen is is approximately 0.03%. CO2 is a colorless and gas.
essential for combustion, respiration and formation of CO2 is made up of 2 atoms of oxygen and one atom of
nitrogen. carbon.
NCERT Science 43 YCT
 Class-VII
The leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll.
Chapter-1 Nutrition in Plants It helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight.
This energy is used to synthesis (prepare) food from
carbon dioxide and water. Since the synthesis of
Introduction food occurs in the presence of sunlight, it is called
All living organisms require food, Plants can photosynthesis (Photo: light; synthesis: to combine).
synthesise food for themselves but animals including Chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are
humans cannot and they get it from plants or necessary to carry out the process of photosynthesis.
animals that eat plants. It is a unique process on the earth.
Humans and animals are directly or indirectly The solar energy is captured by the leaves and stored
dependent on plants. in the plant in the form of food. Thus, sun is the
Nutrition is the mode of taking food by an organism ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.
and its utilisation by the body. During photosynthesis, cholorophyll containing cells
Mode of Nutrition in Plants of leaves in the presence of sunlight, use carbon
Plants are the only organisms that can prepare food dioxide and water to synthesis carbohydrates and the
for themselves by using water, carbon dioxide and process can be represented in an equation.
minerals. Carbon dioxide + water  sunlight
→ Carbohydrate
chlorophy11
The nutrients enable living organisms to build their
bodies, to grow, to repair damaged parts of their + oxygen
bodies and provide the energy to carry out life
processes.
The mode of nutrition in which organisms make
food themselves from simple substances is called
autotrophic (auto = self; trophos = nourishment)
nutrition. Therefore, plants are called autotrophs.
Animals and most other organisms take in food
prepared by plants. They are called heterotrophs
(heteros = other).
Photosynthesis-Food Making Process in
Plants
Leaves are the food factories of plants. Water and
minerals present in the soil are absorbed by the roots
and transported to the leaves. During photosynthesis, the process oxygen is
Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through the tiny released.
pores present on the surface of leaves. These pores The presence of starch in leaves indicates the
are surrounded by 'guard cells'. Such pores are called occurrence of photosynthesis. Starch is also a
stomata. carbohydrate.
Plants synthesis carbohydrates through the process
of photosynthesis.
The carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen. These are used to synthesis other
components of food such as proteins and fats but
proteins are nitrogenous substances which contain
nitrogen.
Nitrogen is present in abundance in gaseous form in
the air, however, plants cannot absorb nitrogen in
this form.
Soil has certain bacteria that convert gaseous
nitrogen into a usable form and release it into the
soil, these are absorbed by the plants along with
water.
Farmers adding fertilisers rich in nitrogen to the soil
due to in this way the plants fulfil their requirements
of nitrogen along with the other constituents.
NCERT Science 44 YCT
 Other Modes of Nutrition in Plants The plants provide nutrients to the fungus and, in
Like humans and animals such plants depend on the return, the fungus provides water and certain
food produced by other plants and they are use the nutrients for example lichens.
heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Nutrients are Replenished
A plant Cuscuta (Amarbel), does not have Plants absorb minerals and nutrients from the soil.
chlorophyll. It takes ready made food from the plant So, their amounts in the soil keep on declining.
on which it is climbing. The plant on which it climbs Fertilisers and manures contain nutrients such as
is called the host. Since it deprives the host of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, etc.
valuable nutrients. Usually crop plants absorb a lot of nitrogen and the
soil becomes deficient in nitrogen.
Nitrogen gas is available in plenty in the air, plants
cannot use it in the manner they can use carbon
dioxide and they need nitrogen in a soluble form.
The bacterium called Rhizobium can take atmospheric
nitrogen and convert it into a usable form.
They can reduce the use of nitrogenous fertiliser
where leguminous plants are grown and the most of
the pulses (dals) are obtained from leguminous
plants.
Important Questions
1. Green plants, which make their own food, are
called-
(a) Heterotroph (b) Parasite
(c) Saprophyte (d) Autotrophic
Ans. (d) : Green plants, which make own food, are
called autotrophic. Green plants produce their food by
photosynthesis in the presence of light.
Cuscuta is called the parasite. 2. Amarbel is an example of
The insect is digested by the digestive juices (a) Autotroph (b) Heterotroph
secreted in the pitcher and its nutrients are absorbed, (c) Parasite (d) Saprophyte
such insect-eating plants are called insectivorous Ans. (c) : Amarbel is a parasitic plant. It is stem parasite
plants. which gets nutrition through its sucking roots by wrapping
itself around the stems and branches of plants. It is usually
seen on trees like acacia, plum, fig, etc.
3. The kitchen of plants is -
(a) Stem (b) Root
(c) Leaf (d) Flower
Ans. (c) : The kitchen of plants is the leaf. A substance
called chlorophyll is found in the leaves of plants which
produces food by photosynthesis in the presence of light.
4. Insectivorous plant is -
(a) Rose (b) Pea
(c) Pitcher plant (d) Amarbel
Ans. (c) : The insectivorous plant is the pitcher plant. It
obtains nutrients by trapping insects in its leaves. These
are usually found in mangrove forests.
5. The products of photosynthesis are transported
Saprotrophs from the leaves to other parts of the plant
The mode of nutrition in which organisms take in through?
nutrients from dead and decaying matter is called (a) Through stomata (b) Through phloem
saprotrophic nutrition, such organisms with (c) Through Xylem (d) Through tracheids
saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called Ans. (b) : Phloem is a complex tissue that serves as a
saprotrophs for example fungi. transport system for soluble organic compounds with in
Some organisms live together and share both shelter vascular plants. It transport the products of
and nutrients, this relationship is called symbiosis. photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of plant.
For example, certain fungi live inside the roots of While xylem transports water and some nutrients from
plants. roots to leaves.
NCERT Science 45 YCT
6. At night, the emission of ..... without 11. Which of the following process does not occur
photosynthesis is a major exchange activity. during photosynthesis?
(a) Hydrogen (b) Carbon dioxide (a) Absorption of oxygen
(c) Oxygen (d) Water (b) Splitting of water molecules
Ans. (b) : At night, the emission of carbon dioxide (c) Absorption of light energy
(CO2) without photosynthesis is a major exchange (d) Reduction of carbon dioxide.
activity. Ans. (a) :Through the process of photosynthesis, green
7. Which of the following is a waste product plants converts, solar energy into chemical energy and
produced in photosynthesis? produce food. During this process, plants do not absorb
(a) Glucose (b) Water oxygen (O2) but ''emit'' oxygen.
(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Oxygen 12. Which of the following is produced as a waste
Ans. (d) : Oxygen (O2) is a waste product produced in product during the process of photosynthesis?
photosynthesis. (a) Urea (b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Oxygen (d) Nitrogen
Ans. (c) : Oxygen (O2) is produced as a waste product
during the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is
the process in which light energy is converted chemical
energy.
Light
6CO 2 + 12H 2 O 
Chlorophyll
→ C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O
8. When and how is oxygen emitted as a waste
product in plants? 13. Which of the following is a major event
(a) By photosynthesis at night occurring in plants during day time?
(b) By photosynthesis during daytime (a) Release of O2 (b) Release of CO2
(c) By respiration at night (c) Release of CO (d) Release of O3
(d) By respiration during daytime. Ans. (a) : Release of O2 is a result of day time process
Ans. (b) : Plants emit oxygen as a waste product occurring in plants. Plants obtain their nutrition through
through photosynthesis during day time. Plants take in the process of photosynthesis during which they use
oxygen during respiration and excrete carbon dioxide as carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
a waste product. 14. During photosynthesis, six molecules of water
9. The carbon and energy requirements of plants are formed from ..........
are fulfilled by which of the following (a) 6H2O (b) 12H2O
processes? (c) 18H2O (d) 24H2O
(a) Absorption (b) Transfer Ans. (b) : Green plants make glucose and release
(c) Transpiration (d) Photosynthesis oxygen in the presence of sunlight using CO2, H2O and
Ans. (d) : The carbon and energy requirements of plants chlorophyll.
are fulfilled through the process of photosynthesis, that Chlorophyll
6CO 2 + 12H 2 O  → C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O
is the process of formation of carbon- contaning Sunlight
compounds by the combination of plants cells and water 15. What will be the effect on the plant if the rate
in sunlight is called photosynthesis. It is a biochemical of respiration is more than the rate of
reaction in which the process of taking CO2 and photosynthesis?
releasing O2 takes place. (a) Due to more energy produced, the growth of
10. Which of the following statements is incorrect plants will increase.
regarding photosynthesis? (b) More food will be oxidized than the food
(a) Photosynthesis involves the splitting of water produced, due to which the plant will dry up
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. due to lack of nutrition.
(b) Photosynthesis is related to the absorption of (c) Plants will store a lot of food.
light energy by chlorophyll. (d) The growth of plants will show down.
(c) Photosynthesis involves the oxidation of Ans. (b) : If the rate of respiration is more than the rate
carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. of photosynthesis, the effect on the plant will be - more
(d) Photosynthesis is related to the conversion of food will be oxidized than the food produced, due to
light energy into chemical energy. which the plant will dry up due to lack of nutrition.
Ans. (c) : Photosynthesis is the process in which light 16. The gaseous waste product produced during
energy is converted into chemical energy. photosynthesis is .........
Carbohydrates such as sugar are synthesized from (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Oxygen
carbon dioxide and water using light energy. (c) Nitrogen (d) Carbon monoxide
6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Light energy → C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 Ans. (b) : The gaseous waste product produced during
Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon photosynthesis is oxygen.
dioxide to carbohydrates. Oxygen is a colourless, tasteless gas which was
NCERT Science 46 YCT
discovered by J. Priestley. Its quantity in the atmosphere 22. Which of the following components are
is 20.95%. Oxygen is the element found in the highest essential for photosynthesis?
quantity (about 46.6%) on the earth's crust. (a) Oxygen, water, sunlight and chlororphyll
17. Which of the following is not required for (b) Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and chlorophyll
autotrophic nutrition? (c) Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and
(a) Oxygen (b) Carbon dioxide chlorophyll
(c) Light (d) Chlorophyll (d) Carbon dioxide, water sunlight and oxygen
Ans. (a) : Oxygen is not required for autotrophic Ans. (c) : Photosynthesis is the reaction in which plants
nutrition. Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment convert light energy into chemical energy using sunlight
and sunlight are the essential conditions for autotrophic carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and sunlight are
nutrition. essential elements in this reaction.
18. Which of the following process is not applicable
to photosynthesis is. Sunlight
(a) Light energy is converted into chemical 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O 
Chlorophyll
→ C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O
energy.
23. What happens when plants are kept in a dark
(b) Carbohydrates are formed by the oxidation of
room for three days?
carbon dioxide.
(a) Plants go into hibernation for those three days
(c) Chlorophyll absorbs light.
(d) Water molecule is split into hydrogen and (b) Plants use up their proteins reserves
oxygen (c) Plants starch resources get completely
exhausted
Ans. (b) : Light energy is converted into chemical
energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs light. (d) Plants oil reserves get completely exhausted
Water molecules is split into hydrogen and oxygen. Ans. (c) : When plants are kept in a dark room for three
Carbohydrates are formed by the reduction of carbon days, plants starch resource get completely exhausted,
dioxide. leaves, turn yellow and the plant starts drying up.
19. During photosynthesis, the carbohydrates 24. Why do we measure the presence of starch in
synthesized are stored as...... photosynthesis experiments?
(a) Starch (b) Fat (a) Starch is formed as a result of photosynthesis
(c) Protein (d) Vitamin (b) Glucose is insoluble in water
Ans. (a) : During photosynthesis, the carbohydrates (c) Glucose formed is converted into starch
synthesized are stored as starch. The process of (d) Starch is soluble in water
photosynthesis takes place in the green parts of the Ans. (c) : The presence of starch is measured in
plants, mainly in the leaves. photosynthesis experiments because the glucose formed
20. Which of the following take in carbon dioxide is converted in starch. Starch is a polysaccharide
at night and produce an intermediate product carbohydrates formed by the joining of a large number
and during the day absorb chlorophyll energy of glucose monosaccharide units together by glycosidic
and work an it to form the find product? bonds. It is found only in plants.
(a) Fungi (b) Xerophytes plants
25. The excretion process of plants is completely
(c) Blue- green algae (d) Bacteria
different from that of animals. Which of the
Ans. (b) : Xerophytes plants take in carbon dioxide at following processes is not followed by plants for
night and produce an intermediate product and during
excretion?
the day absorb chlorophyll energy and work on it to
(a) Storage of waste products in leaves
form the final product.
(b) Removal of some waste into the soil.
21. Name the physico - chemical process by which
(c) Removal of excess water by transpiration
plants convert light energy into chemical
(d) Filtering of toxic substances through leaves.
energy.
(a) Starch synthesis Ans. (d) : The excretion process of plants is completely
(b) Physical synthesis different from that of animals. Plants can get rid of
excess water by transpiration. For other wastes, plants
(c) Physico - chemical conversion
(d) Photosynthesis use the fact that many of their tissues consist of dead
cells and that they can even lose some parts such as
Ans. (d) : Photosynthesis is the physico- chemical
leaves. Many plant waste products are stored in cellular
process by which plants converts light energy into
vacuoles. Waste products may be stored in leaves that
chemical energy. The process of photosynthesis takes
place inside the chloroplasts present in the leaves of fall off. Other waste products are stored as resins and
plant. gums, especially in old xylem. Plants also excrete some
waste substances into the soil around them.
Sunlight The plant cannot selectively filter toxic substances
6CO 2 + 12H 2 O 
Chlorophyll
→ C6 H12 O 6 + 6O 2 ↑ +6H 2 O through its leaves.

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26. Which of the following parts helps in the Ans. (b) : Photosynthesis is the process by which
gaseous exchange in plants? leaves prepare food for the whole plant. In desert plants,
(a) Guard cells (b) Cell membrane leaves turn into thorns and the process of
(c) Nucleus (d) Stomata photosynthesis in these plants takes place through the
Ans. (d) : Exchange of gases (Oxygen and Carbon stem. The stems of desert plants become thick and green
dioxide) in plants takes place through stomata usually in colour.
stomata open when light falls on leaves and close 32. Which of the following is the unit of energy
during night, stomata are surrounded by two guard cells, measurement (Energy currency) for most
and the cells, contain chloroplasts and leaves tiny pores cellular process?
called stomata. Gaseous exchange takes place with the (a) ATP (b) Glucose
closing and opening of stomata. (c) Pyruvate (d) ADP
27. Which of the following types of carbohydrates Ans. (a) : ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a store
is formed after photosynthesis? house of energy, which is also called the currency of
energy. The energy stored in ATP decomposes as per
(a) Glycogen (b) Mannose
the requirement of the organisms and releases energy,
(c) Fructose (d) Glucose which drives various biological activities of the
Ans. (d) : In photosynthesis, a carbohydrates called organisms. Its synthesis takes place in the mitochondria
glucose (C6H12O6) is formed. Photosynthesis is the inside our body.
process in which plants produce food with the help of 33. What is the ultimate source of energy in
the sunlight and carbon dioxide. plants?
28. Sugarcane plant is one of the effective (a) Glucose (b) Chlorophyll
converters that converts ……. into chemical (c) Protein (d) Sunlight
energy. Ans. (d) : The ultimate source of energy in plants is
(a) Air (b) Sunlight sunlight. Sun is the ultimate source of energy for all
(c) Juice (d) Water living organisms. It is worth nothing that after a certain
Ans. (b) : The process of converting light energy into limit, sunlight causes the disintegration of chlorophyll,
chemical energy by living cells is called photosynthesis. which reduces the rate of photosynthesis.
Sugarcane plant converts sunlight into chemical energy. 34. Which of the following is stored in the form of
In the process of photosynthesis, plants produce starch, which is used as internal energy storage
carbohydrates by combining water and carbon dioxide as per the requirement of the plant ?
in the presence of sunlight and release oxygen as a by- (a) Sunlight (b) Oxygen
product. (c) Water (d) Carbohydrates
29. Which gas is required for photosynthesis? Ans. (d) : Plants obtain their food through photosynthesis.
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Carbon monoxide Carbohydrates are stored in plants in the form of starch,
which is used by plants as per their requirement.
(c) Oxygen (d) Hydrogen
35. What are the products formed during
Ans. (a) : Carbon dioxide gas, water, chlorophyll and photosynthesis?
sunlight are required for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis (a) Glucose, water and oxygen
is the process by which green plants convert light (b) Glucose and oxygen
energy into chemical energy. Green plants absorb light (c) Starch and oxygen
during photosynthesis, with the help of this energy, they (d) Starch, water and oxygen
convert water, carbon dioxide and other minerals into
Ans. (a) : In the process of photosynthesis, green plants
oxygen and energy rich compounds. synthesize organic food substances from CO2 and H2O
light
6CO 2 + 12H 2 O 
chlorophyll
→ C 6 H12 O 6 + 6H 2 O + 6O 2 in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. During the
process of photosynthesis, glucose, water and oxygen
30. The rate of photosynthesis is maximum in are obtained as products.
which colour of light?
(a) Violet (b) Green
(c) Red (d) Yellow
Ans. (c) : In photosynthesis, glucose is formed as a 36. In which part of the plant does photosynthesis
result of chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and take place?
water and oxygen is released. This reaction also takes (a) Branches and stem
place in artificial light. This reaction takes place the (b) Leaves and other parts where chloroplasts are
most in red light. present
31. Which part of deposit plant like cactus carries (c) Leaves and stem
out the process of photosynthesis? (d) Roots and root juice
(a) Leaves (b) Stem Ans. (b) : Photosynthesis takes place in leaves and
(c) Thorns (d) Root other parts of the plant where chloroplasts are present.
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37. Which of the following processes removes The food components gradually get digested as food
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. travels through the various compartments.
(a) Photosynthesis (b) Biodegradation The inner walls of the stomach and the small
(c) Electrolysis (d) Galvanization intestine, and the various glands associated with the
Ans. (a) : Plants carry out the process of photosynthesis canal such a salivary glands, the liver and the
by combining water and atmospheric carbon dioxide in pancreas secrete digestive juices.
presence of sunlight and release oxygen in the The digestive juices convert complex substances of
atmosphere. Clearly, carbon dioxide is reduced from the food into simpler ones.
atmospheric in this process. The digestive tract and the associated glands
38. At which stage of photosynthesis glucose is together constitute the digestive system.
formed?
(a) Light dependent reactions
(b) Calvin Cycle
(c) Fermentation
(d) Oxidation
Ans. (b) : Glucose is formed during the Calvin cycle in
the second stage of photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle is
a series of biochemical processes occurring in the
chloroplasts of a plant, six rounds of this cycle are
required to form are glucose molecule.
39. ........ is a pacific form of phytochrome.
(a) P660 (b) P760
(c) P730 (d) P630
Ans. (a) : Phytochrome is a photoreceptor pigment
found in plants. It is sensitive to red and infrared light of
the visible spectrum of light. Many flowering plants use
it to control the time of flowering based on photoperiod.
P660 is an interconvertible form of phytochrome.
The mouth and buccal cavity
Chapter-2 Nutrition in Creatures Food is taken into the body through the mouth, the
process of taking food into the body is called
Introduction ingestion.
The breakdown of complex components of food into
We chew the food with the teeth and break it down
simpler substances is called digestion.
mechanically into small pieces.
Each tooth is rooted in a separate socket in the gums
and our teeth vary in appearance and perform
different functions.
Different ways of Taking Food
The mode of taking food into the body varies in
different organisms.
Bees and humming-birds suck the nectar of plants,
infants of human and many other animals feed on
mother's milk.
Snakes like the python swallow the animals they
prey upon.
Some aquatic animals filter tiny food particles
floating nearby and feed upon them.
Digestion in Humans
We take in food through the mouth, digest and
utilise it. The unused parts of the food are defecated.
The food passes through a continuous canal which
begins at the buccal cavity and ends at the anus.
The tongue is a fleshy muscular organ attached at
The canal can be divided into various compartments,
the back to the floor of the buccal cavity. It is free at
(1) the buccal cavity, (2) foodpipe or oesophagus,
(3) stomach, (4) small intestine, (5) large intestine the front and can be moved in all directions.
ending in the rectum and (6) the anus. We use our tongue for mixes saliva with the food
These parts together form the alimentary canal during chewing taste of food and helps in
(digestive tract). swallowing food.
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 It has taste buds that detect different tastes of food. The pancreas is a large cream coloured gland located
just below the stomach.
The pancreatic juice acts on carbohydrates, fats and
proteins and changes them into simpler forms.
The partly digested food now reaches the lower part of
the small intestine where the intestinal juice completes
the digestion of all components of the food.
The carbohydrates get broken into simple sugars
such as glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol,
and proteins into amino acids.
Absorption in the small intestine
The food pipe/oesophagus- The digested food can now pass into the blood
The swallowed food passes into the foodpipe or vessels in the wall of the intestine, this process is
oesophagus, the foodpipe runs along the neck and called absorption.
the chest. The inner walls of the small intestine have thousands
Food is pushed down by movement of the wall of of finger-like outgrowths, these are called villi.
the foodpipe, actually this movement takes place The villi increase the surface area for absorption of
throughout the alimentary canal and pushes the food the digested food. Each villus has a network of thin
downwards. and small blood vessels close to its surface. The
surface of the villi absorbs the digested food
materials.
The absorbed substances are transported via the
blood vessels to different organs of the body where
they are used to build complex substances such as
the proteins required by the body, this is called
assimilation.
In the cells, glucose breaks down with the help of
oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, and energy is
released.
The food that remains undigested and unabsorbed
enters into the large intestine.
Large intestine
The large intestine is wider and shorter than small
intestine. It is about 1.5 metre in length.
Its function is to absorb water and some salts from
the undigested food material.
The stomach The remaining waste passes into the rectum and
The stomach is a thick-walled bag. Its shape is like a remains there as semi-solid faeces.
flattened J and it is the widest part of the alimentary The faecal matter is removed through the anus from
canal. time-to-time. This is called digestion.
It receives food from the food pipe at one end and Digestion in Grass-Eating Animals
opens into the small intestine at the other.
Cows, buffaloes and other grass-eating animals
The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, chewing continuously even when they are not
hydrochloric acid and digestive juices. eating. Actually, they quickly swallow the grass and
The mucous protects the lining of the stomach. store it in a part of the stomach called rumen.
The acid kills many bacteria that enter along with The food gets partially digested and is called cud.
the food and makes the medium in the stomach But later the cud returns to the mouth in small lumps
acidic and helps the digestive juices to act. and the animal chews it and this process is called
The digestive juices break down the proteins into rumination and these animals are called ruminants.
simpler substances. The grass is rich in cellulose, a type of carbohydrate.
The small intestine In ruminants like cattle, deer, etc., bacteria present in
The small intestine is highly coiled and is about 7.5 rumen helps in digestion of cellulose.
metres long, its wall also secretes juices and it Many animals, including humans, cannot digest
receives secretions from the liver and the pancreas. cellulose.
The liver is a reddish brown gland situated in the Animals like horses, rabbit, etc., have a large sac-
upper part of the abdomen on the right side. It is the like structure called Caecum between the
largest gland in the body and it secretes bile juice oesophagus and the small intestine.
that is stored in a sac called the gall bladder. The cellulose of the food is digested here by the
The bile plays an important role in the digestion of action of certain bacteria which are not present in
fats. humans.
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 2. Citrus fruits are considered to be a rich source
of .
(a) Vitamin- A (b) Vitamin-D
(c) Vitamin-B (d) Vitamin- C
Ans. (d) : Citrus fruits are considered to be a rich
source of vitamin C.
3. Retinol is mainly related to ..........
(a) Vitamin- A (b) Vitamin- B
(c) Vitamin- D (d) Vitamin- E
Ans. (a): The chemical name of vitamins and the
effects of their deficincy are as follows.
Vitamin Chemical Name Effect of
deficiency
Vitamin-A Retinol Night blindness
Vitamin- B1 Thiamine Beri- Beri
Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba disease
Amoeba is a microscopic single-celled organism Vitamin-C Ascorbic Acid Scurvy disease
found in pond water.
Vitamin- D Calciferol Rickets
Amoeba has a cell membrane, a rounded, dense
nucleus and many small bubble-like vacuoles in its Vitamin- E Tocopherol Impotence
cytoplasm. Vitamin- K Naphthoquinone/ Blood Clotting
Amoeba constantly changes its shape and position, it Phylloquinone Failure
pushes out one, or more finger-like projections, 4. Vitamin-D is highest in -
called pseudopodia or false feet for movement and (a) Cottonseed oil (b) Olive oil
capture of food. (c) Cod liver oil (fish oil)(d) Sunflower oil
Ans. (c) : Vitamin-D is highest in cod liver oil (fish oil).
Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids which reduces
inflammation in the body. Fish oil is also beneficial in
the treatment of heart diseases, high cholesterol,
depression, anxity, weak immune system, cancer,
diabetes, inflammation, arthritis, AIDS, Alzheimer's
disease, eye disorders and ulcers.
5. Fish liver oil is rich in .........
(a) Vitamin-A
Amoeba feeds on some microscopic organisms, (b) Both Vitamin-A and Vitamin-D
when it senses food, it pushes out pseudopodia (c) Vitamin-E
around the food particle and engulfs it and the food (d) Vitamin- D
becomes trapped in a food vacuole. Ans. (b) : Fish liver oil is rich in both vitamin-A and
Digestive juices are secreted into the food vacuole. Vitamin- D.
They act on the food and break it down into simpler 6. What is riboflavin?
substances. Gradually the digested food is absorbed. (a) Antibiotic (b) Pigment
The absorbed substances are used for growth, (c) Vitamin (d) Plant
maintenance and multiplication.
The undigested residue of the food is expelled Ans. (c) : Riboflavin is the chemical name of vitamin
outside by the vacuole. B2. It takes part in the metabolism of carbohydrates and
The basic process of digestion of food and release of other substances. Its deficiency leads to loss of body
energy is the same in all animals. weight.
Important Questions 7. Which of the following vitamins plays on
important role in blood clotting?
1. Scurvy, whose symptoms include bleeding
gums, can be prevented by including ............. in (a) Vitamin B12 (b) Vitamin D
the diet. (c) Vitamin A (d) Vitamin E
(a) Vitamin A (b) Cholesterol Ans. (a) : Vitamin B12 is also known as
(c) Vitamin C (d) Protein cyanocobalamin. It is a vitamin that contains cobalt
Ans. (c) : Scurvy, whose symptoms include bleeding metal. It is an extremely essential vitamin for the health
gums, can be prevented by including vitamin C in the and balanced functing of the body. It plays an important
diet. role in blood clotting.

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8. Vitamin K is naturally produced by bacteria Animals that yield wool
found in ...... Wool commonly available in the market is sheep
(a) Pancreas (b) Kidney wool.
(c) Heart (d) Intestine Yak wool is common in Tibet and Ladakh.
Ans. (d) : Vitamin K, is naturally produced by bacteria Mohair is obtained from angora goats, found in hilly
found in the intestine. Vitamin K is important for blood
regions such as Jammu and Kashmir.
clotting and bone health.
Wood is also obtained from goat hair, the under fur
9. Niacin is a form of ...........
of Kashmiri goat is soft. It is woven into fine shawls
(a) Vitamin B3 (b) Vitamin B4
called Pashmina shawls.
(c) Vitamlin B1 (d) Vitamin B2
The fur (hair) on the body of camels is used as wool.
Ans. (a) : Niacin is a form of Vitamin B3 and
deficiency of vitamin B3 causes pellagra disease. Llama and Alpaca, found in South America, also
yield wool.
10. Which Vitamin is used to treat common cold?
(a) Vitamin- D (b) Vitamin- A
(c) Vitamin -C (d) Vitamin - B
Ans. (c) : Vitamin -C is used to treat common cold. The
chemical name of vitamin-C is ascorbic acid.
11. Which of the following is the richest source of
iron?
(a) Green Vegetables (b) Legumes
(c) Eggs (d) Milk
Ans. (a) : Green vegetables, are the richest source of iron.
12. Pellagra is caused due to deficiency of ..........
(a) Riboflavin (b) Ascorbic
(c) Folic acid (d) Niacin
Ans. (d) : Pellagra is caused due to deficiency of niacin.
Niacin is a form of vitamin-B3.

Chapter-3 Fiber to Textiles

Introduction
Wool is obtained from the fleece (hair) of sheep or yak
and silk fibres come from cocoons of the silk moth.
Animal fibres-wool and silk
Wool
Wool comes from sheep, goat, yak and some other
animals and these wool-yielding animals bear hair
on their body.
Hair trap a lot of air and it is a poor conductor of
heat, so, hair keeps these animals warm.
The hairy skin of the sheep has two types of fibres
that form its fleece; (i) the coarse beard hair, and (ii)
the fine soft under-hair close to the skin.
The fine hair provide the fibres or making wool.
Some breeds of sheep possess only fine under-hair
and their parents are specially chosen to give birth to
sheep which have only soft under-hair.
The process of selecting parents for obtaining
special characters in their offspring, such as soft
under hair in sheep, is termed 'selective breeding'.

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 From fibres to wool
For obtaining wool, sheep are reared, their hair is cut
and processed into wool.
Rearing and breeding of sheep
Sheep are herbivores and prefer grass and leaves,
apart from grazing sheep, rearers also feed them on a
mixture of pulses, corn, jowar, oil cakes (material
left after taking out oil from seeds) and minerals.
In winter, sheep are kept indoors and fed on leaves,
grain and dry fodder.
Sheep are reared in many parts of our country for
wool.
Some breeds of sheep reared in our country for
producing wool, the quality and texture of the fibres
obtained from them.
Certain breeds of sheep have thick coat of hair on
their body which yields good quality wool in large
quantities, these sheep are "selectively bred" with
one parent being a sheep of good breed.
Processing Fibres into Wool
The fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of skin
is removed from its body, this process is called
shearing.
The sheared skin with hair is thoroughly washed in
tanks to remove grease, dust and dirt, this is called
souring, it is done by machines.
After scouring, sorting is done, then hairy skin is
sent to a factory where hair of different textures are
separated or sorted.
The small fluffy fibres, called burrs, are picked out
from the hair, these are the same burrs which
sometimes appear on sweaters and the fibres are
scoured again and dried.
The processing of fibre into wool can be represented
The fibres can be dyed in various colours, as the natural as follows.
fleece of sheep and goats is black, brown or white.
Shearing → Scouring → Sorting → Cleaning of
The fibres are straightened, combed and rolled into burrs → Dyeing → Rolling
yarn. The longer fibres are made into wool for
seaters and the shorter fibres are spun and woven
Silk
Silk fibres are also animal fibres. Silkworms spin the
into woollen cloth.
'silk fibres'.
The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called
sericulture.
Life History of Silk Moth
The female silk moth lays eggs, from which hatch
larvae which are called caterpillars or silkworms.
They grow in size and when the caterpillar is ready
to enter the next stage of its life history called pupa,
it first weaves a net to hold itself, then it swings its
head from side to side.
During these movements of the head, the caterpillar
secretes fibre made of a protein which hardens on
exposure to air and becomes silk fibre.
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 The larvae are kept in clean bamboo trays along
with freshly chopped mulberry leaves.
After 25 to 30 days, the caterpillars stop eating and
move to a tiny chamber of bamboo in the tray to
spin cocoons.
Small racks or twigs may be provided in the trays to
which cocoons get attached.
The caterpillar of silkworm spins the cocoon inside
which develops the silk moth.
Processing silk
The caterpillar completely covers itself by silk fibres A pile of cocoons is used for obtaining silk fibres.
and turns into pupa, this covering is known as The cocoons are kept under the sum or boiled or
cocoon. exposed to steam, the silk fibres separate out.
The further development of the pupa into moth The process of taking out threads from the cocoon
continues inside the cocoon. for use as silk is called reeling the silk.
Silk fibres are used for weaving silk cloth. Reeling is done in special machines, which unwind
The silk yarn (thread) is obtained from the cocoon of the threads or fibres of silk from the cocoon.
the silk moth. Silk fibres are then spum into silk threads, which are
woven into silk cloth by weavers.
Tassar silk, mooga silk, etc., are obtained from
cocoons spun by different types of moths. Important Questions
The most common silk moth is the mulberry silk 1. What type of clothes are worn in winter?
moth. (a) Cotton clothes (b) Silk clothes
The silk fibre from the cocoon of this moth is soft, (c) Woolen clothes (d) Nylon clothes
lustrous and elastic and can be dyed in beautiful Ans. (c) : Woolen clothes are worn in winters. Woolen
colours. clothes are usually obtained from the wool of animals.
Cotton clothes are comfortable to wear in summers.
Sericulture or culture of silkworms is a very old
occupation in India which produces plenty of silk on 2. Which of these are obtained from animals?
a commercial scale. (a) Cotton and wool (b) Woolen and silk
(c) Silk and cotton (d) Nylon and cotton
From cocoon to silk
Ans. (b) : Woolen and silk clothes are usually obtained
For obtaining silk, moths are reared and their
from animals. For example, wool is obtained from the
cocoons are collected to get silk threads.
hair of animals like sheep, yak etc.
Rearing silkworms Silk is obtained from the cocoon of silkworms.
A female silk moth lays hundreds of eggs at a time
3. Rearing of silkworms to obtain silk is called-
the eggs are stored carefully on strips of cloth or (a) Floriculture (b) Silvi culture
paper and sold to silkworm farmers. (c) Apiculture (d) Sericulture
The farmers keep eggs under hygienic conditions Ans. (d) : Rearing of silkworms to obtain silk is called
and under suitable conditions of temperature and sericulture. Apiculture involves rearing of bees.
humidity for the larvae to hatch from eggs. Silviculture studies the structure and dynamics of
This is done when mulberry trees bear a fresh crop forests. In floriculture, we learn abut inflorescence.
of leaves. 4. Linen fibre is obtained from the stem of .......
The larvae, called caterpillar or silkworms, eat day (a) Jute plant (b) Flax plant
and night and increase enormously in size. (c) Cotton plant (d) Hemp plant.
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Ans. (b) : Linen fibre is obtained from the stem of a Ans. (c) : The ability of a yarn to retain its thickness is
plant called flax. This plant is annual. Its botanical called loft.
name is Linum usitatissimum. Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibre,
Cultivation of linen is mainly done for two suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing,
purposes- crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and rope
1. Obtaining seeds making.
2. Obtaining fibres 10. The word cotton is derived from the Arabic
Purpose of linen cultivation word qutun or kutun which means.
(a) A single - seeded plant
(b) A cultivated plant
(c) A herbaceous plant
(d) A plant found in conquered land
Ans. (d) : The word cotton is derived from the Arabic
word qutun or kutun, which means a plant found in
conquered land.
5. Which fiber is sisal? 11. Where is linen obtained from?
(a) Artificial fiber (b) Seed fiber (a) Flax (b) Cotton
(c) Stem fiber (d) Leaf fiber (c) Rubber (d) Wool
Ans. (d) : Sisal is a leaf fiber. It is used as anchor rope Ans. (a) : Linen is obtained from a plant called flax.
for ships and also in industrial factorises. Apart from Linen has been in use since ancient times. In Egypt,
this, its is used for making mattresses, mats, cot linen clothes were considered a symbol of pride and
weaving ropes and for household purposes. Sisal fiber is splendor. This fabric is also mentioned in the bible linen
used for making high quality paper. At present, it is was considered symbol of peace.
being used for making many types of things. 12. When twisted and cell- like structure is seen in
6. The length of cotton fibres is .......... the microscopic examination of the fibre, then
this fibre is ...........
1
(a) 1/2 inch to 2 inches (a) Cotton (b) Rayon
2 (c) Silk (d) Woolen
(b) 1/2 inch to 5 inches Ans. (a) : When twisted and cell- like structure is seen
1 3 in the microscopic examination of the fibre, then this
(c) 1 inchesto 3 inches
2 2 fibre is cotton.
(d) 12 inches to 20 inches Cotton fibre looks different in immature stage and
Ans. (a) : The length of cotton fibre is 1/2 to mature stage.
1 Immature stage- In immature stage its looks like a
2 inches. Cotton fibre is measured in inches. It is a circular tube which has a microscopic tube and it is
2 filled with liquid sap.
staple fibre. It is a fibre obtained from the nature. It is Mature stage- Looks flat rough and rivet like.
also called white gold (Universal fibre). Human friendly Twisting in it is due to oscillation.
fibre, king of fibre. It is derived from Arabic word 13. When cotton cloth burns, it emits-
qutun or kutun. This fibre has been in use since about (a) White flame (b) Blue flame
5000 years ago. (c) Yellow flame (d) Orange flame
7. Silkworms secrete fibre made of ? Ans. (c) : Cotton cloth is made of a substance called
(a) Fat (b) Cellulose cellulose. Since cellulose is a carbohydrates which is made
(c) Protein (d) Nylon of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. So, when it is
Ans. (c) : The silkworms (caterpillars) secrete fibre burnt, it produces carbondioxide and water and burns with
made of a protein which harden on exposure to air and yellow flame and brown coloured ash is obtained.
becomes silk fibre. Soon the caterpillar completely 14. Which of the following is not a stem fibre?
covers itself by silk fibres and turns into pupa. This (a) Linen (b) Jute
covering is known as cocoon. (c) Hemp (d) Kapok
8. Which fabric is called the king of fabrics Ans. (d) : Linen, jute, hemp are stem fibres. Kapok is
(a) Linen (b) Silk not a stem fibre. Kapok is obtain from the fruit of the
(c) Cotton (d) Jute tree.
Ans. (c) : Cotton is called the king of fabrics. Cotton is 15. The ability of a fibre to region its shape after
seed fiber also known as white gold. being pressed, folded and shrunk is-
9. The ability of a yarn to retain its thickness is (a) Flexibility (b) Elasticity
called. (c) Ductility (d) Density
(a) Elasticity (b) Wickability Ans. (b) : Elasticity is the ability of a fiber to regain its
(c) Loft (d) Anticoagulation shape after being pressed, folded or stretched.
NCERT Science 55 YCT
16. Shrinkage of cotton clothes is reduced by the clothes are made. Linen fiber is obtained from the stem
following process. of a plant called flax. Whereas wool, mohair, kashmiri
(a) Felting (b) Mercification wool, all these are protein fibres.
(c) Sanforization (d) Calendering 23. Which fibre has the ability to withstand heat
Ans. (c) : Sanforization is a textile finishing process and boiling?
that preshrinks cotton fabric by compressing it ensuring (a) Wool (b) Silk
minimal shrinkage during washing. This controlled (c) Cotton (d) Jute
process stabilizes the fabric's dimensions, making the Ans. (c) : Cotton clothes are good conductors of heat.
material more durable and resistant to further shrinkage. When worm in summer, one does not feel hot, rather
17. Under microscope, this fibre looks flat and like feels cools, so cotton has the ability to withstand heat
a twisted ribbon. and boiling.
(a) Wool (b) Silk 24. The method of clearing cotton is -
(c) Nylon (d) Cotton (a) Ginning (b) Boling
Ans. (d) : Under a microscope, cotton fibers appear flat (c) Combing (d) Picking
and resembles a twisted ribbon. This unique structure
Ans. (a) : The method of clearing cotton is ginning.
helps distinguish cotton from other fibres like wool, silk
or nylon. Both seeds and fibres are present in the cotton cocoon,
so they are ginned. Ginning is done by hand or ginning
18. The cross section of linen/flax shows that it is - machine. By this process, dust particles, leaves wood,
(a) Polygonal (b) Oval peel, seeds etc present in the fibres are separated.
(c) Triangular (d) Ribbon shaped
25. Jute is a -
Ans. (a) : When viewed through a microscope, the linen
(a) Chemical fibre (b) Stem fibre
fibre appears long and straight, round in shape, with
bamboo-like knots in between. Both its ends are printed. (c) Cocoon fibre (d) Animal fibre
When viewed in cross section, linen appears polygonal Ans (b) : Jute is similar to linen. It is a stem or bast
or pentagonal. fibre. Jute fibres are yellow in colour. It is cultivated
19. For which product ginning is required? during the rainy season.
(a) Nylon (b) Cotton 26. To make cotton cloth transparent and stiff,
(c) Silk (d) All of the above action is done with .......
Ans. (b) : Ginning is required in the production of (a) Caustic soda (b) Sulphuric acid
cotton. Both seeds and fibres are present in the cotton (c) Sodium perborate (d) None of these
cocoon. Hence, they are ginned. The work of ginning is Ans. (b) : Sulphuric acid is a very active inorganic acid
done by hand or by ginning machine. Through this process, which is used in almost all modern industries. Pure
dust particles, leaves, wood peels, seeds etc., present in the sulphuric acid is a colourless, odourless, oil- like heavy
fibre are separated. This process is called ginning. liquid. Which is soluble in every quantity of water. It is
20. Which of the following is a fibre obtained from used in various industries for synthesis of various
the stem? chemical, as an agent to make cotton cloth transparent
(a) Cotton (b) Silk and stiff and as a reagent in the laboratory.
(c) Linen (d) Rayon 27. An example of staple fibre is -
Ans. (c) : Linen is a fibre obtained from the stem of (a) Silk (b) Jute
flax. Linen is very important natural fibre which has (c) Dacron (d) Nylon
been used in the manufacture of clothes since ancient Ans. (b) : Jute is an example of staple fibre. Staple fibre
times. is a textile fibre that is a discrete length, soft, warm,
21. Which country has the highest position in absorbent and less expensive than filament yarn fabrics.
cotton production. Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of the jute plant.
(a) India (b) American The jute plant is normally harvested when it is at
(c) USA (d) China flowering stage.
Ans. (d) : China has the highest position in cotton 28. Which of the following is most moisture
production, while India is in second place and united absorbent ?
states of America is in third place in cotton production. (a) Cotton fibre (b) Wool fibre
Cotton is a tropical plant, which is cultivated between (c) Rayon fibre (d) Silk fibre
40º north latitude and 30º south latitude. Medium fiber
cotton is cultivated the most in the world. Cotton is also Ans. (a) : Cotton fibre cloth has the highest moisture
called white gold. absorbing properties because they are made of natural
cellulose.
22. Which of the following is not a protein fiber?
(a) Wool (b) Mohair 29. The length of cotton fibre is -
(c) Kashmiri wool (d) Linen (a) 5 – 6'' (b) 4 – 5''
Ans. (d) : Linen is a fibre obtained from the plant world 1
(c) 1 − 2 '' (d) 6 – 7''
from which beautiful, attractive, durable and soft 2
NCERT Science 56 YCT
Ans. (c) : Cotton fibre is shorter than all textile fibres. Measuring Temperature
1 The thermometer that measures our body
The length of cotton fibre is 1 to 2 '' . The reason for
2 temperature is called a clinical thermometer.
the rough surface of cotton fabrics is the shortness of
the fibres. This is why they are called staple fibres.
30. Natural fibre is -
(a) Cotton (b) Polyester
(c) Rayon (d) Nulon
Ans. (a) : Fibres are of two type- • A clinical thermometer consists of a long, narrow,
(i) Natural fibres-These types of fibres are obtained uniform glass tube, which has a bulb at one end and
from animals or plants. Such as cotton, jute, silk and this bulb contains mercury. Outside the bulb, a small
wool etc. shining thread of mercury can be seen.
(ii) Synthetic fibres- These fibres are made by • The scale we use is the celsius scale, indicated by
synthesis of chemical substances. Such as polyster, ºC.
nylon, rayon etc.
Laboratory Thermometer
31. Which of the following is not suitable for
The highest and the lowest temperature it can
cotton?
measure.
(a) Basic dye (b) Disperse dye
The range of a laboratory thermometer is generally
(c) Prebiotic dye (d) Tanky dye
from –10ºC to 110ºC.
Ans. (b) : Disperse dye is not suitable for cotton. It is
known from some sources that India is called the
originator of cotton. 70% of the total textile fibres in the A laboratory thermometer
world are of cotton clear whiteness is brought in cotton Transfer of Heat
by bleaching and shine comes in cotton by calendaring. The heat flows from a hotter object to a colder
32. Which of the following fabrics is suitable for object.
towels? In summer we prefer light-coloured clothes and in
(a) Cotton (b) Nylon winter we usually wear dark-coloured clothes.
(c) Terylene (d) Dacro In the winter, we use woollen clothes, wool is a poor
Ans. (a) : The main function of towels is to absorb conductor of heat and there is air trapped in between
moisture. They must be strong so that they can the wool fibres.
withstand the friction and pressure on them and do not This air prevents the flow of heat from out body to
get damaged. So, cotton fabric is suitable for towels. the cold surroundings so, we feel warm.
33. Which of the following is the chemical name of Important Questions
cotton? 1 If you mix one liter of water at 0ºC and one
(a) Fibroin (b) Keratin liter of water at 40ºC, then the temperature of
(c) Cellulose (d) Polymers the whole water will be.
Ans. (c) : Cellulose is the chemical name of cotton. It is (a) Less than 10ºC
a natural fibre. Celluclose is the main component of (b) Between 0ºC and 40ºC
cotton, wood, jute etc. Cotton contains 90-95% (c) More than 40º
cellulose. (d) None of these
Chapter-4 Heat Ans. (b) : We know that when two substances with
different temperatures are mixed, heat will flow from
Introduction the hotter substance to the cooler one until they reach
We wear woollen clothes during winters when it is thermal equilibrium. So when one litre of water at 0ºC
cold outside. Woollen clothes keep us warm. is mixed with one litre of water at 40ºC, then heat will
We prefer to wear light coloured cotton clothes transfer from higher temperature water, i.e., 40ºC to
when it is hot and these give us a feeling of lower temperature water, i.e. 0ºC until they reach
coolness. thermal eqilibrium. Therefore the temperature of the
Hot and Cold whole water will be between 0ºC to 40ºC.
In our day-to-day life, we come across a number of 2. If a wooden spoon is put in ice, then-
objects. Some of them are hot and some of them are (a) The other end will become cold due to
cold, Tea is hot and ice is cold. conduction.
A reliable measure of the hotness of an object is its (b) Action will occurs due to conduction
temperature. (c) Being a bad conductor, there will be no
Temperature is measured by a device called effect.
thermometer. (d) Being a good conductor, it will become cold.
NCERT Science 57 YCT
Ans. (c) : Wood is a bad conductor of heat, so if a Ans. (c) : The rate of heat conduction in a cubic object
wooden spoon is put in ice, then due to being a bad does not depend on friction. Rather heat is a type of
conductor, there will be no effect. energy which is transferred from one object to another
3. By putting a hot iron rod at 20ºC temperature due to the temperature different between the two
in hot water at 20ºC temperature- objects. The heat flow depends on the temperature of
(a) The temperature of the rod will increases the object and the nature of the material of the object,
which depends on the density, dimensions and
(b) The temperature of water will increase
electronic configuration of the material in cubic objects.
(c) The temperature of both will increase
8. Why do liquid water particles 0ºC have more
(d) There will be no effect
energy than ice particles at the same
Ans. (d) : If we put a hot iron rod of 20ºC temperature temperature?
in hot water at 20ºC temperature, there will be no effect (a) Because water particles absorb heat energy
in their temperature, because the temperature spreads during the process of conversion from ice to
from higher temperature to lower temperature and here liquid water.
both iron rod and water is at same temperature. (b) Because water particles absorb heat energy
4. Density of water is highest at approximately ..... during the process of conversion from ice to
Kelvin. water vapor.
(a) 273 (b) 227 (c) Because water particles radiate heat energy
(c) 277 (d) 0 during the process of conversion from ice to
Ans. (c) : The mass present in a unit volume of a liquid water.
substance is called the density of that substance. (d) Because ice particles absorb heat energy
Density of water is highest at 277 Kelvin (4 degree during the process of conversion from ice to
liquid water.
centigrade).
Ans. (d) : Liquid water particles at 0ºC have more
5. 37ºC temperature is approximately equal .......
energy than ice particles at the same temperature
(a) 100.4ºF (b) 99.4º F because ice particles absorb heat energy during the
(c) 97.4º F (d) 98.6º F process of conversion from ice to liquid water.
Ans. (d) : C = 37ºC, F = ? 9. Heat is transferred mainly by conduction,
C F − 32 convection and radiation.
Formula, =
5 9 (a) Insulated pipes carrying hot water
37 F − 32 (b) Refrigerator freezer oils
= (c) Boiler furnaces
5 9 (d) Condensation of vapour in a condenser
37 Ans. (c) : Heat is transferred in boiler furnaces mainly
F= × 9 + 32
5 by conduction, convection and radiation. Heat is
transferred to solids by conduction. Heat is transferred
F = 98.6º F
to liquids and gases by convection and no medium is
So, 37ºC temperature is approximately equal to 98.6ºF. required for heat transferred from the sun to the earth by
6. Zero degree centigrade is equal to how many radiation method.
degrees Fahrenheit? 10. What will be the boiling point of water in
(a) 100ºF (b) 30ºF Kelvin scale?
(c) 34ºF (d) 32ºF (a) 100 K (b) 273 K
Ans. (d) : C= 0ºC, F= ? (c) 373 K (d) 300 K
Formula- Ans. (c) : Freezing point of water at atmospheric
F − 32 C − 0 pressure = 0ºC.
= Boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure = 100ºC
180 100
Boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure (in
F − 32 0 − 0
= Kelvin scale) = (100+273) K
180 100 = 373 K
F–32 = 0 11. .......is a method of heat transfer by the actual
⇒ F= 32º F motion of matter.
7. The rate of heat conduction in a cubic object (a) Convection (b) Conduction
does not depends on- (c) Ray (d) Evaporation
(a) Density of material Ans. (a) : Convection is a method of transfer or
(b) Dimensions of of material transmission of heat . In this method, heat is transmitted
(c) Friction by the overall transfer or motion of molecules in a
(d) Electronic configuration substance (gas, liquid or plasma).
NCERT Science 58 YCT
12. The main reason for heat transfer in liquids The melting point of a solid is an indication of the
and gases is - strength of the force of attraction between its particles.
(a) Conductivity At the melting point, solid and liquid are in thermal
(b) Convection equilibrium.
(c) Radiation 17. What is the physical state of water at 257ºC
(d) Both conductivity and radiation (a) Plasma (b) Gaseous
Ans. (b) : The main reason for heat transfer in liquids (c) Solid (d) Liquid
and gases is convection.
Convection is the process of transfer of heat energy in Ans. (b) : Water is found in all three states- solid, liquid
which the hot molecules go up and away from the heat and gas. The physical state of water at 257ºC will be
source to coldest region at the top and cold molecules gaseous because the freezing point of water is 0ºC
move to the heat source and then gets heated and moves (273.15K) while the boiling point is 100ºC (373.15K).
upward thus setting up a convection cycle. This process 18. The boiling point of water is -
continue till the whole fluid (liquid and gas) gets heated. (a) 210ºF (b) 212ºF
13. Woolen clothes keep the body warm in winters (c) 214ºF (d) 208ºF
because- Ans. (b) : The temperature at which a liquid starts
(a) Wool is a poor conductor heat boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its
(b) Wool is a good conductor of heat boiling point.
(c) Wool increases the body temperature In other words, the temperature at which the liquid and
(d) Wool decreases the body temperature vapour states of the substance coexist is called its
Ans. (a) : Woolen clothes keep the body warm in boiling points.
winters because of the following reasons. The boiling point of water is 212ºF or 100ºC.
(I) Wool is a poor conductor of heat. Hence, it prevents Boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure (in
heat loss from the body and keeps us warm in the
Kelvin scale) = (100+273) K
winter.
(II) The pores of woolen clothes get filled with air, = 373 K
which is a poor conductor of heat due to which there is 19. Water pipes burst at freezing temperature.
no loss of heat from the body, This happens due to ..........
14. Which of the following options is a bad (a) Expansion (b) Contraction
conductor of heat? (c) Humidification (d) Precipitation
(a) Wood (b) Diamond Ans. (a) : Water pipes burst at freezing temperatures
(c) Water (d) Mica (during winter nights) because water expands as it
Ans. (a) : Wood is a poor conductor of heat. Those freezes, increasing pressure inside the pipe. When most
substances that do not allow heat to pass through them liquid are heated, their volume increases and density
are called bad conductors or insulators. For example, decreases, but the behaviour of water is the opposite
wood, plastic, straw, wool etc. between 0ºC and 4ºC. If water is heated in a vessel at
15. What is the colour of the inside of a solar 0ºC, its volume decrease from 0ºC to 4ºC and density
cooker? increases. At 4ºC, the volume of water is minimum and
(a) White (b) Blue density is maximum. When heated beyond 4ºC, it
(c) Black (d) Brown behaves like normal liquids.
Ans. (c) : Solar cookers or ovens are devices that Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
directly use the energy of the sun to cook food or heat
water. Solar cooker is a metal box and its inside colour Chapter-5 Acid, Base and Salt
is black which is a good absorber of heat. There is a
mirror on top of it which sends maximum light inside Acids and Bases
the cooker and there is a glass lid on it which prevents Curd, lemon juice, orange juice and vinegar taste
the heat inside from escaping. sour. These substances taste sour because they
16. What is the temperature called when a solid contain acids. The chemical nature of such
object melts and becomes liquid at atmospheric substances is acidic.
pressure? The word acid comes from Latin word acere which
(a) Melting point means sour. The acids in these substances are
(b) Latent heat natural acids.
(c) Boiling point Generally, substances like these which are bitter in
(d) Latent heat of fusion taste and feel soapy on touching are known as bases.
Ans. (a) : The melting point of a solid substance is the The indicators change their colour when added to a
minimum temperature at which a solid substance melts solution containing an acidic or a basic substance.
to become a liquid substance at the atmospheric Turmeric, litmus, china rose petals (Gudhal), etc.,
pressure. are some of the naturally occurring indicators.
NCERT Science 59 YCT
 Natural Indicators If the soil is basic, organic matter (compost) is added
The most commonly used natural indicator is litmus, to it and organic matter releases acids which
it is extracted from lichens. neutralises the basic nature of the soil.
Litmus has a mauve (purple) colour in distilled Factory wastes
water, when added to an acidic solution, it turns red The wastes of many factories contain acids, if they
and when added to a basic solution, it turns blue. are allowed to flow into the water bodies, the acids
It is available in the form of a solution, or in the form will kill fish and other organisms.
of strips of paper, known as litmus paper, generally, it The factory wastes are, neutralised by adding basic
is available as red and blue litmus paper. substances.
Important Questions
1. Which of the following statements about
antacids is not correct?
(a) Antacids are useful for neutralising excess
stomach acid.
(b) Antacids are strong acids.
(c) NaHCO3 is an anti acid
(d) Mg (OH)2 is an anti acid
Ans. (b) : Antacids are useful to neutralising excess
stomach acid. Antacids are weak bases.
Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] and sodium
Neutralisation bicarbonate (NaHCO3) are anti acids.
When an acidic solution is mixed with a basic
2. Generally, the oxides of non- metals are........ in
solution, both the solutions neutralise the effect of
each other. nature.
In neutralisation reaction, heat is always produced, (a) Neutral (b) Acidic
or evolved. (c) Basic (d) Amphoteric
In neutralisation reaction a new substance is formed, Ans. (b) : When non- metals react with oxygen, non-
then it is called salt. metallic oxides are formed. Non-metalic oxides are
Salt may be acidic, basic or neutral in nature. acidic in nature. When dissolved in water, they form
The reaction between an acid and a base is known as acidic solutions, which dissociate to give hydrogen ions.
neutralization. Salt and water are produced in this Thus, they are acidic in nature.
process with the evolution of heat. 3. Which of the following are weak acids- HCl,
Acid + Base → Salt + Water CH3COOH, H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3, H2SO3.
(Heat is evolved) (a) CH3COOH, H2CO3
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) + Sodium hydroxide (b) H 2SO 4 , HNO3 , H 2 CO3
(NaOH) → Sodium chloride (NaCl) + Water (H2O)
(c) HCl, CH3 COOH, H2SO4
Neutralisation in Everyday Life (d) CH3 COOH, H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3
Indigestion
Our stomach contains hydrochloric acid which helps Ans. (a) : Acids which dissociate in water or any other
us to digest food. But too much of hydrochloric acid solvent to a lesser extent and provided minimum
in the stomach causes indigestion. Sometimes number of hydrogen ions are called weak acids.
indigestion is painful. CH3COOH (Acetic acid), H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) etc.,
To relieve indigestion, we take an antacid such as are examples of weak acids.
milk of magnesia, which contains magnesium 4. The common element for all acid is .
hydroxide. It neutralises the effect of excessive acid. (a) Bromine (b) Chlorine
Ant bite (c) Iodine (d) Hydrogen
When an ant bites, it injects the acidic liquid (formic Ans. (d) : The common element for all acids is
acid) into the skin. hydrogen. All acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) in their
The effect of the acid can be neutralised by rubbing aqueous solution. For example, hydrochloric acid
moist baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) or (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3) etc.
calamine solution, which contains zinc carbonate.
Ex- HCl  Water
→ H + + Cl −
Soil treatment Note- (1) Acids are sour in taste.
Excessive use of chemical fertilisers makes the soil (2) Acid turns blue litmus red.
acidic.
Plants do not grow well when the soil is either too 5. A solution of a strong acid contains .........
acidic or too basic. (a) Both molecules and ions
When the soil is too acidic, it is treated with bases (b) Mostly ions
like quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (c) Mostly molecules
(calcium hydroxide). (d) Mostly water
NCERT Science 60 YCT
Ans. (b) : A strong acid is an acid that completely (a) Strong acids
dissociates in water and releasing the most hydrogen (b) Weak acids
ions. So, a solution of a strong acid contains mostly ions (c) Hydro acids/ Anoxy acids
(H+). (d) Dilute acids
6. Which of the following statements is correct or Ans. (c) : Classification of acids is done in two ways.
incorrect statement? (1) Oxy acids- Acids which contain oxygen along with
(A) H2SO4 is used in the refining of petroleum to hydrogen are called oxy acids. For example-
remove sulphur and other compounds. H 2SO 4 , HNO3 , H3 PO 4 etc.
(B) The basic nature of sodium hydroxide (2) Hydro acids- Acids which contain non- metallic
(NaOH) is due to the presence of hydrogen elements other than hydrogen and oxygen is absent are
ions in the solution. called hydro acids or anoxy acids etc.
(a) Both statements are false For example- HCl, HBr, HCN.
(b) Only statement A is true 10. To dilute a concentrated acid, what should we
(c) Only statement B is true do?
(d) Both statement are true (a) Water in dilute acid
Ans. (b) : H2SO4 is an acidic compound. It is used in (b) Water in concentrated acid
refining of petroleum to remove sulphur and other (c) First water in acid and then acid in water
compounds, in making many types of explosives and in (d) Concentrated acid in water
better conductor etc. making many types of explosives, Ans. (d) : To dilute a concentrated acid, we should add
removing sulphur and other compounds, and in battery concentrated acid in water slowly with constant stirring
conductors. The basic nature of sodium hydroxide the mixture will not splash out. This is an exothermic
(NaOH) is due to the presence of hydroxide ions (OH–). reaction.
Hence, among the given statements, A is correct and B
11. Which of the the following substance is not
is incorrect.
secreted in the stomach as a component of
7. Aqueous solution of copper sulphate- gastric acid?
(a) Does not affect litmus (a) Potassium chloride
(b) Turns blue litmus red (b) Sulphuric acid
(c) Affect both red and blue (c) Hydrochloric acid
(d) Turns red litmus blue (d) Sodium chloride
Ans. (b) : Aqueous solution of copper sulphate is acidic Ans. (b) : Sulphuric acid is a inorganic acids. It is
in nature. Because it undergoes hydrolysis . As a result, odorless, colourless, oily substance, which is soluble in
it turns blue litmus red. water. Its chemical formula is H2SO4. It is used in refining
8. Which of the following statements regarding petroleum, in making many types of explosives, in
strong acids is incorrect? making fertilizers and in storage batteries etc.
(a) Strong acids reacts very rapidly with other 12. ........ can dissolve gold.
substances (such as metal carbonates and (a) Glycerine (b) Petroleum either
metal hydrogen carbonates) (c) Methanol (d) Aqua regia
(b) Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric Ans. (d) : Aqua regia can dissolve gold. A mixture of
acid are strong acids. one part nitric acid (HNO3) and three parts hydrochloric
(c) Acids are those chemical substances that have acid (HCl) is known as aqua regia. It can dissolve even
a salty taste. noble metals like gold and platinum.
(d) All mineral acids are chemicals are strong 13. Which of the following acids gives less H+ ions
acids when dissolved in water?
Ans. (c) : Acid are those chemical substances that have (a) HNO3 (b) CH3COOH
a sour taste. Their pH value is less than 7. Acid reacts (c) H2SO4 (d) HCl
with bases to form salt and water. All mineral acids Ans. (b) : Strong acids are those acids which dissociates
such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid completely in water and produces a large amount of
(H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) are strong oxidizing hydrogen ions (H+). For Examples - HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
acids. Organic acids such as critric acid, formic acid, etc. These acids give more amount of H+ when
and acetic acid etc., come under the category of weak dissolved in water. Weak acids are those acids which
acids. Strong acids mainly react rapidly with sulphur dissociates partially in water and produces a small
carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates etc. Such amount of hydrogen ion (H+). For example -
acids in which atoms of both hydrogen and oxygen are CH3COOH, HCOOH etc. These acids give less amount
present are called oxy acids such as H2SO4 and HNO3 of H+ when dissolved in water.
etc. 14. Which one is correct on the basis of acidity?
9. Acids which contain non- metallic elements (a) Turns red litmus blue
other than oxygen along with hydrogen are (b) Introduces OH– in aqueous medium /In
called. molten state
NCERT Science 61 YCT
 (c) Show neutralization 20. Which of the following weak acids provides H+
(d) Conducts electricity in aqueous and ions when dissolved in water?
dissolved state. (a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Acetic acid
Ans. (c) : Acid is a chemical compound which dissolves (c) Nitric acid (d) Sulphuric acid
in water to release hydrogen ion (H+). Its pH value is Ans. (b) : Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid that
less than 7.0 which gives sour taste when dissolved in produces a small amount of hydrogen ions (H+) when
water. Aqueous solution of acid turns blue litmus paper dissolved in water. Acetic acid is a monocarboxylic
red and neutralizes base and shows neutralizes base and acid. It has a sour taste and pungent odour. It is the main
shows neutralization. constituent of vinegar. When dissolved in water acetic
15. ........ is used as a dehydrating agent to convert acid undergoes dissociation to form acetate ions
ethanol to ethane. CH3COO– and hydrogen (H+) ions.
(a) Nickel
CH 3COOH → CH3COO − + H +
(b) Sunlight
(c) Concentrated sulfuric acid 21. Which of the following statements is not
(d) Heat correct about acids?
Ans. (c) : Concentrated sulphuric acid is used as a (a) They are sour in taste
dehydrating agent to convert ethanol to ethane. (b) They react with metals and bicarbonates to
Concentrated sulphuric acid is a strong dehydrating produce H2, CO2 and salts.
agent. (c) Show neutralization i.e.
16. Which of the following statements not true Acid + Base → H 2 + Salt .
about acids? (d) They form H+ in aqueous medium/ liquid
(a) It forms H+ in aqueous medium/liquid state state.
(b) It is bitter in taste Ans. (c) : Acids are hydrogen-containing substances
(c) It turn blue litmus into red that can donate a proton (hydrogen ion) to another
(d) It reacts with metals and bicarbonates to form substance. So, it form hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous
H2, CO2 and salts. medium/liquid state. Acids are sour in taste. Its pH
Ans. (b) : Acids are hydrogen-containing substances value is less than 7.
that can donate a proton (hydrogen ion) to another They react with metals and bicarbonates to produce H2,
substance. So, it form hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous CO2 and salts.
medium/liquid state. Its pH value is less than 7. Acids Acids react with bases to form salt and water. It is
are sour in taste. It turns blue litmus into red. It reacts called neutralisation reaction.
with metals and bicarbonates to form H2, CO2 and salts.
In general, a neutralisation reaction can be written as-
17. Which of the following oxides is not acidic? Acid + Base →Salt + H2O (water)
(a) CO (b) SO2 Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
(c) SO3 (d) NO2
22. Which of the following statements about acids
Ans. (a) : Oxides of non- metals which react with water is incorrect?
to form acids are called acidic oxides. Such as SO2, SO3
(a) Acids react with metal oxides to produce salt
P2O5, NO2 etc. Whereas CO (Carbon monoxides) is a
and water.
neutral oxide and is not acidic in nature.
(b) Acids react with alkalis to increase the salt
18. ......... is not acidic. concentration, which is called decomposition
(a) PCl4 (b) SbCl4 reaction.
(c) CCl4 (d) PCl2
(c) Acids react with active metals to produce
Ans. (c) : CCl4 is not an acidic compound. Carbon hydrogen gas.
tetrachloride (CCl4) is an organic compound. It is a (d) Acids react with metal carbonates and metal
colourless, voltatile liquid. Its vapour is heavior than air
hydrogen carbonates to produce
and non- flammable. It is used as a fire extinguisher.
carbondioxide.
19. A mixture of concentrated nitric acid and
concentrated hydrochloric acid in the ratio of Ans. (b) : Those substances which produce hydrogen
........ is called aqua regia. cations (H+) in their aqueous solution are called acids,
(a) 3:1 (b) 1:2 such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3) etc.
(c) 2:3 (d) 1:3 Acids react with active metals to form a salt and evolve
hydrogen gas. Acids react with metal oxide to produce
Ans. (d) : A mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3)
salt and water. Acids react with alkalis to form salt and
and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the ratio of
1:3 is called aqua regia. water in a neutralization reaction, which does not
Aqua regia is a highly corrosive, fuming liquid. increase salt concentration. Acids react with metal
It is named aqua regia because it melts noble metals like carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates to produce
gold and platinum. carbondioxide gas.
HNO 3 + 3HCl → NOCl + Cl2 + 2H 2 O 23. In a mixture, the ratio of salt and acid is 5:7. If
the weight of the mixture is 360gm, then what
Nitrosyl chloride will be the weight of the acid present in it?
NCERT Science 62 YCT
 (a) 260 gm (b) 130 gm 30. Metal oxides are generally of ....... nature.
(c) 150 gm (d) 210 gm (a) Alkaline (b) Neutral
Ans. (d) : Salt : Acid = 5:7, weight of mixture = 360 (c) Sweet (d) Acidic
gm. Ans. (a) : Metal oxides are generally of alkaline nature
7 where as oxides of non- metals are generally of acidic
Weight of the acid = × 360
(5 + 7 ) nature.
7 31. When sodium bicarbonate is placed on a pH
= × 360 paper strip, the colour of the strip changes to
12 ........
= 7×30 = 210 gm
(a) It turns green (b) It does not change
The weight of the acid present in the mixture is 210 gm.
(c) It turns blue (d) It turns yellow
24. Which of the following solutions has the lowest
pH value? Ans. (b) : When sodium bicarbonate is placed on a pH
(a) Salvia (Before food) (b) Salvia (After food) paper strip, the colour of the strip does not change
(c) Coffee (d) Tomato Juice because sodium bicarbonate is in solid form.
Ans. (d): Solution pH value 32. Which of the following is not a base?
Saliva (Before food) 7.4 (a) NH4OH (b) C2H5OH
Saliva (After food) 5.8 (c) NaOH (d) KOH
Coffee 4.5-6.0 Ans. (b) : C2H5OH is alcohol. Its chemical name is
Tomato Juice 4.4 ethyl alcohol. So, it is not a base.
25. What is the scientific name of muriatic acid? 33. Bases change the colour of universal indicators
(a) Perchloric acid (b) Hydrochloric acid ........ colour.
(c) Sulphuric acid (d) Picric acid (a) Yellow (b) Blue
Ans. (b) : Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a major inorganic (c) Green (d) Red
acid. In fact, the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride Ans. (b) : Bases change the colour of universal
gas is called hydrochloric acid. It is also called muriatic indicators to blue. Acids change the colour of universal
acid. A small quantity of it is present in the human indicators to red.
stomach, which helps in food digestion. 34. Which of the following is basic in nature?
26. Which of these solution will turn the paper (a) HCl (b) HNO3
blue? (c) H2SO4 (d) NaOH
(a) Sodium hydroxide (b) Gastric juice Ans. (d) : NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is basic in nature.
(c) Lemon juice (d) Hydrochloric acid It is a strong base. While all the above compounds HCl,
Ans. (a) : The solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is HNO3 and H2SO4 are acids.
an alkaline solution due to which it turns the red litmus 35. Identify the odd one out of the following-
paper blue.
(a) NaOH (b) Cu(OH)2
27. Which of the following is not a alkali? (c) NH4OH (d) Zn(OH)2
(a) Cu(OH)2 (b) Ba (OH)2
(c) NH OH (d) LiOH Ans. (d) :
4
Ans. (a) : Cu(OH)2 (Copper hydroxide) is not an alkali
because it is not water - soluble. Cu(OH)2 is a weak
base that reacts with acids to neutralise them. All bases
are not alkalies, water-soluble bases are called alkalies.
In the above, all given options except Cu(OH)2
dissolves in water.
28. Toothpaste is generally......... in nature.
(a) Acidic (b) Neutral Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
(c) Alkaline (d) Harmful 36. Metallic oxides are alkaline in nature, i.e. they
Ans. (c) : Toothpaste is generally alkaline in nature. react acids to form salt and water. Identify the
Because some types of acid are found in our mouth, the metallic different from the following which is
alkali present in toothpaste neutralizes these acids. different from the others.
29. On dipping in milk of magnesia, the colour of (a) CaO (b) MgO
pH paper becomes light blue. This shows that (c) Al2O3 (d) Na2O
milk of magnesia is .......... Ans. (c) : Metallic oxides are alkaline in nature, i.e.
(a) Weak acid (b) Weak base they react acids to form salt and water. For example-
(c) Neutral (d) Strong acid Na2O, CaO and MgO etc.
Ans. (b) : On dipping in milk of magnesia, the colour of For example- Na2O + 2HCl →2NaCl + H2O
pH paper becomes light blue. This shows that milk of (Sodium (Acid) (Salt) (Water)
magnesia is a weak base. oxide)

NCERT Science 63 YCT

Thus MgO,Na2O and CaO are alkaline oxides. Whereas Ans. (c) :
aluminium oxides (Al2O3) behaves both acidic and 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2↑+ H2O (liquid)
alkaline oxide. Hence it is called amphoteric oxide. When we take a small quantity of washing soda
(Na2CO3) and add dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to it,
Al2O3 + 6HCl →2AlCl3 + 3H2O CO2 gas is evolved with brisk bubbling.
(Acidic behaviour) 42. In general, a neutralization reaction can be
Al2O3 + 2NaOH →2NaAlO2 + H2O written in the form of ?
(Alkaline behaviour) (a) Base + Acid → Water + Gas
Hence, aluminum oxide is an amphoteric oxide and (b) Base + Acid → Salt + Water
Na2O, CaO and MgO are alkaline oxides. (c) Base + Acid → Salt + Gas
37. Which of these acid - base pair will produce (d) Base + Acid → Salt + Precipitate
salt of ammonium chloride? Ans. (b) : Generally, a neutralization reaction can be
(a) H2 SO4– NH4OH (b) HNO3 – NH4OH written in this form-
(c) HCl – NH4OH (d) HCl – NaOH Base + Acid → Salt + Water
Ans. (c) : Acid - base pair (HCl – NH4OH) will produce 43. Which of the following has a pH value less than
salt of ammonium chloride. that of pure water?
NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O (a) Gastric Juice (b) NaOH
(Ammonium (c) Milk of Magnesia (d) NH4OH
chloride)
Ans. (a) : In the given option, the pH value of gastric
38. Which are the acids and basis that form juice is less than that of pure water. Gastric juice is HCl
sodium hydrogen carbonates? which has a pH value of about 1.2, while the pH value
(a) HCl and NaOH (b) H2CO3 and NaOH of pure water is 7.
(c) HCl and NaCl (d) H2CO3 and Na2CO3 44. The pH value of milk of magnesia is
Ans. (b) : Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium approximately ..........
hydroxide (NaOH) combine to form sodium hydrogen (a) 10.4 (b) 13.2
carbonate and water. (c) 2.9 (d) 4.7
Ans. (a) : The pH value of milk of magnesia is
approximately 10.4. Milk of magnesia is a naturally
occurring mineral. Its chemical formula is Mg(OH)2. It
Carbonate is used for the functional work of muscles and nerves of
39. Washing soda is ........... the body. But it is mainly used to remove acidity of the
(a) A neutral salt (b) A basic salt stomach.
(c) An acidic salt (d) An alkaline salt 45. What is the pH value of salt containing a
mixture of strong base and weak acid?
Ans. (b) : Washing soda is a basic salt. Its chemical
(a) Its pH value is more than 7
formula is Na2CO3.10H2O.
(b) Its pH value is less than 7
Baking soda (NaHCO3) is an acidic salt.
(c) Its pH value is equal to 7
40 . What is the aqueous solution of sodium (d) Its pH value is equal to 0
chloride called? Ans. (a) : The pH value of the salt containing a mixture
(a) Salt water (b) Lime of strong base and weak acid is more than 7 becuase the
(c) Limestone (d) Caustic soda base is strong hence pH value of the whole solution will
Ans. (a) : The aqueous solution of sodium chloride is be more than 7.
called salt water. Sodium chloride is an inorganic The pH value of the salt containing a mixture of weak
compound of sodium which is called salt or common base and strong acid is less than 7 because the acid is
salt. Its chemical formula is NaCl. The salinity of sea strong.
water is mainly due to sodium chloride present in it. The pH value of the salt containing a mixture of strong
Sodium chloride is used in food and in the preservation base and strong acid is equal to 7 because both are
of food items. strong.
41. What will we observe if we take a small
quantity of washing soda and add about 1 mL Chapter-6 Physical and chemical
of dilute hydrochloric acid to it ? changes
(a) Only neutralization reaction take place, no
gas is evolved.
Introduction
Every day you come across many changes in your
(b) White colored precipitate is formed. surroundings, these changes may involve one or
(c) CO2 gas is evolved with brisk bubbling more substances for example, setting curd from milk
(d) H2 gas is evolved with a pop sound. is a change.
NCERT Science 64 YCT
 Sometimes milk becomes sour, souring of milk is a Crystallisation
change and stretched rubber band also represents a Large crystals of pure substances can be formed
change. from their solutions, then this process is called
Physical Changes crystallisation. It is an example of a physical change.
A change in which a substance undergoes a change
in its physical properties is called a physical change.
A physical change is generally reversible, in such a
change no new substance is formed.
Chemical Change
When a piece of iron in the open for some time, it
acquires a film of brownish substance, this substance
is called rust and the process is called rusting.

Important Questions
1. Which of the following statements is/are
correct for physical change?
(A) Only physical properties change.
Rust is not iron, it is different from iron on which it
gets deposited. (B) Heat is not absorbed or evolved in physical
change.
A change in which one or more new substances are
formed is called a chemical change and a chemical (a) Only 1 (b) Both 1 and 2
change is also called a chemical reaction. (c) Only 2 (d) Neither 1 and 2
All new substances are formed as a result of Ans. (c) : The properties of a substance such as shape,
chemical changes, for example, digestion of food in size, colour and state are called its physical properties.
our body, ripening of fruits, fermentation of grapes, A change in which the physical properties of a
etc., happen due to series of chemical changes. substance change is called a physical change. A
A medicine is the end product of a chain of chemical physical change is generally reversible. No new
reactions. substance is formed in such a change. Physical changes
Useful new materials, such a plastics and detergents, are temporary and reversible or irreversible. No or very
are produced by chemical reactions. Indeed, every little amount of energy is absorbed or evolved during a
new material is discovered by studying chemical physical change.
changes. 2. Which of the following is not a chemical
Rusting of Iron change.
This is one change that affects iron articles and (a) Lighting a candle
slowly destroys them, since iron is used in making (b) Cooking food
bridges, ships, cars, truck bodies and many other (c) Sublimation
articles. The monetary loss due to rusting is huge. (d) Germination of seeds
The process of rusting can be represented by the Ans. (c) : A change in which one or more new
following equation. substance are formed is called a chemical changes or
Iron (Fe) + Oxygen (O2, from the air) + water (H2O) chemical reactions. chemical changes are very
→ rust (iron oxide Fe2O3) important in our lives. All new substance are formed as
For rusting, the presence of both oxygen and water a result of chemical changes. For example, digestion of
(or water vapour) is essential. food in our body, ripening of fruits, fermentation of
If the content of moisture in air is high, which means grapes etc, take place due to a series of different
if it is more humid, rusting becomes faster. chemical change.
One simple way is to apply a coat of paint or grease. Lighting a candle, cooking food and germination of
In fact, these coats should be applied regularly to seeds are chemical changes but sublimation is a
prevent rusting and another way is to deposit a layer physical change.
of a metal like chromium or zinc on iron. A change of state directly from solid to gas without
The process of depositing a layer of zinc on iron is changing into liquid state is called sublimation.
called galvanisation. 3. Which of the following processes can not
The salt water makes the process of rust formation prevent rusting of iron.
faster. Therefore, ships suffer a lot of damage from (a) Painting (b) Zinc plating
rusting in spite of being painted. (c) Acidification (d) Alloying
NCERT Science 65 YCT
Ans. (c) : The process of rusting can represented by the 8. Rusting of iron is a common example of which
following equation : of the following.
Iron (Fe) + Oxygen (O2, from air) + water (H2O) → (a) Physical change. (b) Exothermic change
Rust (iron oxide Fe2O3) (c) Endothermic change (d) Chemical change
For rusting, the presence of both oxygen and water (or Ans. (d) : Those changes in which new substances are
water vapor) is essential. In fact, if the amount of formed are called chemical changes. Such changes are
moisture in the air in high, i.e. humidity is high, rusting permanent and cannot be reversed. It is an irreversible
occurs quickly. The process of applying a layer of zinc process. Rusting of iron is an example of chemical change.
on iron is called Galvanisation . The iron pipes we use Other example of chemical changes are as follows:
in our homes for water supply are probably coated to ■ Conversion of milk into curd.
prevent rusting. Coating (painting / greasing / oiling) ■ Burning of matchstick
tinning, alloying, blueing, passivation, galvanising and 9. Which of the following is an example of a
cathodic protection can be used to prevent rusting of chemical change?
iron.
(a) Sublimation (b) Crystallisation
Acidification process cannot prevent rusting of iron.
(c) Neutralisation (d) Distillation
4. Which of the following is/are correct statements
Ans. (c) : The change in which one or more new
for correct statements for crystallisation?
substances are formed is called chemical change.
(A) It is a chemical change
chemical change is also called chemical reaction.
(B) It is used to obtain pure substances.
Neutralization is a type of chemical change.
(a) One (A)
The reaction between an acid and a base is called
(b) Only (B)
neutralization. In this process, salt and water are formed
(c) Both (A) and (B)
along with the release of heat.
(d) Neither (A) nor (B)
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Ans. (b) : The process of formation of large Crystals of
Acid base Salt Water
pure substances from their saturated solution is called
crystallisation. Crystallisation method is used to obtain Sublimation, crystallization and distillation are
pure substances. It is an example of physical change. examples of physical changes.
5. Which of the following is not a physical change 10. _________ is not chemical change.
? (a) Cooking an egg (b) Melting an ice cube
(a) Melting of solids into liquids. (c) Baking a cake (d) Rotting of a banana.
(b) Liquefaction of substances Ans. (b) : The properties such as shape, size, colour and
(c) Fermentation of substances state of a substance are called its physical properties. A
(d) Evaporation of substances into gases. change in which a substance undergoes a change in its
Ans. (c) : Fermentation of substances is a chemical physical properties is called a physical change. No new
process or change. For example, formation of curd from substance is formed in the physical change. Melting an
milk, formation of vinegar from sugarcane juice etc. ice cube is an example of physical change. The
6. Which of the following is not a chemical remaining options are examples of chemical changes.
change? 11. What is the name of the process in which a gas
(a) Combustion of fuel changes directly into a solid state?
(b) Electrolysis of acidified water (a) Sublimation (b) Deposition
(c) Oxidation, rusting of iron (c) condensation (d) Evaporation
(d) Burning of platinum wire. Ans. (b) : Deposition - It is process by which a
Ans. (d) : Burning of platinum wire is not a chemical substance changes directly from the gaseous state to the
change but it is physical change, because no new solid state.
substance is formed. While combustion of fuel, Condensation - The process by which a substance
oxidation/rusting of iron, electrolysis of acidified water, changes from vapour to liquid state.
all are chemical changes. For example: Vapour changing into water.
7. Which of the following is a chemical change? Sublimation - The process by which a substance
(a) Butter turning sour changes from solid state to gaseous state directly.
(b) Making dry ice from CO2 For example : Burning of camphor.
(c) Heating of a platinum wire Evaporation - The process in which a substance
(d) Magnetisation of iron changes from liquid state to vapour state.
Ans. (a) : Those changes in which new substances are 12. Which one of the following is a physical
formed are called chemical changes. It is an irreversible change?
process. After a chemical change, the substances do not (a) Conversion of water into ice
turn back into the same original substance, its examples (b) Respiration in humans
are-butter turning sour, burning of paper, rusting of iron (c) Digestion in humans
etc. (d) Conversion of curd from milk
NCERT Science 66 YCT
Ans. (a) : Any change in a substance in which the The maximum and minimum temperatures are
chemical properties of the substance remain the same recorded every day. there are special thermometers
but the physical properties of the substance change is for this purpose, called maximum and minimum
called a physical change. thermometers.
For example, conversion of water into ice, dissolving of The maximum temperature of the day occurs
sugar in water, breaking of glass etc. generally in the afternoon while the minimum
13. Which of the following is a chemical change? temperature occurs generally in the early morning.
(a) Conversion of milk into curd Climate
(b) Sublimation of dry ice Meteorologists record the weather every day.
(c) Dissolution of sand in water The records of the weather have been preserved for
(d) Dissolution of sugar in water the past several decades, which help us to determine
Ans. (a) : The conversion of milk into curd is a the weather pattern at a place.
chemical change. While all the rest are example of The average weather pattern taken over a long time,
physical change. say 25 years, is called the climate of that place.
If we find that the temperature at a place is high
14. Which of the following is a physical change?
most of the time, then we say that the climate of that
(a) Fermentation of grapes (b) Ripening of fruits
place is hot.
(c) Melting of ice (d) Curdling of milk
If there is also heavy rainfall on most of the days in
Ans. (c) : The change in a substance in which only its the same place, then we can say that the climate of
physical state changes and there is no change in its that place is hot and wet.
chemical properties is called a physical change. The mean temperature for a given month is found in
For example- Melting of ice, breaking of glass two steps.
First we find the average of the temperatures
Chapter-7 Adaptations of animals recorded during the month.
to Weather and Climate Second, we calculate the average of such average
temperatures over many years.
Introduction That gives the mean temperature. The two places
When the sky is cloudy, your parents insist that your are: Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir, and
carry an umbrella, the weather may have a profound Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala.
effect on the game and it has a profound effect on
our lives. Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
Many of our daily activities are planned based on Information about climate
the weather predicted for that day, there are daily Month Mean temperature ºC Mean total
reports of the weather on the television and radio Daily Daily rainfall
and in the newspapers. minimum maximum (mm)
Weather Jan –2.3 4.7 57
The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a place Feb –0.6 7.8 65
with respect to the temperature, humidity, rainfall, Mar 3.8 13.6 99
wind-speed, etc., is called the weather at that place. Apr 7.7 19.4 88
The temperature, humidity, and other factors are
May 10.7 23.8 72
called the elements of the weather.
The weather of a place changes day after day and Jun 14.7 29.2 37
week after week. July 8.2 30.0 49
The weather is such a complex phenomenon that it Aug 17.5 29.7 70
can vary over very short periods of time and It can Sep 12.9 27.8 33
happen sometimes that it is sunny in the morning, Oct 6.1 21.9 36
but suddenly clouds appear from nowhere and it Nov 0.9 14.7 27
starts raining heavily. Dec –1.6 8.2 43
Look at the graph given below which shows the
maximum temperature recorded during 03 August Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala)
2006 to 09 August 2006 at Shillong, Meghalaya. Information about climate
Month Mean temperature ºC Mean total
Daily Daily rainfall
minimum maximum (mm)
Jan 22.2 31.5 23
Feb 22.8 31.9 24
Mar 24.1 32.6 40
Apr 24.9 32.6 117
May 24.7 31.6 230

NCERT Science 67 YCT

 Jun 23.5 29.7 321 They also have a layer of fat under their skin. In
July 23.1 29.2 227 fact, they are so well-insulated that they have to
Aug 23.2 29.4 138 move slowly and rest often to avoid getting
overheated.
Sep 23.3 30.0 175
Physical activities on warm days necessitate cooling.
Oct 23.3 29.9 282 So, the polar bear goes for swimming. It is a good
Nov 23.1 30.3 185 swimmer.
Dec 22.6 31.0 66 Its paws are wide and large, which help it not only
(Note: The numbers for the mean total rainfall have to swim well but also walk with ease in the snow.
been rounded off) While swimming under water, it can close its
We can easily see the difference in the climate of nostrils and can remain under water for long
Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala. We can see that durations. It has a strong sense of smell so that it can
Kerala is very hot and wet in comparison to Jammu catch its prey for food.
& Kashmir, which has a moderately hot and wet
climate for a part of the year.
The western region of India, for example Rajasthan,
will show that the temperature is high during most
part of the year but during winter, which lasts only
for a few months, the temperature is quite low, this
region receives very little rainfall and this is the
typical desert climate. It is hot and dry.
The north-eastern India receives rain for a major part
of the year, therefore, the climate of the north-east is
wet.
Climate and Adaptation The penguin is living in the polar regions.
Climate has a profound effect on all living It is white and merges well with the white
organisms. background and it also has a thick skin and a lot of
Animals are adapted to survive in the conditions in fat to protect it from cold.
which they live. Animals living in very cold and hot
climate must possess special features to protect
themselves against the extreme cold or heat.
Features and habits that help animals to adapt to
their surroundings are a result of the process of
evolution.
As the name suggests, the polar regions are situated
near the poles, i.e., north pole and south pole.
Some well-known countries that belong to the polar
regions are Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway,
Sweden, Finland, Alaska in U.S.A. and Siberian
region of Russia.
Examples of some countries where the tropical
rainforests are found are India, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Brazil, Republic of Congo, Kenya, Uganda, and
Nigeria.
The polar regions
The polar regions present an extreme climate. These
regions are covered with snow and it is very cold for
most part of the year, for six months the sun does
not set at the poles while for the other six months the
sun does not rise.
In winters, the temperature can be as low as –37ºC. Penguins bodies are streamlined and their feet have
Animals living there have adapted to these severe webs, making them good swimmers.
conditions. Other animals living in the polar regions are many
Polar bears have white fur so that they are not easily types of fishes, musk oxen, reindeers, foxes, seals,
visible in the snowy white background and it whales, and birds.
protects them from their predators. Fish can remain under cold water for long, birds
It also helps them in catching their prey. To protect must remain warm to survive.
them from extreme cold, they have two thick layers They migrate to warmer regions when winter sets in,
of fur. they come back after the winter is over.
NCERT Science 68 YCT
 India is one of the destinations of many of these
birds for example Siberian crane comes from Siberia
to places like Bharatpur in Rajasthan and Sultanpur
in Haryana, and some wetlands of north east and
some other parts of India.

As there is competition for food, some animals are

The tropical rainforests adapted to get food not easily reachable.
The tropical region has generally a hot climate A striking example is that of the bird Toucan, which
because of its location around the equator. possesses a long, large beak, this helps a toucan to
Even in the coldest month the temperature is reach the fruits on branches which are otherwise too
generally higher than about 15ºC. weak to support its weight.
During hot summers, the temperature may cross Many tropical animals have sensitive hearing, sharp
40ºC. eyesight, thick skin and a skin colour which helps
Days and nights are almost equal in length them to camouflage by blending with the
throughout the year, these regions get plenty of surroundings. This is to protect them from predators.
rainfall. An important feature of this region is the For example, big cats (lions and tigers) have thick
skins and sensitive hearing.
tropical rainforests.
Tropical rainforests are found in Western Ghats and
Assam in India, Southeast Asia, Central America
and Central Africa because of continuous Warmth
and rain, this region supports wide variety of plants
and animals.
The major types of animals living in the rainforests
are monkeys, apes, gorillas, tigers, elephants,
leopards, lizards, snakes, birds and insects.
The climatic conditions in rainforests are highly
suitable for supporting an enormous number and a
variety of animals.
Since the numbers are large, there is intense
competition for food and shelter and many animals
are adapted to living on the trees.
Red-eyed frog has developed sticky pads on its feet The lion-tailed macaque (also called Beard ape)
to help it climb trees on which it lives. lives in the rainforests of Western Ghats.
To help them live on the trees, monkeys have long Its most outstanding feature is the silver-white mane,
tails for grasping branches, their hands and feet are which surrounds the head from the cheeks down to
such that they can easily hold on to the branches. its chin.
The lion - tailed macaque is a good climber and
spends a major part of its life on the tree and it feeds
mainly on fruits. But it also eats seeds, young leaves,
stems, flowers and buds.
Beard ape also searches of insects under the bark of
the trees, since it is able to get sufficient food on the
trees, it rarely comes down on the ground.
Another well-known animal of Indian tropical
rainforest is the elephant, it has adapted to the
conditions of rainforests in many remarkable ways,
look at its trunk.
NCERT Science 69 YCT
 It uses it as a nose because of which it has a strong Ans. (a) : With a long coastline, large coastal areas
sense of smell. The trunk is also used by it for have an equable climate.
picking up food. Areas in the interior of India are far away from the
In elephant, tusks are modified teeth, these can tear moderating influence of the sea. Such areas have
the bark of trees that elephant loves to eat, so, the extremes of climate. That is why, the people of Mumbai
elephant is able to handle the competition for food and the Konkan coast have hardly any idea of extremes
rather well. of temperature and the seasonal rhythm of weather.
Large ears of the elephant help it to hear even very Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
soft sounds, they also help the elephant to keep cool 5. What type of climate is experienced in two
in the hot and humid climate of the rainforest. island regions of India, Lakshadweep and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands?
(a) Hot semi-arid climate
(b) Humid subtropical climate
(c) Tropical hot climate
(d) Subtropical highland climate
Ans. (c) : Two island regions of India, Lakshadweep
and Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the
northern hemisphere near the equator, due to which this
region experiences tropical hot climate due to high
temperature (25 to 35ºC) and high rainfall (average
rainfall 180 cm or more) through out the year.
6. What is the duration of cold season (winter) in
India?
(a) March to may
(b) October and November
Important Questions (c) December to February
1. Which of the following is not a component of (d) June to September
weather Ans. (c) : The duration cold season (winter) in India is
(a) Wind (b) Temperature from December to February. The climate of India is
(c) Humidity (d) Mountains tropical monsoon climate. Due to the monsoon winds
Ans. (d) : The components of weather are as follows- changing their direction completely from time to time,
rainfall, humidity, air pressure, wind, sunlight and four seasons are found in India in a year which are as
temperature. follows-
(1) Winter season (December - February)
Mountains are not a component of weather.
(2.) Summer season (march - June)
2. The animal found in the tropical region is - (3.) Rainy season (July - September)
(a) Polar bear (b) Penguin (4.) Autumn season (October-November)
(c) Reindeer (d) Elephant 7. Which of the following winds cause rainfall in
Ans. (d) : Elephant is usually found in the tropical most parts of India during monsoon?
region but polar bear, penguin and reindeer are found in (a) South - Easterly winds
the polar regions (cold regions). (b) North - Westerly winds
3. When is the estimated arrival of the Arabian (c) South - Westerly winds
sea branch of monsoon in Mumbai? (d) North easterly winds
(a) 10 March (b) 10 September Ans. (c) : South-westerly monsoon winds cause rainfall
(c) 10 August (d) 10 June in most parts of India during monsoon. Rainfall due to
Ans. (d) : The southwest monsoon reaches the southern south-westerly monsoon starts from 15th June and
part of India on June 1. Generally, the monsoon appears continues till 15th September. More than 70% of India's
on the coast of Kerala in the first five days of June. rainfall is caused by these winds. South-westerly
The Arabian sea branch of monsoon reaches Mumbai monsoon winds have two branches-monsoon winds of
Arabian sea, monsoon winds of bay of Bengal.
about ten days later on approximately the 10th of June.
Monsoon winds reach the Kerala coast on 1st June. By
4. Why are the people living on the Konkan coast 15th July the entire Indian subcontinent filled with
unable to face the extremes of temperature and monsoon clouds and winds.
seasonal cycle? 8. Mawsynram is famous for……….
(a) Coastal position (a) Extreme cold in the world
(b) Monsoon climate (b) Highest temperature in the word
(c) Sahyadris are situated on the leeward side (c) Highest rainfall in the world
(d) Wary topography. (d) Highest snowfall in the world
NCERT Science 70 YCT
Ans. (c) : Mawsynram is famous for highest rainfall in Ans. (a) : The tropical region is a that climate zone who
the world. It is located on Khasi hills of Meghalaya. has an average temperature of more than 64ºF(18ºC)
Mawsynram, the wettest place on the earth is also through out the year and this region receive more than 59
reputed for its stalagmite and stalactite caves. inches of rainfall every year. The tropical region is spread
9. Why does the south-west monsoon cause more from 5º to 10º latitudes in both the hemispheres of the
rainfall on the western coast than on the equator on the earth. Sometimes these region are spread
eastern coast of India? from 15º to 25º latitudes in both the hemispheres.
(a) This coast is straighter than the eastern coast 14. Which of the following is a characteristic of the
(b) The western Ghats block the wind which subtropical steppe climate type ?
cause rain (a) No dry season
(c) The eastern coast is wider than the western (b) Low latitude semi-arid and dry
coast (c) Sovera cold
(d) The eastern Ghats are parallel to the direction (d) No summer in the true sense
of the wind. Ans. (b) : The Subtropical steppe climate is
Ans. (b) : The western coastal plains receive more characterized by low latitude, semi-arid conditions, and
rainfall from the south-west monsoon than the eastern dry weather. It typically has hot summers and mild winters
coastal plains because the western Ghats create an with limited rainfall, mainly occurring in short bursts. This
obstruction in the path of the monsoon winds, due to climate is formed in regions bordering deserts.
which the winds rise up and cause heavy rainfall on 15. Which of the following is a characteristic of
western coast. tundra climate?
10. Which of the following states receives the (a) Zero rainfall (b) No dry season
highest rainfall in the winter months . (c) Semi-arid (d) No true summer
(a) Mizoram (b) Uttarakhand Ans. (d) : The tundra climate (ET) is characterized by
(c) Tamil Nadu (d) Bihar extremely cold temperatures, long winters, and short,
Ans. (c) : Tamil Nadu state receives the highest rainfall cool summers where the temperature rarely rises above
in the winter months due to northeast trade winds. 10ºC (50º F). This means there is no true summer
During winters, the south asian landmass is at high season in the tundra. In Koppen classification, tundra
pressure and the Indian ocean is at low pressure and the climate is one of the major type of climate.
winds move from landmass (which is at high pressure) 16. Pre-monsoon rains, which are a common
towards the Indian ocean (which is at low pressure) in a phenomenon in the coastal areas of Kerala and
north-easterly direction. October and November are the Karnataka, are locally known as-
months with the highest rainfall in Tamil Nadu. (a) Mango shower (b) Mangari rains
11. Which of the following states receives less (c) Kal Baisakhi (d) Winter rains
rainfall from the southwest monsoon ? Ans. (a) : Towards the end of summer, there are pre-
(a) Tamil Nadu (b) Rajasthan monsoon showers which are a common phenomena in
(c) Kerala (d) Goa Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka. Locally, they
Ans. (a) : Tamil Nadu state receives scanty or less are known as mango showers since they help in the
rainfall from the southwest monsoon season. Southwest early ripening of mangoes.
monsoon is also known as hot-wet season.
12. Which type of biome is locate in eastern North Chapter-8 Wind, Storm and
America, western Europe and northeastern Cyclone
Asia?
(a) Deciduous forest biome Introduction
(b) Coniferous forest biome Orissa was hit by a cyclone with wind speed of 200
km/h on 18 October 1999. The cyclone smashed
(c) Aquatic biome
45,000 houses making 7,00,000 people homeless.
(d) Tropical rainforest biome On 29 October the same year, a second cyclone with
Ans. (a) : Deciduous forest biome is also called wind speed of 260 km/h hit Orissa again. It was
temperate forest biome. Deciduous forest biome is accompanied by water waves about 9 m high.
locate in eastern north America, western Europe and The cyclone affected agriculture, transport,
northeastern Asia. communication, and electricity supply.
They shed their leaves in the dry season. The common Air Exerts Pressure
trees oak, ash, beech etc., are found in this biome. It is due to this pressure that the leaves of trees,
13. Which climate zone has an average banners, or flags flutter when the wind is blowing.
temperature of more than 64ºF(18ºC) through As water is poured over the can, some steam in the
out the year and this region receive more than can condenses into water, reducing the amount of air
59 inches of rainfall every year? inside. The pressure of air inside the can decreases
(a) Tropical region (b) Arid region than the pressure exerted by the air from outside the
(c) Temperate region (d) Continental region can and as a result the can gets compressed.
NCERT Science 71 YCT
 High speed winds are accompanied by Clouds bring rain and give us happiness. Farmers in
reduced air pressure our country depend mainly on rains for their
The increased wind speed is, indeed, accompanied harvests.
by a reduced air pressure.
Air moves from the region where the air pressure is
high to the region where the pressure is low and the
greater difference in pressure, the faster the air
moves.
Air expands on heating
On heating the air expands and occupies more space.
When the same thing occupies more space, it
becomes lighter.
The warm air is lighter than the cold air. That is the
reason that, the smoke goes up.
In nature there are several situations, where warm
air rises at a place, the air pressure at that place is
lowered. The cold air from the surrounding areas
rushes in to fill its place.
Uneven heating between the equator and the
poles
The regions close to the equator get maximum heat
from the Sun and the air in these regions gets warm.
The warm air rises, and the cooler air from the
regions in the 0-30 degrees latitude belt on either
side of the equator moves in and these winds blow
from the north and the south towards the equator.
At the poles, the air is colder than that at latitudes
about 60 degrees.
The warm air at these latitudes rises up and the cold
wind from the polar regions rushes in, to take its
place. In this way, wind circulation is set up from
the poles to the warmer latitudes.

The winds would have flown in the north-south

direction from north to south, or from south to north.
A change in direction is however, caused by the
rotation of the earth.
Uneven heating of land and water Thunderstorms and Cyclones
In summer, near the equator the land warms up Thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas
faster and most of the time the temperature of the
like India very frequently.
land is higher than that of water in the oceans.
The air over the land gets heated and rises, this The rising temperatures produce strong upward
causes the winds to flow from the oceans towards rising winds. These winds carry water droplets
the land and these are monsoon winds. upwards, where they freeze, and fall down again.
In winter, the direction of the wind flow gets The swift movement of the falling water droplets
reverse; it flows from the land to the ocean. along with the rising air create lightning and sound
The winds from the oceans carry water and bring and this event called as thunderstorm.
rain. It is a part of the water cycle and the monsoon Water requires heat when it changes from liquid to
winds carry water and it rains. vapour state.
NCERT Science 72 YCT
 Before cloud formation, water takes up heat from Tornadoes
the atmosphere to change into vapour. When water A tornado is a dark funnel shaped cloud that reaches
vapour changes back to liquid form as raindrops, from the sky to the ground.
this heat is released to the atmosphere. Most of the tornadoes are weak. A violent tornado
The heat released to the atmosphere warms the air can travel at speeds of about 300 km/h. Tornadoes
around. The air tends to rise and causes a drop in may form within cyclones.
pressure. The whole coastline of India is vulnerable to
More air rushes to the centre of the storm, this cycle cyclones, particularly the east coast while the west
is repeated. coast of India is less vulnerable to cyclonic storms
The chain of events ends with the formation of a both in terms of intensity and frequency of the
very low-pressure system with very high-speed cyclones.
winds revolving around it and this weather condition Effective Safety Measures
is known as cyclone. A cyclone forecast and warning service.
Factors like wind speed, wind direction, temperature Rapid communication of warnings to the
and humidity contribute to the development of Government agencies, the ports, fishermen, ships
cyclones. and to the general public.
Construction of cyclone shelters in the cyclone
prone areas, and administrative arrangements for
moving people fast to safer places.
Action on the part of the people
We should not ignore the warnings issued by the
meteorological department through TV, radio, or
newspapers.
We should make necessary arrangements to shift the
essential household goods, domestic animals and
vehicles, etc. to safer places.
Avoid driving on roads through standing water, as
floods may have damaged the roads.
Keep ready the phone numbers of all emergency
services like police, fire brigade, and medical
centres.
Some other precautions, if you are
staying in a cyclone hit area
Do not drink water that could be contaminated.
Always store drinking water for emergencies.
Do not touch wet switches and fallen power lines.
Do not go out just for the sake of fun.
Do not pressurise the rescue force by making undue
demands.
Cooperate and help your neighbours and friends.
Advanced Technology has helped
Destruction Caused by Cyclones A Cyclone alert or Cyclone watch is issued 48 hours
Cyclones can be very destructive. Strong winds push in advance of any expected storm and a Cyclone
water towards the shore even if the storm is warning is issued 24 hrs in advance.
hundreds of kilometres away and these are the first The message is broadcast every hour or half hour
indications of an approaching cyclone. when a cyclone is nearer the coast.
The low pressure in the eye lifts water surface in the Several national and international organisations
centre. The rising water may be as high as 3–12 cooperate to monitor the cyclone-related disasters.
metres and it appears like a water-wall moving
towards the shore. Important Questions
The seawater enters the low-lying coastal areas, 1. Wind direction indicator is used-
causing severe loss of life and property and It also (a) To know the direction of the wind
reduces the fertility of the soil. (b) To know the speed of the wind
High-speed winds accompanying a cyclone can (c) To know the air pressure
damage houses, telephones and other (d) To know the wind temperature
communication systems, trees, etc., causing Ans. (a) : Wind direction indicator is used to know the
tremendous loss of life and property. direction of the wind.

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2. When a storm comes- 8. Which of the following local winds is also called
(a) One should go out "Doctor wind"?
(b) One should sit under a tree (a) Harmattan (b) Bora
(c) One should climb on the roof (c) Mistral (d) Chinook
(d) One should hide inside a house Ans. (a) : Harmattan is also called "Doctor wind". It is
Ans. (d) : When a storm comes one should hide inside a hot and dry. It is called doctor wind due to its excessive
house and should not go out, sit under a tree and climb dryness it kills pests, germs etc., which helps in
on the roof etc. reduction in diseases. It blows from Sahara desert over
3. Wind velocity meter measures- west Africa into the Gulf of Guinea.
(a) Wind temperature (b) Air pressure Due to this reason, it is also called 'Doctor wind' on the
(c) Wind velocity (d) Wind direction Guinea coast.
Ans. (c) : Wind velocity meter measures the velocity of 9. Which one of the following is a cold and dry
the wind . A wind velocity is also known as an wind?
anenometer. Air pressure is measured by barometer. (a) Hurricane (b) Tornado
4. Which of the following phenomena is (c) Bora (d) Cyclone
responsible for Coriolis force? Ans. (c) : Bora is a dry and extremely cold wind which
(a) Rotation of the earth around its axis blows on the eastern shores of the Adriatic sea. It
(b) Gravitational pull from the moon mainly affects Italy and Slovenia and Croatia.
(c) Differential heating of sea water Hurricane is a tropical cyclone. These cyclone are
(d) Revolution of the earth around the sun extremely destructive and powerful. In the Indian Ocean
Ans. (a) : The rotation of the earth about its axis affects it is called cyclones and near China, Philippines and
the direction of the wind. This force is called the Japan it is called typhoon.
Coriolis force. Tornado is the smallest in sizes among cyclone but is
The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle the most divesting and fierce in terms of impact. It
of latitude. It is maximum at the poles and is absent at mainly originates in the United States of America.
the equator. 10. What do the continuous winds blowing in one
5. The centre of a cyclone is a calm area. It is direction create in rocky deserts?
called the _____ of the storm. (a) Chimney (b) Yardang
(a) Heart (b) Arm (c) Mushroom Rock (d) Karkara
(c) Head (d) Eye Ans. (b) : The word Yardang is a Turkish word, which
Ans. (d) : The centre of a cyclone is a calm area. It is means steep edge. Continuous winds blowing in one
called the eye of the storm. The diameter of the eye direction in rocky deserts create Yardangs, which are
varies from 10 to 30 km. long, narrow corridors and steep-sided ridges.
A large cyclone is a violently rotating mass of air in the In the region of soft rocks such as sedimentary rocks
atmosphere, 10 to 15 km high. where winds blow constantly in one direction, they
6. Tropical cyclone in the Atlantic are called: impact the surface of the rocks and blow away their
(a) Typhoon (b) Hurricane material through dual processes of abrasion and
(c) Taifu (d) Willy-Willies deflation. This leads to formation of Yardangs.
Ans. (b) : Tropical cyclones are caused by the collision
of easterly winds. These cyclone cause heavy rainfall, Chapter-9 Soil
which has a high probability of causing damage.
Tropical cyclones are known as 'cyclones' in the Indian
Introduction
ocean, 'Hurricanes' in the Atlantic ocean, 'Typhoons' in Soil is one of the most important natural resources.
the western Pacific and South China Sea and Willy- It provides anchorage to the plants and supplies
willies in the western Australia. water and nutrients and it is the home for many
organisms.
7. What is the name of region where trade winds
Soil is essential for agriculture and agriculture
converge?
provides food, clothing and shelter for all.
(a) Inter-tropical convergence zone
(b) Inter-continental convergence
(c) Inter-terrestrial zone
(d) Forest zone
Ans. (a) : The Inter tropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
is a low pressure zone located at the equator where trade
winds converge, and so, it is a zone where air tends to
ascend. In July, the ITCZ is located around 20ºN-25ºN
latitudes (over the Gangetic plain), sometimes called the
monsoon trough.
This monsoon trough encourages the development of
thermal low over north and northwest India.

NCERT Science 74 YCT

 Soil Teeming with life plants. This layer is generally soft, porous and can
During the rainy season observed an earthworm retain more water. It is called the topsoil or the A-
coming out of the soil. There were other organisms horizon.
also in the soil. The A - horizon provides shelter for many living
Soil Profile organisms such as worms, rodents, moles and
Soil is composed of distinct layers. beetles. The roots of small plants are embedded
entirely in the topsoil.
The B - horizon has a lesser amount of humus but
more of minerals. This layer is generally harder and
more compact.
The C-horizon, which is made up of small lumps of
rocks with cracks and crevices. Below this layer is
the bedrock, which is hard and difficult to dig with a
spade.
Soil Types
Weathering of rocks produces small particles of
various materials, these include sand and clay.
The relative amount of sand and clay depends upon
the rock from which the particles were formed, that
is the parent rock.
The mixture of rock particles and humus is called
the soil.
The rotting dead matter in the soil is called humus.
Living organisms, such as bacteria, plant roots and
The soil is formed by the breaking down of rocks by
the action of wind, water and climate, this process is earthworm are also important parts of any soil.
called weathering. The nature of any soil depends The soil is classified on the basis of the proportion
upon the rocks from which it has been formed and of particles of various sizes and they are sandy,
the type of vegetation that grows in it. clayey and loamy.
A vertical section through different layers of the soil If soil contains greater proportion of big particles it
is called the soil profile. is called sandy soil.
Each layer of soil profile differs in feel (texture), If the proportion of fine particles is relatively higher,
colour, depth and chemical composition and these then it is called clayey soil.
layers are referred to as horizons. If the amount of large and fine particles is about the
same, then the soil is called loamy.
The size of the particles in a soil has an influence on
its properties.
Sand particles are quite large and they cannot fit
close together, so there are large spaces between
them. These spaces are filled with air.
Water can drain quickly through the spaces between
the sand particles. So, sandy soils tend to be light,
well aerated and rather dry.
Clay particles, being much smaller, pack tightly
together, leaving little space for air.
Unlike sandy soil, water can be held in the tiny gaps
between the particles of clay.
Clayey soils have less air but they are heavy as they
hold more water than the sandy soils.
The best topsoil for growing plants is loam. It is a
mixture of sand, clay and another type of soil
particle known as silt.
Silt occurs as a deposit in riverbeds. The size of the
The uppermost horizon is generally dark in colour as silt particles is between those of sand and clay.
it is rich in humus and minerals. The humus makes The loamy soil also has humus and it has the right
the soil fertile and provides nutrients to growing water holding capacity for the growth of plants.
NCERT Science 75 YCT
 Properties of soil Weight of soil = 50g
Percolation rate of water in soil Initial volume of water in the measuring cylinder =
U mL
Final volume of water in the measuring cylinder = V
mL
Volume of water absorbed by the soil = (U – V) mL
Weight of water absorbed by the soil = (U – V)g
(1 mL of water has weight equal to 1 g)
percentage of water absorbed
(U − V)
= 100
50
Soil and Crops
Different types of soils are found in different parts
of India. In some parts there is clayey soil, in some
Calculate the rate of percolation by using the parts there is loamy soil while in some other parts
following formula there is sandy soil.
amount of water (mL) There are some important climatic factors which
Percolation rate ( mL / min ) =
percolation time ( min ) affect the soil profile and bring changes in the soil
structure.
For example, suppose that for a certain sample, it
took 20 minutes for 200 mL to percolate. So, For example - wind, rainfall, temperature, light and
humidity.
200 mL The climatic factors, as well as the components of
rate of percolation = = 10mL / min
20 min soil, determine the various types of vegetation and
Moisture in Soil crops that might grow in any region.
On a hot summer day, the vapour coming out of the Clayey and loamy soils are both suitable for growing
soil reflect the sunlight and the air above the soil cereals like wheat, and gram. Such soils are good at
seems to shimmer. retaining water.
For paddy, soils rich in clay and organic matter and
having a good capacity to retain water are ideal.
For lentils (masoor) and other pulses, loamy soils,
which drain water easily, are required.
For cotton, sandy-loam or loam, which drain water
easily and can hold plenty of air, are more suitable.
Crops such as wheat are grown in the fine clayey
soils, because they are rich in humus and are very
fertile.
Important Questions
1. Water holding capacity is highest in a-
(a) Loamy soil (b) Sandy soil
(c) Clayey soil (d) None of these
Ans. (c) : Clayey soil has the highest water holding
capacity. It has the smallest particles. Therefore it has
Absorption of water by soil the highest water holding capacity. Sandy soil has the
lowest water holding capacity.
2. Which soil is suitable for paddy crop?
(a) Sandy soil
(b) Only loamy soil
(c) Clayey and loamy soil
(d) Only clayey soil
Ans. (d) : Clayey soil is the most suitable for paddy
crop because clayey has higher water holding capacity
and paddy requires more water.
3. Which type of soil has the highest percolation
rate?
(a) Clay soil
(b) Sandy soil
(c) Loamy soil
(d) Both clay and loamy
NCERT Science 76 YCT
Ans. (b) : Sandy soil has the highest percolation rate (c) Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Ganga
because sandy soil particles are large and there is more (d) Ganga, Mahanadi, Indus
space between them, due to which the percolation rate is Ans. (b) : The plains of North India are formed mainly
the highest. by the deposition of sediments brought by the Indus,
4. Laterite soil develops in areas with_____ Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries,
(a) High temperature and heavy rainfall plain of North India.
(b) High temperature and low rainfall 10. What do you call the load that the soil can be
(c) Low temperature and heavy rainfall bear before there is serious damage to the soil
(d) Low temperature and moderate rainfall structure?
Ans. (a) : Laterite soil develops in areas with high (a) Soil water holding capacity
temperature and heavy rainfall. This soil contains more (b) Resisting capacity
lime, iron and aluminium. (c) Bulk density
It is more useful for the cultivation of tea and coffee. (d) Bearing capacity
This soil is found in some areas of Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Odisha. Ans. (d) : The load that the soil can bear before there is
serious damage to the soil structure is called the bearing
5. Which state of India is know as the Land of
capacity of the soil. The bearing capacity of the soil
Rolling Hills?
(a) Tripura (b) Mizoram may change in each season of the year.
(c) Arunachal Pradesh (d) Himachal Pradesh 11. Which of the following statements about black
Ans. (b) : Mizoram is a Land of Rolling Hills, Valleys, soil is incorrect?
rivers and lakes in Northeast India. (a) It is found in the Deccan Trap
6. Black soil is mainly found in which of these (b) It develops deep cracks in hot weather.
states? (c) Phosphorus is found in abundance in it.
(a) Maharashtra (b) Karnataka (d) It has a good moisture retaining capacity
(c) Odisha (d) Jharkhand Ans. (c) : Black or Regur soil is mainly found in the
Ans. (a) : Major states where black soils are found in north-western areas of 'Deccan Trap' of Maharashtra.
India are Maharashtra, Gujarat, western parts of This soil is formed by the disintegration of lava material
Madhya Pradesh. It is also found in some other states (basalt rock) eruption created by it. It becomes sticky
like North-western Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, when wet and develops deep cracks in dry season. This
Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka. soil has high water holding capacity. Black soil lacks
7. Which type of soil is mostly found in the phosphorus, nitrogen and organic elements are found in
eastern coast of India? sufficient quantity.
(a) Red rock (b) Alluvial Hence option (c) is wrong.
(c) Black soil (d) Laterite 12. In which part of the soil is humus found?
Ans. (b) : Alluvial soil is mostly found in the eastern (a) A-horizon (b) C-horizon
coast of India. Alluvial soil is found in the plains of (c) Bedrock (d) B-horizon
Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. It is also known as Ans. (a) : Soil is divided into several layers and
loamy and alluvial soil. horizons (O,A,B,C,E,R horizons) on the basis of its
Black soil is known as cotton or regur soil. It is also particles and characteristics, out of which humus,
found in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and to minerals, nutrients etc. are found in the upper or A-
some extent in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka horizon. The decomposed and partially decomposed
8. Which is the most available and most organic matter present in the soil, which originates from
intensively used soil for agriculture in India? the decay of animals or plants is the brick-brown
(a) Black soil (b) Alluvial soil element humus, which is very essential for the growth
(c) Red soil (d) Desert soil of plants.
Ans. (b) : Alluvial soil- This soil is spread over about 13. Which soil is spread in the northern plains and
15 lakh square km. It is found on the maximum 40% river valleys and covers about 40% of the total
land area in the country. This soil is the most
area of India?
intensively used soil for agriculture.
(a) Black soil (b) Laterite soil
Potash and lime are found in it in abundance and there
is a lack of phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter. (c) Red soil (d) Alluvial soil
This soil is very fertile for wheat, sugarcane, pulse, Ans. (d) : Alluvial soil is found in about 40% of India.
oilseeds etc. It is counted among the most fertile soils of the world.
9. The northern plains of India are made up of These soils have developed as a result of river
alluvial soil. They are made up of soil deposited deposition. As a result, apart from the vast land area of
by which three rivers? North India, they are found spread in the deltaic regions
(a) Indus, Mahanadi, Brahmaputra of the western and eastern coast. As a result, sand,
(b) Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra potash and fossils predominate in them.

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14. Which of the following processes of soil (c) Old alluvium is called 'Banger' and new
conservation is called 'mulching' ? alluvium is 'Khadar'
(a) Stones, grass and soil are used to make (d) Alluvial soil is found in the Himalayan
barriers parrallel to the contours (ridges) region.
(b) Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of Ans. (d) : Alluvial soil is spread from Punjab in the
water. west of North India to the delta region of the river
(c) Different crops are grown in alternate rows to Ganga, covering the entire northern great plain.
prevent soil from flowing with rainwater. This highly fertile soil is generally limited to the basins
(d) A layer of organic matter like straw is spread and plans of the rivers of the country. It is worth
on the open groud between the plants nothing that mountain soil is mainly found in the hill
Ans. (d) : In soil conservation, mulching means the slopes.
process in which the land around the plants is covered
19. Fertile alluvial soil is most suitable for
in a systematic manner. It is of two types. The first is
producing _____.
natural mulching (using straw, hay, dry grass, sugarcane
leaves, crop residues) and the second is plastic muching (a) Rice (b) Tea
(polythene sheets) (c) Cotton (d) Maize
15. Which of the following is not a method of soil Ans. (a) : Fertile alluvial soil is most suitable for the
conservation? production of rice. On which mainly wheat, Oilseeds,
(a) Mulching (b) Contour barriers sugarcane, rice, jute and vegetables etc. are cultivated.
(c) Deforestation (d) Rock dam 20. Which of the following factors is not
Ans. (c) : Some methods of soil conservation are given responsible for soil formation?
below: (a) Cattle grazing (b) Parent material
(i) Mulching (c) Biotic agents (d) Topography
(ii) Contour barriers Ans. (a) : Cattle grazing and their feet/hooves loosen
(iii) Rock dam the soil. As a result, soil erosion occurs. Hence, cattle
(iv) Terrace farming grazing is not a factor of soil formation.
(v) Intercropping Climate is the most important active factor of soil
(vi) Contour ploughing formation. Various climatic elements involved in the
(vii) Shelter belts development of soil are frequency and duration of
So, deforestation is a not method of soil conservation. rainfall, evaporation and humidity and temperature and
16. Which of the following is a basic plant nutrient other responsible factors are biotic agents, parent
found in fertilizers commonly used in material, topography.
agriculture? The formation and structure of soil formation depends
(a) Arsenic (b) Sodium on the mineral and chemical composition of rock
(c) Mercury (d) Potassium deposits. Cattle grazing are a passive factor in soil
Ans. (d) : There are three primary nutrients for plants formation.
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or potash secondary 21. According to 'Indian Soils' National soil survey
nutrients are calcium, sulphur or sulfur, magnesium. and Land use Planning Report:
Potassium is a basic plant nutrient commonly found in Publication No.94, which type of soil (category)
fertilizers used in agriculture. is available in abundance?
17. Which of the following soil is found in areas (a) Soft soil (b) Alfisol
with heavy rainfall and high humidity? (c) Primitive soil (d) Dry soil
(a) Yellow soil (b) Red soil Ans. (c) : According to Indian soils, National soil
(c) Marshy soil (d) Saline soil survey and Land use Planning Bureau Report
Ans. (c) : On the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Publication No.94, Primitive soil (category) is available
where water logging occurs due to heavy rainfall, peat in abundance. The coarse, medium and particles on the
or marshy soil is formed is such areas due to the upper surface of the earth are called 'soil' or clay.
decomposition of vegetation in wet soil. That is why Mainly and types of soil, laterite soil dry soil, saline
peat soil contains high amount of humus. In India,
soil, peaty soil or organic soil, forest soil.
marshy soil has the highest amount of humus (about 45
to 50%). 22. Which types of soil retains maximum amount
Marshy soil is mainly found in coastal areas, where sea of water?
water reaches terrestrial areas in the form of tides. (a) Slit (b) Loamy soil
(c) Sand (d) Clay
18. Which of the following statements is not
correct about alluvial soil? Ans. (d) : Clay soil has very fine particles. This soil has
(a) The deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari and very high water holding capacity and due to this it is
Krishna are made up of alluvial soil. very sticky.
(b) The northern plains are made up of alluvial This soil is used to grow crops which require more
soil. water to grow. It is also used to make toys.
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23. Which of the following oxides is deficient in (a) Jungle soil (b) Black soil
laterite soil? (c) Alluvial soil (d) Sandy loam soil
(a) Silicon (b) Aluminium Ans. (d) : Cashew is a tropical crop, which gives good
(c) Titanium (d) Iron yield in hot and humid climate. Areas with a height of
Ans. (a) : Laterite soil is deficient in silica oxide. 700 meters where the temperature is above 200C, give
Laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature good yield of cashew. Areas with 600-4500 mm annual
and heavy rainfall. Due to heavy rainfall, lime and silica rainfall are suitable for it.
are leached out with water and iron oxide and Cashew can be grown in many types of soil. Red and
aluminiums compounds remains. The red colour of laterite soil and sandy loam soil are suitable for it.
laterite soil is due to iron oxide. This soil is mainly 29. Which type of soil is most suitable for growing
found in the foothills of the Western Ghats, plateau cashew?
regions of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha and the (a) Black soil
plateau of Meghalaya. This soil is deficient in organic (b) Alluvial soil
matter, nitrogen, phosphate and calcium. This soil is (c) Red and yellows soil
considered the best for the production of rubber and (d) Red laterite soil
coffee. Ans. (d) : Red laterite soil is formed due to the
24. Tea and coffee are grown in ______ soil. weathering of laterite racks. Red laterite soil is most
(a) Laterite (b) Alluvial suitable for growing cashew nuts. Laterite soil contains
(c) Dry (d) Black high amounts of iron and aluminiums due to the high
Ans. (a) : Laterite soil is found especially in Kerala, amount of iron oxide. The soil is usually red in colour.
Andra Pradesh, Tamil Nandu, Karnataka, Assam, and 30. The imprint of a part of the body of a dead
Odisha in India. insect on hardened soil is an example of _____
Cashew, tapioca, coffee, tea and rubber are important (a) Archaeological remains
crops of laterite soil. (b) Sediment
25. Which of the following makes the soil fertile? (c) Manure
(a) High level of salts in the soil (d) Fossil
(b) Right mixture of minerals and organic matter Ans. (d) : The preserved remains of very ancient living
(c) Right mixture of minerals and inorganic beings that once lived on the earth or the impressions
matter left by them in rocks or hard soil, which are found
(d) Excess of acidic substances in the soil preserved in the earth's surface or layers of rocks, are
Ans. (b) : Right mixture of minerals and organic matter called fossils. Fossils provide direct evidence of organic
makes the soil fertile. It is necessary to have proper evolution.
amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, iron, 31. ______ is a deep soil, which is found in tropical
zinc, copper in the soil makes the soil fertile. regions and often develops on mafic igneous
26. Acidic nature of soil is shown by high base rocks.
concentration of ______ (a) Laterite (b) Arid
(a) Nitrogen (b) Hydrogen (c) Saline (d) Pedocal
(c) Phosphorus (d) Oxygen Ans. (a) : Laterite soil develops in tropical humid
Ans. (b) : Acidic nature of soil is shown by high climates regions and monsoon regions, i.e. areas where
concentration of hydrogen. The pH value of soil shows there is high temperature, silica-containing elements
the capacity of hydrogen ions. This determines the and organic matter disintegrate through the process of
acidic or alkaline reaction of the soil. Soil becomes laterization. Silica gets washes away due to heavy
acidic due to more hydrogen ions (H+). rainfall and alkaline elements dissolve with humus and
go to the lower layers.
27. According to the United States Department of
Hence, due to the presence of iron oxide in the upper
Agriculture, which of the following soil order is
layer, this soil is brick-red in colour.
most prevalent in India?
(a) Vertisols (b) Incepstisols 32. Which of the following is not a factor of soil
(c) Aridisols (d) Alfisols formation?
(a) Role of organic material
Ans. (b) : According to the United states Department of
Agriculture, Incepstisols type of soils order is most (b) Climatic factors
prevalent in India. It is worth nothing that Entisol means (c) Role of inorganic material
immature soil in which there is lack of vertical (d) Nature of parent rock
development of the horizon, and this soil is made up of Ans. (c) : The terrestrial natural elements that nourishes
deposits and sediments formed by wind, water or ice plants and living organisms is called soil. The process
erosion. Whereas Inception means young soil which is of soil formation begins with the process of weathering.
more developed in comparative proportion to Entisol. Its formation is influenced by five major factors:
28. Which of the following soil is suitable for climate, primary rock, topography, biological activities
growing cashew tree? (organic material) and time.

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33. Which layer of soil contains humus which 38. The rich deltas of Mahanadi and Godavari are
makes the soil fertile? found in _____ soil.
(a) Topsoil (a) Black (b) Dry
(b) Parent rock (c) Forested (d) Alluvial
(c) Weathered rook material Ans. (d) : Alluvial soil is found in the deltas of river
(d) Substratum deltas of the eastern coast such as Krishna, Kaveri,
Ans. (a) : The thicker the layer of soil, the more fertile Mahanadi, Godavari etc. Alluvial soil is formed from
the soil. This layer contains the rotten parts of grass, the sediments brought by the rivers. On the basis of age,
leaves etc. This makes the soil fertile, this is called alluvial soil is of two types-new alluvium (Khadar) and
humus in English. The roots of trees and plants spread olds alluvial (Bhanger) Alluvial soil is more fertile soil.
in this upper layer of soil, this is what nourishes the It is found in about 43% of India. The main crops of this
trees and plants. soil are sugarcane, rice, wheat, pulse etc.
34. By what after name is black soil known? 39. In which year the soil survey of India was
(a) Khadar soil (b) Bhangar soil established to conduct scientific survey of soils?
(a) 1950 (b) 1962
(c) Alluvial soil (d) Regur soil
(c) 1956 (d) 1947
Ans. (d) : Black soil is also called Regur soil. It is often
Ans. (c) : Soil survey was established in 1956 to
called black cotton soil because cotton is cultivated
conduct scientific survey of soils in India. Its
more in it. Black soil is mainly found in Maharashtra,
headquarter is in New Delhi and 7 regional centers have
Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
also been established at different places in the country
Alluvial soil is the most widespread soil of India (40%) i.e. Nagpur, Dehradun, Bhopal, Banglore, Delhi,
Khadar and Bhangar are its forms. Udaipur, Kolkata.
35. In which region is red soil generally found in 40. The marshy belt of the northern Indian plains
India? is known as.
(a) Only in the eastern region (a) Doob (b) Terai
(b) Only in the southern region (c) Bhabar (d) Khadar
(c) In the eastern and southern post of the Ans. (b) : The marshy belt of the northern Indian plains
southern plateau is known as Terai. In this belt to the south of Bhabar
(d) None of these and in a wide belt parallel to it, the rivers again come
Ans. (c) : Red soil is the third major soil group of the out of Bhabar and start flowing on the surface, but they
country which is spread over 5.18 lakh square km. In do not have any definite river basin, so this area turn
peninsular India, this soil found from Tamil Nadu in the into marsh and mud.
south to the plateau of Bundelkhand in the north and 41. What causes salinization in the soil ?
from the Rajmahal hills in the east to Kathiawar and (a) Pesticides (b) Soil erosion
Kutch in the west. Hence, this soil is found in the (c) Excessive irrigation (d) Crop rotation
western and northern parts including the eastern and
Ans. (c) : The amount of salt in the soil is called soil
southern plateau. The chemical composition of this soil salinity. The process of increasing the amount of salt in
has abundance of iron, aluminium, potash, phosphorus the soil is called salinization. Salt is naturally found in
etc. Whereas there is deficiency of lime, magnesium, soil and water.
phosphate, nitrogen, humus etc. Soil salinization can occur through natural process.
36. The soil found on the eastern and western Excessive irrigations also increase soil salinity. Punjab
coasts of India is ______ is a clear example of this.
(a) Red rock (b) Laterite 42. ______ is the movement of chemicals present in
(c) Black cotton (d) Alluvial the uppers layer of the soil into the lower layers
Ans. (d) : The eastern and western coasts of India of the soil or into groundwater due to being
which are the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea dissolved in water.
respectively are alluvial soil (Alluvial) areas which have (a) Infiltration (b) Salinization
been formed by wave denudation. Whereas laterite soil (c) Eutrophication (d) Leaching
is found on the Eastern and Western Ghats. Ans. (d) : The movement of chemicals present in the
37. Which of the following regions of the northern upper layer of the soil or into ground water due to being
plains is the most fertile? dissolved in water is called leaching. When the amount
(a) Khadar (b) Terai of nutrients in a water body (pond, lake etc). Increases
(c) Bhabar (d) Bhangar in plants and algae in that body and oxygen starts
Ans. (a) : The most fertile soil in the northern plains is decreasing in water. As a result, aquatic life is adversely
that of the khadar region. Khadar is the land where affected. This is called eutrophication.
flood water of rivers reaches every year. This soil is 43. Saline soil is also known as _____
always renewed. Due to the freshness of the soil, the (a) Usara soil (b) Bhangar soil
fertility of the land increases continuously. (c) Regur soil (d) Cotton soil
NCERT Science 80 YCT
Ans. (a) : Alkaline soil (Saline soil) is also known as In India, this soil is found in the eastern part of Andhra
usara soil. This soil is not suitable for agriculture Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, Chhota Nagpur plateau
because it is infertile. Sodium, potassium and region, some districts of West Bengal, Nagaland etc.
magnesium are found in large quantities in this soil. The 48. In which of the following states is marshy/peat
pH value of usara soil is more than 8.5. Its local name is soil not found mainly?
Reh Kallar Usara, chapen etc. This soil can be made (a) Kerala (b) Odisha
suitable for agriculture by adding lime or gypsum to it. (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) West Bengal
44. Select the statement regarding the soils of India Ans. (c) : On the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu,
which is not correct. where water logging occurs due to heavy rains, peat soil
(a) Laterite soil is prone to excessive run off due has been formed in such areas due to water logging.
to rainfall Peat soil is formed mainly due to the decay of
(b) The red colour in red soil is due to aluminum vegetation in wet soil, hence peat soil contains more
compounds. amount of humus. Marshy soil is wetter than peat soil.
(c) Black soil is also called Regur soil Marshy soil is found in Sunderban and Odisha coast.
(d) Regur soil is highly suitable for cotton Hence, It is clear that marshy/peat soil is mainly found
coltivation. in coastal areas. In the options given in the question,
Ans. (b) : The red colour in red soil is not due to marshy/peat soil is not found in Madhya Pradesh.
aluminium compounds but due to 'iron oxide'.
Laterite soil becomes soft when wet and hard when dry. Chapter-10 Respiration in Organisms
This soil is very sensitive to excessive runoff. Black soil
is typically called 'regur' and internationally called
Respiration
'tropical chenozem'. It has the highest 'water holding' All organisms are made of small organisms are
capacity. This soil is most suitable for cotton, gram, made of small microscopic units called cells.
soybean etc. A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit
of an organism.
45. Which of the following crops is suitable for
Each cell of an organism performs certain functions
wetland agriculture?
such as nutrition, transport, excretion and
(a) Rice (b) Ragi
reproduction.
(c) Millet (d) Moong
The food has stored energy, which is released during
Ans. (a) : Rice is a tropical crop of the Graminae/ respiration and all living organisms respire to get
Poacea family and is cultivated well in the monsoon energy from food.
climate of India. Rice is a crop that grows well in hot In the cells, oxygen in the air helps in the breakdown
and humid climate. of food, these process of breakdown of food in the
46. It is also called soil-moisture drought. Crops cell with the release of energy is called cellular
wilt due to lack of moisture in the soil- respiration.
(a) Meteorological Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of all
(b) Agricultural drought organisms.
(c) Hydrological drought In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken down into
(d) Ecological drought carbon dioxide and water using oxygen. When
Ans. (b) : Drought is an abnormal and long dry season breakdown of glucose occurs with the use of oxygen
which causes a clear water imbalance in a particular it is called aerobic respiration.
area. Food can be broken down, without using oxygen,
Drought is divided into three types- Meteorological this is called anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of
drought, Hydrological drought, Agricultural drought. food releases energy.
Agricultural drought is the result of rainfall being much in the presence of oxygen
less than the required rainfall for the crop. In this Glucose → Carbon dioxide + water
condition, the soil moisture is insufficient for crop + energy
growth. Hence, it is also called soil moisture drought. Yeast can survive in the absence of air, these are
47. What is the reason for red soil being red in called anaerobes and get energy through anaerobic
colour? respiration.
(a) Prevalence of iron in crystalline and In the absence of oxygen, glucose breaks down into
metamorphic rocks alcohol and carbon dioxide, as given below
in the absence of oxygen
(b) High temperature and heavy rainfall Glucose  → alcohol + carbon dioxide
(c) Heavy rainfall + energy
(d) Hydration in soil Our muscle cells can also respire anaerobically, but
Ans. (a) : Red soil is formed by the weathering of only for a short time, when there is a temporary
crystalline and metamorphic rocks in dry soil. The deficiency of oxygen.
colour of red soil is due to the presence of iron oxide, During heavy exercise, fast running cycling, walking
but in hydrated form it appears yellow. Cotton, wheat, for many hours or heavy weight lifting, the demand
pulse and coarse cereals are cultivated in this soil. for energy is high but the supply of oxygen to

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 produce the energy is limited then anaerobic
respiration takes places in the muscle cells to fulfil
the demand of energy.
in the absence of oxygen
Glucose  → lactic acid + energy
( in muscle )

The partial breakdown of glucose produces lactic

acid, the accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle
cramps and we get relief from cramps after a hot
water bath or a massage.
Breathing
Breathing means taking in air rich in oxygen and
giving out air rich in carbon dioxide with the help of
respiratory organs. Regular traditional breathing exercise (pranayama)
The taking in of air rich in oxygen into the body is can increase the capacity of lungs to take in more
called inhalation and giving out of air rich in carbon air, thus more oxygen can be supplied to the body
dioxide is known as exhalation. cells resulting in release of more energy.
The number of times a person breathes in a minute is The percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
termed as the breathing rate and during breathing inhaled and exhaled air.
inhalation and exhalation take place alternately.
Normally we take in air through our nostrils, when
we inhale air, it passes through our nostrils into the
nasal cavity and the air reaches our lungs through
the windpipe.
Lungs are present in the chest cavity and surrounded
by ribs on the sides.
A large, muscular sheet called diaphragm forms the
floor of the chest cavity.
Breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm
and the rib cage.
During inhalation, ribs move up and outwards and Breathing in other Animals
diaphragm moves down, this movement increases Animals such as elephants, lions, cows, goats, frogs,
space in our chest cavity and air rushes into the lizards, snakes, birds, have lungs in their chest
lungs and get filled with air. cavities like the human beings.
During exhalation, ribs move down and inwards,
while diaphragm moves up to its former position, Cockroach
this reduces the size of the chest cavity and air is A cockroach has small openings on the sides of its
pushed out of the lungs. body, other insects also have similar openings and
These movements in our body can be felt easily. these openings are called spiracles.
Take a deep breath. Keep your palm on the Insects have a network of air tubes called tracheae
abdomen, feel the movement of abdomen. for gas exchange.
NCERT Science 82 YCT
 Oxygen rich air rushes through spiracles into the
tracheal tubes, diffuses into the body tissue, and
reaches every cell of the body but carbon dioxide
from the cells goes into the tracheal tubes and moves
out through spiracles.
Air tubes or tracheae are found only in insects and
not in any other group of animals.

All living organisms need to respire to get the

energy needed for their survival.
Earthworm-
Earthworms breathe through their skins and there Important Questions
skins are moist and slimy on touching. 1. During inspiration, the ribs–
Frogs have a pair of lungs like human beings, they (a) Move outwards
can also breathe through their skin, which is moist (b) Move downwards
and slippery. (c) Move upwards and outwards
(d) Do not move at all
Breathing under water
Ans. (c) : During inspiration, the ribs move up and out
In fish gills are projection of the skin and they help
and the diaphragm moves down. This movement
to use oxygen dissolved in water. increases the space in our chest cavity and fills the lungs
Gills are well supplied with blood vessels for with air.
exchange of gases.
2. During exhalation, the ribs-
(a) Move downward and inward
(b) Move downward
(c) Move upwards
(d) Move outwards
Ans. (b) : During exhalation, the ribs move downwards
while the diaphragm move upwards to its previous
position due to which the heavy air in the lungs comes
out.
3. The organs for respiration in fish are-
(a) Lung (b) Skin
(c) Bronchial slit (d) Gill
Do Plants also respire?
Ans. (d) : Fish use gills for respiration.
Like other living organisms, plants also respire for
Lung is the organ of breathing in humans and frog
their survival. They also take in oxygen from the air
breathes through the skin.
and give out carbon dioxide. In the cells oxygen is
4. The gas released as a result of respiration is–
used to break down glucose into carbon dioxide and
(a) Hydrogen (b) Nitrogen
water as in other organisms. In plants each part can
(c) Oxygen (d) Carbon dioxide
independently take in oxygen from the air and give
Ans. (d) : During respiration we use oxygen and release
out carbon dioxide. The leaves of the plants have
carbon dioxide gas.
tiny pores called stomata for exchange of oxygen
Respiration is found in plants and animals.
and carbon dioxide.
5. During the process of respiration, now many
Like all other living cells of the plants, the root cells
molecules of oxygen are combined with one
also need oxygen to generate energy. Roots take up molecule of glucose?
air from the air spaces present between the soil (a) Five (b) Seven
particles (c) Six (d) Four
NCERT Science 83 YCT
Ans. (c) : During the process of respiration, 6 molecules 11. During aerobic respiration at the beginning of
of oxygen are combined with one molecule of glucose the first stage, which of the following is the
complete oxidation of respiratory material takes place, common produce formed?
resulting in the formation of CO2 and H2O and a large (a) Ethanol (b) Pyruvate
amount of energy is released. (c) Lactic acid (d) Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2  → CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Ans. (b) : During aerobic respiration at the beginning of
the first stage, the common product formed is pyruvate.
6. Some features of respiratory surface in animals 12. Voice changes during puberty. Why does this
are mentioned below. Choose the wrong option. happen?
(a) A mechanism is present in this region for
(a) Due to smoking cigarettes
bringing in and taking out air.
(b) Due to muscle development
(b) It has a large surface area
(c) Due to development
(c) It is generally located inside the body
(d) Due to development of larynx
(d) It is very thick
Ans. (d) : Animals have a mechanism for bringing in Ans. (d) : Voice changes during puberty. This happens
and taking out air in the region of ' respiratory surface' because the larynx develops at this time. As a human
which has a large surface area and is generally located passes through puberty, the larynx gets bigger and the
inside the body. That is, cellular respiration takes place vocal cords get longer and thicker, making the person's
in the calls of all living organisms. The resulting oxygen voice heavier.
helps in the breakdown of food. 13. Where in the human body does the aerobic
7. In human body, air is taken in through which break down of pyruvate take place?
organ? (a) Mitochondria (b) Nucleus
(a) Alveoli (b) Windpipe (c) Muscles (d) Cytoplasm
(c) Nostrils (d) Branch Ans. (a) : Pyruvate can be broken down in the presence
Ans. (c) : In human body, air is taken in through or absence of oxygen. In human body pyruvate is
nostrils. broken down in mitochondria in the presence of
8. What is the reason for the presence of alveoli in oxygen. This process is called aerobic respiration.
the lungs? 14. Presence of ........... is required for aerobic
(a) To provide mechanical support to the lungs respiration.
(b) To provide pumping action for the lungs (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Oxygen
(c) To increase the surface area (c) Nitrogen (d) Hydrogen
(d) To increase the volume of the lungs Ans. (b) : Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration. It
Ans. (c) : The reason for the presence of 'alveoli' in the is also called aerobic respiration.
lungs is to increase the surface area. Enzyme in
C 6 H12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2O  → 6CO 2 ↑ +38ATP +12H 2 O
Cytoplasm &
There is a network of blood cells in the lungs. Here O2 mitochondria
goes into blood and CO2 comes out. 15. When we exhale during normal respiration,
9. Complete the given step of anaerobic what happens?
respiration. (a) The lungs contract
Glucose(C6 H12 O6 )  → ........ + CO 2 + ATP (b) The diaphragm flattens
Corbon (energy) (c) Carbon dioxide is completely expelled from
dioxide the body
(a) Pyruvate (b) Ethanol (C2H5OH) (d) A residual amount of air remains in the lungs
(c) Water (d) Lactic acid Ans. (d) : When we exhale during normal respiration, a
Ans. (b) : Oxygen is not required in anaerobic residual amount of air remains in the lungs.
respiration and it takes place in the absence of oxygen. Residual volume (RV) is the amount of air left in the
In this process, incomplete oxidation of food takes lungs after maximum forced exhalation. Its volume is
place. In animals, carbon dioxide and lactic acid formed 1000-12000 ml.
as a result of this.
16. Which one of the following statement is correct
C6 H12 O6  → C 2 H5 OH + CO 2 + ATP regarding aerobic respiration?
( Energy )
(Glucose) (Ethanol)
( )
Carbon
dioxide
(a) Less energy is released in aerobic respiration
as compared to anaerobic respiration.
10. At rest, how many times does an adult human (b) Only carbon dioxide is released in process of
breathe in and out in a minute on an average? aerobic respiration.
(a) 15 – 18 times (b) 12 – 15 times
(c) In mitochondria, one molecule of pyruvate is
(c) 18 – 21 times (d) 20 – 23 times broken down to form three molecules of
Ans. (a) : At rest, an adult human breathes in and out on carbon dioxide.
an average 15-18 times per minute. The normal (d) Aerobic respiration occurs in the absence of
respiratory rate for adults is 12-20 times per minute. oxygen.
NCERT Science 84 YCT
Ans. (c) : Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria 21. Which of the following three-carbon molecules
and requires oxygen, glucose, and carbon dioxide which are formed during respiration?
produces water and energy. (a) Lactic acid and pyruvate
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and (b) Pyruvate and ethanol
produces lactic acid. (c) Ethanol and malic acid
C6 H12 O6 
→ 2C 2 H5 OH + 2CO 2 + ATP(energy) (d) Ethanol and lactic acid
Ans. (a) : During respiration, three carbon molecules of
6C6 2H12 O6 + 6O 2 
→ 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP(energy) lactic acid and pyruvate are formed.
Lactic acid is a chemical compound that plays a major
17. How many molecules of carbon dioxide are
formed during the breakdown of pyruvate with role in various biochemical processes. It was first
the help of oxygen in mitochondria? isolated by Swedish Chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.
(a) Five (b) Three Accumulation of this acid in muscles causes fatigue.
(c) Six (d) Two 22. Which of the following reactions of respiration
Ans. (b) : Pyruvate produced during glycolysis with the requires oxygen?
help of oxygen in mitochondria undergoes oxidation of (a) Conversion of pyruvate into CO2, H2O and
all hydrogen atoms step by step when oxygen is energy.
available in the cell and produces three molecules. (b) Conversion of pyruvate into ethanol
In which one molecule of carbon dioxide and two (c) Conversion of glucose into pyruvate
molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the (d) Conversion of pyruvate into CO2
Krebs or citric acid cycle. Ans. (a) : Oxygen is required in the conversion reaction
18. Where can anaerobic respiration occurs in the of pyruvate into CO2, H2O and energy. Respiration is a
human body? metabolic process that takes place in the cells of
(a) Only in the red blood cells of veins organisms. By which they break down glucose and
(b) In the cytoplasm of cells produce ATP. They use oxygen to produce oxygen.
(c) In the mitochondria of all cells 23. Which of the following parts ensures that the
(d) Only in striated muscle cells air passages do not close during respiration?
Ans. (b) : Anaerobic respiration can occur in the human (a) Mucous (b) Diaphragm
body in the cytoplasm of cells. (c) Cartilaginous ring (d) Cilia
Oxygen is not required in anaerobic respiration and it Ans. (c) : Cartilaginous ring (a strong and flexible
occurs in the absence of oxygen. In this process, connective tissue) ensure that the air passages do not
incomplete oxidation of food occurs. closed during respiration.
19. ............... is formed by Anaerobic respiration of They have many rings and these rings are C-shaped and
glucose in muscles. support the windpipe.
(a) Citric acid (b) Pyruvic acid 24. The breakdown of pyruvate with help of
(c) Acetoacetic acid (d) Lactic acid oxygen takes place in .............
Ans. (d) : During physical labour or exercise oxidation (a) Chloroplast (b) Cytoplasm
of glucose in muscles occurs due to lack of oxygen, (c) Mitochondria (d) Nucleoplasm
which is also called anaerobic respiration. In this Ans. (c) : The breakdown of pyruvate with the help of
process, lactic acid and ATP are produced as final oxygen takes place in "mitochondria".
products. Pyruvate is a key biomolecule in many metabolic
Whereas, oxidation of glucose in the cells of the body pathways. It is most notable as the primary product of
occurs in mitochondria in the cells of the body occurs in glycolysis. Glycolysis is a series of biochemical
mitochondria in the presence of oxygen, in which CO2, reactions that convert one molecule biochemical of
H2O and ATP are formed as final products. glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
20. What is the percentage of oxygen in the air Mitochondria are called the power house of the cell. It
normally inhaled and exhaled by humans? was discovered by "Altman" in 1886 AD.
(a) About 18% in inhaled air and about 10% in 25. When is carbon dioxide produced as a waste
exhaled air produce in plants?
(b) About 19% in inhaled air and about 17% in (a) During photosynthesis
exhaled air. (b) During respiration
(c) About 21% in inhaled air and about 16% in (c) During both respiration and photosynthesis
exhaled air (d) During transpiration
(d) About 20% in inhaled air and about 2% in Ans. (b) : Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced as a waste
exhaled air. product during 'respiration' in plants.
Ans. (c) : The air normally inhaled by humans contains Although respiration is a continuous process in all
about 21% oxygen and about 16% oxygen in exhaled organisms including plants CO2 emitted during
air. respiration in plant only at night plants only at night.

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26. Which of the following are the end products of 31. In which of the following process, thermal
respiration in plants? energy is produced?
(a) CO2 and O2 (b) O2 and energy (a) Respiration (b) Circulation
(c) Glucose and O2 (d) CO2, H2O and energy (c) Excretion (d) Digestion
Ans. (d) : Aerobic respiration occurs in plants, animals Ans. (a) : Respiration is an oxidation process in which
and humans. various types of complex organic substance found in
The chemical equation of aerobic respiration is - plants are decomposed, as a result of which carbon
C6 H12O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy dioxide and water are released and thermal energy is
Therefore, the end products of respiration in plants are produced.
CO2, H2O and energy. C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 
→ 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 673K Cal.
(Glucose) (oxygen) Carbon dioxide water (thermalenergy)
27. Occurs with the help of oxygen and is
responsible for the complete disintegration of 32. The first step in respiration is the breakdown
glucose into CO2 and H2O. of glucose into...........
(a) Anaerobic respiration (b) Heart (a) Pyruvate (b) Lactic acid
(c) Aerobic respiration (d) Lungs (c) Ethanol (d) Carbon dioxide
Ans. (c) : Aerobic respiration occurs with the help of Ans. (a) : The first step in respiration is the breakdown
oxygen and is responsible for the complete of glucose into pyruvate.
disintegration of glucose into carbon dioxide and water Glucose is the simplest carbohydrate. It is soluble in
by oxidation. water and has the chemical formula C6H12O6. It is the
C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2  → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O main source of energy which is found in cashew, grapes
Glucose Oxygen (Carbon dioxide) (Water) and other fruits as well as in beetroot and sugarcane.
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen. It 33. Which organism can survive without oxygen?
produce energy by disintegrating glucose into lactic (a) Aerobe (b) Anaerobe
acid or ethyl without the presence of oxygen (O2). (c) Parasite (d) Symbiotic
28. The splitting of pyruvate using O2 takes place Ans. (b) : Anaerobe organisms can survive without
in ............ oxygen. Yeasts respire an aerobically and produce
(a) Lysosomes (b) Mitochondria alcohol.
(c) Nucleus (d) Vacuoles
Ans. (b) : In the presence of oxygen in mitochondria, Chapter-11 Transportation in
pyruvate is disintegrated and completely oxidized, Animal and Plants
which produces carbon dioxide and water and releases
chemical energy. This chemical reaction is called Introduction
Tricarboxylic Acid cycle (TCA Cycle). All organisms need food, water and oxygen for
survival, they need to transport all these to various
29. Which of the following is the source of energy
parts of their body and further, animals need to
for cells in biology?
transport wastes to parts from where they can be
(a) PTA (b) PAD
removed.
(c) ADP (d) ATP
Ans. (d) : ATP is also called the currency of the cell.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic compound
from which the cell gets energy. The energy produced
by the consumption of food in the body forms ATP by
joining ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) in the form of
phosphate group.
30. During which of the following processes a large
amount of energy is released?
(a) Fermentation
(b) Anaerobic respiration
(c) Aerobic respiration
(d) Transpiration
Ans. (c) : A lot of energy is released during the process
of aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is a
biochemical process, which results in the formation of
energy and carbon dioxide. This energy is stored in the
form of chemical energy. ATP while carbon dioxide is a
released into the atmosphere.
NCERT Science 86 YCT
 Circulatory System On reaching the tissues, they divide further into
Blood is the fluid which flows in blood vessels, it extremely thin tubes called capillaries and the
transports substances like digested food, oxygen and capillaries join to form veins which empty into the
waste material. heart.
Blood is composed of a fluid, called plasma in Heart
which different types of cells are suspended.
The heart is an organ which beats continuously to
Red blood cells (RBC) contain a red pigment called
act as a pump for the transport of blood, which
haemoglobin.
carries other substances with it.
Haemoglobin binds with oxygen and transports to
all the parts of the body and ultimately to all the The heart is located in the chest cavity with its lower
cells. It will be difficult to provide oxygen tip slightly tilted towards the left.
efficiently to all the cells of the body without The heart has four chambers, the two upper
haemoglobin. chambers are called the atria (singular : atrium) and
The presence of haemoglobin makes blood appear the two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
red. The partition between the chambers helps to avoid
The blood has white blood cells (WBC) which fight mixing up of blood rich in oxygen with the blood
against germs that may enter our body. rich in carbon dioxide.
Blood was coming out from the cut and after some
time, bleeding had stopped and a dark red clot had Vena Cava
Aorta
plugged the cut.
The clot is formed because of the presence of Pulmonary artery
another type of cells in the blood, called platelets. Pulmonary vein
Blood vessels Right atrium Left atrium
There are two types of blood vessels, arteries and
veins are present in the body. Partition completely
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to separating the two halves Left ventricle

all parts of the body, since the blood flow is rapid Right ventricle

and at a high pressure, the arteries have thick elastic

walls.
The number of beats per minute is called the pulse Sections of Human Heart
rate and a resting person, usually has a pulse rate The functioning of the circulatory system, start from
between 72 and 80 beats per minute. the right side of the heart and blood flow from the
heart to the lungs and back to the heart from where it
is pumped to the rest of the body.
Heartbeat
The heart muscles contract and relax rhythmically
and this rhythmic contraction followed by its
relaxation constitute a heartbeat.
The doctor feel your heartbeats with the help of an
Pulse in the wrist instrument called a stethoscope.
Veins are the vessels which carry carbon dioxide-
rich blood from all parts of the body back to the
heart and their walls have thin.
The valves present in veins which allow blood to
flow only towards the heart.

Instrument to hear heartbeat

Each heart beat generates one pulse in the arteries
and the pulse rate per minute indicates the rate of
heart beat.
The rhythmic breathing of the various chambers of
the heart maintain circulation of blood and transport
of substances to the different parts of the body.
Animals such as sponges and Hydra do not possess
any circulatory system and these animals do not
Schematic diagram of circulation need a circulatory fluid like the blood.

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 Excretion in animals Transport of substances in plants
Carbon dioxide is removed as waste from the body Plants take water and mineral nutrients from the soil
through the lungs during exhalation. through the roots and transport it to the leaves.
The process of removal of wastes produced in the The leaves prepare food for the plant, using water
cells of the living organisms is called excretion and and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
the parts involved in excretion form the excretory Food is the source of energy and every cell of an
system. organism gets energy by the breakdown of glucose,
Excretory system in humans the cells use this energy to carry out vital activities
Kidney filter the blood and removal of waste of life.
material from the body. Transport of water and minerals
In the two kidneys, blood contains both useful and Plants absorb water and minerals by the roots and
harmful substances and the useful substances are the roots have root hair.
absorbed back into the blood while the wastes The root hair increase the surface area of the root for
dissolved in water are removed as urine. the absorption of water and mineral nutrients
From the kidneys, the urine goes into the urinary dissolved in water.
bladder through tube-like ureters, it is stored in the The root hair is in contact with the water present
bladder and is passed out through the urinary between the soil particles.
opening at the end of a muscular tube called
urethra.

Transport of water and minerals in

a section of root, a tree
Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and
nutrients from the soil.
The vessels are made of special cells, forming the
vascular tissue.
A tissue is a group of cells that perform specialised
function in an organism.
Human excretory system The vascular tissue for the transport of water and
The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra form the nutrients in the plant is called the xylem.
excretory system.
An adult human being normally passes about 1-1.8
L of urine in 24 hours.
The urine consists of 95% water, 2.5% urea and
2.5% other waste products.
The sweat contains water and salts.
The water kept in an earthen pot (matka) is cooler.
This is because the water evaporates from the pores
of the pot, which causes cooling.
The way in which waste chemicals are removed
from the body of the animal depends on the Stem placed in coloured water
availability of water.
Aquatic animals like fishes, excrete cell waste as
ammonia which directly dissolves in water.
Some land animals like birds, lizards, snakes excrete
a semi-solid, white coloured compound (uric acid).
The major excretory product in humans is urea.
Sometimes a person's kidneys may stop working due
to infection or injury, as a result of kidney failure,
waste products start accumulating in the blood, such Water moves up in the stem and Enlarged view of
persons cannot survive unless their blood is filtered open end of stem
periodically through an artificial kidney and this Leaves synthesise food and the food has to be
process is called dialysis. transported to all parts of the plant. This is done by
Similarly, when we sweat, it helps to cool our body. the vascular tissue called the phloem.
NCERT Science 88 YCT
 Xylem and phloem transport substances in plants. (a) Amino acids only
Water and minerals go to leaves and other plant (b) Water, minerals and food
parts, through narrow tubes (xylem) inside the stem. (c) Water and minerals
Transpiration (d) Food, amino acids and hormones
Plants absorb mineral nutrients and water from the Ans. (d) : In plants, diffusion is mainly responsible for
soil. Not all the water absorbed is utilised by the the process of transport.
plant. However, energy is required for the transport of some
The water evaporates through the stomata present on substance. Food, amino acids and hormones represents
the surface of the leaves by the process of the substances transported using energy obtained from
transpiration. ATP.
The evaporation of water from leaves generates a 7. Which one of the following options is correct
suction pull (the same that you produce when you regarding the movement of water and mineral
suck water through a straw) which can pull water to ions from the soil into the root cells of a plants?
great heights in the tall trees and transpiration also
(a) Ions and water are absorbed together.
cools the plant.
(b) Ions enter first by active transport, then water
Important Questions enters along the concentration gradient.
1. Blood is a fluid that flows in which part of (c) Ions enter first by passive transport, then
animals- water enters by active transport.
(a) Blood vessels (b) Cells (d) Water enters first by diffusion, then active
(c) Tissues (d) None of these transport of ions occurs.
Ans. (a) : Blood is a fluid that flows in the blood Ans. (b) : Water and mineral ions enter the root cells of
vessels of animals. It is type of connective tissue. Our the plant from the soil by active transport then water
body is made up of cells and cells also form tissues enters by along the concentration gradient.
together. 8. What is the process of transport of soluble
2. The red colour of blood is due to which products of photosynthesis and other substance
pigment– from leaves to other tissues of the plant called?
(a) Oxygen (b) Carbon dioxide (a) Transpiration (b) Tropic movement
(c) Red colour (d) Haemoglobin (c) Guttation (d) Translocation
Ans. (d) : The red colour of blood is due to Ans. (d) : The process of transport of soluble products
haemoglobin pigment. Haemoglobin transports oxygen of photosynthesis and other substances from leaves to
in our body. other tissues of the plant is called translocation. The
3. The blood cells that destroy germs are- process of plants removing unnecessary water from
(a) RBC (b) WBC their body in the form of vapour is called transpiration.
(c) CBZ (d) None of these 9. Which of the following terms describes the
Ans. (b) : The blood cells that destroy germs are called movement of water molecules across a
WBC cells. They provide us with immunity and protect selectively permeable membrane?
us from germs. (a) Transport (b) Exocytosis
4. Blood clotting is due to the presence of which (c) Diffusion (d) Osmosis
cell- Ans. (d) : The movement of water molecules from a
(a) RBC (b) WBC region of high concentration to a region of low
(c) Platelets (d) None of these concentration through a semi-permeable membrane is
Ans. (c) : The cells in the blood that form blood clots called osmosis.
are called platelets. Platelets are small blood cells that In contrast, the movement from low concentration to
stop bleeding in the body by forming clots. RBCs carry high concentration is called diffusion. In osmosis,
oxygen in the body and WBCS provide immunity. particles move in one direction only directions only
5. The pulse rate of and adult person at rest is– whereas in diffusion particles of both solute and solute
(a) 27 (b) 72 move in opposite direction.
(c) 82 (d) 92 10. What is the name of the process due to which
Ans. (b) : In a resting state, the pulse of an adult beats living cells expand in size and shape when kept
72 times in a minute. This speed can also increase when in hypotonic solution?
exercising. We can feel the pulse in the nerves of the (a) Osmosis (b) Diffusion
hand. (c) Transpiration (d) Photosynthesis
6. In plants, diffusion is mainly responsible for Ans. (a) : Osmosis- due to which living cells expand in
the process of transport. However, energy is size and shape when kept in hypotonic solution.
required for the transport of some substances. Diffusion- The process of two or more substances
Which option represents the substances Spontaneously mixing with each other to form a
transported using energy obtained from ATP? homogeneous mixture is called diffusion,
NCERT Science 89 YCT
Transpiration- The process of plants expelling Plants require water for photosynthesis, hydrolysis
unnecessary water from the body in the form of vapor is reactions and to keep their cell turgid.
called transpiration. Water moves against gravity through the xylem to the
Photosynthesis- The process of converting light energy rest of the plant in the leaves. It evaporates through the
into chemical energy by living cells. stomata in a process called transpiration.
11. Name the process by which the solute products 15. Which of the following pathways correctly
of photosynthesis are transported to other represents the transport of water from soil to
parts of the plant. leaves?
(a) Transpiration (b) Transfer (a) Soil → Root hair → Root of Xylem →
(c) Osmosis (d) Diffusion Phlaem of leaves.
Ans. (b) : Transfer is the process by which soluble (b) Soil → Root hair → Xylem of roots →
products of photosynthesis are transported to other parts Phlaem of roots → Xylem of leaves.
of the plant. While the movement of water from the (c) Soil → Root hairs → Root cortex → Xylem
aerial parts of the plant in the form of vapor is called of roots → Xylem of stem → Xylem of
transpiration. leaves
The process of two or more substances spontaneously (d) Soil → Root cortex → Root hair → Xylem of
mixing with each other to form a composite mixture is roots → Phloem of roots → Phloem of stem.
called diffusion, while osmosis is a special type of Ans. (c) : The correct sequence of transport of water
diffusion process between two solutions of different. from soil to leaves is → Soil → Root hairs → Root
Concentration, which is accomplished through a semi cortex → Xylem of roots → Xylem of stem → Xylem
permeable membrane. of leaves.
12. What is the role of transpiration in the 16. Metabolic wastes are excreted by aquatic
transport of water in plants? plants through .............
(a) It exerts a pumping force (a) Diffusion (b) Osmosis
(b) It promotes the diffusion of water (c) Storage (d) Active transport
(c) It exerts a suction force Ans. (a) : Metabolic wastes are excreted by aquatic
(d) It promotes the growth of roots. plants through diffusion. While terrestrial plants excrete
Ans. (b) : Transpiration removes the excess water them in the soil. Respiration in plants occurs through
present in the plants in the form of vapour. This diffusion by the exchange of oxygen and carbon
regulates the water in the plants and it promotes the dioxide. The respiratory rate of plants is slower than
diffusion of water in the transport of water in the plants. that of animals. All parts of plants such as roots, stems,
leaves breathe. In these, the transport of gases from one
13. Name the process which gaseause exchange
part to another is very less.
takes place in the cell membrane?
(a) Endocytosis (b) Osmosis 17. Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in
(c) Diffusion (d) Absorption plants occurs through ...........
(a) Osmosis (b) Fermentation
Ans. (c) : Exchange of gases in the cell takes place
(c) Diffusion (d) Plasmolysis
through the process of diffusion.
Diffusion also plays an important role in the transport of Ans. (c) : Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in
amino acids in living cells. plants occurs through, 'diffusion'. The process of two or
more substances automatically mixing with each other
14. Which of the following statement correctly to form a homogeneous mixture is called diffusion.
describes water transport in plants?
(a) The process by which water is drawn from 18. Which essential element is used by plants in the
the xylem cells of the roots to the leaves is synthesis of proteins and other compounds?
called transpiration. (a) Potassium (b) Phosphorus
(b) The process in which water is last as water (c) Magnesium (d) Nitrogen
vapour through stomata is called Ans. (d) : Plants form their various parts by taking
transpiration. water and nutrients from the soil, carbon dioxide from
(c) The process of water loss through stomata the air and light energy from the sun through the roots.
requires energy in the form of ATP. The nutrients used by plants are major nutrients-
(d) The process which is the main driving force nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, minor nutrients-
of water in the xylem during the day is root calcium, magnesium and sulphur.
pressure. Micronutrients- Iron, zinc, copper, manganese
Ans. (b) : Water transport in plants takes place through molybdenum, boron and chlorine.
xylem. In this process water is absorbed from the soil Nitrogen is an important element for the synthesis of
through root hairs/stomatal cells. It is transported chlorophyll, protoplasm, proteins and nucleic acids.
through the stem to the leaves through the xylem Nitrogen helps in the growth and development of roots,
vessels. stem and leaves.

NCERT Science 90 YCT

19. Which of these nutrients are obtained by the Ans. (d) : The nitrate formed is absorbed by plants and
plant from the soil? is transported to the leaves. In leaves, it is reduced to
(a) Nitrogen (b) Hydrogen form ammonia that finally forms the amine group of
(c) Carbon (d) Oxygen amino acids. Nitrate present in the soil is also reduced
Ans. (a) : Plants obtain nitrogen, phosphorus and to nitrogen by the process of denitrification.
potassium from the soil. These are called major Denitrification is carried by bacteria Pseudomonas and
nutrients. Calcium, magnesium and sulphur are Thiobacillus.
absorbed by plants in small quantities. 25. Which of these components of blood boost
Nitrogen is an important nutrient for the growth, immunity, and helps the body fight germs?
development and reproduction of plants. (a) Red blood cells (b) White blood cells
20. Which of the following tissues is responsible for (c) Blood plasma (d) Blood platelets
the transport of water in plants? Ans. (b) : White blood cells (WBC)- Is a component
(a) Ribosome (b) Xylem of blood that strengthens the immune system. These
(c) Chloroplasts (d) Cytoplasm cells are produced in the red bone marrow, lymph nodes
Ans. (b) : Xylem is often called wood. It has two main and spleen. White blood cells are also called leukocytes.
functions (1) – Transportation of water and mineral Its lifespan is 12-20 days. These cell are colour less,
salts. (2) providing mechanical strength to plants. Apart they have not contain pigment.
from this, the age of plants is calculated by counting the 26. In human, heart, pulmonary vein is connected
annual rings of xylem tissue. to .............
This method of determining the age of a plant is called (a) Left atrium (b) Right atrium
dendrochronology. (c) Left ventricle (d) Right ventricle
21. What is the function of bhoem in plants? Ans. (a) : In human heart, pulmonary vein is connected
(a) It transports oxygen to different parts of the to left atrium. Human heart is a four chamber muscular
plant. organ shaped like a clenched fist. It has two atrium and
(b) It transports carbon dioxide to different parts two ventricles. Function of heart is to maintain
of the plant. continuous flow of blood throughout the body. It
(c) It transports sugar to different parts of the replenishes oxygen and circulates nutrients between
plant cells and tissues.
(d) It transport water to different parts of the 27. What is the normal systolic and diastolic
plant pressure in humans?
Ans. (c) : Xylem and phloem are vascular tissues. (a) 130 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg
Phloem transports food substance (sugars) produced by (b) 130 mm Hg / 90 mm Hg
the leaves to different parts of the plant. While xylem (c) 120 mm Hg / 90 mm Hg
transports water and minerals salts absorbed by the (d) 120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg
roots to different parts of the plant. Ans. (d) : Normal systolic pressure in humans is 120
22. What is the movement of cells against the mm Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg. That is, in
concentration gradient called? normal humans, blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg is
(a) Active transport (b) Diffusion considered normal. Blood pressure is measured in units
(c) Reverse osmosis (d) Osmosis of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Ans. (a) : The movement of cells against the 28. Which of the following components of blood
concentration gradient is called active transport. helps in the formation of clots?
Tracheas are found in the primary and secondary xylem
(a) Red blood cells (b) Platelets
of vascular plants, they transport water and mineral salts
from the roots of the plant to the leaves. (c) Plasma proteins (d) Blood cells
23. In plants, water is absorbed by root hairs Ans. (b) : Platelets are tiny particles present in the
through a process called. blood that help in forming blood clots. When any part
(a) Respiration (b) Transpiration of the body gets injured, platelets gather at that place
(c) Osmosis (d) Twirling and try to stop bleeding. Excess or deficiency of
platelets in the blood, both these conditions cause harm
Ans. (c) : Osmosis refers specifically to the diffusion of
water across a differentially selective or permeable to the body. It is formed in the bone marrow. Its
membrane. Osmosis occurs in response to a lifespan is 5 days and it dies in the spleen.
spontaneously induced force. The direction and speed of 29. Which of the following transports food carbon
osmosis depend on the pressure gradient and the dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved
concentration gradient. form?
24. In case of plants, nitrate absorbed from the soil (a) Plasma
is converted in to – (b) White blood cells (WBC)
(a) Urea (b) Free nitrogen (c) Platelets
(c) Amino acid (d) Ammonia (d) Red blood cells (RBCs)

NCERT Science 91 YCT

Ans. (a) : Plasma is the liquid component of the body's (a) To help in growth and functioning for
blood which contributes 55% of the total blood volume. muscles
It transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste (b) Oxygenation of blood in lungs.
in dissolved form to deliver nutrients to the body to (c) To provide oxygen to a large bodied organism
recover from injury. It is also necessary to remove dirt (d) To help maintaining a constant body
from the body, prevent infection, increase immunity,
etc. Ans. (d) : Iron is present in the hearts of some
organisms like humans Carbon dioxide is a waste
30. Which of the following circulates throughout
the body, and stops the leakage by helping in product of respiration and is in higher concentration in
the formation of blood clot at the site of injury? respiratory cells. The increase in carbon dioxide in
(a) Platelets (b) White blood cells metabolicalcally active cells causes the separation of
(c) Red blood cells (d) Plasma oxygen from oxygenated hemoglobin. This process
Ans. (a) : Platelets circulate throughout the body, and helps in maintaining a constant body temperature.
stop the leakage by helping in the formation of blood 36. Which of the following statements regarding
clot at the site of injury. Platelets are produced in the blood pressure is incorrect?
bone marrow. (a) The pressure in veins is much higher that in
31. High blood pressure is also called hypertension, arteries.
which is caused by .......... (b) The pressure during ventricular contraction is
(a) Contraction of muscles called systolic pressure, and the pressure, and
(b) Contraction of arteries the pressure during ventricular relaxations is
(c) Relaxation of veins called diastolic pressure.
(d) Relaxation of arterioles (c) Normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm Hg
Ans. (b) : High blood pressure is also called and diastolic pressure is so mmHg.
hypertension, which is caused by contraction of arteries. (d) This pressure is measured using a
Blood flows in our body at a certain speed. According sphygmomanometer.
to health guidelines, the blood pressure in the body
should not exceed 120/80 mmHg. Ans. (a) : The blood vessel that carries blood from the
heart to the body is called a vein. It has valves to stop
32. Some features of the circulatory system of
the flow of blood and due to its wide cavities, blood
humans are mentioned below. Choose the
wrong options. keeps flowing continuously at a slow speed whereas
(a) Capillaries joint together to form veins there are no valves in arteries, because the flow of blood
(b) Lymph is also called tissue fluid in them is due to the continuous beating of the heart
(c) Platelets help in clotting of blood Hence, blood flows intermittently with high pressure.
(d) High blood pressure is caused by the The false statement is the pressure is much greater in
contraction of veins. veins than is arteries.
Ans. (d) : Among the given options, options (d) is not 37. Blood coagulation takes place with the help of
correct regarding the circulatory system of humans. ............
High blood pressure is caused by the contraction of (a) Blood plasma (b) Red blood cells
arteries and not by the contraction of veins. (c) Platelet cells (d) White blood
33. Which of the following is required for the Ans. (c) : Blood coagulation takes place with the help
formation of human blood? of platelet cells. This action prevents excessive blood
(a) Nickel (b) Cobalt from flowing out of the body, blood coagulation or clot
(c) Iron (d) Copper is mainly formed from the mesh of fibrin threads.
Ans. (c) : Iron is required for the formation of human
38. Which of the following instruments is used to
blood. Blood consists of plasma and blood corpuscles.
measure blood pressure?
Plasma is a pale yellow coloured fluid containing about
92% water and 4% proteins, salts and other substances (a) Hemoglobin meter
such as RBCs, WBCs and platelets. (b) Urinometer
34. Respiratory pigment, haemaglobin is present in (c) Sphygmomanometer
which of the following? (d) Spectrophotometer
(a) Red blood cells (b) Blood platelets Ans. (c) : Sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood
(c) White blood cells (d) Blood plasma pressure.
Ans. (a) : The respiratory pigment in human is A urinometer is used to determine urine specific
haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is red coloured iron- gravity.
containing pigment present in red blood cells (RBCs). A spectrophotometer measure the number of photons
emitted in the light spectrum.
35. Why is deoxygenated blood kept separate from
oxygenated blood in the hearts of some A hemoglobin meter measures the amount of
organism like humans? hemoglobin in the blood.

NCERT Science 92 YCT

 If a leaf of this plant falls on a moist soil, each bud
Chapter-12 Reproduction in can give rise to a new plant.
Plants Roots of some plants can also give rise to new
plants. Sweet potato and Dahlia are examples.
The production of new individuals from their
parents is known as reproduction.
Modes of Reproduction
Most plants have roots, stems and leaves. These are
called the vegetative parts of a plant.
There are several ways by which plants produce
their offspring. These are categorised into two types
: (i) asexual, and (ii) sexual reproduction. Leaf of Bryophyllum with buds in the margin
Asexual reproduction: plants can give rise to new Plants produced by vegetative propagation take less
plants without seeds. time to grow and bear flowers and fruits earlier than
Sexual reproduction: new plants are obtained from those produced from seeds.
seeds. Plants produced by sexual reproduction have
Vegetative propagation characters of both the parents. Plants produce seeds
It is a type of asexual reproduction in which new as a result of sexual reproduction.
plants are produced from roots, stems, leaves and
buds. Since reproduction is through the vegetative Budding
parts of the plant. The tiny organisms like yeast can be seen only under
Cut a branch of rose or champa with a node. This a microscope. These grow and multiply every few
piece of branch is termed a cutting. hours if sufficient nutrients are made available to
them. Yeast is a single-celled organism.

Stem-cutting of rose Reproduction in yeast by budding

Flower buds developing into flowers. Apart from
flower buds, there are buds in the axial (point of The small bulb-like projection coming out from the
attachment of the leaf at the node) of leaves which yeast cell is called a bud. The bud gradually grows
develop into shoots. and gets detached from the parent cell and forms a
new yeast cell.
Fragmentation
Slimy green patches in ponds, or in other stagnant
water bodies. These are the algae. When water and
nutrients are available algae grow and multiply
rapidly by fragmentation. An alga breaks up into
two or more fragments. These fragments or pieces
grow into a new individuals. This process continues
and they cover a large area in a short period of time.
Potato plant sprouting from an 'eye'
Bryophyllum (sprout leaf plant) has buds in the
margins of leaves.

Fragmentation in spirogyra (an alga)

Spore formation :
The fungi on a bread piece grow from spores which
are present in the air. The spores in the cotton-like
mesh on the bread. When spores are released they
Ginger with new plants sprouting from it keep floating in the air.
NCERT Science 93 YCT
 Reproductive parts
In sexual reproduction a male and a female gamete
fuse to form a zygote.
Pollination
Pollen grains have a tough protective coat which
prevents them from drying up. Since pollen grains
are light, they can be carried by wind or water as
pollen grains are light in weight.
Self pollination and Cross -pollination
Water, insects visit flowers and carry away pollen
Reproduction through spore formation in on their bodies. Some of the pollen lands on the
fungus stigma of a flower of the same kind.
The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
of a flower is called pollination.
The pollen lands on the stigma of a the same flower
or another flower of the same plant, it is called self-
pollination.
The pollen of a flower lands on the stigma of a
flower of a different plant of the same kind, it is
called cross-pollination.

Spores are asexual reproductive bodies. Each spore

is covered by a hard protective coat to withstand
unfavourable conditions such as a high temperature
and low humidity.
Sexual reproduction
The structure of a flower. The flowers are the
reproductive parts of a plant. Stamens are the male
reproductive part and pistil is the female
reproductive part. Fertilisation (Zygote formation)
Flowers which contain either only pistil or only Fertilisation :
stamens are called unisexual flowers. Flowers which The process of fusion of male and female gametes
contain both stamens and pistil are called bisexual (to form a zygote) is called fertilisation. The zygote
flowers. Corn, papaya and cucumber produce develops into an embryo.
unisexual flowers, whereas mustard, rose and
petunia have bisexual flowers.

(a) (b)
(a) Section of an apple, (b) Almond
Fruits and seed formation
After fertilisation, the ovary grows into a fruit and
other parts of the flower fall off. The fruit is the
ripened ovary. The seeds develop from the ovules.
The seed contains an embryo enclosed in a
protective seed coat.
Some fruits are fleshy and juicy such as mango and
orange. Some fruits are hard like almonds and
(b) Pistil (a) Self-pollination (b)Cross-pollination walnuts.
NCERT Science 94 YCT
 Seed Dispersal Ans. (b) : Rhizopus reproduces both asexually and
In nature same kinds of plants grow at different sexually. Asexually reproduction occurs by spore
places. This happens because seeds are dispersed to formation (Formation of sporangio-spores and
different places. Sometimes after a walk through a Chlamydospores).
forest or a field or a park, you may have found seeds Sexual reproduction occurs by fusion of two compatible
or fruits sticking to your clothes. fungal hyphae.
Seeds of plants are carried out by wind, water and 6. Which of the following reproduces by spores ?
animals. Winged seeds such as drumstick and (a) Fern (b) Amoeba
maple. (c) Yeast (d) Mango
Ans. (a) : There are two types of reproductions in
plants, sexual and asexual. In asexual reproduction,
plants can produce new plants without seeds, whereas in
sexual reproduction, new plants are obtained from seeds
only.
"Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation,
Seeds of (a) drumstick and (b) maple budding spore formation and vegetative propagation
Some seeds are dispersed when the fruits burst with plants like ferns and masses reproduce through spores.
sudden jerks. The seeds are scattered far from the
7. Some plants can also produce new plants from
parent plant. This happens in the case of castor and
balsam. their roots .......... An example of such a plant is.
(a) Sweet potato (b) Patharchatta
Important Questions (c) Ginger` (d) Prickly pear
1. The reproductive organs of plants are- Ans. (a) : Sweet potato plants can also produce new
(a) Stem (b) Flower plants from its roots. It is a succulent plant. Its modified
(c) Root (d) Leaf root originates from the nodes of the stem which swells
Ans. (b) : The reproductive organs of plants are inside the ground of carbohydrates get accumulated in
flowers. Stem provides tensile strength to the tree and the swollen roots.
root absorbs nutrients and water to the tree and leaf 8. What is the process called by which an
forms the stem through photosynthesis. organism begins life as a female and over time
2. Transfer of pollen grain to the stigma is called- changes into a male?
(a) Fertilization (b) Reproduction (a) Protogyny (b) Protandry
(c) Pollination (d) Formation of fruit (c) Heterozygosity (d) Homozygosity
Ans. (c) : Transfer of pollen grain to the stigma is called Ans. (a) : The process by which an organism begins life
pollination. During fertilization gametes of opposite sex as a female and over time changes into a male is called
join. protogyny.
9. Which of the following is not an example of
3. On maturing the embryo develops and changes
asexual reproduction?
into-
(a) Fragmentation (b) Grafting
(a) Fruit (b) Seed
(c) Binary fission (d) Budding
(c) Stamen (d) Root
Ans. (b) : Asexual reproduction is the mode of
Ans. (b) : On maturing the embryo transforms into
reproduction that does not involve the fusion of male
seeds. While the stamens help in the reproduction of the
and female gametes and gives rise to offspring that are
plant and the roots absorb nutrients and water.
genetically identical to the parents. Plants can reproduce
4. The meeting of male and female gametes is asexual without fertilization of gametes, by vegetative
called- reproduction.
(a) Pollination (b) Fertilization In the above question, grafting is not an example of
(c) Reproduction (d) Seed formation reproduction. While fragmentation, binary fission,
Ans. (b) : The meeting of male and female gametes is budding are example of asexual reproduction.
called fertilization. In pollination, pollen grains are 10. Which of the following statements is false
dispersed and reach the stigma. The embryo matures regarding reproduction in flowering plants?
and forms seeds. Reproduction is the process by which (a) Reproduction can take place through tissues
organisms produce offspring. separated from the plant and grown in
5. Which of the following types of a sexual artificial medium.
reproduction is exhibited in bread mould (b) Reproduction can take place through spores.
Rhizopus? (c) Reproduction can take place through seeds
(a) Regeneration (b) Spore formation (d) Reproduction can take place through pieces
(c) Fragmentation (d) Budding of stems.
NCERT Science 95 YCT
Ans. (b) : Regarding reproductions in flowering plants, 16. Plants are produced by which method of
reproduction can take place through spores. This reproduction, in which the plant has all the
statement is false. characteristics of the parent genetically?
Reproduction in flowering plants can take place both (a) Vegetative propagation
asexually and sexually. Asexually reproduction can take (b) Regeneration
place through pieces of stems, through seeds and (c) Fragmentation
through tissues grown in artificial medium. In flowering (d) Sexual reproduction.
plants, the sexual reproductive organ is its flower. The Ans. (a) : The process of development of a plant from
flower has stages like production of pollen and eggs, any part other than the seed such as root, stem, leaf etc.
process of pollination and fertilization, development of is called natural vegetative propagation.
seeds and fruits as well as dispersion of seeds and fruits. Potato, ginger develop through the stem. Genetically all
11. Petiole is a part of a plants. the characteristics of the parent are present in them.
(a) Bird (b) Human
17. After fertilization ........... develops into seed.
(c) Plant (d) Animal
(a) Stigma (b) Ovary
Ans. (c) : Petiole is a part of a plant. It is the long part (c) Ovule (d) Carpel
of a plant in which flowers, fruits and leaves etc. grow.
Ans. (c) : After fertilization, ovule develops into seed.
12. The pistil in a flower is Ovule literally means egg of seed. In any seed
(a) Bisexual producing plant, ovules are structures where female
(b) Female reproductive system reproductive cell are produced and stored.
(c) Unisexual
18. Which of the following methods of
(d) Male reproductive system
reproduction is used by unicellular organisms
Ans. (b) : Pistil is the female reproductive part in a (a) Fragmentation (b) Regeneration
flower. Gynoecium represents the female reproductive (c) Rebuttal (d) Budding
part of a flower. Gynoecium may be single pistil has
three parts stigma, style and ovary. Ans. (a) : In unicellular organisms, new organisms are
produced by cell division or fission. Many bacteria
13. The seed of a plant contains embryo which
reproduce by cell division. In organisms like amoeba,
germinates under suitable conditions. This
cell division can occur from any plane.
process is known as which of the following?
(a) Germination (b) Cross - Pollination 19. Through the stem-spread.
(c) Pollination (d) Transpiration (a) Bryophylum (b) Rose
Ans. (a) : Germination - The process of development of (c) Pryophila (d) Tamarind
a seed into a new plants under suitable conditions is Ans. (b) : Rose plant produces new offspring (plant)
called germination. For this, the seed requires three from its stem by vegetative propagation is a type of
basic components. asexual reproduction, in which a new plant is obtained
1. Water from any vegetative organ like root, stem, leaf or bud of
2. Air the plant.
3. Appropriate temperature 20. In a plant, which of the following gets
14. Which of the following plants have" transformed into a seed?
reproductive organs"? (a) Stigma (b) Ovary
(a) Kalama (b) Deodar (c) Style (d) Ovule
(c) Pinus (d) Marsilea Ans. (d) : After fertilization, ovule into seed, ovary gets
Ans. (d) : Plants which have hidden reproductive transformed into fruit, and ovary wall into fruit wall
organs are called cryptogamae. Cryptogams are plants respectively.
produced by spores. Flowers and seeds are not produced 21. Parthenocarpy is defined as -
in crytogams are sometimes also called Thallophyta. (a) Development of roots with fertilization
Marsilea, algae, lichens, mosses and ferns are examples (b) Development of fruits with fertilization
of cryptogame plants. (c) Development of roots without fertilization
15. Roots, stems and leaves of some plants develop (d) Development of fruits without fertilization
into new plants through the process of - Ans. (d) : The development of fruits without
(a) Fragmentation fertilization is called parthenocarpy or parthenogenesis.
(b) Multiple fission It is a type of sexual reproduction in which the embryo
(c) Vegetative propagation develops in the egg without the fusion of the male
(d) Regeneration gamete
Ans. (c) : Roots, stems and leaves of some plants 22. Which of the following acts as a nutrient tissue
develop into new plants through the process of for the growing embryo?
vegetative propagations for example- Potato plants, (a) Ovule (b) Endosperm
ginger plants etc. (c) Ovary (d) Zygote
NCERT Science 96 YCT
Ans. (b) : As a result of double fertilization and triple 28. Which part of the plant is specialized for
fusion, a nutrient structure (tissue) develops from the asexual reproduction in runner (grass)?
triploid nucleus formed in the embryo sac, this is called (a) Flower (b) Root
endosperm. (c) Stem (d) Leaves
Endosperm is a very important tissue from the Ans. (c) : 'Stem' is such a part of the plant which is
nutritional point of view and in angiosperms it provides specialized for asexual reproduction in runner (grass).
essential nutrition for the development of the embryo. Asexual reproduction is the process in which a new
23. Identity a type of asexual reproduction which organism is formed from a single parent and gametes or
involves reproduction through parts of the reproductive cells have no role in it.
plant such as roots, stems and leaves? 1. Fragmentation 2. Budding 3. Spore formation
(a) Budding 4.Vegetative propagation
(b) Vegetative reproduction 29. The initiation or resumption of normal
(c) Fragmentation development by a dormant embryo is called.
(d) Division of molecules (a) Seed dormancy (b) Fruit set
Ans. (b) : When new plants or progeny plants are (c) Germination (d) Ripening of fruits
produced from parts other than the seed or embryo of Ans. (c) : When a healthy seed transforms from
the parent plants such as root, stems and leaves, it is dormant state to active state to give birth to a plant and
called vegetative reproduction. develops radicle and plumule, then this process is called
24. When two different bacterial cells combine germination.
during sexual reproduction, they form. When the seeds of such plants ripen and separate and do
(a) Spore (b) Bud not germinate for some time even after getting suitable
(c) Fruit (d) Zygote ecosystem like water, heat, light etc. then that seed is
called dormant seed.
Ans. (d) : The cell formed by the combination of two
gamete cells in sexual reproduction is called zygote. In 30. The transfer of pollens from the another of a
unicellular organisms, zygote divides itself and flower to the stigma is called?
produces new offspring, which is usually accomplished (a) Regeneration (b) Transpiration
by the process of meiosis. (c) Sexual reproduction (d) Pollination
25. Which of the following exhibits multiple Ans. (d) : The transfer of pollens of a flower from the
fission? another to the stigma of the female floret through
(a) Yeast (b) Hydra various means (Such a water, wind, insects etc). is
(c) Plasmodium (d) Planaria called pollination. It is mainly of two types
1. Self-pollination 2. Cross-pollination.
Ans. (c) : Plasmodium exhibits multiple fission, which
is as type of asexual reproduction. In this type of 31. By which of the following phenomenon plant
reproduction the parent organism splits and products can be grown in a disease free form from only
many new organisms at the same time, where as in one parent?
Hydra and yeast new organisms are produced by (a) Regeneration (b) Spore formation
budding. (c) Tissue culture (d) Sexual reproduction
26. Which of the following plants propagates buds Ans. (c) : In tissue culture, a complete plant in grown
on the veins? by culturing a single cell of the plant.
(a) Bryophyte (b) Bryophylum Hence, only one parent plant takes part in it.
(c) Banana (d) Rose 32. The plant which does not grow by vegetative
Ans. (c) : Plant grown through vegetative propagation propagations?
produce flowers and fruits less frequently than those (a) Banana (b) Rose
grown through seeds. This method is useful for growing (c) Orange (d) Papaya
plants like banana, orange, rose, jasmine, which have Ans. (d) : Vegetative propagation type of reproduction
lost the ability to produce seeds. Another advantage of is observed in higher plant groups and is very important
vegetative propagation is that all the plants produced in for growing various fruits and vegetables. New plants
this way are genetically identical to the parent plant. are produced from vegetative parts of the parent plant
like roots, stems or leaves. Papaya is commercially
27. Groups of crop plants which are propagated by
propagated by seed and tissues culture plants. It is not
vegetative method are- grown through vegetative propagation.
(a) Potato, Papaya and banana
33. The next plant is present in the seed of a plant
(b) Sugarcane, Potato and Banana in the form of -
(c) Groundnut, Drumstick and Cashew (a) Stigma (b) Ovule
(d) Onion, Coriander and Lemon (c) Ovary (d) Embryo
Ans. (b) : Sugarcane, potato and banana are the major Ans. (d) : The next plant is present in the seed of a plant
crops which are propagated by vegetative method. In in the form of embryo, germination of seed is the
these plants, new plants are produced from any part of process in which the seed starts taking the form of a
the progeny plant or any special part. This is a type of plant. In this, at the time of germination, a small plant
asexual reproduction. starts coming out of the seed.
NCERT Science 97 YCT
34. A reproduction in which a branch of the plant 40. What is wind pollination called?
starts developing separately is called? (a) Hydrophilly (b) Polynophily
(a) Vegetative reproduction (c) Anemophily (d) Herbophily
(b) Sexual reproduction Ans. (c) : Pollination in flowers by wind is called wind
(c) Fragmentation pollination and flowers are called wind pollinated
(d) Reproduction flowers (Anemophily).
Ans. (a) : Vegetative propagation is also called 41. Polination is .............?
vegetative reproduction. In this, a branch of the plant (a) Transfer of pollen from stigma to anther
separates from the parent plant and develops into a new (b) Production of pollen in plants
plant. Fragmentation is a type of Asexual reproduction. (c) Transfer of pollen from another to stigma
In algae, reproduction occurs only through asexual (d) Development of pollentube in ovule.
reproduction. Ans. (c) : The process of pollen grains coming cut of
35. Asexual reproduction occurs in- anther and reaching stigma of carpel is called
(a) More developed animals pollination.
(b) Plants Pollination occurs in two types-
(c) Less developed animals 1. Self-pollination
(d) Less developed animals and plants 2. Cross-pollination
Ans. (d) : Asexual reproduction occurs in less
developed animals and plants like Amoeba, Hydra, Chapter-13 Speed and Time
Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Mucor, Bacteria etc. Motion could be along a straight line, it could be
36. Pollen grains are produced by- circular or periodic. Some common examples of
(a) Anther (b) Ovary motions.
(c) Stigma (d) Filament Slow or Fast
Ans. (a) : When the anthers are mature, the rupture and • The distance moved by objects in a given interval of
burst open releasing the pollen grains. The anther time can help us to decide which one is faster or
usually contains four pollen sacs which are responsible slower. For example, imagine that you have gone to
for producing pollen grains. see off your friend at the bus stand.
Pollination takes place by two methods.
1. Self-pollination
2. Cross-pollination
37. Pollination occurs alter-
(a) Differentiation (b) Spore formation
(c) Fertilization (d) Succulentation
Ans. (c) : When the pollen of a flower reaches another
flower of the same plant or a flower of another plant,
then this process is called, pollination.
Fertilization occurs after pollination i.e., after
pollination the stamens and petals fall off, the sepals
either fall off or remain attached to the fruit.
38. Which of the following is present in the carpel?
(a) Pollen (b) Ovule
(c) Petal (d) Sepals
Ans. (b) : Inside the ovary present in the carpel, very Vehicles moving in the same direction on a road
small spherical structures are found, which are called
ovule.
Most of the part inside the ovule is made up of
parenchyma cells which is called nucellus. A sac-like
structure in the middle of the nucellus is called embryo
sac. After fertilization, the seed is formed from the
ovule.
39. Which of the following is not a type of asexual
reproduction?
(a) Budding (b) Binary fission
(c) Fragmentation (d) Cross fertilization.
Ans. (d) : Budding, binary fission, and fission are all
types of asexual reproduction. Cross fertilization is not
a type of asexual reproduction. Position of vehicles shown in fig. after some time
NCERT Science 98 YCT
 Speed Unit of time and speed
The speed calculated here is actually the average The basic unit of time is a second. Its symbols is s.
speed of the car. The term speed for average speed. Larger units of time are minutes (min) and hours (h).
So, for us the speed is the total distance covered You already know how these units are related to one
divided by the total time taken. Thus, another.
Totaldistancecovered The basic unit of speed is m/s. of course, it could
Speed =
Total time taken also be expressed in other units such as m/min or
km/h.
An object moving along a straight line keeps
The symbols of all units are written in singular. For
changing, its motion is said to be non-uniform.
example, we write 50 km and not 50 kms, or 8 cm
An object moving along a straight line with a
and not 8 cms.
constant speed is said to be in uniform motion. In
this case, the average speed is the same as the actual Measuring speed
speed. The smallest time interval that can be measured with
Measurement of time commonly available clocks and watches is one
second.
Measure intervals of time which are much shorter
than a day. Clocks or watches are perhaps the most Now special clocks are available that can measure
common time measuring devices. time intervals smaller than a second. Some of these
clocks can measure time intervals as small as one
millionth or even one billionth of a second.
One microsecond is one millionth of a second. A
nanosecond is one billionth of a second. Clocks that
measure such small time intervals are used for
scientific research.

(a) Wall clock (b) Table clock

(a) Sundial at Jantar (c) Water clock

(c) Digital clock Mantar, Delhi
Some common clocks Some ancient time-measuring devices

(a) A simple pendulum (b) Different positions of the Measuring the speed of a ball
bob of an oscillating The speed of an object, you can find the distance
simple pendulum moved by it in a given time. Multiply the speed by
A simple pendulum consists of a small metallic ball time. Thus,
or a piece of stone suspended from a rigid stand by a Distance covered = Speed × Time
thread. The metallic ball is called the bob of the The meters has km/h written at one corner. This is
pendulum. called a speedometer.
NCERT Science 99 YCT
 Important Questions
1. Which of the following is an example of
rectilinear motion?
(a) Motion of a child on a swing
(b) Motion of an electric fan
(c) Motion of a train on a straight bridge
(d) Motion of the hammer of an electric bell
Ans. (c) : A car moving on a straight road, or a train
The dashboard of a car straight road, or a train moving on a straight rail track
There is also another meter that measures the are example of straight rectilinear motion.
distance moved by the vehicle. This meter is known 2. Which of the following is an example of
as an odometer. circular motion?
Distance-Time Graph (a) Motion of a car moving on a straight road.
You might have seen that newspapers, magazines, (b) Motion of a sal pendulum.
etc., present information in various forms of graphs (c) Motion of the earth around the Sun
to make it (d) None of the above
Ans. (c) : Circular motion when the motion of an object
is such that the distance of the object from a fixed point
remains the same, then it is called circular motion
Examples- Motion of the earth around the Sun, Wheel
of a sewing machine etc.
3. The basic unit of speed is?
(a) Kilometer/minute (b) Meter/minute
(c) Meter/second (d) Kilometer/hour
Ans. (c) : The basic unit of speed is meter/second. The
speed of an object is the magnitude of the change in its
A bar graph showing runs scored by
position. Speed is a scalar quantity.
a team in each over
The type of graph is known as a bar graph. Another 4. A bus travels at a speed of 60 km/hr for 45
type of graphical representation is a pie chart. The minutes. The distance covered by the bus will
graph shown in an example of a line graph. The be?
distance time graph is a line graph. (a) 30 kilometer (b) 60 kilometer
(c) 45 kilometer (d) 15 kilometer
Distance
Ans. (c) : Speed =
Time
According to the question,
Distance covered by the bus = speed × time
45
Distance = 60 ×
60
Distance = 45 Kilometer.
5. When the position of an object is continuously
changing with time relative to an observer,
A Pie chart showing composition of air then
(a) It is said to be at zero velocity
(b) It is said to be in motion
(c) It is said to have covered some distance
(d) It is said to be at rest
Ans. (b) : When the position of an object is
continuously changing with time relative to an observer,
then it can be said that the object is in motion.
For example, is we are a crossing a river sitting on a
boat, then we are at rest with respect to the boat,
because there is no change in our position with respect
to the boat with time, but when we look at the bank of
the river, then we can say that we are in a state of
A line graph showing change in weight motion, because with respect to the bank of the river,
of a man with age our position keeps changing with time.
NCERT Science 100 YCT
6. A driver drives his car at a uniform speed and (c) Has variable acceleration
covers a distance of 288 meter in 60 second. (d) Has zero acceleration
Find the speed. Ans. (d) : Instantaneous velocity and average velocity
(a) 4.8 m/s (b) 3.8 m/s are equal when the object has zero acceleration. The
(c) 5.8 m/s (d) 8.8 m/s rate of change of velocity of an object is called
Ans. (a) : Given, Distance = 288 m, acceleration. Its units is meter per second. It is a vector
Time = 60 s quantity.
Distance 12. The rate of change of displacement is called.
Speed = (a) Speed (b) Momentum
Time
(c) Displacement (d) Velocity
288
= = 4.8 m/s Ans. (d) : The rate as change of displacement is called
60 velocity. Its SI unit is meter per second and dimension
7. Kiran swims in a 90m long pool. She covers 360 is [LT–1]. It is a vector quantity.
m in two minutes by swimming from one end to 13. The rate of change of displacement is called.
the other and back along the same straight (a) Distance (b) Velocity
path, twice. Find the average speed of Kiran- (c) Speed (d) Acceleration
(a) 0 ms-1 (b) 3 ms-1
-1 Ans. (b) : The rate of change of displacement is called
(c) 2 ms (d) 4 ms-1 velocity.
Ans. (b) : Given,
14. If an object covers unequal distances in equal
Kiran covers 360 m, in 2 minutes time intervals, it is called non-uniform motion.
Kiran back 360 m, in 2 minutes (a) Non-uniform motion
According to question, (b) Transformed motion
Total distance = 360+360 = 720 m (c) Uniform motion
Total time = 2+2 = 4 min (d) Rotational motion
Total distance 720
Average speed = = = 180 m / min Ans. (a) : When an object does not cover equal distance
Total time 4 in equal time interval, then this motion is called non-
180 uniform motion. The distance-time graph of non-
= m / sec = 3ms −1 uniform motion is a curved line.
60
8. What is the rate of change of position of an
object with reference to a frame which is a
function of time called?
(a) Mechanics (b) Vector
(c) Velocity (d) Magnitude
Ans. (c) : The rate of change of position of an object is
called velocity it is a vector quantities. Its unit is m/s. 15. The motion of an object in a specified direction
9. The motion of a bus on a crowded road is an is called
example of non-uniform motion. (a) Speed (b) Distance
(a) Non-uniform (b) Uniform (c) Velocity (d) Motion
(c) Circular (d) Linear Ans. (c) :When an object is moving, the distance it
Ans. (a) : A bus moving on a crowded road is an covers in a given direction in unit time is called the
example of non-uniform motion. In non-uniform velocity of that object velocity is a vector quantity,
motion, velocity changes with time. Its value is different whose unit is m/s.
at different time point. Velocity can be positive, negative or zero.
10. The correct relation between speed, distance 16. Which of the following quantities specifies its
and time is- motion along with speed?
(a) S = T/D (b) S = D/T (a) Momentum (b) Velocity
(c) S = D × T (d) S = D - T (c) Displacement (d) Force
Ans. (b) : The distance travelled by an object in a Ans. (c) : The physical quantity velocity specifies the
second is called speed. speed of an object along with speed. The rate of
displacement of a moving object i.e. the displacement in
Distance ( D )
That is, Speed (S) = one second is called the velocity of the object. Velocity
Time ( T ) is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is meter/second.
It is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is meter/second. 17. The motion of an object moving in a certain
11. Instantaneous velocity and average velocity are direction is known as which 'term' in scientific
equal when the object ________. terminology?
(a) Has uniform acceleration (a) Velocity (b) Speed
(b) Is moving in a circle (c) Acceleration (d) Time
NCERT Science 101 YCT
Ans. (a) : The motion of an object moving in a certain The positive terminal of one cell is connected to the
direction is called velocity in scientific terminology. It negative terminal of the next cell. Such a
is a vector quantities which depends on displacement. combination of two or more cells is called a battery.
Whereas speed is scalar quantities which depends on
distance. The unit of velocity is meter/second.
18. The rate of change of displacement with time is
called. (a) A battery of two cells
(a) Acceleration (b) Velocity (b) a battery of four cells
(c) Force (d) Speed
Ans. (b) : The displacement covered by an object in a
fixed direction in unit time or the rate of change of
displacement of an object with time is called its
velocity.
Velocity is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is m/sec. Connecting two cells together to make a battery

Chapter-14 Electricity and It's

Effect

A cell holder

Setup to check how steady your hand is

Symbols of electric components Another type of cell holder
Some common electric components can be It is much easier to draw a circuit diagram using
represented by symbols. symbols. Therefore, we generally represent an
An electric cells has a positive terminal and a electric circuit by its circuit diagram. The bulb
negative terminal? In the symbol of the electric cell, glows only when the switch is in the 'ON' position
the longer line represents the positive terminal and and the electric circuit is closed.
the thicker. Shorter line represents the negative
terminal.
Table Symbols for some electric circuit components
S.No. Electric Component Symbol
1. Electric cell

An electric circuit
2. Electric bulb

3. Switch in 'ON' position

4. Switch in 'OFF' position Circuit diagram of electric circuit shown in

In the bulb there is a thin wire, called the filament,
which glows when an electric current passes through
it. When the bulb gets fused, its filament is broken.
5. Battery

6. Wire
Another circuit diagram

NCERT Science 102 YCT

 Heating Effect of Electric Current This is what a scientist called Hans Christian
The wire gets hot when an electric current passes Oersted also wondered. He was the first person who
through it. This is the heating effect of the electric noticed the deflection of compass needle every time
current. the current was passed through the wire.
You might have seen an electric room heater or an
electric heater used for cooking. All these contain a
coil of wire. This coil of wire is called an element.
You may have noticed that when these appliances
are switched on after connecting to the electric
supply, their elements become red hot and give out
heat. An electromagnet
If a large current passes through a wire, the wire Electromagnet
may become so hot that it may even melt and break. The coil behaves like a magnet when electric
Wires made from some special materials melt current flows through it. When the electric current is
quickly and break when large electric currents are switched off, the coil generally loses its magnetism.
passed through them. Such coils are called electromagnets.
The electromagnets are also used to separate
magnetic material from the junk. Doctors use tiny
electromagnets to take out small pieces of magnetic
material that have accidentally fallen in the eye.
Many toys also have electromagnets inside them.
Electric Bell
Fuses used in electrical appliances The circuit of an electric bell. It consists of a coil of
A fuse is thus a safety device which Miniature wire wound on an iron piece. The coil acts as an
circuit breakers (MCBs) are increasingly being used electromagnet.
in place of fuses.

Circuit of an electric bell

Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
Fuses of different kinds are used for different Important Questions
purposes fuses used in our houses. Fuses are 1. How much work is required to move the charge
generally used in electrical appliances. of 5 C across two points having a potential
Magnetic effect of electric current difference of 10V?
The direction in which the compass needle is (a) 50 A (b) 50 C
pointing. Bring a bar magnet near the compass (c) 50 J (d) 50 V
needle. Ans. (c) : Work = potential difference × charge
W = 10 × 5
W = 50 J.
2. A filament of an electric bulb draws a current
of 0.8A in 3 minutes.
The charge flowing through the circuit is C.
(a) 1.44 (b) 144
(c) 14.4 (d) 0.144
Ans. (b) : According to the question,
Hans Christian Oersted (A.D. 1777-1851) Time (t) = 3 minute = 3 × 60 = 180 second.
We know that the needle of a compass is a tiny current (I) = 0.8A.
magnet, which points in north-south direction. When Hence, from the formula,
we bring a magnet close to it, the needle gets q = it
deflected. We have also seen that compass needle q = 0.8 × 180 where,
gets deflected when the current flows in a nearby = 144 C i = (current)
wire. q = Electric charge.

NCERT Science 103 YCT

3. A current of 5A is drawn by a filament for 10 Ans. (a) : Given,
minutes. Find the amount of electric charge Potential difference (V) = 220 Volt
flowing through the circuit. Current (I) = ?
(a) 3000 C (b) 30 C Power (P) = 200 watt
(c) 3 C (d) 350 C P
Ans. (a) : Q = i × t P = VI ⇒ I =
V
t = 10 min = 600 sec. where
i = 5A i = current 200
= = 0.91 A
t = time 220
Charge (Q) = 5 × 600 I = 0.91A.
= 3000 C 8. Find the current flowing through in 3 ohm
4. How much work is done in transferring a resistance in the given circuit.
charge of 4 C between two points having a
potential difference of 10 V?
(a) 10 J (b) 48 J
(c) 40 J (d) 44 J
Ans. (c) : According to question, potential difference
(V) = 10 volt (a) 7/5 A (b) 5/7 A
Charge (q) = 4C (c) 5/3 A (d) 3/5 A
Work done (w) = ? Ans. (b) : Total resistance of the circuit.
Work done ( w ) (R) = 3 + 4 = 7Ω
Potential difference (V) =
Charge ( q ) Potential difference in the circuit (V), = 5 Volt
V
W = qV Current flowing in the circuit (i) =
= 4 × 10 R
= 40 Joule ∵ Unit of work done = Joule 5
I= A
5. How much work is done in flowing a charge of 7
4C between two points having a potential The value of current flowing through all the resistances
difference of 11V ? connected in series in same, hence same current (I) =
(a) 11 J (b) 3 J 5
(c) 44 J (d) 48 J A will flow through both 3 ohm and 4 ohm
7
Ans. (c) : Given; potential difference = 11V resistances.
Charge = 4C 9. The normal household electricity supplied in
Work done ( w ) India is represented by which of the following.
Formula, V =
charge ( q ) (a) 220 V, 100H2 (b) 220 V, 50H2
(c) 110 V, 60H2 (d) 110 V, 50H2
Work done (w) = qV
Ans. (b) : The normal household electricity supplied is
= 4 × 11
represented as 220V, 50H2
W = 44 Joule
220 Volt means that is a 220 volt electrical current,
6. Two resistance of 4 Ω. each are connected in while 50H2 means that its frequency is 50H2 .
parallel with the 5 V battery source. Find the The current flowing in household is alternating current
value of total current flowing in the circuit. (AC).
(a) 5 A (b) 10 A
10. A constant current (I), flows through a device
(c) 2.5A (d) 20A of resistance R. The amount of heat produced
Ans. (b) : According to question, by it in time (t) will be.
1 1 It
Total resistance in the circuit = + (a) (b) I2Rt
4 4 R
2 I2 t
= = 0.5 Ω (c) IRt (d)
4 R
5 Ans. (b) : The heat produced by a device of current (I),
and total current flowing in circuit (I) = = 10 A
0.5 Resistance (R), in time (t) will be,
7. A 200 watt bulb is connected to a 220 volt H = I2Rt Joules.
source. The current flowing through the bulb 11. 1 horse power is equal to which of the
is. following?
(a) 0.91 A (b) 1.1 A (a) 74.65 S (b) 746 KW
(c) 0.45 A (d) 2.2 A (c) 746 J (d) 746 W
NCERT Science 104 YCT
Ans. (d) : 1 horse power is equal to 746 watts or 0.746 17. The filament of a bulb is made of a metal with
kilowatts. a high melting point.
Horse power (HP) is a unit of measurement for power (a) High, strong (b) High, weak
or the rate at which work is done. (c) Low, strong (d) Low, weak
It is often used for output of engines or motors. Ans. (a) : The filament of a bulb is made of a strong
12. An electric lamp is connected to a 240 volt DC metal with a high melting point. Tungsten metal is used
source. The current flowing through it is 0.25A. to make the filament of an electric bulb because
Find the power of the lamp.
tungsten is a high resistance metal with a high melting
(a) 80 W (b) 100W
point.
(c) 40W (d) 60 W
Ans. (d) : Power = current × Voltage 18. The device that converts chemical energy into
= 0.25 × 240 electrical energy is called.
= 60.00 (a) Voltmeter (b) Resistance
= 60 watt (c) Ammeter (d) Voltaic cell
13. Find the heat generated when a current of 5A Ans. (d) : The device that converts chemical energy
flows through a resistance of 100 ohm for 15 into electrical energy is called a voltaic cell.
minutes. 19. Electric motor works on the principle of It
(a) 1.15 × 107 J (b) 1.05 × 107 J converts, electrical energy into mechanical
6
(c) 3.25 × 10 J (d) 2.25 × 106 J energy.
Ans. (d) : Heat generated (H) = I2Rt (a) Fleming's right hand rule, electrical,
= (5)2 × 100 × 900 where, I ⇒ current mechanical
= 2500 × 900 R ⇒ Resistance (b) Fleming's right hand rule, mechanical,
= 2250000 t ⇒ time = electrical.
or 2.25 × 106 Joule t = 15 × 60 = 900 sec (c) Fleming's left hand rule, electrical,
14. The current flowing per second through that mechanical.
resistance of 10 ohm is ______, in which 360 (d) Fleming's left hand rule, mechanical,
Joule of energy is generated. electrical.
(a) 90 amp (b) 36 amp
(c) 3600 amp (d) 6 amp Ans. (c) : Electric motor works on the principle of
Fleming's left hand rule. It converts electrical energy
Ans. (b) : Heat energy produce per second
into mechanical energy.
H = I2Rt

I=
H Chapter-15 Water : A Precious
Rt Resource
360
= = 36 "Jal Hai, To Kal Hai"
10 × 1 "If you have water, you can think of the future"
= 6 amp 22 March is celebrated as the world water day!
Therefore current flowing = 6amp.
15. In an electric generator, energy is used to
rotate a conductor in a field to produce
electricity.
(a) Electric, Electrical
(b) Electric, Mechanical
(c) Magnetic, Mechanical
(d) Magnetic, Electrical
Ans. (c) : In an electric generator, mechanical energy is
used to rotate a conductor in a magnetic field to produce
electricity.
16. Which of the following devices is not based on
the heating effect of electric current? electric
kettle, electric bulb, oven, electric generator.
(a) Electric bulb (b) Electric kettle
(c) Oven (d) Electric generator
Ans. (d) : Electric generator is not based on the heating Collage of posters
effect of electric current whereas electric kettle, electric We celebrate water day every year to attract the
bulb, oven are based on the heating effect of electric attention of everybody towards the importance of
current. conserving water.
NCERT Science 105 YCT
 The amount of water recommended by the United
Nations for drinking, washing, cooking and
maintaining proper hygiene is a minimum of 50
litres per person per day.

Water cycle
Groundwater as an important source of
water
The upper level of this layer is called the water
table. The water table varies from place to place, and
Long queue for water it may even change at a given place. The water table
may be at a depth of less than a metre or may be
several metres below the ground. The water found
below the water table is called groundwater.

Newspaper clippings
Water is getting scarce we must know how much Women fetching water
water is available for use on our planet. The process of seeping of water into the ground is
How much water is available called infiltration.
71% of the earth's surface is covered with water. The groundwater thus gets recharged by this
Almost all the water on the earth is contained in the process. At places the groundwater is stored between
seas and oceans, rivers, lakes, ice caps, as layers of hard rock below the water table. This is
groundwater and in the atmosphere. However, most known as an aquifer. Water in the aquifers can be
of this water is not fit for human consumption usually pumped out with the help of tube wells of
directly. The water that is fit for use is freshwater. hand pumps.
Forms of water
Water circulates through the water cycle it can be
found in all the three forms, i.e., solid liquid and
gas- at any given time somewhere on the earth.
The solid form, snow and ice, is present as ice caps
at the poles of the earth, snow-covered mountains
and glaciers.
Liquid water is present in oceans, lakes, rivers, and
even underground.
The gaseous form is the water vapour present in the
air around us.
Most towns and cities have water supply system
maintained by the civic bodies. Groundwater and water table
NCERT Science 106 YCT
 Depletion of water table Rain map of India
Water drawn from under the ground gets restored by Water supply pipes leaking and a lot of water
seepage of rainwater. The water table does not get gushing out of the pipes. It is the responsibility of
affected as long as we draw as much water as is the civic authorities to prevent such wastage of
replenished by natural processes. precious water.
Increasing population The rainwater can be used to recharge the
Increasing population creates demand for groundwater. This is referred to as water harvesting
construction of houses, shops, offices, roads and or rainwater harvesting.
pavements. This decreases the open areas like parks,
and playgrounds. This in turn, decreases the seepage A farmer using water in the field can also use water
of rainwater into the ground. A pukka floor does not economically. Maybe you have heard of drip
allow water to seep in easily, while in a grass lawn irrigation. Drip irrigation is a technique of watering
water seeps through in no time. plants by making use of narrow tubings which
Increasing industries deliver water directly at the base of the plant.
Water is used by all the industries. Almost
everything that we use needs water somewhere in its
production process.
Agricultural activities
A majority of farmers in India depend upon rains for
irrigating their crops. Irrigation systems such as
canals are there only in a few places. Even these
systems may suffer from lack of water due to erratic
rainfall.
Distribution of Water Drip irrigation in a field
The distribution of water over the globe is quite Leaking taps waste a lot of water. You must make
uneven due to a number of factors. efforts to stop this leakage.
Some places have good amount of rain and are water There are a number of ways you can adopt to
rich. On the other hand, there are deserts which have minimise the wastage of water.
scanty rainfall. ∎ Water-wise habits :
Water Management 1. Turn off taps while brushing
Many places a regular supply of water is provided 2. Mop the floor instead of washing
by a well-planned pipe system. When he civic
authorities supply water through pipes not all of it Effect of water scarcity on plants
may reach the destination. Plants need water to get nutrients from the soil to
prepare their food. Just imagine the consequences if
water is not available to plants.
The green character of the planet shall be lost. This
may mean the end of all life, for a world without
plants shall mean no food, no oxygen, not enough
rain, and innumerable other problems.
Important Questions
1. What percentage of fresh water is available on
earth?
(a) 30% (b) 03%
(c) 0.3% (d) 0.17%
Ans. (b) : Earth is called the water planet or blue planet.
71% of the earth's surface is covered with water. About
60.7% of the total area of the northern hemisphere is
covered with water while about 80.9% of the southern
hemisphere is covered with water. But about 97% of the
total water on earth is present in the oceans in both the
hemispheres in the form of salt water and only 3% fresh
water is available.
2. Which of the following is an example of surface
water resource?
(a) Lake (b) Well
(c) Sea (d) Tanker

NCERT Science 107 YCT

Ans. (a) : Lake is an example of surface water resource. affect the carbon cycle and oxygen cycle. Forests
It is noteworthy that surface water or ground water is maintain the proper amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
the water which is found on the surface of the earth in Forests play an important role in controlling the water
lakes, rivers, ponds and wetlands etc. cycle in the atmosphere.
3. Which of the following is the best source of 8. Disinfectants are added to drinking water?
fresh water? (a) Potassium permanganate and chlorine.
(a) Ocean (b) Sea (b) Potassium chloride and chlorine.
(c) Salt water (d) River (c) Sodium chloride and oxygen.
Ans. (d) : About 97.5% of the Earth's hydrosphere is (d) Potassium sulphide and chlorine.
present in the oceans as salt water, while only about Ans. (a) : Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and
2.5% of the water is available as fresh water. About chlorine (Cl) are added to water to kill germs so that
two-thirds of which is present in the form of glaciers in water can be germ free apart from this, bleaching
the mountains and polar regions in the form of ice powder and ozone gas are used to kill germs present in
sheets and polar regions in the form of ice sheets or ice water.
caps while the remaining part of fresh water is present
9. Which of the following play an important role
in the form of rivers, underground water, lakes etc.
Therefore, according to the above question, the source in the occurrence of rain?
of fresh water will be the river. (a) Purification
(b) Irrigation
4. The most important use of rainwater
harvesting is- (c) Condensation
(a) Irrigation (d) Both evaporation and condensation.
(b) Agriculture Ans. (d) : Evaporation and condensation play on
(c) Drinking water important role in the occurrence of rain. In the water
(d) Increasing underground water level cycle, the water of the seas and river evaporates and
Ans. (a) : The most important use of rainwater rises up. Where the water comes back to the earth in the
harvesting is irrigation. Rainwater is collected in large form of rain through the process of condensation.
tanks and pits and is used for irrigation in agriculture as 10. Water problem can be solved by-
per the requirement. (a) Stopping water wastage
5. In which state of India "Paani Panchayat' was (b) Proper water management
started? (c) Water harvesting
(a) Kerala (b) Rajasthan (d) All of these
(c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Maharashtra Ans. (d) : Water problems can be solved by stopping
Ans. (d) : In India 'Paani Panchayat' was first started in water wastage, proper water management and water
Maharashtra state in 1972. Through this Panchayat, harvesting.
special attention is given to water conservation.
Pani panchayat is the name first given to movement that Chapter-16 Forests : Our Lifeline
was first started by Mr. Vilasrao Salunke.
6. What is rain-water harvesting?
(a) Collection and storage of used water.
(b) Accumulation and storage of rain-water
(c) Distribution of water
(d) None of the above
Ans. (b) : Accumulation and storage of rain-water
harvesting. The main source of water on the earth is
rainwater. Rainwater falls on the earth and takes various
paths. Some part of the rain water sticks to the soil
particles and roots of plants and helps in their growth.
To raise the groundwater level, rainwater should be
collected in pits or ponds this recharges the
groundwater. A view of a forest
7. Controls the water cycle. The forests serve as green lungs and water purifying
(a) Grassland (b) Forest systems in nature." Prof Ahmad explained.
(c) Plankton (d) Climber Visit to a forest
Ans. (b) : Forests regulate the water cycle. Forests are A place at a height to show them the broad view of
the habituate of wildlife. This develops the beauty, the forest. The different treetops land formed green
tourism and cultural value of the society. Forests also cover over the land.
NCERT Science 108 YCT
 Forest has habitat
Forests is an example of a habitat. They could see Some forest plants
now how the forest provides a home for many The various things in your home and make a list of
animals and plants. those which are made from material which may have
been obtained from the forest.
The forest floor provides favourable conditions for
them to germinate and develop into seedlings and
saplings.

Some forest animals

Forest products
Some grow up into trees. He added that branchy part
of a tree above the stem is known as the crown of
the tree. The branches of the tall trees look like a
roof over the other plants in the forest is called a
canopy.

Some crown shapes

NCERT Science 109 YCT

 Micro-organisms feed upon the dead plant and
animal tissues and convert them into a dark coloured
substance called humus.
The micro-organisms which convert the dead plants
and animals to humus are known as decomposers.
The dead animals become food for vultures, crows,
jackals and insects." In this way, the nutrients are
cycled. So nothing goes waste in a forest.
Forest also maintain the balance of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. That is why
forests are called lungs.
Canopy and under storeys in a forest
Due to different climatic conditions there are
variations in the types of trees and other plants. The
types of animals also differ from forest to forest."

Balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Forest floor
Organisms which feed on plants often get eaten by
other organisms, and so on. For example, grass is
eaten by insects, which in turn, is taken by the frog. A large, decaying heap of animal dropping. Several
The frog is consumed by snakes. This is said to form beetles and grubs were feeding on the heap and a
a food chain: bunch of seedlings was sprouting. "These seedlings
Grass → insects → frog → snake → eagle. are of the herbs and shrubs.
Many food chains can be found in the forest. All
food chains are linked. If anyone food chain is
disturbed, it affects other food chains. Every part of
the forest is dependent on the other parts. If we
remove one component, say trees, all other
components would be affected.

The wide variety of animals helps the forest to

regenerate and grow. Decomposers help in
maintaining the supply of nutrients to the growing
plants in the forest. Therefore, the forest is a
'dynamic living entity- full of life and vitality."
The air also remained cool. Noise pollution, too is
Interrelationship of plant, soil and decomposers in a less because the forest absorbs the noise of the
forest nearby highway.
NCERT Science 110 YCT
 Forests provide us with oxygen. They protect soil not correct because plants and animals in forests are
and provide habitat to a large number of animals. dependent on each other. For example, Forests are the
Forests help in bringing good rainfall in source of oxygen for all living beings. They also
neighbouring areas. They are a source of medicinal provide food, shelter etc.
plants, timber and many other useful products. We For animals. While humus is formed by decomposing
must preserve our forests. dead plants by micro-organisms, which makes the soil
fertile and plants grow.
2. In which country are taiga forest found?
(a) Brazil (b) Australia
(c) Russia (d) India
Ans. (c) : Regions of taiga climate are found between
50°–65° latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. These
regions are spread over central Canada in North
America, Sweden, Southern Finland, Poland, and
Western Russia in Europe.
The climate here is extremely cold and harsh. Winters
are very long and harsh. The temperature in winters
always remains below freezing point. 'Verkhoyansk'
called the cold pole of the world, is located here.
Coniferous forests with pointed leaves are found in
these forests. The main trees of taiga forests are pine,
spruce, fir, birch silver etc. There is less rainfall in the
south of this region. Therefore, temperate grasslands are
found here, which are called steppes.
3. Trees in forests shed their leaves in a certain
season.
(a) Evergreen (b) Mangrove
(c) Deciduous (d) Thorny
.
Ans. (c) : Trees in deciduous forests shed their leaves in
1. If forests disappear, the amount of carbon dioxide in
a certain season. Trees in deciduous forests shed their
air will increase, resulting in the increase, resulting
leaves in winter to protect themselves from cold. There
in the increase of earth's temperature.
are two types of deciduous forests.
2. In the absence of trees and plants, the animals will
The first midlatitude deciduous forests which are found
not get food and shelter.
in coastal areas of cold climate. These forest areas are
3. In the absence of trees the soil will not hold water,
spread in North east America, Southern Chile etc. The
which will cause floods.
main trees of these forests are oak, walnut, maple, ash,
4. Deforestation will endanger our life environment.
chestnut etc. The second types of deciduous forests are
think , what we can do to preserve our forests.
tropical deciduous forests or monsoon forests. These
Important Questions forests are found in the monsoon regions of Asia,
1. Which of the following statements is not Brazil, Central America, and Northern Australia. The
correct? main trees found here are teak, rosewood, sal, bamboo
(a) Forest protect soil from erosion etc.
(b) Plants and animals in forests are not 4. These are also called monsoon forests :-
dependent on each other. (a) Tropical rain forests
(c) Forest affect climate and water cycle (b) Tropical deciduous forests
(d) Soil helps in the growth and regeneration of (c) Mangrove forests
forests. (d) Thorny bushes
Ans. (b) : Forests protect soil from erosion. Ans. (b) : Tropical deciduous forests are called
• Forests affect climate and water cycle. monsoon forests. These types of forests are found in
• Soil helps in the growth and regeneration of forests. abundance in India. These forests are found in those
All these statements are correct while statement (b) is parts of India where rainfall is 100 to 200 cm. These

NCERT Science 111 YCT

forests shed their leaves at the beginning of summer. Ans. (c) : The Western Ghats stretch from the Tapti
Hence, they are called deciduous or monsoon forests. In river to Kanyakumari across 6 States in India. The
these forests trees like sal, baheda, amla, sakhu, harad, Western Ghats are one of the rainiest regions in India. It
teak, sheesham, sandwood, mahua are found and these is one of the richest hotspots of biodiversity and also
forests are spread over Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, comprised of many national parks and wildlife
Karnataka, Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Uttar sanctuaries. The Western Ghats are home to Nilgiri
Pradesh, Giripad of Himachal and the eastern slopes of langur, brown palm civet, Nilgiri tahar etc.
Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.
10. What type of forests are found in the
5. Approximately what percentage of the total Sundarban delta of India?
water on the surface of the earth (to the nearest (a) Tropical (b) Deciduous shrubs
integer) is stored in the oceans?
(c) Alpine (d) Mangrove
(a) 94 (b) 92
Ans. (d) : Mangrove forests are found in the Sundarban
(c) 97 (d) 96
delta of India. It is spread over an area of 10,000 square
Ans. (c) : About 79% of the entire earth is surrounded
kilometers from West Bengal in India to Bangladesh.
by oceans, seas, gulfs and the remaining part is
Sundarban is the World's largest river delta located in
landmass, while about 97% of the total water present on
India Bangladesh.
the earth is stored in the oceans. The remaining 2.5%
water is in rivers, lakes, springs etc. for our use, the 11. What types of trees are found in the mountain
remaining 0.5% in ground water. forests of India?
6. Madagascar is situated in the oceans. (a) Pine (b) tree of sun
(a) Atlantic (b) Indian (c) Maple (d) Cactus
(c) Arctic (d) Pacific Ans. (a) : Mountain forests in India extend from Assam
Ans. (b) : Madagascar is an island country which is to Kashmir. These forests keep changing with height
situated in the Indian ocean to the south cast of the because with height because with height there is a
African continent. The Mozambique channel separates difference in the amount of climate elements. Evergreen
it from the African continent. Mouritius is situated to and deciduous forests grow up to a height of 1500
the east of Madagascar. meters in the Himalayas.
7. The black sea in the ocean Temperate broad-leaved forests are found from 1500 to
(a) Atlantic (b) Arctic 2000 meters. There is a predominance of trees like oak
(c) Indian (d) Pacific cedar. etc.
Coniferous forests grow up to a height of 2500 to 4500
Ans. (a) : The black sea is a marginal sea of the
meters. Trees like fir spruce pine, cedar and blue pine
Atlantic Ocean. It is situated between the western part
etc. Predominate in these forests.
of Asia and the western part of Europe. The Bosporus
strait connects it to the sea of Marmara. The black sea is Chapter-17 Waste Water Story
connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the Aegean
sea and the Mediterranean sea is connected to the All of us water in our homes and make it dirty. Rich
Atlantic ocean through the strait of Gibralter. in lather, mixed with oil, black brown water that
8. Where is Tundra vegetation found? goes down the drains from sinks, showers, toilets,
(a) Central plains (b) Himalayas laundries is dirty. It is called waste water. This used
(c) Western Ghats (d) Eastern Ghats water should not be wasted. We must clean it up by
removing pollutants. Have you ever thought where
Ans. (b) : Tundra vegetation is found in the Himalayas
(Altitude 4500 to 1800 meter) Apart from this. It is also the wastewater goes and what happens to it?
found in Northern Canada, Alaska. European Russia Water, Our lifeline
and Siberia. Tundra is a biome. The reason for low Realising the urgency of the situation on the World
growth of trees here is the low temperature. These Water Day, on 22 March 2005, the General
vegetation mainly consist of dwarf shrubs, marsh plants, assembly of the United Nations proclaimed the
grass, moss and lichen. period 2005-2015 as the international decade for
9. Which of the following is not an endemic action on "Water for life". All efforts made during
species found in the Western Ghats? this decade aim to reduce by half the number of
(a) Nilgiri langur (b) Brown palm civet people who do not have access to safe drinking
(c) Hispid hare (d) Nilgiri tahar water.
NCERT Science 112 YCT
 Cleaning of water is a process of removing
pollutants before it enters a water body or is reused.
This process of wastewater treatment is commonly
known as "Sewage Treatment".
What is sewage?
Sewage is wastewater released by homes, industries,
hospitals, offices and other users. It also includes
rainwater that has run down the street during a storm
or heavy rain.
Sewage is a complex mixture containing suspended
solids, organic and inorganic impurities, nutrients,
Do not throw everything in the sink
saprophytes and disease causing bacteria and other
microbes. These include the following. In the year 2016, the government of India has
initiated a new mission known as "Swachh Bharat"
Organic impurities – Human faeces, animal waste,
oil, urea (urine), pesticides, under which a lot of drives such as proper sewage
herbicides, fruit and disposal and providing toilets for everyone have
vegetable waste, etc. been started.
Inorganic – Nitrates, phosphates, metals. Sanitation and Disease
impurities Poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water is
Nutrients – Phosphorus and Nitrogen the cause of large number of diseases.
Bacteria – Such as Vibrio cholerae A very large fraction of our people defects in the
which causes cholera and open, on dry riverbeds, on railway tracks, near fields
Salmonella typhi which and many a time directly in water. Untreated human
causes typhoid. excreta is a health hazard. It may cause water
Other microbes – Such as protozones which pollution and soil pollution.
cause dysentery. Thus, it becomes the most common route for water
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) borne diseases. They include cholera, typhoid, polio,
Treatment of wastewater involves physical, meningitis, hepatitis and dysentery.
chemical, and biological processes, which remove Alternative Arrangement for sewage
physical, chemical and biological matter that
contaminates the wastewater. disposal
To improve sanitation, low cost onsite sewage
Become an active citizen :
Waste generation is a natural part of human activity. disposal systems are being encouraged. Examples
But we can limit the type of waste and quantity of are septic tanks, chemical toilets, composting pits.
waste produced. Often we have been repelled by Septic tanks are suitable for places where there is no
offensive smell. The sight of open drains is sewerage system, for hospitals, isolated buildings or
disgusting. a cluster of 4 to 5 houses.
Better Housekeeping practices : Sanitation at public places
One of the ways to minimise or eliminate waste and In our country fairs are organised periodically. A
pollutants at their source is to see what you are large number of people participate in them. In the
releasing down the drain. same way railway stations, bus depots, airports,
Cooking oil and fats should not be thrown down the hospitals are very busy places. Thousands of people
drain. visit them daily. Large amount of waste is generated
Chemicals like paints, solvents, insecticides, motor here. It must be disposed of properly otherwise
oil. epidemics could break out.
Used tealeaves, solid food remains, soft toys, cotton,
sanitary towels, etc.
Conclusion
We all have a role to play in keeping our
environment clean and healthy. You must realise
your responsibility in maintaining the water source
in a healthy state.
Important Questions
1. Waste water is-
(a) Drinkable
(b) Bathing water
NCERT Science 113 YCT
 (c) Contaminated water Ans. (b) : Paper cups cause the least damage to the
(d) Wet water environment our environment is getting spoiled due to
Ans. (c) :Waste water is contaminated water after water waste.
use the foamy oily, black-brown water that flows into Waste is those substances which become useless after
the drains from sinks toilets, laundry etc is called waste use such as residential waste newspapers cans,
water. polythene, ash, etc.
2. World water day is celebrated on- 7. What is the main difference between domestic
and industrial solid waste.
(a) 22 January
(a) Industrial solid waste is a source of
(b) 22 February
pollutants.
(c) 22 March
(b) Domestic solid waste is less in quality.
(d) 22 April (c) Industrial solid waste is seasonal in nature.
Ans. (c) : World water day is celebrated on 22 March. (d) Domestic solid waste is heterogenous in
The purpose of celebrating world water day is to tell composition.
people the importance of water and to make them aware Ans. (d) : The main difference between domestic and
about water. industrial solid waste is that domestic solid waste is
3. The disease is not caused by contaminated heterogeneous in composition. For solid waste
water- management, the government launched the 'waste to
(a) Dysentery wealth portal'. Which aims to identify technologic for
(b) Jaundice generating energy, recycling materials and treating
(c) Itching waste, as well as ensure development and availability.
(d) Cancer 8. Some of the effects of large scale production of
Ans. (d) : The disease caused contaminated water is biodegradable waste are mentioned below.
dysentery, jaundice, and itching but cancer is not caused Choose the incorrect statement.
by contaminated water, it is caused by harmful rays or (a) Replenishment of soil nutrients
smoking. (b) The amount of waste sent to landfill
increases.
4. The cause of jaundice is-
(c) It acts as a breeding ground for mosquitoes
(a) Use of contaminated water
spreading disease.
(b) Wearing dirty clothes
(d) Gives off foul smell
(c) Eating rich food
Ans. (b) : Large scale production of biodegradable
(d) None of these
waste increases the amount of waste sent to landfill.
Ans. (a) : Jaundice disease spreads through
This statement is incorrect.
contaminated water. It is a viral disease which spreads
Landfill is an old method of waste disposal in which
infection due to exposure to contaminated water.
waste is buried under the soil and its volume decreases.
5. Water logging near a handpump or well causes
9. Which of the following statement about non-
drinking water to become?
biodegradable substances is correct?
(a) Clean (b) Polluted
(a) Non-biodegradable substances persist in the
(c) Both environment.
(d) None of these (b) Non-biodegradable substances take less time
Ans. (b) : Water logging near a handpump or well to degrade.
causes drinking water to become contaminated. (c) Non-biodegradable substance can be easily
There should be proper drainage system near the well so degraded by enzymes.
that water does not become polluted. (d) Non-biodegradable substances do not harm
6. Which of these wastes causes the most damage the members of the ecosystem.
to the environments? Ans. (c) : Those waste substances which are not
(a) Paper cups decomposed by biological factors are called non-
(b) Polythene bags biodegradable. These substances are generally inert
(c) Chemical pesticide which remain in the environment for a long time and
(d) Plastic bottles harm other members of the environment.

NCERT Science 114 YCT

 Class-VIII
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is
Chapter-1 Crop Production And called tilling or ploughing.
Management The ploughed field may have big clumps of solid
called crumbs. It is necessary to break these crumbs.
Introduction Leveling the field is beneficial for sowing as well as
Plants can make their food themselves. for irrigation.
Animals including humans cannot make their own Agricultural Implements
food.
The food is utilized by organisms for carrying out
their various body functions, such as digestion
respiration and excretion.
We get our food from plants, or animals, or both.
Agricultural Practices
When plants of the same kind are cultivated at one
place on a large scale, it is called a crop. For The plough
example, crop of wheat means that all the plants Plough:
grown in a field are that of wheat. This is made of wood and is drawn by a pair of bulls
Crops are of different types like cereals, vegetables or other animals (horses and camels).
and fruits. These can be classified on the basis of the It contains a strong triangular iron strip called
season in which they grow. ploughshare. The main part of the plough is a long
India is a vast country. The climatic conditions like log of wood which is called ploughshaft. There is a
temperature, humidity and rainfall vary from one handle at one end of the shaft. The other end is
region to another. attached to a beam which is placed on the bulls'
Despite this diversity, two broad cropping patterns necks. One pair of bulls and a man can easily
can be identified. operate the plough.
Kharif Crops:- The crops which are sown in the Hoe:
rainy season are called kharif crops. The rainy It is a simple tool which is used for removing weeds
season in India is generally from June to September. and for loosening the soil. It has a long rod of wood
Paddy , maize, soybean,groundnut and cotton are or iron. A strong broad and bent plate of iron is
kharif crops. fixed to one of its ends and works like a blade. It is
Rabi Crops:- The crops grown in the winter season pulled by animals.
(October to March) are called rabi crops, Examples
of rabi crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard and
linseed.
Cultivation of crops involves several activities
undertaken by farmers over a period of time.
Agricultural Practices which are listed below-
(i) Preparation of soil
(ii) Sowing A Hoe
(iii) Adding manure and fertilizers Cultivator:
(iv) Irrigation Nowadays ploughing is done by tractor- driven
(v) Protecting from weeds cultivator. The used of cultivator saves labour and
(vi) Harvesting time.
(vii) Storage
Preparation of soil
The preparation of soil is the first step before
growing a crop. One of the most important tasks in
agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. This
allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil.
The loosened soil helps in the growth of earth
worms and microbes present in the soil. These
organisms are friends of the farmer since they
further turn and loosen the soil and add humus to
it. Cultivator driven by a tractor
NCERT Science 115 YCT
 Sowing Continuous cultivation of crop makes the soil poor
Sowing is an important part of crop production. in nutrients. Therefore, farmers have to add manure
Before sowing, good quality, clean and healthy to the fields to replenish the soil with nutrients. This
seeds of good variety - are selected. process is called manuring.
Farmers prefer to used seeds which give high yield. Manure is an organic substance obtained from the
Selection of seeds decomposition of plant or animal wastes.
Damaged seeds become hollow and are thus lighter. The decomposition is caused by some
Therefore, they float on water. This is a good microorganisms. The decomposed matter is used as
method for separating good. Healthy seeds from the organic manure.
damaged ones. Fertilizers are produced in factories. Some examples
Traditional tool of fertilizers are - Urea ammonium sulphate, super
The tool used traditionally for sowing seeds is phosphate, potash, NPK (Nitrogen Phosphorus,
shaped like a funnel. The seeds are filled into the Potassium).
funnel passed down through two or three pipes The use of fertilizers has helped farmers to get better
having sharp ends. These ends pierce into the soil yield of crops such as wheat, paddy and maize. But
and place seeds there. excessive used of fertilizers has made the soil less
fertile.
The use of manure improves soil texture as well as
its water retaining capacity. It replenishes the soil
with nutrients.
Another method of replenishing the soil with
nutrients is through crop rotation. This can be done
by growing different crops alternately.
Earlier, farmers in northern India used to grow
legumes as fodder in one seasons and wheat in the
next season. This helped in the replenishment of the
soil with nitrogen.
Rhizobium bacteria are present in the nodules of
roots of leguminous plants. They fix atmospheric
Traditional method of sowing nitrogen.
Differences between Fertilizer and Manure
S.No. Fertilizer Manure
1. Fertiliser is a man- Manure is a natural
made inorganic salt substance obtained
by the
decomposition of
cattle dung and
plant residues.
2. Fertiliser is prepared Manure can be
in factories prepared in the
fields.
A Seed drill 3. Fertillisers does not Manure provides a
Seed drill provide any humus to lot of humus to the
Nowdays the seed drill is used for sowing with the the soil. soil
help of tractors. This sows the seeds uniformly at 4. Fertilisers are very Manure is relatively
equal distance and depth. rich in plant nutrients less rich in plant
Sowing by using a seed drill saves time and labour. like nitrogen nutrients.
Appropriate distance between the seeds is necessary phosphours and
to avoid overcrowding of plants. This allows plants potassium.
to get sufficient sunlight, nutrients and water from Advantages of manure
the soil. The organic manure is considered better than
Adding manure and fertilizers fertilizers. This is because -
The substances which are added to the soil in the It enhances the water holding capacity of the soil.
form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are It makes the soil porous due to which exchange of
called manure and fertilizers. gases becomes easy.
Soil supplies mineral nutrients are essential for the It increase the number of friendly microbes.
growth of plants. It improves the texture of the soil.
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 Irrigation Modern Methods of Irrigation:
All living beings need water to live. Water is Modern methods of irrigation help us to used water
important for proper growth and development. economically. The main methods used are as
Water is absorbed by the plant roots. Along with follows.
water, minerals and fertilizers are also absorbed. (i) Sprinkler system: This system is more useful on
Plants contain nearly 90% water. Water is essential the uneven land where sufficient water is not
because germination of seeds does not take place available.
under dry conditions. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining.
The supply of water to crops at regular intervals is Sprinkler is very useful for lawns, coffee plantation
called irrigation. and several other crops.
The time and frequency of irrigation varies from (ii) Drip system: In this system, the water falls drop by
crop to crop, soil to soil and season to season. In drop directly near the roots. So it is called drip
summer, the frequency of watering is higher. system.
It is done in regions where availability of water is
Source of irrigation: poor.
The source of water for irrigation are- wells, tube
wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams and canals.
Protection from Weeds:
In a field many other undesirable plants may grow
Traditional Methods of irrigation: naturally along with the crop. These undesirable
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is plants are called weeds.
lifted up by different methods in different regions, The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is
for taking it to the fields. necessary since weeds compete with the crop plants
Cattle or human labour is used in these methods. So for water, nutrients, space and light. Thus, they
these methods are cheaper, but less efficient. The affect the growth of the crop.
various traditional ways are - Farmers adopt many ways to remove weeds and
Moat (Pulley - system) control their growth.
Chain Pump The best time for the removal of weeds is before
Dhekli, and they produce flowers and seeds. The manual
Rahat (Lever system) removal includes physical removal of weeds by
uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, from
time to time. This is done with the help of a khurpi.
Weeds are also controlled by using certain
chemicals, called weedicides, like 2,4-D. These are
sprayed in the fields to kill the weeds. They do not
damage the crops. The weedicides are diluted with
water to the extent required and sprayed in the fields
with a sprayer.

Moat

Chain pump Dhekli

Spraying of weedicide
Spraying of weedicide may affect the health of farmers.
So they should use these chemicals very carefully.
They should cover their nose and mouth with a piece of
cloth during spraying of these chemicals.
Harvesting
Harvesting of a crop is an important task. The
cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting.
Harvesting in our country is either done manually by
Rahat sickle or by a machine called harvester.
Pumps are commonly used for lifting water. Diesel, In the harvested crop, the grain seeds need to be
biogas, electricity and solar energy is used to run separated from the chaff. This process is called
these pumps. threshing.
NCERT Science 117 YCT
 Animals reared at home or in farms, have to be
provided with proper food, shelter and care. When this
is done on a large scale, it is called animal husbandry.
Important Questions
1. Paddy crop is-
(a) Ravi (b) Kharif
Sickle (c) Zaid (d) Both (a) and (b)
This is carried out with the help of a machine called Ans. (b) : Kharif crops are paddy, maize, cotton and
'combine' which is in fact a harvester as well as a millet etc.
thresher. Paddy requires temperature 20ºC to 50º and 100 cm
Farmers with small holding of land do the separation rainfall.
of grain and chaff by winnowing. Kharif crops is also known as monsoon crops which are
sown in june or july and harvested in september.
2. Gram crop is-
(a) Kharif (b) Rabi
(c) Zaid (d) None of these
Ans. (b) : Rabi crops are gram, mustard, pea, wheat etc.
India ranks first in gram producer in the world and
among the states, Madhya Pradesh (MP) is at first place
and Maharashtra is at the second place. Rabi crops are
sown around mid- November and harvesting begins in
April/may.
Winnowing machine 3. Fertilizer is -
Storage (a) Organic matter (b) Inorganic salts
Storage of produce is an important task, if the (c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of these
harvested grains are to be kept for longer time, they Ans. (c) : Fertilizer is a combination of organic matter
should be safe from moisture, insects, rats and and inorganic salts. Organic matter includes substances
microorganisms. like compost manure and plant residues, which are rich
in nutrients and improve soil structure. Inorganic salts
are synthetically produced chemical compounds that
provide essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium.
4. Removal of weeds is called-
(a) Ploughing (b) Irrigation
(c) Weeding (d) Harvesting
Ans. (c) : Weeds are unwanted plants in crop fields
which grow along with the main crop.
Silos for storage of grains They are strong and dominating competitore for crops.
Weeding is the process of removing unwanted plants
from a field.
5. Grains are stored in-
(a) In the jute sacks (b) In metal containens
(c) In the chambers (d) In FCI ware houses
(e) All of the above
Ans. (e) : Grains are stored through all means i.e. in jute
sacks, metal containers, in the chambers and in FCI
ware houses.
Grain is the harvested seed of crops such as wheat, Oat,
Storage of grains in gunny bags in granaries rice and corn.
Farmers store grains in jute bags or metallic bins. Around the globe, grains is also called cereals are the
However, large scale storage of grains is done in most important staple food.
silos and granaries to protect them from pests like 6. While traveling in rural areas, one seas red
rats and insects. colored soil in many areas. What is the reason
Dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at for having this color.
home. (a) Abundance of humus
Animals also provide us with different kinds of (b) Presence of magnesium
food. Many people living in the coastal areas (c) Presence of nitrogen
consume fish as a major part of their diet. (d) Abundance of ferric oxide
NCERT Science 118 YCT
Ans. (d) : The red color of soil is primarily due to the Ans. (a) : Slash and burn farming system is known as
abundance of ferric oxide. Bewar or Dahiya Madhya Pradesh (MP) state of India.
This soil is mainly found in the eastern and southern It is a traditional method of agriculture where farmers
parts of the Deccan Plateau, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and cut down and burn a patch of forest and to create fertile
Southern parts of the middle Ganga plain. Wheat, fields.
pulses, tobacco, oilseeds are the major crops of red soil. 12. What is contour ploughing ?
7. Intercropping process represents which of the (a) Ploughing on slopping lama along contour
following ? lines
(a) Growing a plant year after year (b) Ploughing barrenland along contour lines.
(b) Changing every time (c) Zig-zag ploughing along contour lines.
(c) Growing two or more crops side by side (d) Ploughing the plains along contour lines.
(d) Growing different crops at different times Ans. (a) : Contour ploughing is an agricultural
Ans. (c) : Intercropping is the cultivation of two or technique used to cultivate sloping land along contour
more crops side by side in the same fields. lines and to prevent soil erosion.
For example, the germination and growth of sugarcane It controls runoff water, increases moisture, infiltration
crop in a field is sown. Therefore in the same field, and retention and then enhances soil quality and
along with sugarcane other crops like mustard (in composition.
winter), moong, urad, onion (in summer) etc. can be 13. In which of the following Indian states, maximum
grown in the empty space of the field. production occurs through viticulture?
8. In India, tea and coffee crops come under (a) Uttar Pradesh
which category of crops? (b) Maharashtra
(a) Horticulture crops (b) Cash crops (c) Jatmmu and kashmir
(c) Food crops (d) Plantation crops (d) Bihar
Ans. (d): Tea and coffee crops in India come under Ans. (b) : Maharashtra is the Indian state where
the category of plantation crops. Plantation crops are maximum Production occurs through viticulture.
cultivated on a large scale in a contiguous area, often Viticulture is cultivation of grapes, encompassing
managed by a single entity. They are typically everything from wine production to fresh table grapes.
commercial crops with high economic value and are 14. All of the following are kharif crops except.
often exported. (a) Millet (b) Ragi
9. Sweet revolution is related to the production of (c) Maize (d) Wheat
which of the following? Ans. (d) : Millet, ragi, maize are kharif crops except
(a) Sugarcane (b) Honey wheat because wheat is a Rabi crop, Rabi crops are
(c) Sugar (d) Jaggery sown in October - November while kharif crops are
Ans. (b) : The sweet revolution is primarily related to sown in Junes July at the start of the monsoon.
the production of honey. It is an initiative aimed at 15. When did the government of India approve the
promoting apiculture (beekeeping) in India to increase National Policy for Formers (NPF) ?
honey production and related products. The goal is to (a) 2007 (b) 2010
provide additional income opportunities for farmers, (c) 2018 (d) 2001
especially in rural areas. Ans. (a) : The Government of India approve the
10. Which of the following statements is correct National Policy for Formers (NPF) in 2007. It aims to
about black soil? improve economic viability of farming and increase net
(a) It is least fertile among all types of soil income of farmers.
(b) It is found in most parts of the southern 16. In India, the credit for successfully executing
plateaus. the Green Revolution goes to-
(c) It is found in most parts of the north Indian (a) Satyendra Nath Bose
Ganga plains (b) Harishchandra
(d) Phosphorus nitrogen is found in abundance in (c) MS Swminathan
black soil. (d) Subhramyanyam Chandra Shekhar
Ans. (b) : Black soil, also known as Regur soil, as Ans. (c) : In India, the credit for successfully executing
primarily found in the Deccan plateau region, covering the green revolution goes to M.S. Swaminathan.
parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and The green revolution was a period that began in the
Andhra Pradesh. It is known for its fertility, especially 1960's during which agriculture in India was conventea
for cotton cultivation. However, it is deficient in into a modern industrial system by the adoption of
nitrogen phosphorus. technology such as the use of high yield variety
11. Slash and burn farming system is known as (H.Y.V) seeds, irrigation facilities, pesticides fertilizers
Bewar in which state of India? and mechanized form tools.
(a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Jharkhand Norman Borlaug initiated green revolution for the first
(c) Andhra Pradesh (d) Rajasthan time in world.
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17. Which of the following is a crop grown in semi- Ans. (d) : Honey is not obtained from sugarcane. It is a
arid climatic conditions and degraded soils, natural product made by bees. Molasses, sugar and
which is a food crop as well as fodder crop? khand sari are all derived from sugar cane.
(a) Tide (b) Millet
24. Which of the following list "not" a major
(c) Maize (d) Wheat
wheat producing state?
Ans. (c) : Maize is a crop which is grown in semi- acid (a) Punjab (b) Uttar Pradesh
climatic conditions and degraded soils and it is a food (c) Goa (d) Haryana
crop as well as a fodder crop.
The botanical name of maize is Zea mays. The require Ans. (c) : Goa is "not" a major wheat producing state.
temperature for maize production is 25º C to 30º C and Traditionally wheat cultivation in India is mainly done
60-120 cm rain. in the northern parts. Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) , Punjab,
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh (M.P.), Rajasthan, Bihar,
18. At the time of Independence, about 75 % of
India's population was dependent on? Gujarat are the major wheat producing states of India.
(a) Agriculture (b) Service 25. Which of the following states uses bamboo trip
(c) Manufacturing (d) Mining irrigation system?
Ans. (a) : At the time of Independence, about 75% of (a) Sikkim (b) Meghalay
India's population was dependent on agriculture. Most (c) Assam (d) Tripura
agricultural practices in India were characterized by Ans. (b) : The bamboo drip irrigation system is
subsistence farming, where farmers grow crops traditionally used in Meghalaya, primarily in the hilly
primarily to meat the needs to their families and local regions, to irrigate crops using gravity - fed water
committees. through bamboo channels.
19. Which of the following oil seeds is grown in 26. Which of the following is the summer crop
both Rabi crop and Kharif crop? season in India?
(a) Lineseed (b) Peanuts (a) Rabi (b) Zaid
(c) Mustard (d) Castor seed (c) Kharif (d) Rainy Season
Ans. (d) : The oil seeds which is grown in both rabi Ans. (b) : Zaid crop is a summer crop. It is sown in
crops and kharif crop is castor seed oil. March and harvested in July. This involved seasonal
India has three distinct seasons in the northern and fruits, vegetables and fodder crops.
anterior parts of the country- kharif rabi and zaid.
27. Cow drug is used in agriculture...... in the form
20. In which of the following states Arabica coffee
of.
is produced?
(a) Organic fertilizer (b) Waste material
(a) Assam (b) Uttarakhand
(c) West Bengal (d) Karnataka (c) In organic fertilizer (d) Chemical fertilizer
Ans. (d) : Karnataka is the largest coffee producing Ans. (a) : Cow dung is widely used in agriculture as an
state in India. organic fertilizer because it is a natural source of
In Karnataka state Arabica coffee is producing. nutrients that improve soil structure and fertility.
Two varieties of coffee are grown in India - Arabica 28. In which of the following climate you cannot
and Robusta. grow rubber crop?
Karnataka produces 70% of India's total coffee (a) Subtropical climate (b) Tropical climate
production. (c) Equatorial climate (d) Polar climate
21. Which method is a irrigation method in the Ans. (d) : Rubber crops require warm humid conditions
given options. typically found in tropical and equatorial climates.
(a) Canal (b) Taking double crop These regions provide the ideal temperature range (25º
(c) Ploughing (d) Terraced forming – 35ºC) and ample rainfall needed for rubber tree
Ans. (a) : Canal is method of irrigation. A canal is an growth. In contrast polar climates are extremely cold,
artificial channel constructed to carry water to fields for dry and unsuitable for rubber cultivation due to their
irrigation. harsh environmental conditions.
22. Select odd one out. (Indicating- Agriculture
processes). Chapter-2 Microorganism-
(a) Spraying (b) Eating Friends and Enemies
(c) Sowing (d) Ploughing
Ans. (b) : Spraying, sowing, ploughing all there are Microorganisms
process related to agriculture where as eating is another The living organism around us which we normally
process, so the eating is different. cannot see. These are called microorganisms or
23. Which of the following item is not obtained microbes.
from sugarcane? Microorganisms are classified into four major
(a) Molasses (b) Sugar groups. These groups are bacteria, fungi, protozoa
(c) Khand sari (d) Honey and some algae.
NCERT Science 120 YCT
 Viruses Habitat of Microorganism
Viruses are also microscopic but are different from Microorganisms may be single - celled like bacteria,
other microorganisms. They , however, reproduce some algae and protozoa, or multicellular, such as
only inside the cells of the host organism, which many algae and fungi. They live in all types of
may be a bacterium, plant or animal. environment, ranging from ice cold climate to hot
Common ailments like cold, influenza (flu) and most springs; and deserts to marshy lands. They are also
coughs are caused by viruses. found inside the bodies of animals including
Serious diseases like polio and chicken pox are also humans.
caused by viruses. Microorganisms and Us
Diseases like dysentery and malaria are caused by Microorganisms play an important role in our lives.
protozoa (protozoans) whereas typhoid and Some of them are beneficial in many ways whereas
tuberculosis (TB) are bacterial diseases. some others are harmful and cause diseases.
Friendly Microorganisms
Microorganisms are used for various purposes. They
are used in the preparation of curd, bread and cake.
Microorganisms have been used for the production
of alcohol since ages.
They are also used in cleaning up of the
environment. For example, the organic wastes
(vegetable peels, remains of animals, faeces, etc) are
broken down into harmless and usable substances by
bacteria.
In agriculture they are used to increase soil fertility
by fixing nitrogen.
Making of Curd and Bread
Curd contains several microorganisms the
bacterium, Lactobacillus promotes the formation of
curd.
Bacteria are also involved in the making of cheese,
pickles and many other food items. An important
ingredient of rava (sooji) idlis and bhaturas is curd.
Bacteria and yeast are also helpful for fermentation
of rice idlis and dosa batter.
Commercial use of Microorganisms
Microorganisms are used for the large scale
production of alcohol, wine and acetic acid
(Vinegar).
Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol
and wine.
Conversion of sugar into alcohol is known as
fermentation.
Medicinal use of Microorganisms
Some antibiotic tablets, capsules or injections such
as of penicillin. The source of these medicines is
microorganisms. These medicines kill or stop the
growth of the disease- causing microorganisms.
Such medicines are called antibiotics.
These days a number of antibiotics are being
produced from bacteria and fungi, Streptomycin, are
some of the commonly known antibiotics which are
made from fungi and bacteria.
Vaccine
When a disease- carrying microbe enters our body,
the body produces antibodies to fight the invader.
The body also remembers how to fight the microbe
if it enters again. If dead or weakened microbes are
introduced into a healthy body, the body fights and
kills the invading bacteria by producing suitable
antibodies.
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 The antibodies remain in the body and we are Harmful Microorganisms
protected from the disease causing microbes. Microorganisms are harmful in many ways. Some
This is how a vaccine works, Several disease, of the microorganisms cause diseases in human
including cholera, tuberculosis smallpox and beings, plants and animals. Such disease - causing
hepatitis can be prevented by vaccination. microorganisms are called pathogens.
Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for small pox
in 1798. Disease Causing Microorganisms in Humans
Protection of children against polio under the pulse Pathogens enter our body through the air we breathe,
polio Programme. Polio drops given to children are the water we drink or the food we eat. They can also
actually a vaccine. get transmitted by direct contact with an infected
Increasing Soil Fertility person or carried by an animal. Microbial diseases
Some bacteria are able to fix nitrogen from the that can spread from an infected person to a healthy
atmosphere to enrich soil with nitrogen and increase person through air, water, food or physical contact
it fertility. are called communicable diseases. Examples of such
These microbes are commonly called biological diseases include cholera, common cold, chicken pox
nitrogen fixers. and tuberculosis.
There are some insects and animals which act as
carriers of disease- causing microbes. Housefly is
one such carrier.
The female anopheles mosquito which carries the
parasite of malaria (Plasmodium). Female Aedes
mosquito acts as carrier of dengue virus.

The Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria (blue)

green algae
Cleaning the Environment :
The plant waste has been converted into manure by
the action of microbes. The nutrients released in the
process can be used the plants again. The
microorganisms decompose dead organic waste or
plants and animals converting them into simple
substances.
Microorganisms can be used to degrade the harmful
and smelly substances and thereby clean up the Female anopheles mosquito
environments.
Some Common Human Diseases Caused by Microorganisms-
Human Disease Causative Mode of Preventive Measures (General)
Microorganism Transmission
Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Keep the patient in complete isolation. Keep the
Measles Virus Air person belonging of the patient away from those of
Chicken Pos Virus Air/ contact the others. Vaccination to be given at suitable age.
Polio Virus Air/ water

Cholera Bacteria Water/food Maintain personal hygiene and good sanitary habits.
Typhoid Bacteria Water Consume properly cooked food and boiled drinking
water, vaccination
Hepatitis A Virus Water Drink boiled drinking water, Vaccination
Malaria Protozoa Mosquito Use mosquito net and repellents. Spray insecticides
and control breeding of mosquitoes by not allowing
water to collect in the surroundings
Disease causing microorganisms in animals Disease causing microorganisms in plants
Several microorganisms not only cause diseases in Several microorganisms cause diseases in plants like
humans and plants, but also in other animals, for
example, anthrax is a dangerous human and cattle wheat, rice, potato, sugarcane, orange, apple and
disease caused by a bacterium. others.
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Some common plant diseases caused by microorganisms: Storage and Packing
Plant diseases Microorganism Mode of These days dry fruits and even vegetables are sold in
Transmission sealed air tight packets to prevent the attack of
Citrus Bacteria Air microbes.
Canker
Rust of wheat Fungi Air , seeds
Yellow vein Virus Insect
mosaic of
bhindi (okra)
Food Poisoning
Food poisoning could be due to the consumption of
food spoilt by some microorganisms.
Microorganisms that grow out on food sometimes
produce toxic substances. These make the food
poisonous causing serious illness and even death.
So, it is very important that we preserve food to
prevent it from being spoilt.
Food Preservation
Bread left unused under moist conditions is attacked
by fungus. Microorganisms spoil our food. Spoiled Roots of a leguminous plant with root
food emits bad smell and has a bad taste and nodules Nitrogen fixation
changed colour. Spoiling of food is a chemical Rhizobium lives in the root nodules of leguminous
reaction. plants such as beans and peas, with which it has a
Chemical Method: symbiotic relationship sometimes nitrogen gets
Salts and edible oils are the common chemicals fixed through the action of lighting.
generally used to check the growth of
microorganisms. Therefore, they are called
preservatives. We add salt or acid preservatives to
pickles to prevent the attack of microbes. Sodium
benzoate and sodium meta-bisulphite are common
preservatives.
These are also used in jams and squashes to check
their spoilage.
Preservation by Common Salt
Common salt has been used to preserve meat and
fish for ages. Meat and fish are covered with dry salt
to check the growth of bacteria. Salting is also used
to preserve amla, raw mangoes, tamarind etc.
Nitrogen cycle
Preservation by Sugar
Jams, jellies and squashes are preserved by sugar. Nitrogen Cycle
Sugar reduces the moisture content which inhibits Our atmosphere has 78% nitrogen gas. Nitrogen is
the growth of bacteria which spoils food. one of the essential constituents of all living
Preservation by Oil and Vinegar organisms as part of proteins, chlorophyll, nucleic
Use of oil and vinegar prevents spoilage of pickles acids and vitamins. The atmospheric nitrogen cannot
because bacteria cannot live in such an be taken directly by plants and animals. Certain
environment. Vegetables, fruits, fish and meat are bacteria blue green algae present in the soil fix
often preserved by this method. nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into
Heat and Cold Treatments compounds of nitrogen. Once nitrogen is converted
Boiling kills many microorganisms. Similarly. We into these usable compounds, it can be utilized by
keep our food in the refrigerator, low temperature plants from the soil through their root system.
inhibits the growth of microbes. Nitrogen used for the synthesis of plant proteins and
Pasteurized milk can be consumed without boiling other compounds.
as it is free form harmful microbes. The milk is When plants and animals die, bacteria and fungi
heated to about 70ºC for 15 to 30 seconds and then present in the soil convert the nitrogen wastes into
suddenly chilled and stored. By doing so, it prevents nitrogenous compounds to be used by plant again.
the growth of microbes. This process was discovered Certain other bacteria convert some part of them to
by Louis Pasteur. It is called pasteurization. nitrogen gas which goes back into the atmosphere.
NCERT Science 123 YCT
 Important Questions 7. Viruses make their protein coat -
(a) Inside the host cell
1. Microorganism which multiplies in the host–
(b) Outside the host cell
(a) Bacteria (b) Fungus
(c) Both inside and outside the host cell
(c) Protozoa (d) Viruses (d) None of these
Ans. (d) : Viruses are microorganisms, they multiply Ans. (a) : Viruses produce their protein coat (capsid)
only in the host and they causes diseases like cold, inside the host cell.
measles and polio etc. The capsid is the outer protective covering of the virus
2. The microorganism that converts milk into made of specific proteins. Since the virus lacks
curd is- ribosomes, it does not synthesize protein. Ribosome are
(a) Plasmodium (b) Yeast the site of protein synthesis.
(c) Algae (d) Lactobacillus 8. Which of the following is double stranded RNA
Ans. (d) : Lactobacillus is the microorganism that (ds-RNA) virus.
converts milk into curd. Bacteria are used in making (a) Rotavirus (b) Influenza virus
bread, sandwiches and cakes. (c) Tospo virus (d) Rhabdo virus
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram positive, aero tolerant Ans. (a) : Rotavirus is double stranded RNA (ds-RNA)
anaerobes or microaerophilic rod-shaped non spore viruses.
forming bacteria. The most common symptoms of rotavirus infection
3. Malaria is the cause of disease- include diarrhea, fever, stomach pain and vomiting.
(a) Protozoans (b) Fermentation Rotavirus is a virus that spreads through hand-to-mouth
(c) Preservation (d) Infection contact.
9. Bacterial photosynthesis is different from other
Ans. (a) : Malaria is caused by protozoan parasite
green plants because it involves-
which is a vector-borne infectious disease.
(a) does not reamer light
Malaria is an infection caused by a plasmodium parasite (b) oxygen should not be released
transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes (Female (c) phosphorylation is not required
Anopheles). (d) energy is not definite
Symptoms are fever, chills and sweating, fatigue,
Ans. (b) : Bacterial photosynthesis is different from
nausea, headache etc.
other green plants because water decomposition does
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) and not occur in bacterial photosynthesis because they lack
Quinine are used to treat. water splitting complex and they do not release oxygen.
4. The process that converts sugar into alcohol is- 10. Bacteria and blue-green algae have the
(a) Contamination (b) Fermentation following similarities
(c) Preservation (d) Infection (a) Presence of mitochondria
Ans. (b) : The process that converts sugar into alcohol (b) Chemosynthetic method of nutrition
is fermentation. (c) Presence of flagella
Fermentation process was discovered by Louis Pasteur. (d) Presence of nucleoid
Microorganisms like yeast and bacteria usually play a Ans. (d) : Both bacteria and blue-green algae (BGA)
role in the fermentation process creating beer, bread, are single-celled organism and comes under
wine, yogurt etc. prokaryotes.
5. The reason for swelling of pavroti or idli is- Their genetic material are devoid of histone proteins .
(a) Moisture (b) Heat Both have primitive nucleus which is generally called
(c) Yeast (d) Water nucleoid.
Ans. (c) : Yeast is used in making idli, pav, pavroti and 11. The cell wall of which of the following
pizza etc. organisms is made of peptidoglycan?
(a) Fungus (b) Bryophyte
Yeast helps in fermentation of rice from which idle and
(c) Bacteria (d) Pteridophyte
dosa are made.
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-called microorganisms Ans. (c) : The bacterial cell wall is a complex structure
(fungus). dominated by a protein polysaccharide molecule called
peptidoglycan (murein).
6. Which of the following chemicals interferes Peptidoglycan is composed of three main components -
with the multiplication of viruses? glycan, backbone peptide and tetra-peptide.
(a) Actinomyocin-D (b) Raffinose 12. Bracket fungi is included in-
(c) Chloramphemicol (d) Galactose (a) In Deuteromycetes (b) In Basidiomycetes
Ans. (a) : Actinomyocin-D interferes with the (c) In phycomycetes (d) In Ascomycetes
multiplication of the viruses. Ans. (b): Bracket fungi are included in Basidiomycetes.
Actinomyocin-D is a transcription inhibitor that inhibits Polypores are also called bracket fungi or shelf fungi
RNA polymerase from progressing by binding to DNA and they typically produce woody shelf or bracket
replication. shaped or sometimes circular fruiting bodies (called
It is used in the treatment of cancer. cones).

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13. Which of the following chemicals is a fungicide? 19. Which one of the following algae contains
(a) DDT (b) BHC stellate choloroplast?
(c) 2, 4-D (d) Bordeaux mixture (a) Scytonema (b) Zygnema
Ans. (d) : The chemical Bordeaux mixture is a (c) Anabaena (d) Batrachospearmum
fungicide. Ans. (b) : Zygnema is a member of chloroplyceae in
It is a mixture of copper sulphate (CuSO4) and which stellate type of chloroplast is found whereas
quicklime [(Ca(OH)2]. anabaena and Scytonema lack chloroplast.
It is an effective fungicide and bacteriocide that has 20. “Chantransia stage” is found in?
been used to control diseases of fruit and nut trees, vine
(a) In Batrachospermum (b) In Polysiphonia
fruits and ornamental plants.
(c) In Chara (d) In Ulothrix
14. Bordeaux mixture contains salts of which of the
following two metals? Ans. (a) : Chantransia stage is found in
(a) Potassium and manganese Batrachospermum (Red algae).
(b) Calcium and copper In several species of Batrachospermum the short
(c) Ferrous and cobalt branches of the filaments produce monospores which
(d) Calcium and iron produce Chantransia stage and the apical cells of this
Ans. (b) : Bordeaux mixture is a mixture of copper stage produce new plants.
sulphate (CuSO4), lime [(Ca(OH)2] and water. It is an 21. ‘Pectose’ is found in whose cell walls?
effective fungicide and bacteriocide that has been used (a) In the cell wall of mucor
to control diseases of fruit and nut trees, vine fruits and (b) In the cells of cycas roots
ornamental plants. (c) In the cell wall of Rhizopus hyphae
15. Bordeaux mixture was discovered by- (d) In the cell wall of spirogyra
(a) By Louis Pasteur (b) By Milardet Ans. (d) : Pectose is found in the cell wall of spirogyra.
(c) By Micheli (d) By prevost Spirogyra are free-floating green algae present in fresh
Ans. (b) : Bordeaux mixture was discovered by water habitats such as pond, lakes etc. They are
Milardet. Bordeaux mixture is a mixture of copper commonly known as ‘water silk’ or ‘pond silk’.
sulphate (CuSO4), lime [(Ca(OH)2] and water. The outermost of pectose is converted pectin and
It is an effective fungicide and bacteriocide that has dissolves in water to form mucilage which surrounds
been used to control diseases of fruit and nut trees, vine the filament and forms a mucilaginous shell.
fruits and ornamental plants.
22. On what basis have algae been classified into
16. Which of the following algae stores food in the groups ?
form of floridean starch?
(a) On the basis of nature of stored food items
(a) Blue green algae (b) Brown algae
(b) On the basis of chemical composition of cell
(c) Red algae (d) Green algae
wall
Ans. (c) : Red algae stores food in the form of floridean
(c) On the basis of physiological properties
starch.
(d) On the basis of different types of pigments
Floridean starch is a type of storage glucan found in
glaucophytes and rhodophytes (red algae) in which it is Ans. (d) : Based on the type of pigment, algae are
usually the primary sink for fixed carbon from classified into-
photosynthesis. 1. Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
17. Which of the following is larvicidal (killing 2. Pheophyceae (Brown Algae)
larvae) 3. Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
(a) Polysiphonia (b) Cladophora 4. Cyanophyceae (BGA) etc.
(c) Euglena (d) Oscillatoria
Ans. (d) : Oscillatoria is a larvicidal (killing larvae). It Chapter-3 Synthetic Fibers and
is a germs of filamentous cyanobacterium that is often Plastics
found in freshwater environments, such as hot springs,
appearing greenish blue. Oscillatoria also help in Introduction
nitrogen fixation. The clothes which we wear are made of fabrics.
18. In which algae is ‘Gongrosira stage ‘found? Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural
(a) In Volvox (b) In Chlamydomonas or artifical sources.
(c) In Vaucheria (d) In Ectocarpus Fibres are also used for making a large variety of
Ans. (c) : Gongrosira stage is found in Vaucheria life household articles.
span. It is a member of chlorophyceae. Natural fibres like cotton, wool, silk, etc, are
The cyst is connected by the parent membrane of the obtained from plants or animals. The synthetic
filament. fibres, on the other hand, are made by human beings.
Based on the location of living. They are developed by That is why these are called synthetic or man- made
aplanospores, zoospores or akinetes. fibres.
NCERT Science 125 YCT
 Synthetic Fibres Plastics
A synthetic fibre is also a chain of small units joined
together. Each small unit is actually a chemical
substance. Many such small units combine to form a
large single unit called a polymer.
Types of Synthetic Fibres
Silk fibre obtained from silkworm was discovered in
china and was kept as a closely guarded secret for a
long time. Fabric obtained from silk fibre was very
costly.
Attempts were made to make silk artificially.
Towards the end of the 19th century, scientists were
successful in obtaining a fibre having properties
similar to that of silk. Such a fibre was obtained by
chemical treatment of wood pulp. This fibre was
called rayon or artificial silk. Plastic is also a polymer like the synthetic fibre. All
Nylon plastics do not have the same type of arrangement of
Nylon is another man- made fibre. In 1931, it was units. In some it is linear. Whereas in others it is
made without using any natural raw material (from cross - linked. The fact is that plastic is easily
plant or animal). It was prepared from coal, water mouldable i.e. can be shaped in any form. Plastic
and air. It was the first fully synthetic fibre. can be recycled, reused, coloured, melted, rolled into
Nylon fibre was strong, elastic and light. It was sheets or made into wires.
lustrous and easy to wash. So, it became very
popular for making clothes.

Use of nylon fibers

Nylon used for making parachutes and ropes for
rock climbing A nylon thread is actually stronger
than a steel wire. Various Articles made of plastic
Polyester and Acrylic Polythene-
Polyester is another synthetic fibre. Fabric made Polythene (Poly + ethene) is and example of a
from this fibre does not get wrinkled easily. It plastic.
remains crisp and is easy to wash. Terylene is a When we add hot water to a plastic bottle. It gets
popular polyester. deformed. Such plastic which gets deformed easily
PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) is a very familiar on heating and can be bent easily are known as
form of polyester. It is used for making bottles, thermoplastics. Polythene and PVC are some of the
utensils, films, wires and many other useful examples of thermoplastics. These are used for
products.
manufacturing toys, combs and various types of
Polyester (Poly+ester) is actually made up of the
containers.
repeating units of a chemical called an ester. Esters
are the chemicals which give fruits their smell. On the other hand, there are some plastics which
Fabrics are sold by names like polycot, polywool, when moulded once, can not be softened by heating.
terrycot, etc. These are called thermosetting plastics. Two
Polycot is a mixture of polyester and cotton. examples are bakelite and melamine.
Polywool is a mixture of polyester and wool. Bakelite is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres It is used for making electrical switches, handles of
Synthetic fibres possess unique characteristics which various utensils, etc. Melamine is a versatile
make them popular dress materials. They dry up material. It resists fire and can tolerate heat better
quickly, are durable, less expensive, readily than other plastics. It is used for making floor tiles,
available and easy to maintain. kitchenware and fabrics which resist fire.
NCERT Science 126 YCT
 Tin- aluminum, 100 to 500 years Non-
and other metal Biodegradab
cans le
Plastic bags Several years Non-
Biodegradab
le
Since plastic takes several years to decompose, it is
not environment friendly.
It causes environmental pollution. Besides, the
burning process in the synthetic material is quite
slow and it does not get completely burnt easily. In
the process it releases lots of poisonous fumes into
the atmosphere causing air pollution.

Important Questions
Articles made of thermoplastics 1. Which of the following is correctly matched?
Plastics as materials of choice (1) Polymers → long chain molecules.
Today if we think of storing a food item, water, (2) Synthetic fibers → Man - made fibers.
milk, pickles, dry food etc. Plastic containers seem (3) Non biodegradable → Condensation of
most convenient. This is because of their light harmless substance.
weight, lower price, good strength and easy (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
handling. (c) Both 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Plastic is Non- reactive Ans. (a) : Polymer - A long chain like unit in which a
Plastics do not react with water and air. They are not large number of molecules are linked to each other by
corroded easily, that is why they are used to store chemical bonds.
various kinds of material, including many chemicals. Synthetic fiber - Man-mad fibers from simple, small
Plastic is light, strong and durable molecules.
Plastic is very light, strong, durable and can be 2. Which of the following statements is/are
moulded into different shapes and sizes, it is used correct about polymers.
for various purposes. Plastics are generally cheaper (A) It is long chain like unit in which small
than metals. They are widely used in industry and molecules are in large number.
for household articles. (B) Small molecules are monomers.
Plastics are poor conductors (C) Polymers are natural and synthetic.
Plastics are poor conductors of heat and electricity. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
That is why electrical wires have plastic covering, (c) Both 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
and handles of screw drivers are made of plastic.
Ans. (d) : A long chain like unit in which a large
Plastics and the Environment
number of small molecules are linked to each other by
A material which gets decomposed through natural
chemical bonds is called a polymer.
processes, such as action by bacteria, is called
Small molecules that come together to form a chain of a
biodegradable. A material which is not easily
polymer are called monomers. polymers found in nature
decomposed by natural processes is termed non-
are called natural polymers.
biodegradable.
Cellulose, wool, proteins, silk etc. are natural polymers.
Type of waste Approximate Nature of
time taken to Material 3. Which of the following is correctly matched?
degenerate (A) Rayon - used in textile industry
Peels of 1 to 2 weeks Biodegradab (B) Nylon - used to make fishing net for catching
vegetable and le fishes.
fruits leftover (C) Polyester - used in textile manufacturing
foodstuff, etc. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
Paper 10 to 30 days Biodegradab (c) Both 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
le Ans. (d) : Rayon is used -
Cotton cloth 2 to 5 months Biodegradab ■ In the textile industry for making clothes.
le ■ In manufacturing of carpets and tire cord.
Wood 10 to 15 years Biodegradab Nylon is used -
le ■ For making ropes of fishing nets and parachutes.
Woolen clothes about a year Biodegradab ■ For making bed sheets, sarees, machine ports and
le ropes.
NCERT Science 127 YCT
Polyester is used - 8. Multi-use plastic water bottles are made of .....
■ For manufacturing of curtain fabrics, sarees, dress (a) Bakelite (b) Polystyrene
material etc. (c) Polyethylene (d) Silicon
■ Making water hose for fire fighting and sails for Ans. (c) : Multi-use plastic water bottles are made of
yatchs. polyethylene.
■ To make conveyor belts. Many unsaturated hydrocarbon like ethylene, propylene
4. Which of the above statements is/are correct etc. which from high polymers after polymerization, are
about synthetic fibers? called plastics.
(1) They are wet. Plastic is a substance which becomes soft when heated
and it can be easily molded.
(2) They are durable.
(3) They are cheap 9. What is the coating applied on non-stick
appliances .
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(a) Velcro (b) Oil
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) Teflon (d) Polystyrene
Ans. (b) : Some characteristic properties of synthetic Ans. (c) : Teflon is a polymer of tetra Fluoroethane. It
fibers are- is a chemically inert and heat resistant polymer.
■ Synthetic fiber does not wet. Therefore clothes made Teflon coating is used on cooking utensil (non-stick)
of synthetic fiber dry quickly because its surface is very smooth nothing sticks on it.
■ Synthetic fibers are durable i.e. clothes made from 10. ……… Polymers are used in making floor tiles.
synthetic fiber last for a long time. (a) Poly vinyl chloride (b) Carbonyl
■ Synthetic fibers are light weight and are cheap. (c) Teflon (d) Nylon
5. Which of the above statements is/are correct Ans. (a) : Poly vinylchloride (PVC) is commonly used
for thermoplastics? in making floor files due to its durability and water
(A) They are not cross-linking polymers. resistance properties.
(B) They can be processed multiple times. 11. ……… is not a thermoplastic polymer.
(C) Polythene , are examples of PVC (a) Poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
thermoplastics. (b) Teflon
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) Bakelite
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Polystyrene
Ans. (d) : Thermoplastics are long chain polymers that Ans. (c) : Bakelite is not a thermoplastic polymer.
do not contain any cross-linking. Heating also does not Thermoplastic is a plastic polymer which becomes soft
produce any cross-linking between the chain. when the temperature increases and hard when the
■ Thermoplastics can be processed many times. temperature decreases. Its examples are polystyrene,
Example - Polyethylene, PVC, Nylon, polyester, teflon, PVC, nylon, acrylic etc.
polyester etc. 12. The conductor wire is prevented......by coating
6. Which of the following is correctly matched? it with PVC.
(1) Polythene → Ethylene polymer (a) Dripping (b) Overloading
(2) Bakelite → Thermosetting plastic (c) Short circuit (d) Fusing
(3) Melaline → Thermosetting polymer Ans. (c) : Poly vinyl chloride is an amorphous , heat
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 resistant hard substance, which is not affected by
chemical substance.
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
P.V.C. is electrically neutral, hence it is used for
Ans. (d) : Polythene (or polyethylene) is obtained from coating the wires which prevents short circuit.
ethylene at high temperature, high pressure and in the
13. Which of the following is used in plastic?
presence of a catalyst.
(a) Butane (b) Ethylene
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer. Bakelite is a (c) Krypton (d) Ammonia
thermosetting plastic. Melamine is also a thermosetting
Ans. (b) : Ethylene gas is used in making plastic, and
plastic and is used to make unbreakable kitchen utensils
fiber. Plastic is an organic material whose nature
and decorative items.
products used in its production are cellulose, coal
7. Bakelite is a - natural gas, crude oil etc.
(a) Barrier (insulator) 14. Modified fibers catch fire easily however, to
(b) Semiconductor make the fire man's uniform fireproof, it is
(c) High resistive, conductor coated with ……. plastic-
(d) Low resistance conductor (a) Nylon (b) Melamine
Ans. (a) : Bakelite is a type of plastic, which is used as (c) Rayon (d) Acrylic
an insulator. It acts as a type of non-conductive Ans. (b) : Modified fibers catch fire easily so to make
material. the fireman's uniform fireproof, it is coated with
Non-conducting materials-wood, rubber, bakelite etc. melamine plastic.
NCERT Science 128 YCT
15. Which of the following is an example of man- The name of the product formed in the reaction of
made fibers? sulphur and oxygen is sulphur dioxide gas. When
(a) Linen (b) Jute sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water sulphurous
(c) Rayon (d) Silk acid is formed. The reaction can be given as follows.
Ans. (c) : Fibers prepared artificially in laboratories are Sulphur dioxide (SO2) + water (H2O)→ Sulphrous
called synthetic fibers/man made fibers . acid (H2SO3) .
Example- Rayon, nylon, polyester etc. Jute, linen, silk The sulphurous acid turns blue litumus paper in red.
are natural fibers. Linen is obtained from flax. Generally, oxides of non- metals are acidic in nature.
16. The first man-made synthetic fiber which one Reaction with Water
is it? Sodium metal is very reactive. It reacts vigorously
(a) Acrylic (b) Silicon with oxygen and water. A lot of heat is generated in
(c) Nylon (d) Spandex the reaction. It is, therefore, stored in kerosene.
Ans. (c) : The first man-made synthetic fiber is nylon. Generally, non- metals do not react with water
It is a thermoplastic material, used in making tooth although they may be very reactive in air. Such non-
brushes, clothes, socks etc. metals are stored in water. For example, phosphorus
is a very reactive non- metal, it catches fire if
Chapter-4 Matter-Metal & Non- expposed to air. To prevent the contact of
phosphorus with atmospheric oxygen, it is stored in
Metal water.
Metals can be distinguished from non- metals on Reaction with Acid
the basis of their physical and chemical properties. Non metals generally do not react with acids but
metals react with acids and produce hydrogen gas
Physical Properties of Metals and Non- that burns with a 'Pop' sound. Copper does not react
Metals with dilute hydrochloric acid even on heating but it
Shape of the iron and the Aluminium wire changed reacts with sulphuric acid.
on beating. If they were beaten harder these could be Reactions with Bases
changed into sheets. The property on metals by The 'pop' sound indicates the presence of hydrogen
which they can be beaten into thin sheets is called gas.
malleability. This is a characteristics property of
Metals react with sodium hydroxide to produce
metals.
hydrogen gas. Reactions of non- metals with bases
The property of metal by which it can be drawn into are complex.
wires is called ductility.
Some materials are hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, Displacement Reactions
sonorous and good conductors of heat and One metal displaces another metal from its
electricity. The materials which generally possess compound in aqueous solution. In beaker 'A' zinc
these properties are called metals. The examples of (Zn) replaces copper (Cu) from copper sulphate
metals are iron, copper, aluminium, calcium, (CuSO4). That is why the blue color of copper
magnesium, etc. Materials like coal and sulphur are sulphate disappears and a powdery red mass of
soft and dull in appearance. They break down into a copper is deposited at the bottom of the beaker. The
powdery mass on tapping with a hammer. They are reaction can be represented as follows.
not sonorous and are poor conductors of heat and Copper sulphate (CuSO4) + Zinc (Zn)
electricity. These materials are called non metals . (Blue)
The examples of non- metals are sulphur, carbon, Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) + copper (Cu)
oxygen, phosphorous, etc. (colourless) (Red)
Metals like sodium and potassium are soft and can Zinc is more reactive than copper and iron.
be cut with a knife. Mercury is the only metal which A more reactive metal can replce a less reactive
is found in liquid state at room temperature. These metal, but a less reactive one can not replace a more
are exceptions. reactive.
Chemicals Properties of metals and Non- Uses of Metals and Non- Metals
metals- Iron (Fe) + Oxygen (O2) + water Metals are used in making machinery, automobilies,
(H2O) →? aeroplanes, trains satellites, industrial gadgets,
Magnesium (Mg) + Oxygen (O2) → ? cooking utensils. water boilers, etc.
When a copper vessel is exposed to moist air for Non - metal is essential for our life which all living
long time. It acquires a dull green coating. The green beings inhale during breathing.
material is a mixture of copper hydroxide (Cu It is used in fertilizers to enhance the growth of
(OH)2) and copper carbonate (CuCO3). The plants.
following is the reaction Non metal used in water purification process.
2Cu + H2 O + CO2 + O2→ Cu (OH)2 + CuCO3 Non- Metal is applied on wounds as an antiseptic
Moist air and used in crackers.
NCERT Science 129 YCT
 Important Questions Ans. (a) : Hydrogen gas has the highest energy value
(calorific value).
1. Which of the following can be melted and given
Calorific value is the amount of heat energy present in
a new form? food or fuel and which is determined by the complete
(a) Iron (b) Phosphorus combustion of specified quantity at constant pressure
(c) Sulphur (d) Hydrogen and in normal condition.
Ans. (a) : Iron is a metal and metals have the property 8. What is the mass number of deuterium?
of malleability, they can be given a new form by (a) 2 (b) 4
melting . (c) 3 (d) 1
The melting point of iron is 15400 C and the boiling
Ans. (a) : Mass number of deuterium is two.
point is 30000 C.
Deuterium and tritium are two stable isotopes of
2. Which of the following can be converted into hydrogen.
sheets by beating? They are fuels for producing energy in future power
(a) Zinc (b) Phosphorus plants based on fusion energy which powers the sun and
(c) Oxygen (d) Sulphur other stars through fusion.
Ans. (a) : Zinc is a metal and can be converted in to 9. All acids react with metals to produce gas.
sheet by beating, which is a property known as (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Hydrogen
malleability.
(c) Nitrogen (d) Oxygen
Non-metal like phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur do not
possess this property. Ans. (b) : All acids reacts with metals to produce
hydrogen gas.
3. Which of the following can be converted into
Metal + Acid → Salt + H2 gas
thin wire?
(a) Sulphur (b) Gold 10. Ozone contains oxygen ...........atoms.
(c) Phosphorus (d) Carbon (a) Three (b) Four
(c) Five (d) Six
Ans. (b) : The ability of a metal to be stretched into a
thin wire is called tensile strength. Gold is the most Ans. (a) : Ozone contains oxygen three atoms. It is an
ductile metal, a 2 km long wire can be made from 1 gm, inorganic molecule with the formula of O3.
of gold. It is both a natural and a man made product that occurs
in the Earth's upper atmosphere (the stratosphere) and
4. Which of the following metals is found in
lower atmosphere (the troposphere).
human blood?
(a) Iron (b) Gold 11. How many atoms of oxygen are there in one
(c) Copper (d) Silver molecule of oxygen?
(a) four (b) Eight
Ans. (a) : Iron is found in the human body. Iron got
easily oxidized hence it is useful for transferring oxygen (c) Two (d) Six
from the blood throughout the body. It is found is Ans. (c) :There are two atoms of oxygen in one
hemoglobin that helps in carrying oxygen in the blood. molecule of oxygen.
5. Alcohol reacts with sodium to form which of Oxygen is a colourless, odorless , tasteless gas essential
the following gases? to living organisms.
(a) Hydrogen (b) No gas is produced 12. 2 O represents two....... types of oxygen.
(c) Oxygen (d) Carbon dioxide (a) Irons (b) Atoms
Ans. (a) :Alcohol reacts with sodium to form hydrogen (c) Molecules (d) Electron
gas. Ans. (b) : 2 O represents two atoms types of oxygen. It
Example- is an element of P-block which was discovered by
2Na + 2CH 3CH 2 OH → 2CH 3CH 2 O + Na + H 2 Priestley and C.W shale.
Sodium ethoxide 13. The molecular mass of O2 is .
6. Which gas is produce during electrolysis of salt (a) 32 (b) 64
water, which burns with a pop sound? (c) 8 (d) 16
(a) Cl2 (b) N2 Ans. (a) : The molecular mass of O2 is 32. The sum of
(c) O2 (d) H2 the masses of all the constituent atoms of a substance is
Ans. (d) : H2 gas is produced during electrolysis of salt called molecular mass.
water, which burns with a pop sound. For example mass of O 2 = 16 × 2 = 32 where 16 is the
Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to split atomic mass of oxygen (O).
water into hydrogen and oxygen. 14. Oxygen molecules.......... contains
7. Which of the following gases has the highest (a) an electrovalent bond
energy value (calorific value)? (b) a single covalent bond
(a) Hydrogen (b) LPG (c) a triple covalent bond
(c) Natural gas (d) Methane (d) a double covalent bond
NCERT Science 130 YCT
Ans. (d) : There is a double covalent bond in the Ans. (b) : Phosphorus is kept in water to prevent it from
oxygen (O2) molecule. catching fire.
Each oxygen atom in the O2 molecule shares 2 electrons It smells like garlic. It is insoluble in water but soluble
with the other, forming a double bond. This allows both in Carbon disulfide (CS2). It is a poisonous substance
oxygen atoms to complete their valence shells, each which found spontaneously in air.
having 8 electrons around it. 21. Which of the following statements is correct
15. Which of the following is a non-metal? about washing soda?
(a) Iron (b) Aluminium (a) Washing soda is MgCO2
(c) Zinc (d) Nitrogen (b) Washing soda is a decolorizing agent
Ans. (d) : Nitrogen is a non-metal. It is an inert gas that (c) Washing soda is used to produce H2 and Cl2
displace oxygen in the packaging, reducing the risk of (d) Washing soda is used for manufacturing
oxidation and spoilage. It is used to make fertilizers, glass.
nitric acid, dyes, nylon and explosive. Ans. (d) : Sodium carbonate is an organic compound
16. Which of the following gases is used to prevent whose chemicals formula is Na2CO3.
food items from oxidizing? It is used for manufacturing glass, soap, paper, caustic
(a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen soda etc. Washing soda has the properties of a
(c) Chlorine (d) Nitrogen detergent.
Ans. (d) : Nitrogen gas is used to prevent food items 22. What is the nature of washing soda?
from oxidizing. (a) Light (b) Neutral
The main use of nitrogen is in the manufacture of (c) Amphoteric (d) Alkaline
ammonia and other nitrogen-containing industrial Ans. (d) : Washing soda is alkaline in nature. The
chemicals. chemical name of washing soda is sodium carbonate
17. Potato chips are stored with ................ prevent (Na2CO3). Its pH value is more than 7, hence it is
oxidation. alkaline in nature.
(a) Oxygen 23. At what temperature does gypsum convert into
(b) Co2 (carbon dioxide) plaster of Paris?
(c) Nitrogen (a) 473 K (b) 373 K
(d) Hydrogen (c) 273 K (d) 573 K
Ans. (c) : To protect potato chips from oxidation, it is Ans. (b) : plaster of Paris is manufactured by heating
stored with nitrogen gas. Nitrogen is an inert gas that gypsum at 373-393 K.
displace oxygen in the packaging, reducing the risk of When heated, it loses water molecules and calcium
oxidation and spoilage. sulphate becomes hemihydrate this product is known as
18. Name the reddish brown gas released when plaster of Paris (POP).
lead nitrate is heated vigorously
24. Which of the following chemical compounds is
(a) Nitric oxide
called marble?
(b) Nitrogen di-oxide
(a) Calcium hydroxide
(c) Di nitrogen
(b) Calcium bicarbonate
(d) Nitrogen pent oxide
(c) Calcium carbonate
Ans. (b) : The chemical formula of lead nitrate is (d) Calcium oxide
Pb(NO3)2.
Ans. (c) : The chemical compounds name of marble is
2 Pb ( NO3 )2 → 2PbO + 4 NO 2 + O 2 calcium carbonate.
It is an inorganic compound which is a colorless Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone
crystals or white powder. When lead nitrate is heated which is used in cement industry & building
vigorously, the reddish brown gas released is nitrogen construction.
dioxide.
25. What happens when calcium sulphate
19. Which is the first chemical discovery was made hemihydrates is mixed with water?
by Henning Brand?
(a) It solidifies as a hard solid mass.
(a) Cobalt (b) Nickel
(c) Hydrogen (d) Phosphorus (b) A clear solution is formed.
(c) Lime water is formed.
Ans. (d) : The first element whose chemical discovery
was made by Henning Brand is phosphorus. Henning (d) SO2 gas is released.
Brand discovered phosphorus during his experiment on Ans. (a) : When calcium sulphate hemihydrate is mixed
human urine to obtain gold from it. with water it solidifies as a hard solid mass which is
20. Phosphorus is kept in water so that....... called gypsum.
(a) Avoid spoilage 1 1
CaSO 4 . H 2 O + 1 H 2 O → CaSO 4 .2H 2 O
(b) Avoid catching fire 2 2
(c) Stability should be ensured Plaster of Paris Gypsum
(d) Keep away from the reach of children. (Sulphate salts) (hard mass)

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26. The chemical name of calcium sulphate Metals have high electrical and thermal conductivity as
dihydrate. well as ductility, malleability, and high reflectivity of
(a) Baking soda (b) Plaster of Paris light.
(c) Gypsum (d) Washing soda 33. The nature of ........is electro positive.
Ans. (c) : The chemical name of gypsum is calcium (a) Non-metals (b) Metals
sulphate dihydrate (CaSO4. 2H2O). It is commonly (c) Semi-metals (d) Sub-metals
found in sedimentary environments and forms in Ans. (b) : Metals are good conductors of heat and
evaporative setting such as salt lakes, hot springs and electricity, The nature of metals is electropositive,
coastal areas. whereas non metal are generally lusterless and poor
27. Which of these elements is a metalloid? conductors of electricity and heat. Example of metals
(a) Sn (b) Ge are - gold, silver, iron, aluminium, copper etc.
(c) C (d) Pb 34. What is the property of metal due to which it
Ans. (b) : Germanium (Ge) is a metalloid elements. can be molded into wire?
Group 14 elements are called carbon group. Lead is the (a) Conductivity (b) Porosity
only element of group 14 that is metallic in both (c) Tensile/ductile (d) Malleability
structure and metallic properties under all
Ans. (c) : The property of metal due to which it can be
circumstances.
molded into wire is called ductile / tensile, Gold (Au)
28. Select the correct pair of semi-metals from the has the highest tensile property.
following elements?
35. ......... electrically positive in nature.
(a) Sulphur & phosphorous
(a) Metals (b) Non-metals
(b) Hydrogen & helium
(c) Metalloids (d) Semi-metals
(c) Carbon & nitrogen
(d) Silicon & Germanium Ans. (a) : Such elements (except hydrogen) which
provide cations by giving up electrons are called metals.
Ans. (d) : The correct pair of semimetals elements are
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. The
silicon and germanium.
nature of metals is electropositive.
Usually, the semimetals or metalloids are listed as
boron, antimony, polonium etc. 36. The shape of the path of a free electron in a
Metalloids are used to make semiconductors, polymers, metal is .
batteries and ceramic. (a) Straight line (b) Square
(c) Curve (d) circular
29. Which of the following elements is a metalloid?
(a) Bismuth (b) Antimony Ans. (c) : Free electrons in any metal move randomly
(c) Selenium (d) Iron only which has been proved by the atomic model.
Free electrons in a metal are not confined to a straight
Ans. (b) : Metalloids are those elements which have the path due to frequent collisions with the metal's lattice
properties of both metals and non-metals. The total ions and other electrons, causing them to move in a
number of metalloids is 7- Boron, Silicon, Germanium, random, curved trajectory.
Arsenic, Antimony and Polonium, Tellurium.
37. Due to which property of metals it is easy to
30. Which element is neither a metal nor a non-
metal? make their foil?
(a) P (b) Ge (a) Malleability (b) Connectivity
(c) Mg (d) Al (c) Tensile (d) Resonance
Ans. (b) : Germanium (Ge) is neither a metal nor a non- Ans. (a) : Metals can be beaten into thin sheets, which
metal. It is a metalloid. A metalloid is a chemical is called malleability, Due to this property of metals,
element whose properties are intermediate between their shape can be changed easily. Like silver,
typical metals and non-metals. aluminium, copper, gold, brass etc.
other examples of metalloid are Silicon, Arsenic etc 38. Which of the following is false about metals?
31. Which of the following is not a metalloid? (a) They are ductile and malleable
(a) Silicon (b) Antimony (b) They are good conductors of heat and
(c) Arsenic (d) Selenium electricity
Ans. (d) : Selenium is not a metalloid . It was (c) Their melting point and boiling point are high
discovered by Berzelius in 1817 and its atomic number (d) They are electronegative.
is 34. Silicon, antimony, arsenic are metalloids. Ans. (d) : Metals are typically electropositive, meaning
32. Which of the following is not a metal? they tend to lose electrons easily to form positive ions,
(a) Pb (b) Sc rather than gaining them as electronegative elements do.
(c) Ga (d) Si 39. Which of the following is not a physical
Ans. (d) : Silicon (Si) is not a metal because it is a property of non-metals?
metalloid. It makes up 27.7% of the Earth's upper layer (a) Exists only in solid state-
or crust. (b) Non-malleable and ductile
Pb - Lead, Ga – Gallium and Sc – Scandium are types (c) bad conductor of heat and electricity
of metals. (d) low melting and boiling point.
NCERT Science 132 YCT
Ans. (a) : physical properties of non-metals- As coal contains mainly carbon, the slow process of
1. Non-metals are poor conductors of electricity and conversion of dead vegetation into coal is is called
heat and are inelastic. carbonisation.
2. They are brittle and not hard like metals. Since it was formed from the remains of vegetation,
3. They exists in all three stage- solid, liquid & gas. coal is also called a fossil fuel.
4. They have low melting and boiling points.
40. Which of the following is found in all three
forms –solid, liquid and gas?
(a) Metals (b) Inactive elements
(c) Non-metals (d) Metalloids
Ans. (c) : Non-metals are found in all three forms –
solid, liquid and gas. The number of non-metals among
the total elements so for is 27. out of which 11 are
gases, 15 are solids and 1 liquid.
For example –nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen etc. are
gaseous non-metals, bromine is a liquid non-metal and
sulphur, iodine, carbon phosphorous etc are solid non-
metals.
A coal Mine
Chapter-5 Coal and Petroleum We use various materials for our basic needs some
of them are found in nature and some have been
Introduction made by human efforts.
In the light of the availability of various resources Coal is processed in industry to get some useful
in nature, natural resources can be broadly classified products such as coke, coaltar and coal gas.
into two kinds.
Coke
Inexhaustible Natural Resources- These resources
It is a tough, porous and black substance. It is an
are present in unlimited quantity in nature and are
not likely to be exhausted by human activities. almost pure form of carbon. Coke is used in
manufacture of steel and in the extraction of many
Examples are: Sunlight, air.
metals.
Exhaustible Natural Resources- The amount of
these resources in nature is limited. They can be Coal Tar
exhausted by human activities. Examples of these It is black, thick liquid with an unpleasant smell. It is
resources are forests, wildlife, minerals, coal, a mixture of about 200 substances.
petroleum, natural gas etc. Products obtained from coal tar are used as starting
Coal materials for manufacturing various substances used
It is as hard as stone and is black in colour. in everyday life and in industry, like synthetic dyes,
drugs, explosives, perfumes plastics, paints,
phtotographic materials, roofing materials, etc.
Interestingly, naphthalene balls used to repel moths
and other insects are also obtained from coal tar.
These days, bitumen, a petroleum product, is used in
place of coal- tar for metalling the roads.
Coal Gas
Coal Coal gas is obtained during the processing of coal to
Coal is one of the fuels used to cook food. get coke. It is used as a fuel in many industries
Earlier, it was used in railway engines to produce situated near the coal processing plants.
steam to run the engine. Coal gas was used for street lighting for the first
It is also used in thermal power plants to produce time in london in 1810 and in New york around
electricity. Coal is also used as a fuel in various 1820. Now a days, it is used as a source of heat
industries. rather than light.
Story of Coal Petroleum
About 300 million years ago the earth had dense Petrol is used as a fuel in light automobilies such as
forests in low lying wetland areas. Due to natural motor cycles/scooters and cars.
processes like flooding, these forests got buried Heavy motor vehicles like trucks and tractors run on
under the soil. As more soil deposited over them diesel.
they were compressed. The temperature also rose as Petrol and diesel are obtained from a natural
they sank deeper and deeper. resource called petroleum. The word petroleum is
Under high pressure and high temperature, dead derived from petra (rock) and oleum (oil) as it is
plants got slowly converted to coal. mined from between the rocks under earth.
NCERT Science 133 YCT
 Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the 5. Lubricating oil Lubrication
sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled at 6. Paraffin wax Ointments, candles,
the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of vaseline etc
sand and clay. Over millions of years, absence of air, 7. Bitumen Paints, road surfacing
high temperature and high pressure transformed the
dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas. Natural Gas
The world's first oil well was drilled in Natural gas is a very important fossil fuel because it
Pennsylvania, USA, in 1859. Eight years later, in is easy to transport through pipes. Natural gas is
1867, oil was struck at Makum in Assam. stored under high pressure as compressed natural
In India, oil is found in Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai gas (CNG). CNG is used for power generation. It is
high and in the river basins of Godavari and now being used as a fuel for transport vehicles
Krishna. because it is less polluting. It is a cleaner fuel.
Refining of Petroleum The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used
Petroleum is a dark oily liquid. It has an unpleasant directly for burning in homes and factories where it
odour. It is a mixutre of various constituents such as can be supplied through pipes.
petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin Natural gas is also used as starting material for the
wax, etc. manufacture of number of chemicals and
fertilisers.India has vast reserves of natural gas.
In our country, natural gas has been found in Tripura
, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and in the Krishana
Godavari detlta.
Some Natural Resources are Limited
Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels. It required the
dead organisms millions of years to get converted
into these fuels.
On the other hand, the known reserves of these will
last only a few hundred years.
This will result in better environment, smaller risk of
global warming and their availability for a longer
period of time.
In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research
Association (PCRA) advises people how to save
petrol/ diesel while driving. Their tips are-
Drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as
Petroleum and natural gas deposits possible,
The process of separating the various constituents/
Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place
fractions of petroleum is known as refining. It is
where you have to wait.
carreid out in a petroleum refinery.
Ensure correct tyre pressure.
Many useful substances are obtains from petroleum
and natural gas. These are termed as Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.
'Petrochemicals. These are used in the manufacture Important Questions
of detergents, fibres (polyester, nylon, acrylic etc.),
polythene and other man- made plastics. 1. Which of the following is correctly matched?
Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum 1. Coke is → the purest form of carbon
is also called 'black gold'. 2. Coal tar is → black, thin liquid.
Table 5.1 Various constituents of petroleum and their 3. Coal gas → as fuel
uses: (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3
S. Constituents of Uses (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
No Petroleum Ans. (a) :Coke- It is a hard, porous and black
1. Petroleum Gas in Fuel for home and substance, It is almost pure form of carbon. Coke is
liquid form (LPG) industry used in the manufacture of steel and in the smelting of
2. Petrol Motor fuel, aviation many metals.
fuel, and for jet aircrafts Coal tar- It is a black viscous liquid having an
unpleasant odour. It is used in manufacturing of drugs,
3. Kerosene Fuel for stoves, lamps synthetic drugs, perfumes, synthetic dyes, plastics,
and for jet aircrafts paints, photographic and roofing materials.
4. Diesel Fuel for heavy motor Coal gas- It is obtained during the processing to obtain
vehicles, electric coke. It is used as fuel in many industries located near
generators coal processing plants.

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2. Which of the following is correctly matched? Ans. (c) : Based on the carbon and moisture content, the
1. Petrol – motor fuel highest and lowest quality varieties of coal are
2. Bitumen - road surfacing anthracite and lignite respectively.
3. Paraffin was-Vaseline Anthracite contains 85 to 95 percent carbon and 2 to 5
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 percent water, while lignite contains 45 to 55 percent
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 carbon and 30-35 percent water. it is a poor quality
brown coal.
Ans. (a) : - Area of petroleum use –
1. Petroleum gas as liquid fuel for home and industry 7. Which of the following fuels is not used in
(LPG). thermal power plants?
(a) Natural gas (b) Fuel oil
2. Petrol motor fuel, aviation fuel, solvent for dry
(c) Uranium (d) Coal
cleaning
3. Kerosene fuel for Kerosene stoves, lamps and jet Ans. (c) : The fuel which is not used in thermal power
plants is Uranium. It is used in nuclear power plants.
aircraft
Whereas gas, coal and fuel oil are used in thermal
4. Diesel fuel for heavy motor vehicles, electric power plants.
generators
8. Which of the following is used as fuel in cars
5. Lubricating oil for lubrication
along with petrol?
6. Paraffin wax - ....... candles, Vaseline etc. (a) Methane (b) Ethane
7. Bitumen – paint, road surfacing. (c) Ethanol (d) Butane
3. Which of the following statements is correct for Ans. (c) : Ethanol is commonly blended with petrol
the strategies of petroleum Conservation (gasoline) to create fuels like E10 ( 10% ethanol, 90%
Research Association:- petrol) and is widely used to reduce emissions and
1. Operate as fast as possible improve fuels efficiency in vehicles.
2. Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle Ethanol is used as fuel in cars along with petrol.
3. Ensure the correct tyre pressure 9. Which of the following is used for cooking?
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (a) Liquefied natural gas
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 (b) Compressed natural gas
Ans. (b) : In India Petroleum Conservation Research (c) Liquefied petroleum gas
Association (PCRA) advises people on how to save (d) Compressed petroleum gas
petrol diesel while driving Ans. (c) : Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) which is
Their suggestion are drive at steady & moderate speed generally used as fuel in homes is a mixture of saturated
as for as possible, switch off the engine at traffic lights, and unsaturated hydrocarbons propane and butane. Its
ensure correct tyre pressure, ensure regular maintenance special type of smell is due to some foul-smelling
of the vehicle. substance like Ethyl Mercaptane (CH3CH2SH) etc.
4. Which of the following is a complex mixture of 10. Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur
hydrocarbons, existing on Earth in liquid, released when fossil fuels are burned are
gaseous or Solid form that can be refined into called:-
fuel? (a) Acidic oxide (b) Amphoteric oxide
(a) Bitumen (b) Coke (c) Basic oxide (d) Inert oxide
(c) Coal tar (d) Coal Ans. (a) : After burning fossil fuels, oxide of nitrogen,
Ans. (d) : Coal is a compels mixture of hydrocarbons carbon and sulphur are produced which react with rain
water to form acidic oxides. Due to which acid rain
that exists on Earth in liquid, gaseous or solid form
occurs on the earth.
which can be refined into fuel.
11. The process that converts solid coal into liquid
5. Which of the following types of coal has the hydrocarbon is ....... called -
highest carbon content? (a) Catalytic conversion (b) Cracking
(a) Bituminous (b) Sub-bituminous (c) Carbonation (d) Liquefaction
(c) Lignite (d) Anthracite
Ans. (d) : The process of converting solid coal into
Ans. (d) : Anthracite is the best type of coal which has liquid hydrocarbon is called liquefaction. It is the
the highest carbon content. The amount of carbon in it opposite process of evaporation or vaporization,
is 95-98% Bituminous coal contains 60-80 % carbon, In evaporation or vaporization, the liquid substance
lignite coal contains 40-55% carbon and peat coal turns into vepour.
contains less than 40% carbon. 12. Combustion of coal and petroleum results in
6. What are highest and lowest quality varieties of the formation of oxides of.
coal based on carbon and moisture content (a) Sulphur and phosphorus
respectively? (b) Nitrogen and Sulphur
(a) Bauxite, lignite (b) Lignite, anthracite (c) Sulphur and Calcium
(c) Anthracite, lignite (d) Lignite, bauxite (d) Nitrogen and phosphorus
NCERT Science 135 YCT
Ans. (b) : Combustion of Coal and petroleum primarily The type of combustion in which a material
result in the formation of oxides of Nitrogen and suddenly bursts into flames, without the application
sulphur. These oxides, such as nitrogen oxides and of any apparent cause is called spontaneous
sulphur dioxide (SO2), contribute significantly to air combustion.
pollution and acid rain formation. When a cracker ignited, a sudden reaction takes
13. ...........is used as fuel in car along with petrol. place with the evolution of heat, light and sound. A
(a) Benzene (b) Ethanol large amount of gas formed in the reaction is
(c) Butane (d) Alcohol liberated, such a reaction is called explosion.
Ans. (b) :Ethanol (Alcohol) is also called ethyl alcohol. Explosion can also take place if pressure is applied
It's molecular formula is (C2H5OH) Ethanol is used as on the cracker.
fuel in motor vehicles (cars) by mixing it with petrol. It Structure of flame-
is mainly produced from sugarcane crop.

Chapter-6 Combustion and Flame

Combustion
A chemical process in which a substance reacts with
oxygen to give off heat is called combustion.
The substance that undergoes combustion is said to
be combustible. It is also called a fuel. The fuel may
be solid, liquid or gas.
The lowest temperature at which a substance catches Colours of a candle flame and the flame of a
fire is called its ignition temperature. kitchen stove-
A combustible substance cannot catch fire or burn as
long as its temperature is lower than its ignition
temperature.
The substances which have very low ignition
temperature and can easily catch fire with a flame
are called inflammable substances. Examples of
inflammable substances are petrol, alcohol, liquified
Petroleum Gas (LPG) etc.
Fire control
Water cools the combustible material so that its
temperature is brought below its ignition
temperature. This prevents the fire from spreading.
Water vapours also surround the combustible
material, helping in cutting off the supply of air So,
the fire is extinguished. Different zones of candle flame
The job of a fire extinguisher is to cut off the supply
of air, or to bring down the temperature of the fuel, Fuel
or both. The source of heat energy for domestic and
The most common fire extinguisher is water. But industrial purposes are mainly wood, charcoal,
water works only when things like wood and paper petrol, kerosene etc. These substances are called
are on fire. fuels.
If electrical equipment is on fire, water may conduct A good fuel is one which is readily available. It is
electricity and harm those trying to douse the fire.
cheap, burns easily in air at a moderate rate,
Water is also not suitable for fires involving oil and
petrol. produces a large amount of heat, does not leave
For fires involving electrical equipment and behind any undesirable substances.
inflammable materials like petrol, carbon dioxide There is probably no fuel that could be considered as
(CO2) is the best extinguisher. an ideal fuel.
CO2, being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like Fuel efficiency
a blanket. Since the contact between the fuel and
oxygen is cut off, the fire is controlled. The amount of heat energy produced on complete
The added advantage of CO2 is that in most cases it combustion of 1 kg of fuel is called it calorific
does not harm the electrical equipment. value.
Types of Combustion The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in a unit
The gas burns rapidly and produces heat and light, called kilojoules per kg (kj/kg).
such combustion is known as rapid combustion. Calorific values of some fuels are given in table -
NCERT Science 136 YCT
 Calorific Values of Different Fuels heated before it catches fire is called the ignition
Fuel Calorific value (kJ/kg) temperature. It is also called the kindle temperature.
Cow dung cake 6000-8000 The ignition temperature of a substance depends upon
Wood 17000-22000 its chemical nature.
Coal 25000-33000 The ignition temperature is also called the auto ignition
temperature or apparent ignition temperature.
Petrol 45000
Kerosene 45000 2. Which of the following statements is correct for
carbon dioxide in fire extinguishers?
Diesel 45000
1. It is heavier than oxygen.
Methane 50000 2. It does not damage electrical equipment.
CNG 50000 3. Carbon dioxide (CO2) the best is a fire
LPG 55000 extinguishers.
Biogas 35000-40000 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
Hydrogen 150000 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Burning of Fuels Leads to Harmful Ans. (d) : Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the best extinguisher
Products- for fires in electrical equipment and petrol. This cut off
the contact between fuel and oxygen, thus controlling
The increasing fuel consumption has harmful effects
the fire.
on the environment.
CO2, being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like a
Carbon fuels like wood. coal, petroleum release
blanket.
unburnt carbon particles. These fine particles are
dangerous pollutants causing respiratory diseases, 3. Which of the following is correctly matched?
such as asthma. 1. Rapid combustion - produce heat and light
Incomplete combustion of these fuels gives carbon 2. Spontaneous combustion - Phosphorous
monoxide gas. It is a very poisonous gas. It is 3. Explosion - Coal dust
dangerous to burn coal in a closed room. The carbon (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
monoxide gas produced can kill persons sleeping in (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
that room. Ans. (d) : The gas burns rapidly and produces heat and
Combustion of most fuels releases carbon dioxide in light. Such combustion is known as rapid combustion.
the environment, increased concentration of carbon There are substances like phosphorus that burn in air at
dioxide in the air is believed to cause global room temperature.
warming. Spontaneous combustion of coal dust causes many
Global warming is the rise in temperature of the disastrous fires in coal mines.
atmosphere of the earth. This results in melting of 4. Which of the following statements is correct for
polar glaciers, which leads to a rise the sea level, a candle-
causing floods in the coastal areas. 1. Innermost area - black
Burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide 2. Central region - yellow
gas. It is an extremely suffocating and corrosive gas. 3. Outer region - blue
Moreover, petrol engines give off gaseous oxides of (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
nitrogen. (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen dissolve in rain Ans. (d) : The correct statement for a candle is -
water and form acids. Such rain is called acid rain. Innermost area - Black(unburnt wax vapours)
It is very harmful for crops, buildings and soil. Central region - Yellow(Partial combustion)
The use of diesel and petrol as fuels in automobiles Outer region - Blue(Complete combustion)
is being replaced by CNG (Compressed Natural
Gas), because CNG produces the harmful products 5. Which of the following is the correct order of
in very small amounts. CNG is a cleaner fuel. calorific value?
(a) Cow dung > LPG > Wood > Diesel > CNG
Important Questions (b) LPG > CNG > Diesel > Wood > Cow dung
(c) Diesel > Wood > Cow dung > LPG > CNG
1. Which of the following statements is/are (d) Wood > Cow dung > CNG > Diesel > LPG
correct for ignition temperature? Ans. (b) :
1. This is the lowest temperature. Fuel Colorific value (kal/kg)
2. It depends on its chemical nature. Cow dung - 6000-8000
3. This is also called kindle temperature. Wood - 17000-22000
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 Petrol - 25000-33000
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 Kerosene - 45000
Ans. (a) : Every combustible substance must be heated Diesel - 45000
to a certain temperature before it catches fire. Methane - 50000
The lowest temperature to which a substance must be CNG - 50000
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 LPG - 55000 Biosphere reserve
Biogas - 35000-40000 Large areas of protected land for conservation of
Hydrogen - 150000 wildlife, plant and animal resources and traditional
life of the tribals living in the area. Agencies also
Chapter-7 Conservation of Plants take care of the forests and animals. The government
and Animals lays down rules, methods and policies to protect and
conserve them. Wildlife sanctuaries national parks,
Deforestation and Its Causes biosphere reserves etc. are protected areas for
A great variety of plants and animals exist on earth. conservation of plants and animals present in that
They are essential for the well being and survival of area.
mankind. Today, a major threat to survival of these Biosphere reserve are the areas meant for
organisms is deforestation. conservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity is the
Deforestation means clearing of forests and using variety of plants. Animals and microorganisms
that land for other purposes. generally found in an area.
Trees in the forest are cut for some of the purposes The biosphere reserves help to maintain the
mentioned below. biodiversity and culture of that area. A biosphere
reserve may also contain other protected areas in it.
Procuring land for cultivation.
The Panchmarhi biosphere reserve consists of one
Building houses and factories
national park named. Satpura and two wildlife
Making furniture of using wood as fuel. Some sanctuaries named Bori and Panchmarhi
natural causes of deforestation are forest fires and
severe droughts.
Consequences of Deforestation
Deforestation increases the temperature and
pollution level on the earth. It increases the level of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Ground water
level also gets lowered.
` Global warming as carbon dioxide traps the heat
rays reflected by the earth, disturbs the water cycle
and may reduce rainfall. This could cause droughts.
Deforestation is a major cause which leads to the Panchmarhi Biosphere reserve
change in soil properties. Flora And Fauna
Physical properties of the soil get affected by The plants and animals found in a particular area are
plantation and vegetation. Trees prevent soil erosion. termed flora and fauna respectively of that area.
Fewer trees result in more soil erosion removal of Sal, teak mango, jamun silver ferns, arjun etc. are
the top layer of the soil exposes the lower, hard and the flora and chinkara blue bull, barking deer,
rocky layers. This soil has less humus and is less cheetah, leopard, wild dog, wolf, etc. are examples
fertile. Gradually, the fertile land gets converted into of the fauna of the Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
deserts. It is called desertification.
Deforestation also leads to a decrease in the water
holding capacity of the soil. The movement of water
from the soil surface into the ground (infiltration
rate) is reduced.
The plants and animals found here are similar to
those of the upper Himalayan peaks and to those
belonging to the lower western ghats.
Conservation of forest and wildlife
To protect our flora and fauna and their habitats,
protected area called wildlife sanctuaries, national
parks and biosphere reserves have been earmarked.
Plantation cultivation, grazing, felling trees, hunting
(a) Wild dog (b) Cheetah (c) Wolf (d) Leopard (e)
and poaching are prohibited there.
Fern (f) Jamun tree
Wildlife sanctuary Endemic Species-
Areas where animals are protected from any Endemic species are those species of plants and
disturbance to them and their habitat. animals which are found exclusively in a particular
National Park area. They are not naturally found anywhere else.
Areas reserved for wild life where they can freely A particular type of animals or plant may be
use the habitats and natural resources. endemic to a zone, a state or a country.
NCERT Science 138 YCT
 National Park
These reserves are large and diverse enough to
protect whole sets of ecosystems. They preserve
flora, fauna, landscape and historic objects of an
area.
Satpura National Park is the first reserve forest of
India. The finest Indian teak is found in this forest.
There are more than one hundred National Parks in
India.
Project Tiger
Project tiger was launched by the government to
protect the tigers in the country. The objective of
this project was to ensure the survival and
maintenance of the tiger population in the country.
Tiger is one of the many species which are slowly
disappearing from our forests. But, the Satpura tiger
Wild Mango reserve is unique in the sense that a significant
The destruction of their habitat, increasing increase in the population of tigers has been seen
population and introduction of new species may here.
affect the natural habitat of endemic species and Animals whose numbers are diminishing to a level
endanger their existence. that they might face extinction are known as the
endangered animals.
Survival of some animals has become difficult
because of disturbances in their natural habitat.
An ecosystem is made of all the plants, animals and
microorganisms in an area along with non-living
components such as climate, soil river deltas etc.
Red Data Book
Red data book is the source book which keeps a
record of all the endangered animals and plants. Red
data book is maintained internationally by an
organisation.
India also maintains Red Data Book for plants and
animals found in India.
Migration
Giant squirrel Migratory birds fly to far away areas every year
Species is a group of population which are capable during a particular time because of climatic changes.
of interbreeding. This means that the members of a They fly for laying eggs as the weather in their
species can reproduce fertile offspring only with the natural habitat becomes very cold and inhospitable.
members of their own species and not with members Birds who cover long distance to reach another land
of other species. Members of a species have are known as migratory birds.
common characteristics. Reforestation
Wildlife Sanctuary Reforestation is restocking of the destroyed forests
Wildlife sanctuaries like reserve forests provide by planting new trees. The planted trees should
generally be of the same species which were found
protection and suitable living conditions to wild
in that forest.
animals.
Reforestation can take place naturally also. If the
People living in wildlife sanctuaries are allowed to
deforested area is left undisturbed, it re-establishes
do certain activities such as grazing by their itself. In natural reforestation there is no role of
livestock, collecting medicinal plants, firewood etc. human beings.
Some of the threatened wild animals like black We have already caused tremendous damage to our
buck, white eyed buck elephant, golden cat, pink forests. If we have to retain our green wealth for
headed duck, gharial, marsh crocodile python, future generation, plantation of more trees is the
rhinoceros, etc. are protected and preserved in our only option.
wildlife sanctuaries. In India we have the forest (conservation) Act. This
Indian sanctuaries have unique landscapes - broad act is aimed at preservation and conservation of
level forest, mountain forests and bush lands in natural forests and meeting the basic needs of the
deltas of big rivers. people living in or near the forests.
NCERT Science 139 YCT
 Important Questions 8. Where is Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
1. The mutual relationship between the species of located?
different types of organisms found on earth is (a) Ladakh (b) Uttarakhand
called - (c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Sikkim
(a) Biodiversity (b) Environment Ans. (b) : Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve is spread in
(c) Sanctuary (d) None of these Uttarakhand, which is made up of Nanda Devi
Ans. (a) : The mutual relationship between species of Nnational Park and Valley of Flowers National Park. It
different types of organisms found on Earth is typically has been declare world Heritage Site by UNESCO is 1988.
referred to as biodiversity. This term encompasses the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve was included in the list of
variety of life forms and their interactions within World Biosphere Reserves of UNESCO in 2004.
ecosystem. 9. In India, the thorny horned wild ibex is found
2. It is prohibited in sanctuaries and national in-
parks - (a) Tropical deciduous forests
(a) Agriculture (b) Pasture (b) Thorn forests
(c) Hunting (d) All of the above (c) Mountain forests
(d) Mangrove forests
Ans. (d) : National parks and wildlife sanctuaries are
created to protect the natural environment, flora and Ans. (c) : The wild ibex, known for its curved horns,
fauna. For this reason, activities like agriculture, primarily inhabits mountain forests and rocky terrains in
grazing, hunting etc are not allowed in these parks. high-altitude regions like the Himalayas, making
mountainous forests their natural habitat in India.
3. Which of the following animals are becoming
extinct - 10. In Rajasthan......is a nature loving community
(a) Tiger (b) Rhinoceros which conserves forests and wildlife?
(c) Blue whale (d) All of the above (a) Banjara (b) Bhil
(c) Bishnoi (d) Chhipa
Ans. (d) : Tigers, Rhinoceros, Blue whale are becoming
extinct due to poaching, habitat destruction and Ans. (c) : In Rajasthan, Bishnoi is a nature loving
climate change community which protects forests and wildlife. Bishnoi
is a Hindu community of India, found mainly in
4. The national aquatic animal is- Rajasthan. Guru Jambheshwar ji power is considered to
(a) Blue whale (b) Ganges Dolphin be the founder of the Bishnoi community. He founded
(c) Aligator (d) Crocodile the Bishnoi sect in 1485.
Ans. (b) : The national aquatic animal is Ganges 11. Choose the wrong option in the context of
Dolphin. It was recognized as the national aquatic Chipko movement.
animal by the government of India in 2009.
(a) It was a violent movement to save trees
It hunts by emitting ultrasonic sounds that bounce off
(b) It insured the participation of communities in
fish and other prey, enabling it to 'see' an image in its
forest conservation efforts
brain. It is also called 'susu'.
(c) It forced the government to reconsider its
5. Kanwar Bird sanctuary is located in Bihar priorities regarding the use of forest produce
(a) Munger (b) Gaya (d) People realised that forest are necessary to
(c) Patna (d) Begusarai maintain the quality of soil.
Ans. (d) : Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary is located in Ans. (a) : The wrong option in the context of Chipko
Begusarai district of Bihar. It is the first Ramsar site of movement is "It was a violent movement to save trees"
Bihar. because Chipko movement was a non-violent
6. In which of the following states in Panchmarhi movement.
Biosphere Reserve is located? It was started to stop illegal deforestation and
(a) Odisha (b) West Bengal destruction of trees and forests. This movement was led
(c) Punjab (d) Madhya Pradesh by activists like Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sundarlal
Ans. (d) : Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve is located on Bahuguna.
the hills and valleys of Satpura Range of Madhya 12. Which of the following organisms is included
Pradesh. The total of 18 biosphere reserves have been among the organisms found in Pachmarhi
established in India. Biosphere Reserve?
7. After independence, in which year was the (a) Sambhar (b) Barahsingha
Wildlife Protection Act implemented for the (c) Musk deer (d) Chinkara
first time in India? Ans. (d) : The Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve is
(a) 1978 (b) 1977 located in the Satpura Range of Madhya Pradesh, India.
(c) 1972 (d) 1976 It was established by the Government of India in 1999
Ans. (c) : The Wildlife Protection Act in India was and designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in the
enacted in the year 1972 to provide protection to the year 2009. Large mammals species like tigers, deer,
wildlife of the country and to control hunting, leopards, Rhesus monkey and wild boars etc. Local
smuggling and illegal trade. fauna also includes Chinkara, barking deer etc.
NCERT Science 140 YCT
13. Banerjee plays a legislative role in the Ans. (c) : The Chipko movement, started in Garhwal in
protection of the government. Who among the the 1970s, involved villagers hugging trees to protect
following is not a stakeholder? them from logging, emphazing environmental
(a) Wildlife and nature conservation and sustainable practices.
(b) Forest department of the government 18. Chipko movement (Hug the trees movement),
(c) People migrating to urban areas started from which of the following villages?
(d) In the chimneys and their dimensions, exhaust (a) Malana situated in kullu.
and people dependent on forest produce (b) Reni situated in Garhwal
Ans. (c) : People migrating to urban areas are not (c) Ziro situated in lower subansiri
directly involved in forest protection or wildlife (d) Andretta situated in kangra
conservation. Stakeholders typically include wildlife, Ans. (b) : Chipko movement started from Reni village
forest departments and those affected by forest policies, of Chamoli district of Uttarakhand in 1973. Chandi
such as people dependent on forest produce. Prasad Bhatt was a key founder of the movement and
Sundarlal Bahuguna was a significant supporter.
14. Which of the following is the largest mangrove
19. Who among the following did the women who
forest in the world?
started the Chipko movement in the 1973, want
(a) Godavari Krishna mangrove to protect?
(b) Bhitarkanika mangrove (a) An endangered resource
(c) Sundarbans Reserved Forest (b) A renewable resource
(d) Pichavaram mangrove forest (c) A non-biodegradable resource
Ans. (c) : The world's largest mangrove forest is the (d) An extremely scarce resource
Sundarbans Reserve Forest. It is located on the delta of Ans. (b) : The Chipko movement aimed to protect
the Ganges, Brahmputra and Meghna rivers. The forests, which are renewable resources. The movement
'Bengal Tiger' here is famous all over the world. It was emphasized conserving these forests for their ecological
included in the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1987. value, sustainability and benefits to the environment and
Crocodiles, Ganges dolphins, water monitor lizards and communities.
Olive Ridley turtles are found in it. 20. Who among the following sacrificed his life,
15. Which of the following is related to the Chipko along with 363 others, to protect the 'Khejdi'
movement? trees in Khejdi village near Jodhpur in
(a) Coal (b) Forest Rajasthan?
(c) Pollution (d) Water (a) Soumya Swaminathan
(b) Vandana Shiva
Ans. (b) : Chipko movement is related to forest
(c) Medha Patkar
conservation. This movement got its name Chipko
(d) Amrita Devi Bishnoi
because of activists hugging the trees to save them from
being cut down. Ans. (d) : Amrita Devi Bishnoi sacrificed her life along
with 363 people for the protection of 'Khejdi', trees in
16. The 'Save Narmada' movement started as a Khejdi village located near Jodhpur. In her name , the
protest against increasing the height of the Forest Department of the Government of Rajasthan and
Sardar Sarovar Dam. Some disadvantages of Madhya Pradesh has launched the prestigious state level
construction of dams are mentioned below. 'Amrita Devi Bishnoi' Memorial Award for contribution
Which of them is responsible benefit of dam in conservation or protection of wild animals.
construction? 21. ........ Bishnoi community is known for its
(a) Deforestation and loss of biodiversity occurs significant contribution in forest and animal
(b) Public money is used in abundance conservation.
(c) They help in irrigation and power generation (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Haryana
(d) Many tribals and farmers are displaced (c) Gujrat (d) Rajasthan
Ans. (c) : The 'Save Narmada' movement started as a Ans. (d) : Bishnoi community residing in Rajasthan is
protest against increasing the height of the Sardar known for its important contribution in forest and
Sarovar Dam. animal conservation.
'' Dams help in irrigation and power generation.'' This 22. Due to the drug Diclorofenac, most of the .........
statement is a positive aspect (benefit) regarding the population in India is on the verge of
construction of dams. extinction.
The remaining statements given in the options refer to (a) Black deer
the disadvantages caused by dam construction. (b) One-horned rhinoceros
17. Which of the following movements started in (c) Sparrows
Garhwal? (d) Vultures
(a) Save Jungle movement Ans. (d) : Due to the drug Diclorofenac, most of the
(b) Narmada Bachao Andolan vulture population is India in on the verge of extinction.
(c) Chipko movement Diclorofenac medicine was used for fever and swelling
(d) Vishnoi movement in animals. It was banned in year 2008.
NCERT Science 141 YCT
23. In Rajasthan, what was the historical (a) Jawaharlal Nehru
contribution of Amrita Devi Bishnoi (b) K. M. Munshi
community in the eighteenth century (1700s)? (c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(a) She sacrificed her life to stop the cutting of (d) Narhar Vishnu Gadgil
trees growing in her area. Ans. (b) : Van Mahotsav was started by the then
(b) She prevented desertification of the area by Agriculture Minister Kanhaiyalal Maniklal Munshi (K.M.
planting thousands of khejdi trees. Munshi) in 1950 to create awareness among the people for
(c) She prevented desertification of the area by the conservation of forests and planting of new trees. It is
digging many ponds to store rain water celebrated every year from July 1-7th July.
(d) She established the first wildlife sanctuary to 29. The.....species is not in the category of
protect deer from hunters. endangered species in the IUCN classification
Ans. (a) :In the eighteenth century (1730), in Rajasthan, (a) Harmful
Amrita Devi Bishnoi sacrificed their life to stop the (b) Extinct
cutting of trees growing in her area. The trees held (c) One that can easily get injured
religious and environmental significance for the Bishnoi (d) Almost extinct
people, who believed in the protection of nature and
wildlife. Ans. (a) : The term harmful species is not used in the
category of endangered species in the classification of
24. National Innovation Foundation-India has
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).
developed an indigenous herbal medicine as an
The IUCN terms describe species' extinction risk, like
alternative to chemical methods ........... named
"Endangered" for high risk and "Extinct" for no longer
treat worms in cattle.
existing, not "Harmful".
(a) Vermiclear (b) Stomach clean
(c) Wormivet (d) Lobendazole 30. Which of the following pairs (species-range) is
correct regarding India?
Ans. (c) : National Innovation Foundation, India has
(a) Great hornbill – Vulnerable
developed an indigenous herbal medicine called
Wormivet as an alternative to chemical methods for (b) Black deer – Rare
treating worms in cattle. (c) Nicobar pigeon – Endangered
(d) Asian Elephant – Endemic
25. In which year was Project Tiger started in
India? Ans. (a) : The Great Hornbill is the state bird of Kerala
(a) 1970 (b) 1973 and is also found in Arunachal Pradesh and the Western
(c) 1980 (d) 1975 Ghats. Due to excessive deforestation, Its habitat is
threatened, leading to its classification as vulnerable.
Ans. (b) : Project Tiger in India was started in the year
1973 to conserve the national animal, the tiger, in Jim 31. In which year was India's most famous Wildlife
Corbett National Park on 1 April, 1973. Conservation Project, ' Project Tiger, launched
At present the number of tiger reserves protected under to conserve the declining population of Indian
this project is 53. tigers?
(a) 1975 (b) 1973
26. In which year was the Asiatic Cheetah declared
extinct in India? (c) 1978 (d) 1982
(a) 1947 (b) 1952 Ans. (b) : India's most famous wildlife conservation
(c) 1950 (d) 1948 project, 'Project Tiger,' was launched in April, 1973 to
conserve the declining population of Indian tigers.
Ans. (b) : Asiatic Cheetah in India was officially
declared extinct by the Government of India in 1952. 32. National Green Tribunal is one...
The Asiatic leopard is currently classified as Critically (a) Fast track court
Endangered on the IUCN Red list of Endangered (b) Non-gazetted organization
Species. (c) Central government-Department
27. When is Global Tiger Day celebrated to raise (d) Private company
awareness for tiger conservation? Ans. (a) : The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is a fast
(a) 26 July (b) 20th July track court constituted under the NGT Act 2010. It is
(c) 25 July (d) 29th July designed for the effective and expeditious disposal of
Ans. (d) : Global Tiger Day is celebrated on 29 July to cases related to environmental protection, conservation
raise awareness for tiger conservation. of forests and other natural resources,
As of the latest census, the total number of tigers in 33. What is the Central Governments nursery
India is approximately 3682. The highest number of school scheme related to?
tiger is in Madhya Pradesh (785), Karnataka (563) and (a) To create environmental awareness in young
Uttarakhand (560). minds
28. Van Mahotsav was started in the year 1950 to (b) To streamline admission in nursery schools.
create awareness among the people for the (c) Bringing nursery schools under regulation
conservation of forests and planting new trees. (d) To create awareness about the safety of
Who initiated this movement? children.
NCERT Science 142 YCT
Ans. (a) : The Central Governments nursery school 39. What is the 'Red Data Book' (also known as
scheme aims to create environmental awareness among Red List)?
young children, fostering an early understanding of (a) List of the most polluted rivers
environmental issue and encouraging responsible (b) Listed record of earthquake prone area (of the
behavior towards nature. world)
34. In April 2016, the National Green Tribunal (c) Listed record of drought prone areas of the
suspended the environmental clearance given world
for a proposed hydropower project in (d) Detailed documentation of endangered
Arunachal Pradesh to save....... animals, species, trees etc.
(a) Great hornbill (b) Gayal/Mithun Ans. (d) : The Red data book, also known as the Red
(c) Medicinal plants (d) Black Necked Crane list that provides detailed information on endangered
Ans. (d) : In April 2016, the National Green Tribunal animal species and plants. It was first published by the
suspended the environmental clearance given for a IUCN in 1964.
proposed hydropower project in Arunachal Pradesh to 40. Which of these mammalian creatures has
save the Black-Necked Crane. become extinct due to human-caused climate
change?
35. Which of the following Acts is not related to
(a) Ursus maritimus (b) Red Panda
environmental protection?
(c) Bramble Cay melomys (d) Panthera uncia
(a) Port Laws Amendment Act, 1997
(b) Water (conservation) Act, 1974 Ans. (c) : The Bramble Cay melomys went extinct due
to rising sea levels from climate change, which
(c) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
inundated its habitat. Human-induced climate change
(d) Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 was the primary factor in its extinction.
Ans. (a) : The Port Laws Amendment Act, 1997 is not 41. Which of these bird species is critically
related to environmental protection. It primarily endangered?
addresses port regulations and administration, whereas (a) Great Indian Bustard (b) Cuckoo
other laws focus on environmental conservation and (c) Peacock (d) Crow
regulation.
Ans. (a) : The Great Indian Bustard (GIB), also known
36. Like the Chipko movement, which of the as 'Son Chiraiya', is the state bird of Rajasthan and is
following aims to protect forests in Uttara critically endangered due to habitat loss, collision with
Kannada district? power lines, hunting and agricultural expansion.
(a) Appiko Movement
42. The book in which records of all extinct
(b) Narmada Bachao Andolan animals and plants are kept is called.......
(c) Al Baydha Project (a) Red Data Book
(d) Delhi Chalo Movement (b) Wild Life analysis work
Ans. (a): The famous Chipko movement of Uttarakhand (c) Eco Survey Book
inspired the villagers of Uttara Kannada district of (d) Animal Survey Book
Karnataka to start a similar movement to save their Ans. (a) : The Red Data Book records species at risk of
forests. In September 1983, men, women and children extinction, including those already extinct. It provides
hugged the trees to prevent deforestations. The local crucial information for conservation efforts and helps
Kannada word for 'embrace' is 'Appiko', hence the track the status of endangered plants and animals.
movement was named Appiko movement.
43. Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) is a
37. Chipko movement was related to which of the statutary multidisplinary body under the
following? Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
(a) Environment protection Change (MOEFCC). Its headquarters is
(b) Women's rights located in........
(c) Human rights (a) New Delhi (b) Kolkata
(d) Freedom struggle (c) Hyderabad (d) Patna
Ans. (a): The Chipko movement was related to Ans. (a) : Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) is a
environmental protection. It began in 1973 in the statutory multidisplinary body under the Ministry of
Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEFCC) .
38. BSI (Botanical survey of India) publishes the Its headquarters is located in New Delhi.
list of endangered plants under which of the 44. Where is India's first genetic bank for wildlife
following names? conservation located?
(a) Red Data Book (b) Green Data Book (a) Cochin (b) Hyderabad
(c) Black Data Book (d) Blue Data Book (c) Bengaluru (d) Ahmedabad
Ans. (a) : The Botanical Survey of India publishes the Ans. (b): India's first genetic bank for wildlife
list of endangered plants in the Red Data Book. This conservation is located in Hyderabad. It aims to
book provides detailed information on the conservation preserve genetic material from various species to
status and threats faced by plant species. support conservation efforts and maintain biodiversity.

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45. 'Project Elephant' was launched by the Ans. (a) : Moving endangered or rare species from their
Government of India in the year. natural habitat to other areas for protection and
(a) 1990 (b) 1972 conservation is called ex-situ conservation.
(c) 1992 (d) 1986 For example-zoological park, botanical gardens, seed
Ans. (c) : The Ministry of Environment, Forest and banks, gene banks.
Climate Change, Government of India, started the 51. UN world wildlife Day is celebrated.......
Elephant Project in the year 1992 for the protection and (a) 7th July (b) 11 November
conservation of elephants. (c) 5th June (d) 3 March
46. PETA was started in India.... Ans. (d) : World Wildlife Day is celebrated every year
(a) 2001 (b) 2000 on 3 march, to raise awareness about and conserve
(c) 2003 (d) 2002 wildlife and flora globally. It was established by the
Ans. (b) : PETA (People of the Ethical Treatment of United Nations General Assembly, not started by
Aminals), India was started in January 2000. It is Thailand.
located in Mumbai. 52. According to the India state of Forest Report
47. Which animal has been declared as 'National 2015, in terms of area, it has the largest forest
Heritage Animal ' of India? area in........
(a) One-horned rhinoceros (a) Assam (b) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Elephant (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Royal Bengal Tiger Ans. (c) : According to the Indian State of Forest
(d) Asiatic cheetah Report (ISFR) 2015, Madhya Pradesh, India has the
Ans. (b) : In October 2010, the elephant was declared largest forest area.
the national heritage animal of India. In response to the As per ISFR- 2021, the 3 state with highest forest cover
decline in the number of elephants in the country the in terms of area are
Hathi Project was started in 1992 by the Ministry of 1. Madhya Pradesh
Environment and Forest. 2. Arunachal Pradesh
48. Which award was been instituted by the 3. Chhatisgarh.
Government of India to reward individuals and
53. India's first National Wildlife Genetic
communities in rural areas who have
Resources Bank was inaugurated by:-
demonstrated extraordinary courage and
dedication in the conservation of wildlife. (a) Rajnath Singh (b) Dr. Harsh Vardhan
(a) Sanjay Gandhi Environment Award (c) Ramnath Kovind (d) Narendra Modi
(b) Sundarlal Bahuguan Award Ans. (b) : On august 12, 2018, Dr.Harsh Vardhan,
(c) Amrita Devi Bishnoi Award Union Minister of Science and Technology,
(d) B P Pal Award Environment, Forest and Climate Change, inaugurated
the National Wildlife Genetic Resources Bank. The
Ans. (c) : Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection
objective of the Genetic Resources Bank is to support
Award is presented by the Government of India. This
the conservation and revival of endangered and
award is given to an organization or individual
threatened species.
recognized for showing exemplary courage and
dedication in contributing to wildlife conservation. 54. Where is the Botanical survey of India located?
49. Under which Indian Act, the Central Bureau of (a) Mumbai (b) Kolkata
Investigation been given the power to (c) New Delhi (d) Mysore
apprehend and prosecute criminals who cause Ans. (b) : The Botanical Survey of India is a scientific
harm to wildlife? research organization based in Kolkata, West Bengal. It
(a) Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 was established in the year 1890, its main objectives are
(b) Indian Forest Act, 1927 to discover the plant resources of the country and
(c) Environment Protection Act, 1986 identify plants with economic properties. It functions
(d) Protection of Cruelty to Animal Act, 1960 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change.
Ans. (a) : Under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972,
the central Bureau of Investigation has been given the 55. According to the 2014 tiger census, the ratio of
power to arrest and prosecute criminals who harm tiger population in India was
wildlife. The headquarters of Wildlife Crime Control (a) 1411 (b) 1706
Bureau is located in New Delhi. (c) 2226 (d) 1906
50. For the protection and conservation of Ans. (c) : According to the 2014 tiger census, the
endangered or rare species, whem they are population of tigers in India was 2226.
moved from their natural habitat to some other According to the data released in July, 2019, the tigers
known area, it is called - population had increased to 2967. The state with the
(a) Ex-situ conservation (b) In-situ conservation highest number of tigers is Madhya Pradesh, housing
(c) Migration protection (d) Protective protection 526 tigers.

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56. An area that is legally reserved for wild Ans. (a) : Afforestation is useful in reducing the
animals in their natural environment ' is called accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
a because it acts as a carbon sink.
(a) Community forest 62. Which of the following is not a threat to the
(b) Biosphere Reserve forest tiger population in India?
(c) National park (a) Decrease in available prey
(d) Animal shelter (b) Connecting of wildlife corridors
Ans. (c) : A national park is a protected area legally (c) Grazing of cattle
reserved for the conservation of wildlife and their (d) Fragmentation of natural habitat
natural habitat where activities like hunting, logging and Ans. (b) : Connecting wildlife corridors is not threat to
poaching are strictly regulated to ensure ecosystem the tiger population in India. India is planning to create
preservation. about 1200km long wildlife corridor so that tigers can
57. Where is the Wildlife Institute of India be provided protection.
located? 63. A species which cannot be found in its habitat
(a) Nagpur (b) Gangtok even searching for a long time is called an......
(c) Dehradun (d) Itanagar species.
(a) Unsafe (b) Rare
Ans. (c) : Wildlife Institute of India is located in (c) Extinct (d) Endangered
Dehradun (Uttarakhand). It was established in 1982.
Ans. (c) : A species which cannot be found in its habitat
The institute provided training courses, academic even often searching for a long time is called an extinct
programs and consultancy in Wildlife Research and species.
Management.
64. Which of the following endangered animals gives
58. What is the objective of Green Highway policy the world's finest and most expensive wool?
2015? (a) Chiru (Tibetan Antelope)
(a) To promote the development of environment (b) Kashmiri goat
friendly highways (c) Kashmiri Sheep
(b) To promote the welfare of the poor (d) Chital (dur)
(c) Those who work to keep the reads green Ans. (a) : Chiru (Tibetan antelope) is an endangered
protecting NGOs animal, that provides the world's best and most
(d) Taking measures to ensure more rainfall. expensive wool. They have become endangered due to
Ans. (a) : The objective of the Green Highway Policy over hunting.
2015 is to promote the development of environment The wool made from their wool is warm and soft. Its
friendly highways. hunting has now been globally illegal.
Green Highway Policy was adopted during the National
Conference held in New Delhi on September 29, 2015. Chapter-8 Cell - Structure and
59. What are the major factor responsible for Functions
deforestation?
(a) Dry (b) Volcanic eruption Introduction
(c) Cyclone (d) Agriculture The basic structural unit of an organism, is the cell.
Ans. (d) : Forests are continuously cut for wood, fuel, Cells may be compared to bricks. Bricks are
agriculture and other purposes leading to deforestation. assembled to make a building, similarly, cells are
In shifting cultivation, trees and vegetation are first cut assembled to make the body of every organism.
and burned and then the land is used for farming. This Discovery of the Cell
practice contributes significantly to deforestation as it Robert hooke in 1665 observed slice of cork under a
often involves clearing large areas and moving to new simple magnifying device.
location, exacerbating forest loss. Cork is a part of the bark of a tree. He took thin slice
60. Which of the following option means of cork and observed them under microscope. He
restoration of forests naturally or artificially? noticed partitioned boxes or compartments in the
(a) Deforestation (b) Afforestation cork slice.
(c) Reforestation (d) Heafforestation
Ans. (c) : Reforestation is a process of artificially
planting trees and restoring forests on land that has been
deforested.
61. Forest planting is one way to reduce the
accumulation of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere because
(a) Trees forma carbon sink
(b) Trees absorb carbon dioxide while breathing
(c) Trees provide beneficial products to humans
(d) Trees release oxygen Cork cells as observed by Robert Hooke
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 Partitioned boxes appeared like a honey-comb. He A single-celled organism performs all the necessary
also noticed that one box was separated from the functions in a unit cell.
other by a wall or partition. A single-celled organism, like amoeba, captures and
Hooke coined the term 'cell' for each box. Hooke digests food, respires, excretes, grows and
observed boxes or cells in the cork were actually reproduces. Similar functions in multicellular
dead cells. organisms are carried out by groups of specialised
Cells of living organisms could be observed only cells forming different tissues, in turn form organs.
after the discovery of improved microscopes. Shape of Cells
Very little was known about the cell for the next 150 Amoeba has no definite shape, unlike other
years after Robert Hooke's observations. organisms, it keeps on changing its shape.
The Cell The projections of varying lengths protruding out of
Both, bricks in a building and cell in the living its body, these are called pseudopodia (pseudo:
organisms, are basic structural units. false; podia: feet) and these projections appear and
The buildings though built of similar bricks, have disappear as amoeba moves or feeds.
different designs, shapes and sizes. A white blood cell (WBC) in human blood is
Similarly, in the living world, organisms differ from another example of a single cell which can change
one another but all are made up of cell. Cells in the its shape, but while WBC is cell, amoeba is a full
living organisms are complex living structures fledged organism capable of independent existence.
unlike non-living bricks. Components of the cell are enclosed in a membrane
and this membrane provides shape to the cells of
plants and animals.
Cell wall is an additional covering over the cell
membrane in plant cells. It gives shape and rigidity
to these cells bacterial cell also has a cell wall.
Size of Cells
Brick Wall Onion peel The size of cells in living organisms may be small as
The egg of a hen represents a single cell and is big a millions of a meter (micrometer or micron) or may
enough to be seen by the unaided eye. be as large as a few centimeters.
However, most of the cells are microscopic in size
Organisms show variety in cell number, are not visible to the unaided eye. They need to be
shape and size enlarged or magnified by a microscope.
There are millions of living organisms, They are of The smallest cell is 0.1 to 0.5 micrometer in
different shapes and sizes. Their organs also vary in bacteria.
shape, size and number of cells. The largest cell measuring 170 mm × 130 mm, is the
Number of cells egg of an ostrich.
Human body has trillions of cells which vary in The size of the cells has no relation with the size of
shape and sizes. Different groups of cells perform a the body of the animal or plant. It is not necessary
variety of functions. that the cells in the elephant be much bigger than
Organisms made of more than one cell are called those in a rat.
multicellular (multi: many; cellular : cell) The size of the cells is related to its function, for
organisms. example, nerve cells, both in the elephant and rat,
The number of cells being less in smaller organisms are long and branched.
does not, in any way, affect the functioning of the The nerve cell perform the transferring message.
organisms. Cell Structure And Function
The fertilized egg cell multiples and the number of The digestive organs which together constitute the
cells increase as development proceeds. Both digestive system. Each organ in the system performs
organisms are made up of a single cell. The single - different, assimilation and absorption.
celled organisms are called unicellular (uni: one;
Similarly, different organs of a plant perform
cellular : cell) organisms.
specific functions. For example, roots help in the
absorption of water and minerals.
Each organ is further made up of smaller parts called
tissues.
A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a
specific function.
Parts of the Cell
Cell membrane
The basic components of a cell are cell membrane,
cytoplasm and nucleus. The cytoplasm and nucleus
are enclosed within the cell membrane, also called
Amoeba Paramecium the plasma membrane.
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 The membrane separates cells from one another and With a microscope of higher magnification, we can
also the cell from the surrounding medium. see a smaller spherical body in the nucleus. It is
The plasma membrane is porous and allows the called the nucleolus.
movement of substances or materials both inward Nucleus contains thread-like structures called
and outward. chromosomes. These carry genes and help in
The boundary of the onion cell is the cell membrane
inheritance or transfer of characters from the parents
covered by another thick covering called the cell
to the offspring. The chromosomes can be seen only
wall. The central dense round body in the centre is
called the nucleus. when the cell divides.
Nucleus, in addition to its role in inheritance, acts as
control centre of the activities of the cell.
The entire content of a living cell is known as
protoplasm. It includes the cytoplasm and the
nucleus. Protoplasm is called the living substance of
the cell.
Gene
Gene is a unit of inheritance in living organisms. It
controls the transfer of a hereditary characteristic
from parents to offspring.
Cells observed in an Onion peel The nucleus of the bacterial cell is not well-
The jelly- like substance between the nucleus and organized like the cells of multicellular organisms.
the cell membrane is called cytoplasm.
There is no nuclear membrane. The cells having
The conditional layer surrounding the cell
membrane is required by plants for protection. nuclear material without nuclear membrane are
Plant cells need protection against variations in termed prokaryotic cells.
temperature, high wind speed, atmospheric moisture The organisms with these kinds of cells are called
etc. prokaryotes (Pro: primitive; karyon: nucleus).
Cells can be observed in the leaf peel of Examples are bacteria and blue green algae.
Tradescantia, Elodea or Rhoeo. The cells, like onion cells and cheek cell having
well- organized nucleus with a nuclear membrane
are designated as eukaryotic cells.
All organisms other than bacteria and blue green
algae are called eukaryotes (eu: true : karyon:
nucleus).
Vacuole can be single and big as in an onion cell,
Cheek cells have smaller vacuoles.
Large vacuoles are common in plant cells. Vacuoles
in animal cells are much smaller.
Several small coloured bodies in the cytoplasm of
the cells of Tradescantia leaf. They are scattered in
the cytoplasm of the leaf cells, These are called
Human cheek cells
Cytoplasm plastids.
Cytoplasm is the jelly- like substance present Plastids are of different colours. Some of them
between the cell membrane and the nucleus. contain green pigment called chlorophyll. Green
Other components, or organelles, of cells are present coloured plastids are called chloroplasts. They
in the cytoplasm. For example mitochondria, golgi provide green colour to the leaves.
bodies, ribosomes etc. Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of leaves is
Nucleus essential for photosynthesis.
Nucleus is an important component of the living
cell. It is generally spherical and located in the
centre of the cell.
It can be stained and seen easily with the help of a
microscope.
Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a
membrane called the nuclear membrane. This
membrane is also porous and allows the movement
of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of
the nucleus.
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 Important Questions Ans. (a) : Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-
bound organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus.
1. Which of the following cellular components is Their located in a region is genetic material called the
not present in most prokaryotes? nucleoid and they typically have a single chromosome
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Nuclear Membrane and are extremely small in size.
(c) Cell Wall (d) Ribosome 8. How much energy is released when the
Ans. (b) : Most prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane. terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken
Their genetic material is not enclosed within a distinct down?
nucleus, unlike eukaryotes. Instead, it exists freely in (a) 32 kJ/mol (b) 32.5 kJ/ mol
the nucleoid. (c) 30.5 kJ/ mol (d) 33 kJ/ mol
2. Energy is produced in human cells by the Ans. (c) : The hydrolysis of ATP's terminal phosphate
breakdown of glucose. Which of the following bond releases around 30.5 kJ/ mol of energy, as this
is required for the breakdown of glucose? bond stores significant energy, which cells utilize for
(a) Oxygen (b) Carbon dioxide various biological processes, including muscle
(c) Nitrogen (d) Hydrogen contraction.
Ans. (a) : Energy is produced by the breakdown of 9. Which cell organ eliminates the toxic effects of
glucose in human cells. Oxygen is required for the toxic substances and drug synthesis?
breakdown of glucose. (a) Endoplasmic reticulum
3. What is the energy currency for most cellular (b) Ribosome
processes? (c) Golgi apparatus
(a) Pyruvate (b) ATP (d) Mitochondria
(c) ADP (d) Glucose Ans. (a): The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous
Ans. (b) : Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy organelle in eukaryotic cell. Its main function is to
currency for the most cellular processes. It work to provide eliminate the toxic substance and metabolize drug. Its
energy for movement such as impulse, expansion structure is similar to the plasma membrane.
contraction of muscles, chemical synthesis etc. 10. Which of the following statements is wrong?
4. Which organelle is known as the suicide bags of (a) Oxygen is not necessary for the process of
the cell? fermentation.
(a) Nucleus (b) Mitochondria (b) Pyruvic acid is formed in the first stage of
(c) Centrosome (d) Lysosome respiration.
Ans. (d) : Lysosome is known as the suicide bags of the (c) Glucose disintegrates in the first step of
cell because hydrolytic enzymes are found in them that respiration.
breakdown cellular components. Their acidic pH of 4.5- (d) In mitochondria acetic acid gets decomposed
5 activates these enzymes. with the help of oxygen.
5. In the cell, where does the process of Ans. (d) : In mitochondria, acelyl-CoA, not acetic acid,
disintegration of 6 Carbon glucose molecule is processed in the Krebs cycle. Oxygen is used in the
into 3 carbon pyruvate molecule takes place ? electron transport chain, not for directly breaking down
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Mitochondria acetic acid.
(c) Chloroplast (d) Golgibody 11. Which important function is performed by
Ans. (a) : In the cell, the disintegration of 6 carbon SER in the liver cells of vertebrates?
glucose molecule into 3- carbon pyruvate molecule (a) Detoxification of medicines and poisons
takes place in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is gel-like (b) Synthesis of lipids
substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus (c) Synthesis of proteins
containing organelles like mitochondria, golgibodies (d) Synthesis of Complex sugars
and ribosomes. Ans. (a) : The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in
6. What is the sub-unit of structure of liver cells of detoxifies medicines and poisons. It
prokaryotic ribosome? contains enzymes that modify these substances, making
(a) 50S and 40S (b) 60S and 40S them easier to eliminate from the body.
(c) 50S and 30S (d) 10S and 30S 12. Which of the following cellular components is
Ans. (c) : The sub-unit of prokaryotic ribosomes are 50S known as the protein factory of the cell?
and 30S. These are the large and small sub-units, (a) Ribosome (b) Golgi apparatus
respectively of the 70S ribosome found in prokaryotic cells. (c) Mitochondria (d) Chloroplast
7. Some characteristics of prokaryotic cell are Ans. (a) : The ribosome is known as the protein factory
mentioned below. Select the wrong option from of the cell because it synthesizes proteins by translating
the given choices. m-RNA into amino acid sequence.
(a) Presence of membrane bound organelles. 13. Which of the following is called the power
(b) Extremely small size. house of the cell?
(c) Single chromosome. (a) Mitochondria (b) Red blood cells
(d) Its nuclear region is called nucleoid (c) White blood cells (d) Plasma membrane
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Ans. (a) : Mitochondria of cells provide energy in the Ans. (a) : The plasma membrane is the cells outermost
form of ATP to carry out all the chemical reactions. layer, regulating the exchange of substances between
Hence, they are also called the power house of the cell. the cell and its environment.
14. Which of the following organelles of cells is also 21. The alignment of chromosomes in the center of
called suicidal bag? the cell on the equatorial plate constitutes
(a) Mitochondria (b) Golgi apparatus. which phase of meiosis
(c) Chloroplast (d) Lysosome (a) Telophase (b) Prophase
Ans. (d) : Lysosomes are celled "suicidal bags" because (c) Metaphase (d) Anaphase
they contain enzymes that can breakdown cellular Ans. (c) : During metaphasem, the chromosomes align
components, leading to cell death. on the equatorial plate, and spindle fibers attach to the
15. The cell theory given by Schleiden and centromeres. It is noteworthy that metaphase is the
Schwann is not applicable to which of the second stage of mitosis.
following organisms? 22. What is the smallest unit of an organism
(a) On fungi (b) On animals capable of independent existence?
(c) On viruses (d) On algae (a) Cell (b) Cytoplasm
Ans. (c) : The cell theory given by Schleiden and (c) Vacuoles (d) Protoplasm
Schwann applies to fungi, animals and algae but not to Ans. (a) : The smallest unit of an organism capable of
viruses, as they are not composed of cells. independent existence is the cell, also known as the
16. How was the cell discovered by Robert look? basic unit of life. Humans animals and plants are made
(a) While observing the leaves of the tree. of cells and without cells, life is impossible.
(b) While inspecting the ped of an onion. 23. Why do plant require less energy?
(c) While examining blood. (a) Because they contain excessive dead cells.
(d) While inspecting the cork (b) Because they grow only in height.
Ans. (d) : Robert Hooke discovered cells by examining (c) Because they prepare their own food.
cork under a microscope. He observed small, box-like (d) Because they produce oxygen.
structures resembling honeycomb cells, which he Ans. (c) : Plant require less energy because they
named "cells", marking the first identification of perform photosynthesis to produce their own food. This
cellular structure. self-sustaining process reduces their overall energy
17. What is the jelly-like substance present needs, compared to animals, which must consume other
between the nucleus and the cell membrane organisms for energy.
called- 24. Why is the cell wall found in plant cells?
(a) Hypotenuse (b) Cytoplasm (a) Because the cell wall is affected by various
(c) Amnion (d) Pulmonary environmental factors protects plant cells.
Ans. (b) : Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance which is (b) Because plant cells are living.
found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It (c) Because plant cells do not have cell
contains many organic and inorganic substances. membrane.
18. What is the process of cell shrinking and (d) Because it is required for photosynthesis
separating from the cell wall due to lack of Ans. (a) : The cell wall is found in plant cells because it
water called? protects plant cells from various environmental factors.
(a) Deplasmolysis (b) Cytolysis Plant cell was are made up of cellulose and protein. The
(c) Photosynthesis (d) Plasmolysis main function of the cell wall is to provide to the cell
Ans. (d) : Plasmolysis is the process where a cell and protect the protoplasm.
shrinks and detaches from the cell wall due to water 25. Apart from the nucleus which two of the
loss. following cells organelles have their own DNA
19. ..........Is known as the power house of the cell and ribosomes?
goes? (a) Chloroplast and Mitochondria
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Vacuole and Golgibody
(b) Mitochondria (c) Mitochondria and Golgibody.
(c) Nucleus (d) Mitochondria and Lysosome
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum. Ans. (a): Apart from the nucleus, the two cell
Ans. (b) : Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of organelles that have their own DNA and ribosomes are
the cell because the generate energy through cellular mitochondria and chloroplasts. These organelles can
respiration in the form of ATP. independently produce some of their proteins and are
20. What is the outermost covering of the cell that involved in energy production (mitochondria) and
separates its components from the external photosynthesis (chloroplasts), respectively.
environment? 26. Where does respiration takes place in plant
(a) Plasma membrane (b) Cell organelle cells, where oxygen is taken in and release
(c) Muscle cell (d) Smooth muscle cell energy and carbon dioxide from food?
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 (a) Vacuole Like plants, the reproductive parts in animals also
(b) Chlorophyll and mitochondria produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. It is the
(c) Peroxisome zygote which develops into a new individual. This type
(d) Mitochondria of reproduction beginning from the fusion of male and
Ans. (d) : Respiration in plant cells, where oxygen is female gametes is called sexual reproduction.
takes in and carbon dioxide along with energy is Male Reproductive Organs
released from food, takes place in the mitochondria. The male reproductive organs include a pair of testes
27. Where are waste products stored inside plant (Singular, testis), two sperm ducts and a penis.
cell? The testes produce the male gametes called sperms.
(a) In golgibody (b) In vacuole Millions of sperms are produced by the testes.
(c) In lysosome (d) Mitochondria Though sperms are very small in size, each has a
head, a middle piece and a tail.
Ans. (b) : Waste products inside plant cells are stored in
vacuoles. The vacuoles is a structure found in the of
both animal and plant cell. In plant cells, vacuoles help
maintain water balance and can sometimes occupy most
of the internal space of the cell.
28. Chlorophyll pigment is present in which of the
following components of the cell?
(a) Chlorophyll (b) Lysosome
(c) Mitochondria (d) Ribosome
Ans. (a) : Chlorophyll pigment is present in the
chloroplasts of plant cells. Chlorophyll is essential for
photosysnthesis and chloroplasts also contain other
pigments such as xanthophyll and carotene.
29. Which of the cell organelles are found only in
plants?
(a) Mitochondria (b) Lysosome Male reproductive organs in humans
(c) Vacuole (d) Plastid Each sperm is a single cell with all the usual cell
Ans. (d) : Plastids are found only in plants. Plastids are components.
round or oval structures within plant cells and include
three main types of plastids: Chloroplast, Leucoplast
and Chromoplast.
30. Which of the following organelles in plant store
protein and oil granules in the cell?
(a) Chloroplast (b) Leucoplast
(c) Chromoplast (d) Protoplasm
Ans. (b) : Leucoplasts store proteins and oil granules in
plant cells. They are specialized plastids that help in the
storage of these substances, unlike chloroplasts and
chromoplasts, which serve other functions.

Chapter-9 Reproduction in Human sperm

Animals Female Reproductive Organs
Introduction The female reproductive organs are a pair of ovaries,
Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a oviducts (fallopian tubes) and the uterus.
species.
Reproduction is very important as it ensures the
continuation of similar kinds of individuals,
generation after generation.
There are two modes by which animal reproduce.
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Plants that reproduce sexually have male and female
reproductive parts. In animals also, males and
females have different reproductive parts or organs. Female reproductive organs in humans
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 The ovary produces female gametes called ova (eggs). The process of fertilization is the meeting of an egg
In human beings, a single matured egg is released cell from the mother and a sperm cell from the
into the oviduct by one of the ovaries every month. father.
Uterus is the part where development of the baby The new individual inherits some characteristics
takes place.
from the mother and some from the father.
Like the sperm, an egg is also a single cell.
Fertilization which takes place inside the female
body is called internal fertilization.
Internal fertilization occurs in many animals
including humans, cows, dogs and hens.
During spring or rainy season, frogs and toads move
to ponds and slow-flowing streams. When the male
and female come together in water. The female lays
hundreds of eggs.
A layer of jelly holds the eggs together and provides
protection to the eggs.
Human ovum As the eggs are laid, the male deposits sperm over
Fertilization them. Each sperm swims randomly in water with the
The first in the process of reproduction is the fusion help of its long tail.
of a sperm and an ovum. When sperms come in The sperms come in contact with the eggs. This
contact with an egg. One of the sperms may fuse results in fertilization.
with the egg. Such fusion of the egg and the sperm is
The fusion of a male and a female gamete takes
called fertilization.
During fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the place outside the body of the female is called
egg fuse to form a single nucleus. This results in the external fertilization.
formation of a fertilized egg or zygote. Zygote is the Development of Embryo
beginning of a new individual. Fertilization result in the formation of zygote which
begins to develop into an embryo.
The zygote divides repeatedly to give rise to a ball
of cells. The cells then, begin to form groups that
develop into different tissues and organs of the
body. This developing structure is termed an
embryo.
The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus
for further development. The embryo continues to
develop in uterus. It gradually develops body- parts
such as hands, legs, head, eyes, ears etc.

Zygote formation and development of an embryo

from the zygote; (b) Ball of cells (enlarged); (c)
Embedding of the embryo in the uterus (enlarged)
The stage of the embryo in which all the body parts
can be identified is called a foetus.
When the development of the foetus is complete, the
Zygote mother gives birth to the baby.
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 metamorphosis.

Life cycle of frog

Asexual reproduction
Foetus in the uterus • In each hydra, there may be one or more bulges, the
Internal fertilisation takes place in hens also but hens developing new individuals and they are called buds.
do not give birth to babies like human beings. In the In hydra too the new individuals develop as out
hen after fertilisation, the zygote divides repeatedly growths from a single parent.
and travels down the oviduct. As it travels down, • The reproduction in which only a single parent is
many protective layers are formed around it. The involved is called asexual reproduction.
hard shell that we see in a hen's egg is one such
protective layer. • Since new individuals develop from the buds in
After the hard shell is formed around the developing hydra, this type of asexual reproduction is called
embryo, the hen finally lays the egg. The embryo budding.
takes about 3 weeks to develop into a chick. • Another method of asexual reproduction is observed
The hen sitting on the eggs provide sufficient in the microscopic organism, amoeba. Amoeba is a
warmth. Development of the chick takes place inside single- called organism.
the egg shell during this period. After the chick is • It begins the process of reproduction by the division
completely developed it bursts open the egg shell. of its nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by
Viviparous and Oviparous Animals- division of its body into two, each part receiving a
Some animals give birth to young ones while some nucleus. Finally, two amoebae are produced from
animals lay eggs which later develop into young one parent amoeba. This type of asexual
ones. reproduction in which an animal reproduces by
The animals which give birth to young ones are dividing into two individuals is called binary fission.
called viviparous animals.
Those animals which lay eggs are called oviparous
animals.
The eggs of a few animals are easy to observe
because their mothers lay them outside their bodies.
These are example of oviparous animals.
Young ones to Adults
The new individuals which are born or hatched from
the egg continue to grow till they become adults. In
some animals, the young ones may look very
different from the adults.
The life cycle of the silkworm: egg → larva or
caterpillar → pupa → adult
The different stages of frog starting from the egg to
adult stage. There are three distinct stages, that is,
egg→ tadpole (larva)→ adult.
Similarly, the caterpillar or the pupa of silkworm
looks very different from the adult moth.
The features that are present in the adult are not
found in these young ones.
A beautiful moth emerging out of the cocoon. In the
case of tadpoles, they transform into capable of
jumping and swimming. The transformation of the
larva into an adult through drastic changes is called Binary fission in Amoeba
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 Story of Dolly, the clone Ans. (b) : The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ in
Cloning is the production of an exact copy of cell, the female reproductive system. It is where a fertilized
any other living part, or a complete organism. egg implants and develops during pregnancy.
Cloning of an animal was successfully performed 6. Frog's egg is
for the first time by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at (a) Centrolecithal (b) Telolecithal
the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. They (c) Microlecithal (d) Mesolecithal
successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was Ans. (d) : Frog's egg is mesolecithal. Mesolecithal
born on 5th July 1996 and was the first mammal to eggs have moderate amount of yolk distributed
be cloned. throughout the egg, with more yolk in the centre and a
relatively thin layer of cytoplasm surrounding it.
7. The occurrence of polyinvagination during
gestrulation belong to which special category?
(a) In sea urchin (b) In amphibans
(c) In mammals (d) In brids
Ans. (a) : Polyinvagination during gastrulation is
characteristic of sea urchins. This process involves
multiple simultaneous invaginations in the blastula,
Important Questions leading to the formation of the archentron. This
1. Which process is essential for the continuity of mechanism is distinct from those in amphibians,
living beings? mammals and birds, which use different process for
(a) Digestion (b) Respiration gastrulation.
(c) Reproduction (d) Transmission 8. Which of the following external embryonic
Ans. (c) : Reproduction is essential for continuity in membranes provides nutrition to the embryo
living beings. It allows organisms to produce offspring, during the development of chicken?
ensuring the continuation of their genetic material and (a) Amnion (b) Chorion
the survival of their species. (c) Yolk sac (d) Allantois
2. Which of the following participate in asexual Ans. (c) : In the development of chicken, the yolk sac
reproduction ? provides nutrition to the developing embryo. Generally,
four extra-embryonic membranes are present in
(a) Two living being (b) Three creatures
vertebrates. They provide protection, transport of
(c) No living being (d) an organism
nutrient medium and handle wastes.
Ans. (d) : Asexual reproduction involves a single
9. The external embryonic membrane that
organisms reproducing without the involvement of
develops in the chicken embryo between the
another. This process results in offspring genetically
serosa and the amnion on the third day of
identical to the parent, ensuring species continuity.
hatching is called
3. Which of the following participate in sexual (a) Chorion (b) Yolk sac
reproduction ? (c) Allantois (d) Umblical cord
(a) Two male creature
Ans. (c) : In chicken embryos, the allantois develops
(b) One male and one female or one bisexual between the serosa and amnion around the third day of
(c) Two female organisms hatching. It plays an important role in respiration and
(d) None of there excretion.
Ans. (b) : Sexual reproduction involves one male and 10. Blastophore appears during embryonic
one female organism or one bisexual organism. It development of frog
includes the process of meiosis and fertilization. In (a) In the initial Banardual stage
plants, the male part is the stamen and female part is the (b) In later blastula stage
carpel. (c) In gastrula stage
4. Where does internal fertilization occurs? (d) In early organogenesis.
(a) Outside the female body Ans. (b) : The blastophore appears during the gastrula
(b) Outside the male body stage in frog development. It is the opening through
(c) Inside the female body which cells migrate, forming the germ layers that give
(d) Inside the male body rise to various tissues and organs.
Ans. (c) : Internal fertilization occurs inside the female 11. On the basis of the amount of yolk and its
body. It involves the fusion of the egg and sperm within distribution frog eggs are-
the female reproductive system. (a) Microlecithal and centrolecithal
5. Which of the following is a female genitalia ? (b) Mesolecithal and telolecithal
(a) Testicles (b) Uterus (c) Macrolecithal and isolecithal
(c) Penis (d) Vas deferens. (d) Mesolecithal and isolecithal
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Ans. (b) : On the basis of the quantity of yolk and its Ans. (d) : Vasectomy is a type of surgical procedure
distribution, frog eggs are mesolecithal and telolecithal. which is used to stop the transfer of sperm in men
Mesolecithal eggs contain a moderate amount of yolk whereas condom and Copper-T insertion are non-
which is unevenly distributed and primarily surgical methods used to prevent pregnancy during
concentrated at one pole, known as the vegetal pole. unprotected sex.
12. Which of the following is not a part of the 17. After the growth and development of organs,
female reproductive system? the developing organisms is called a
(a) Uterus (b) Urethra (a) Embryo (b) Placenta
(c) Ovary (d) Fallopian tube (c) Egg (d) Zygote
Ans. (b) : Uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes and ovaries Ans. (a) : After growth and development of organs the
are parts of the reproductive system of women, whereas developing organisms is called a embryo which
the urethra is not a part of the female reproductive
eventually develops into a fetus.
system.
18. Through the supply of nutrients from the
13. Which of the following factors is most
important in determining the success rate of mother to the fetus via the ........
birth control program in controlling (a) Cervical (b) Zygote
population growth? (c) Placenta (d) Endosperm
(a) Vasectomy Ans. (c) : The fetus receives complete nutrition from
(b) Acceptance of contraceptive methods the mother for the proper development of its body
(c) Tubectomy organs, this supply of nutrients occurs through the
(d) Use of contraceptive placenta. The placenta is a structure that develops in the
Ans. (b) : Acceptance of contraceptive method by the uterus during pregnancy.
people is the most important factor in determining the 19. Why are contraceptive methods used?
success rate of birth control programs in controlling (a) To reduce blood pressure
population growth. (b) To get relief from fatigue
14. Select the correct example for mechanical (c) To avoid pregnancy
barrier method of contraception from the (d) To prevents infraction caused by bacteria.
option given below- Ans. (c) : Contraceptive methods are used to avoid
(a) Use of contraceptive pills pregnancy.
(b) Use of condom They help individuals or couples control reproduction
(c) Use of copper-T and plan family size, promoting responsible sexual
(d) Vasectomy health and decision-making.
Ans. (b) : Under barrier methods of contraception, the 20. Which of the following is a disadvantage of
egg and sperm are physically prevented from meeting taking contraceptive pills?
through physical barrier. These methods are available
(a) The effects of pills is irreversible
for both men and women. An example of a barrier
method is the use of condoms, which are worn by men (b) They can cause menopause
to prevent sperm from entering the female reproductive (c) Both of the couple have to take pills
tract. (d) They can cause hormonal imbalance
15. What reproductive characteristics are found in Ans. (d) : Consumption of contraceptive pills can cause
sexually reproductive complex cells organisms? hormonal imbalance, which may result in various side
(a) Male reproductive cell- mobile food reserves; effects.
Female - small and mobile The most adverse effect of taking birth control pills is
(b) Male reproductive cell - small food reverse; bleeding, including breakthrough bleeding or changes in
Female - large and mobile menstrual patterns. Women may experience headache,
(c) Male reproductive cell - small and mobile; nausea, stomach cramps, breast tenderness and vaginal
Female - large food reserve discharge.
(d) Male reproductive cell - large and mobile; 21. Which of the following physical changes is not
Female - small food reserve
a part of the stage of sexual development?
Ans. (c) : The special characteristics of the germ cells (a) Menstruation (b) Obesity
of sexually reproducing organisms are that the female
(c) Change in voice (d) Getting acne
germ cell is large and contains substantial food reserve,
while the male germ cell is small and mobile. Ans. (b) : Obesity is not a typical physical change
16. Which of the following is a surgical method associated with sexual development. In contrast,
used to stop the transfer of sperm in men? menstruation, voice changes etc, are common
(a) The fallopian tube is blocked physiological changes that occur during puberty.
(b) Condom are used 22. In human males, why are the testes located
(c) Copper-T is inserted outside the abdominal cavity in a sac called
(d) The vas deferens is blocked scrotum?
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 (a) It helps in maintaining body temperature 2-3 (a) Vasectomy
degrees lower than that for sperm formation (b) Condom
(b) Provides them with abundant supply of blood (c) IUD
vessels necessary for sperm formation (d) Oral contraceptive pills
(c) It seretes hormones for sperm formation Ans. (b) : Condom is a form of contraception that
(d) It helps in maintaining lower pressure than prevents pregnancy by preventing sperm from meeting
the body for sperm formation the egg. It prevents the spread of sexually transmitted
Ans. (a) : In human males, the testies are located infections including HIV, Gonorrhea etc.
outside the abdominal cavity in a sac called scrotum. It 28. Which of the following sterilization methods is
helps in maintaining the temperature 2-3 degrees lower a permanent method?
than the body for the formation of sperms. (a) Use of condom
23. Which method of the contraception causes (b) Use of contraceptive pills
hormonal imbalances in the body? (c) Sterilization by surgery
(a) Consumption of pill (d) Used of copper-T
(b) Surgical blockage of fallopian tubes. Ans. (c) : Surgical sterilization methods, like vasectomy
(c) Installing copper-T and tubal ligation, are permanent as they permanently
(d) Use of condom block reproductive pathways, preventing future
Ans. (a) : Consuming contraceptive pills cause the pregnancies.
hormonal imbalances in the body because they alter 29. The first menstruation during puberty in
hormone levels to prevent ovulation and regulate the females is known as……….
menstrual cycle. (a) Amenorrlua (b) Menorrhagia
24. What type of diet is required for the (c) Menarche (d) Menopause
development of a healthy reproductive system Ans. (c) : The first menstruation during puberty in
during adolescence ? female is known as menarche.
(a) Nutritionally balanced Menarche marks the beginning of a female's
(b) low in saturated fat reproductive year and typically occurs between the age
(c) Iron rich of 9 and 15. It signifies the onset of menstrual cycle,
which will continue until menopause later in life.
(d) Rich in protein
30. The terms refers to the cessation of
Ans. (a) : A nutritionally balanced diet is required for
menstruation.
the development of a healthy reproductive system
(a) Menopause (b) Menarche
during adolescence.
(c) Hyper menorrhea (d) Menstruation
A balanced diet means a diet in which all the nutrients
are included in proper proportion. Ans. (a) : Menopause is the phase in a woman's life
when menstruation permanently ceases, marking the
25. Various points given below give information end of reproductive capability.
about reproductive health. Select the wrong
option. 31. In women, the wall of the uterus prepares itself
to receives the developing fertilized egg. If
(a) Knowledge of reproductive process and
fertilization does not occur, the thick lining of
organs
the uterine wall shads and passes out of the
(b) Determining the sex of the unborn child body with the blood. It is called………
(c) Safe and effective family planning methods (a) Kanthmani
(d) Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. (b) Menstruation
Ans. (b) : Determining the sex of the unborn child is (c) Secondary small characteristic
not a component of reproductive health, as it does not (d) Menopause
support health practices. The other options focus on Ans. (b) : In women, the wall of the uterus prepares
knowledge, safety and disease prevention. itself to receives the developing fertilized egg. If
26. During sexual reproduction in human, sperm fertilization does not occur. the thick lining of the
enters the women's vagina. Where does uterine wall sheds and passes out of the body with the
fertilization occur? blood. It is called menstruation.
(a) In vagina (b) In the fallopian tube 32. Which of the following contraceptive methods
(c) In the cervix (d) In the uterus is useful for controlling both unwanted
pregnancy and STDs?
Ans. (b) : During sexual reproduction in humans, the
(a) Copper-T (b) Condom
union of the sperm of the male reproductive cell with the
egg of the female reproductive cell is called fertilization, (c) Surgical method (d) Oral pills
this process takes place in the fallopian tube. Ans. (b) : Both unwanted pregnancy and STD (sexually
transmitted disease) infection can be controlled by
27. Which of the following methods of
condom contraceptive method. Copper-T is fitted in
contraception can be helpful in preventing the
uterus which inactivates the sperm and egg, thereby
spread of sexually transmitted diseases to some
extent? preventing pregnancy.

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33. Centrolecithal eggs are found in the following. Voice change-
(a) Birds (b) Amphibians At puberty, the voice box or the larynx begins to
(c) Insects (d) Echinoderms grow. Boys develop larger voice boxes. The
Ans. (c) : Centrolecithal eggs are found in the insects, growing's voice box in boys can be seen as a
where the yolk is concentrated near the center of the egg protruding part of the throat called Adam's apple.
cell. In girls, the larynx is hardly visible from the outside
34. Surface blastoblast or periblastula is found in because of its small size. Generally, girls have a
(a) Insects (b) Echinoderm high pitched voice, whereas boys have a deep voice.
(c) Birds (d) Coelenterata
Ans. (a) : Periblastula is found in insects. Its wall
consists of a single layer of cells and its cavity is filled
with unbroken yolk. This stage is important in the of
embryonic development of most arthropods with
centrolecithal eggs.
35. The embryo containing blastopore is called
(a) Morula (b) Blastula
(c) Gastrula (d) Tadpole
Ans. (c) : The embryo containing blastopore is called
gastrula. Cleavage occurs after fertilization during
which rapid mitotic divisions forms a cluster of cells
known as morula.
36. "Rate of cleavage α1/ amount of yolk" is the Adam's apple in a grown up boy
rule of -
(a) Balfour's law (b) Herbaria's law Increased Activity of Sweat and Sebaceous
(c) Flueger's law (d) Sack's law Glands
Ans. (a) : Balfour's law states that the rate of cleavage During puberty the secretion of sweat glands and
in an egg is inversely proportional to the amount of sebaceous glands (oil glands) increases.
yolk; more yolk results in slower cell division rates. A few glands such as sweat glands, oil glands and
salivary glands release their secretion through ducts.
Chapter-10 Towards Adolescence Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the
bloodstream. So, they are termed ductless glands.
Adolescence and Puberty-
Growing up is a natural process. The period of life, Development of sex organs
when the body undergoes changes, leading to At puberty, male sex organs like the testes and penis
reproductive maturity, is called adolescence. develop completely. The testes also begin to produce
Adolescence begins around the age of 11 and lasts sperms.
up to 18 or 19 years of age. Since this period covers In girls, the ovaries enlarge and eggs begin to
the 'teens' (13 to 18 or 19 years age), adolescents are mature. Also ovaries start releasing mature eggs.
also called 'teenager'. Reaching Mental, Intellectual and Emotional
In girls, adolescence may begin a year or two earlier Maturity-
than in boys. Also, the period of adolescence varies Adolescents are more independent than before and
from person to person. are also self conscious. Intellectual development
The human body undergoes several changes mark takes place and they tend to spend considerable time
the onset of puberty. The most important change thinking.
which marks puberty is that boys and girls become • In fact, it is often the time in one's life when the
capable or reproduction. Puberty ends when an
brain has the greatest capacity for learning.
adolescent reaches reproductive maturity.
Changes at Puberty Secondary Sexual Characters
Increase in Height- Testis and ovaries are reproductive organs. They
The most conspicuous change during puberty is the produce the gametes, that is, sperms and ova.
sudden increase in height. At this time the long In girls, breasts begin to develop at puberty and boys
bones, that is the bones of the arms and the legs begin to grow facial hair, that is, moustaches and
elongate and make a person tall. beard.
Initially, girls grow faster than boys but by about 18 As these features help to distinguish the male from
years of of age, both reach their maximum height. the female they are called secondary sexual
Change in body shape - characters.
In boys, the muscles of the body grow more In both, boys and girls, hair grows under the arms
prominently than in the girls. Thus, changes and in the region above the thighs or the pubic
occurring in adolescent boys and girls are different. region.
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 The changes which occur at adolescence are When a sperm containing X chromosome fertilizes
controlled by hormones. Hormones are chemical the egg. The zygote would have two X
substances. These are secretions from endocrine chromosomes and develop into a females child. If
glands, or endocrine system. the sperm contributes a Y chromosome to the egg
The male hormone or testosterone begins to be (ovum) at fertilization the zygote would develop into
released by the testes at the onset of puberty. a male child.
Once puberty is reached in girls, ovaries begin to
produce the female hormone or estrogen which
makes the breasts develop. Milk secreting glands or
mammary glands develop inside the breasts.
The production of these hormones is under the
control of another hormone secreted from an
endocrine gland called pituitary gland.
Role of Hormones in Initiating Reproductive
Function
Endocrine glands release hormones into the
bloodstream to reach a particular body part called
target site. The target site responds to the hormone.
These hormones are responsible for the male and
female secondary sexual characters. Sex determination in human
Reproductive Phase of Life in Humans- The sex chromosomes of the father determine the
Adolescents become capable of reproduction when sex of an unborn baby. The belief that the mother is
their testes and ovaries begin to produce gametes. responsible for the sex of her baby is completely
The capacity for maturation and production of wrong and to blame her for this is totally unjustified.
gametes lasts for much longer time in males than in Hormones other than sex Hormones-
females. The hormones secreted by the pituitary stimulate
In females, the reproductive phase of life begins at testis and ovaries to produce their hormones. The
puberty (10 to 12 years of age) and generally lasts pituitary gland is an endocrine gland. It is attached
till the age of approximately 45 to 50 years. to the brain.
One ovum matures and is released by one of the Apart from the pituitary, the testes and the ovaries,
ovaries once in about 28 to 30 days. During this there are other endocrine glands in the body such as
period, the wall of the uterus becomes thick so as to thyroid, pancreas and adrenals.
receive the egg, in case it is fertilised and begins to
develop. This results in pregnancy.
If fertilisation does not occur, the released egg, and
the thickened lining of the uterus along with its
blood vessels are shed off. This caused bleeding in
women which is called menstruation.
Menstruation occurs once in about 28 to 30 days.
The first menstrual flow begins at puberty and is
termed menarche. At 45 to 50 years of age, the
menstrual cycle stops. Stoppage of menstruation is
termed menopause.
How is the Sex of the Baby Determined -
Boy or Girl
Inside the fertilized egg or zygote is the instruction
for determining the sex of the baby. This instruction
is present in the thread- like structures, called
chromosomes in the fertilized egg.
Chromosomes are present inside the nucleus of
every cell. All human beings have 23 pairs of
chromosomes in the nuclei of their cells. Two
chromosomes out of these are the sex chromosomes,
named X and Y. A females has two X
chromosomes, while a male has one X and one Y Position of endocrine glands in the human body
chromosome.
The gametes (egg and sperm) have only one set of 'Goitre', a disease of the thyroid gland. Thyroid
chromosomes. The unfertilized egg always has one gland was producing the hormone thyroxine.
X chromosome. But sperms are of two kinds, one Adrenals also produce the hormone adrenalin. It
kind has an X chromosome, and the other kind has helps the body to adjust to stress when one is very
Y chromosome. angry, embarrassed or worried.
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 Thyroid and adrenals secrete their hormones when Say "No" to Drugs
they receive orders from the pituitary through its Adolescence is a period of much activity in the body
hormones. Pituitary also secretes growth hormone and mind which is a normal part of growing up.
which is necessary for the normal growth of a If anybody suggests that you will get relief if you
person. take some drugs, just say 'No' unless prescribed by
Role of Hormones in Completing the Life the doctor.
History of Insects and Frogs Drugs are addictive. If you take them once, you feel
The stages of the life history of the silk moth. like taking them again and again. They harm the
Similarly, the tadpole passes through certain stages body in the long run. They ruin health and
to become a frog. This change from larva to adult is happiness.
called metamorphosis. AIDS which is caused by a dangerous virus, HIV.
Metamorphosis in insects is controlled by insect This virus can pass on to a normal person from an
hormones. In a frog, it is controlled by thyroxine, the infected person by sharing the syringes used for
hormone produced by thyroid. injecting drugs.
Thyroxine production requires the presence of It can also be transmitted to an infant from the
iodine in water. If the water in which the tadpoles infected mother through her milk. The virus can also
are growing does not contain sufficient iodine, the be transmitted through sexual contact with a person
tadpoles cannot become adults. infected with HIV.
Reproductive Health Important Questions
The physical and mental well being of an individual 1. One of the reason why teenagers use drugs:
is regarded as an individual's health. (a) Escape from daily life
To keep the body healthy, every human being, at (b) Parental pressure
any age needs to have balanced diet. (c) Pleasurable feelings
During adolescence, however, these become even (d) The thrill of doing something illegal
more essential as the body is growing. Ans. (c) : One reason, for which the teenagers use drugs
Nutritional Needs of the Adolescents is pleasurable feelings. Drug causes harm to their body
Adolescence is a stage of rapid growth and and makes them addicted to it. It has narcotic effects
development. Hence the diet for an adolescent has to that can increase the likelihood.
be carefully planned. Balanced diet means that the 2. Any psychological barrier can reduce the
meals include proteins, carbohydrates, fats and efficiency and effectiveness of an adolescent
vitamins in requisite proportions. students and can cause-
Our Indian meal of roti/ rice, dal (pulses) and (a) A temporary low achievement pattern
vegetables is a balanced meal. Milk is a balanced (b) Separation from a close friend
food in itself. (c) Maladjustment with family numbers
Iron builds blood and iron- rich food such as leafy (d) All of the above
vegetables, Jaggery, meat, citrus, Indian gooseberry Ans. (d) : Any psychological disturbance can reduce
(amla) are good for adolescents. the efficiency and effectiveness of the adolescent
Personal Hygiene student and can lead to a temporary underachievement
Everyone should have a bath at least once everyday. pattern, separation from close friends, maladjustment
It is more necessary for teenagers because the from family members.
increased activity of sweat glands sometimes makes 3. Adolescence is a period of-
the body smelly. (a) Extreme sensitivity
All parts of the body should be washed and cleaned (b) Determination of social responsibilities
everyday. If cleanliness is not maintained there are (c) Social isolation
chances of catching bacterial infection. (d) Dependence
Girls should take special care of cleanliness during Ans. (a) : Adolescence is a period of extreme
the time of menstrual flow. They should keep track sensitivity. The instability found in a child’s behavior
of their menstrual cycle and be prepared for the reaches its peak during adolescence, that is why it is
onset of menstruation. called a state of storm and tension.
Use sanitary napkin or clean homemade pads. In this stage, emotional stress increases a lot due to
Change pads after every 4-5 hours as per the changes in the body and glands.
requirement. 4. Elderly people should wear such clothes-
Physical Exercise (a) Clothes with big buttons/zippers
Walking and playing in fresh air keeps the body fit (b) Strong stitching
and healthy. All young boys and girls should take (c) Loose and comfortable clothes
walks, exercise and play outdoor games. (d) All options are correct
NCERT Science 158 YCT
Ans. (d) : Elderly people should wear clothes with large 11. The age period from 12 years to 18 years is
buttons/zippers, strong stitching, loose and comfortable called:
clothes. In old age, the body of old people becomes very (a) Adolescence (b) Childhood
fragile, so they need very comfortable clothes. (c) Youth (d) Infancy
5. The word adolescence is derived from the Latin Ans. (a) : The age period from 12 years to 18 years is
word adolescens, which means- called adolescence. Adolescence is called a state of
(a) Understanding storm and stress.
(b) Reality 12. Which state of the child is called psychological
(c) Development state of the child ?
(d) Growth towards maturity (a) Infancy (b) Adolescence
Ans. (d) : The word adolescence is derived from the (c) Childhood (d) Adulthood
Latin word adolescens, meaning "growth towards Ans. (b) : Adolescence is called psychological state of
maturity". the child. This stage is considered to be between the age
It refers to the developmental stage where individuals of 12 years to 18 years. In this state, there is abundance
transition from childhood to adulthood, experiencing of day dreams.
significant physical and emotional changes. 13. Identify the psychologist who said- “One word
6. This a period of ebb and flow- that reveals the appropriate characteristics of
(a) Adult stage (b) Adolescence adolescence is change.” This change is physical,
(c) Infancy (d) Old age social and psychological.
Ans. (b) : Adolescence is a period of ebb and flow. In (a) Ross (b) Jarshield
this stage the pace of development is maximum leading (c) Bigge and Hunt (d) Crow and crow
to maturity. Ans. (c) : According to Bigge and Hunt, “One word that
7. Who said, “Adolescence is a period of storm reveals the appropriate characteristics of adolescence is
and stress”? change.” This change is physical, social and
(a) Stanley Hall (b) Elizabeth Hurlock psychological”
(c) Piaget (d) Freud 14. Which of the following is not a developmental
Ans. (a) : According to Stanley Hall, "Adolescence is a task of adolescence?
state of great conflict, tension and opposition". It is a (a) Selection of business
stage of development that begins with puberty and ends (b) To achieve object stability
with the rise of maturity. (c) Development of self-identify
Generally, adolescence age is considered to be from the (d) Accepting physical change
12 to 18 years. Ans. (b) : The development task of adolescence not to
8. The main symptoms of adolescence are- achieve stability, whereas, occupation selection,
(a) Intensification of physical change development of self-identify and physical changes are
(b) Development of on-site skills all developmental task of this stage.
(c) To depends on others 15. Obstacles of puberty include-
(d) Development of physical differences (a) Contrary to one’s own concept
Ans. (a) : Adolescence means moving towards (b) Psychological barrier
maturity. The main symptoms of adolescence are (c) Physical obstruction
intensification of physical changes. (d) All of the above
9. Adolescence in girls- Ans. (d) : Obstacles of puberty include contrary self-
(a) 6-7 years concept, psychological obstacles and physical obstacles.
(b) 19-20 years
(c) 12-13 years 16. The age of pre-adolescence is-
(d) ca happen at any time (a) 12-14 years (b) 14-18 years
(c) 13-17 years (d) 28-21 years
Ans. (c) : Adolescence in girls starts at the age of 12-13
years. This phase of pubertal development generally Ans. (a) : Pre-adolescence generally occurs between
lasts for different periods of time. ages 12 and 14, marking the transitional phase before
10. Which problem of girls should be completely entering full adolescence and its associated changes.
eliminated? 17. Pseudomaturity period is
(a) Education problem (a) Adolescence (b) Infancy
(b) Health problem (c) Early childhood (d) Late childhood
(c) Housing problem Ans. (d) : The pseudomaturity period is late childhood.
(d) Sexual harassment problem During this stage, children often exhibit behaviors that
Ans. (d) : Sexual harassment against girls must be mimic those of older individuals, as they begin to show
eliminated to ensure their safety and well being, signs of puberty and believe they are gaining maturity.
creating a supportive environment for their This can include acting more independent or engaging
development. in activities typical of older are groups.
NCERT Science 159 YCT
 Both the girls appear to push each other while
Chapter-11 Force and Pressure
Force - A Push or a Pull
• A push or a pull an object is called force. This we
can say that the motion imparted to objects was due
to the action of force.

Who is pulling whom

Pull each other. The girls in the two situations
shown here are applying force on each other.
A goal keeper saving a goal (b) A hockey player The pair of girls are trying to pull each other.
flicking a ball, and (c) A fielder stopping a ball Similarly, the cow and the man in appear to-
Forces are due to an Interaction
Suppose the man now begins to push the car that is
he applies a force on it. The car may begin to move
in the-

Who is pulling whom ?

Exploring forces
Forces applied on an object in the same direction
add to one another.
If the two forces act in the opposite directions on an
object, the net force acting on it is the difference
between the two forces. Force could be larger or
smaller than the other or equal to each other.
The strength of a force is usually expressed by its
magnitude. We have also to specify the direction in
which force acts. Also if the direction or the
magnitude of the applied force changes, its effect
also changes.
A car being pushed by a man A Force can change the State of Motion
A change in either the speed of an object, or its
Direction of the applied force. Note that the man has direction of motion, or both, is described as a change
to push the car to make it move in its state of motion.
Thus, a force may bring a change in the state of
motion of an object.
State of motion
The state of motion of an object is described by its
speed and the direction of motion. The state of rest
is considered to be the state of zero speed. An object
may be at rest or in motion both its states of motion.
Force can change the shape of an object
The application of force on an object may change its
shape. Having performed all the above activities,
you would have realized that a force.
May make an object move from rest.
Who is pushing whom May change the speed of an object if it is moving.
NCERT Science 160 YCT
 May change the direction of motion of an object. A straw is said to have acquired electrostatic charge
May bring about a change in the shape of an object. after it has been rubbed with a sheet of paper. Such a
May cause some or all of these effects. straw is an example of charged body.
Contact forces Muscular Force The force exerted by a charged body on another
charged or uncharged body is known as electrostatic
The force resulting due to the action of muscles is
force.
known as the muscular force.
This force comes into play even when the bodies are
Animals also make use of muscular force to carry not in contact. The electrostatic force, therefore, is
out their physical activities and other tasks. Animals another example of a non- contact force.
like bullocks, horses, donkeys and camels are used
to perform various tasks for us. In performing these Gravitational Force
tasks use muscular force. Objects or things fall towards the earth because it
pulls them. This force is called the force of gravity.
This is an attractive force. The force of gravity acts
on all objects.
Water begins to flow towards the ground as soon as
we open a tap. Water in rivers flows downward due
to the force of gravity.
Gravity is not a property of the earth alone. In fact,
every object in the universe, whether small or large,
exerts a force on every other object.
Muscular force of animals is used to carry out Pressure
many difficult tasks The force acting on a unit area of a surface is called
Since muscular force can be applied only when it is pressure.
in contact with an object, it is also called a contact Pressure = force/ area on which it acts
force.
Friction
The force responsible for changing the state of
motion of objects is the force of friction.
The force of friction always acts on all the moving
objects and its direction of motion. Since the force
of friction arises due to contact between surfaces, it
is also an example of a contact force.
Non - contact forces A porter carrying a heavy load
Magnetic force- The smaller the area, larger the pressure on a surface
Poles of two magnets repel each other. Attraction or for the same force.
repulsion between objects can also be seen as Atmospheric pressure
another form of pull or push. The atmospheric air extends up to many kilometers
A magnet can exert a force on another magnet above the surface of the earth. The pressure exerted
without being in contact with it. The force exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure.
by a magnet is an example of non- contact force. Pressure is force per unit area, a unit area and a very
Similarly, the force exerted by a magnet on a piece long cylinder standing on it filled with air, then the
of iron is also non- contact force. force of gravity on the air in this cylinder is the
atmospheric pressure.
Electrostatic force

A straw rubbed with paper attracts another

straw but repels it if it has also been rubbed with Atmospheric pressure is the force of gravity on air in a
a sheet of paper. column of unit area-
NCERT Science 161 YCT
 Important Questions Ans. (b) : A force acting on a body can have the
1. Which of the following statement about force is following effect on it.
true from the given options: 1. A force acting on a body changes its state of motion
(A) It is attraction or repulsion pull. or rest.
(B) It is represented by F. 2. A force can change the direction of motion of a
(C) Newton is its SI unit moving object.
(D) None of these 3. A force can change the size and shape of an object.
Choose the correct option from the code given 4. A force can stop a moving object.
below: 5. A force can change the speed of a moving object.
(a) A and B (b) B and C 5. Which of the following statements is true
(c) A and C (d) A, B and C regarding the pressure exerted by a fluid?
Ans. (b) : A push or pull on a body which changes the (a) It depends on the depth.
state of rest or motion of the body is called force. Force (b) It depends on the shape and size of a vessel.
is usually denoted by the letter F, the direction in which (c) Both option a and b are true
the body is pushed or pulled is called the-direction of (d) None of these
force. The standard unit of force is called Newton, Ans. (a) : The fluid contained in a vessel exerts
denoted by the letter N. pressure on its walls and bottom
2. An example of contact force is: As we know that,
(A) Contact between two object p = ρgh
(B) An example of it is magnetic force 1. The pressure at a point in a fluid depends upon its
(C) It can create static charge depth.
(D) None of these 2. The pressure of a fluid is the same at the same depth
Choose the correct option from the code given in all direction.
below. 3. The pressure of a fluid does not depend upon the size
(a) Only A (b) Only B and shape of the vessel.
(c) Both A and B (d) Neither A nor B 4. The pressure applied to the fluid is transmitted
Ans. (a) : To push or pull an object, there must be equally in all direction.
contact between two object. Contact forces are mutually 6. Choose the correct statement related to the
beneficial in nature which is seen during sports. Its pressure exerted by air.
examples are: muscle force and friction force. Magnetic (1) Its is called atmospheric pressure
force is an example of non-contact force. (2) Its measurement is aneroid barometer
3. Choose the correct option for electrostatic force (3) Its increase with altitude
from the following. (4) All options are true
(A) It occurs between a charged object and Choose the correct option from the code given
another object. below.
(B) Electrostatic charge can be created by it (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(C) Electrostatic charge cannot be created by (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3
it. Ans. (a) : The pressure of air on the earth is called
(D) None of these atmospheric pressure at that point. Ordinary barometer
Choose the correct option from the given and aneroid barometer are used to measure it. It
below. decrease with height, i.e. as we go up in the atmosphere,
(a) Only A (b) Only B it keeps on decreasing.
(c) Both A and B (d) Neither A nor B
7. In the force equation, F is equal to
Ans. (a) : The force between two charged bodies or a
(a) ma (b) mgh
charge and an uncharged object due to which they repel
and attract each other is called electrostatic force. The (c) mv (d) u+at
electric force between two charged bodies is inversely Ans. (a) : Force is that external factor which changes or
proportional to the product of electric charges and the tries to change the initial state of an object. Force is a
square of the distance. Electrostatic charge can be vector physical quantities and its SI unit is 'Newton'.
transferred from anybody but cannot be created or If the mass of an object is 'm' and on applying force, it
destroyed. moves under acceleration 'a', then F = m × a
4. Does not represent the effect of force in the According to Newton's second law of motion, the force
given option. applied on an object is equal to the rate of change of
(a) Changes the state of motion or rest of an momentum of that object.
object 8. If two forces of 10 N and 15 N are applied on
(b) Change in the direction of motion of a an object in the same direction, then what will
stationary object be the total force acting on the object?
(c) Change in size and shape (a) 10 N (b) 25 N
(d) Change in the speed of a moving object (c) 15 N (d) 50 N
NCERT Science 162 YCT
Ans. (c) : Resulting force, (c) Change in the direction of motion of an object
(d) Change in the speed of an object
( F1 ) + ( F2 )
2 2
F= + 2 F1 F2 cos θ
Ans. (a) : If the resultant force of all the forces applied
∵ Both force are acting in the same direction, therefore, on an object is zero, then the force applied on the object
θ = 0 and cos0º = 1 is called balanced force. The effect of balanced force
applied on an object always results in a change in the
( F1 + F2 )
2
F = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 F= shape of an object.
Therefore, F = F1 + F2 15. Force = ……………?
= 10 N + 5 N = 15 N (a) Mass × Acceleration (b) Mass × Volume
9. If an object of mass m is lifted to a height from (c) Mass × Pressure (d) Mass × Velocity
the ground, then the force required for this Ans. (a) : Force is an external factor that changes or
action is equal to the minimum force required tries to change the initial state of an object. Force is a
to lift the object. vector quantity and its SI unit is Newton. From
(a) Distance from the ground Newton's second law,
(b) Force used Force = Mass × Acceleration.
(c) Weight of the object
16. Mass × Acceleration ?
(d) Height of the object
(a) Force (b) Thrust
Ans. (c) : If an object of mass m is lifted to a height (c) Velocity (d) Pressure
from the ground, then the weight of the object for this
action is equal to the minimum force required to lift the Ans. (a) : Force (F) = Mass (M) × Acceleration (A)
object. 17. The effect of stress depends on which of the
10. What will be the force applied on an object of following ?
mass 'm' which is moving with acceleration 'a'? (a) Weight (b) Volume
a m (c) Mass (d) Area
(a) (b) Ans. (d) : The internal reaction force acting on the area
m a
(c) m × a (d) a + m of a cross section is called stress. The effect of stress
depends on the area.
Ans. (c) : If an object of mass 'm' is moving with
acceleration 'a' then the force applied on it = mass × Force(F)
Stress =
acceleration. Cross sectional area(A)
F = ma. The SI unit of stress is N/m2 (Newton/meter2) or Pascal.
11. When a defensive force 'F' is applied in 18. When a force of 10 Newton is applied on an
opposite direction, the angle between the two object of mass 10 kg capable of moving freely,
directions will be- which of the following statements will apply ?
(a) 30º (b) 180º (a) The system will move with a speed of 1 m/s
(c) 90º (d) 60º (b) The system will move with an acceleration of
Ans. (b) : When a defensive force 'F' is applied in 10 m/s2
opposite direction, the angle between the two directions (c) The system will move with an acceleration of
will be 180º. 1 m/s2
12. Which of the following physical units changes (d) The system will move with a speed of 1 km/s
or tries to change the stationary or uniformly Ans. (c) : Given, mass of the object = 10 kg force
moving state of an object. applied on the object = 10 Newton. If the object is
(a) Momentum (b) Mass capable of moving freely, then, force applied on the
(c) Force (d) Inertia object = mass of the object × Acceleration acquired by
Ans. (c) : The physical unit which changes or tries to the object.
change the stationary or uniformly moving state of an F=m×a
object is called force. The SI unit of force is Newton. 10 = 10 × a
13. An object moves at a constant speed when no a = 1 m/s2
…… is acting on it. Therefore, the above object moves freely with an
(a) Impulse (b) Inertia acceleration of 1 m/sec2.
(c) Force (d) Pressure 19. If an object is pulled by holding it from both
Ans. (c) : An object moves at a constant speed when no ends, then the force applied on it is called-
external force is acting on it. Force is a vector quantity. (a) Impulse (b) Friction
Its SI units is Newton. (c) Momentum (d) Pull
14. Which of the following is the effect of a Ans. (d) : Force is the push or pull that is applied by
balanced force applied on an object? one body on another body or when an object is pulled
(a) Change in the shape of an object by holding it from both ends, then the force applied on
(b) Change in the stationary state of an object it is called pull.

NCERT Science 163 YCT

20. A 2 kg object is moving with an acceleration of (a) External volume, rigidity
4 m/s2. The total force applied on it is- (b) External force, shape
(a) 2.0 N (b) 4.0 N (c) External force, rigidity
(c) 0.5 N (d) 8.0 N (d) External area, rigidity
Ans. (d) : Force = mass (m) × Acceleration (a) Ans. (c) : External force is a factor which changes the
F = ma [∵ m = 2 kg, a = 4 m/s2] original state of a system or tries to changes it and due
=2×4=8N to rigidity the system opposes that force and remains in
21. The speed of body of mass 100 kg changes from its original state or tries to remain in it.
5 ms–1 to 15 ms–1 in 5 second and a uniform 26. A body of mass 15 kg is moving at a speed of 5
acceleration is applied on it. Calculate the force ms–2. Then the force applied on it will move at
applied on the body. the speed of-
(a) 200 Pa (b) 200 kg (a) 75 J (b) –75 N
(c) 200 J (d) 200 N (c) –75 J (d) 75 N
Ans. (d): Let the mass of the body (m) = 100 kg Ans. (d) : F = m.a
Initial velocity of the body (u) = 5 ms–1 F = 15 × 5 = 75 N
Final velocity of the body (v) = 15 ms–1 27. The momentum of an object changes by 10 kg
Time (t) = 5 second ms–1 in 0.02 seconds. Then the force acting on
Force (F) = ma the object is.
m(v − u) (a) 200 N (b) 500 N
F= (c) 550 N (d) 100 N
t
100(15 − 5) Ans. (b) : Given,
= t = 0.02 second
5 Momentum = 10 kg ms–1
100 × 10
= = 200 N changein momentum
5 Force (F) =
time
Hence, the force applied on the body is 200 N.
10 1000
22. An object of mass 20 kg moves with an = = = 500 N
acceleration of 4 m/s2. Calculate the amount of 0.02 2
force applied on it. 28. Which of the following is not the effect of an
(a) 80 N (b) 10 N unbalanced force applied on an object?
(c) 5 N (d) 25 N (a) Change in the speed of an object
(b) Change in the direction of motion of an object
Ans. (a) : Given,
(c) Does not cause a change in the speed of an
Mass (m) = 20 kg
object
Acceleration (a) = 4 m/s2
(d) Change in the resting state of an object
Force (F) = mass (m) × acceleration (a)
= 20×4 = 80 N Ans. (c) : If the resultant force of all the forces applied
on an object is not zero, then such a force is called
23. Calculate the acceleration produced when a unbalanced force. If an unbalanced force is applied on
force of 100 N is applied on an object of mass an object, then the speed, motion, stationary state etc of
50 kg. the object changes.
(a) 2 ms–2 (b) 2 ms2
2 29. When two equal forces are working on a
(c) 0.2 ms (d) 0.2 ms–2
system and in opposite direction, then the force
Ans. (a) : Force (F) = mass (m) × acceleration (a) acting on the system becomes-
F=m×a (a) Two times (b) Zero
100 = 50 × a (c) Four times (d) Three times
a = 2ms–2 Ans. (b) : When two equal force are working on a
24. If an object of mass 25 kg moves with a system in opposite directions then the force acting on
constant acceleration of 8 ms–2 then the force the system become zero, because both the opposite
applied by the object is force balance each other, that is no any force act.
(a) 200 N (b) 200 J 30. When a constant force acts on an object of
(c) 200 ms–2 (d) 200 ms–2 mass 8 kg for 2 second, it increases the velocity
Ans. (a) : Mass (m) = 25 kg of the object from 4 ms–1 to 9 ms–1. What is the
Acceleration (a) = 8 ms–2 magnitude of the applied force?
Force applied by the object (F) = m.a (a) 21 N (b) 28 N
= 25×8 = 200 N (c) 20 N (d) 22 N
25. The property of not changing the shape of a Ans. (c) : Mass of the object (m) = 8 kg
substance despite work being done on it is Velocity of the object (u) = 4 ms–1 to
called. Velocity (v) = 9 ms–1
NCERT Science 164 YCT
Time (t) = 2 second (a) MLT–2 (b) ML–1T–2
–2 –2
m(v − u) (c) ML T (d) ML–1T–1
Force (F) = Ans. (b) : The dimensional formula of pressure is [ML–
t 1 –2
8(9 − 4) 40 T ]
= = = 20 Force
2 2 We know that pressure (P) =
Therefore, net force is 20 N. Area
–2
31. ……. never occurs alone in nature- MLT
P= ∵ Dimension of force = MLT–2
(a) Force (b) Velocity L2
(c) Speed (d) Pressure Dimension of area = L2
Ans. (a) : Force is a vector quantity, which can change P = [ML T ]
–1 –2

the velocity of a body. Force never occurs alone in

37. If we increase the area of a given force, the
nature because an equal and opposite force acts on it,
pressure (per unit area)
which is called counterforce. The unit of force (F) is
(a) Increases (b) Becomes zero
Newton.
(c) Decreases (d) Remains unchanged
F=m×a
Where, m → mass Ans. (c) : The force applied on the unit area of a surface
is called pressure. The smaller area of an object, more
a → acceleration
pressure it exerts on that surface, i.e. We can say that if
32. What is it called to push or pull an object to the area of a surface or object is increased, then the
bring it into motion? pressure on that surface will decrease.
(a) Pressure (b) Force Force(F)
(c) Friction (d) Inertia Pressure (P) =
Area (A)
Ans. (b) : Pushing or pulling an object to bring it into
motion is called force for example, to more a book kept The unit of pressure in the SI system is Pascal (Pa) or
on a table, to open or close a door, to pull a bucket of N/m2.
water from a well, to take a penalty kick by football 38. As the depth from the free surface of a fluid
player, etc, either pushing (pulsive force) or pulling increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid.
(attractive force) is required. Hence, all these action (a) Becomes zero (b) Decreases
represent force. (c) Increases (d) Remain unchanged
33. Force between two bodies are always …… Ans. (c) : Since,
(a) Applied in equal and opposite direction. p = hdg
(b) Applied in equal and same direction
(c) Applied in unequal and opposite direction p∝h
(d) Are separate forces.
Ans. (a) : Force between two bodies are always applied  p = is pressure
in equal and opposite direction. Pressure or pull on a  h = depth

body is called force. The unit of force in SI system is  d = density
Newton. 
34. Pressure is measured by- g = gravitational acceleration
(a) Mass and density (b) Work done When, depth is increases then pressure is also increases
(c) Force and area (d) Force and distance for example, The pressure of water in a water tank kept
on the roof is higher at the lower floor.
Ans. (c) : Pressure is measured in force and area.
Force(F) 39. As the depth from the free surface of a fluid
Pressure (P) = decreases, the pressure exerted by the
Area (A) fluid……
SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Newton/meter2). (a) Remains unchanged (b) Become zero
35. For an applied force, if the area is less than the (c) Decreases (d) Increases
pressure will be- Ans. (c) : According to the law of fluid pressure, the
(a) Changing (b) Less pressure at a point within a fluid is proportional to the
(c) More (d) Constant depth of the point from the free surface. As the depth
Ans. (c) : The normal force applied on the unit area of a from the free surface of a fluid decreases, the pressure
surface is called pressure. exerted by the fluid decreases.
Hence, the large the area, the lower the pressure, and 40. The pressure exerted by a solid decreases with
the smaller the area, the higher the pressure. The unit or increase in.
pressure is 'Newton per square meter' which is also (a) Velocity (b) Area
called 'Pascal' (Pa) (c) Momentum (d) Force
36. Which of the following is the dimensional Ans. (b) : The pressure exerted by a solid decreases
formula of pressure? with increase in area.
NCERT Science 165 YCT
41. What is thrust per unit area called ? Factors affecting friction
(a) Object value (b) Volume Spring balance
(c) Pressure (d) Area Spring balance is a device used for measuring the
Ans. (c) : Force per unit area is called pressure. That is, force acting on an object.
the force applied on a unit area a surface is called It consists of a coiled spring which gets stretched
pressure. It the force applied on an area of area (A) is F, when a force is applied to it. Stretching of the spring
Force(F) is measured by a pointer moving on a graduated
then, Pressure (P) =
Area (A) scale. The reading on the scale gives the magnitude
of the force.
42. Pressure = …….
(a) Up thrust × Area (b) Area/upthrust
(c) Area + upthrust (d) Upthrust/area
Ans. (d) : It a force is applied on a surface
perpendicular to its, then it is said that pressure is being
applied on the surface. The pressure applied on it and
the area of the surface. Hence, the force acting on a unit
area is called pressure. It is a scalar quantities.
Perpendicular force Upthrust
Hence, Pressure (P) = =
Perpendicular area Area
43. The pressure inside the cabin of an aircraft
flying at high altitude is-
(a) Same as outside
(b) Less than outside Friction is caused by the irregularities on the two
(c) More than outside surface in contact.
(d) Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level On rough surfaces, there are a larger number of
Ans. (c) : The pressure inside the cabin of an aircraft irregularities. So the force of friction is greater if a
flying at high altitude is more than the pressure outside. rough surface is involved.
Solid or liquid fuel is burnt in the presence of oxygen in
an orbit inside a rocket to produces gas at high pressure.
44. The pressure of air at a given temperature is
proportional to …….
(a) Density (b) Distance
(c) Velocity (d) Volume
Ans. (a) : At a given temperature, the air pressure is
proportional to its density. It is noteworthy that air
pressure decreases with increasing temperature. Air
pressure is measured by a barometer.
45. How is pressure defined ?
(a) Weight per unit volume
(b) Thrust per unit area
(c) Density per unit volume
(d) Mass per unit volume
Ans. (b) : The force applied on a unit area of a surface Surface irregularities
is called pressure. The friction is caused by the interlocking of
Force(F) irregularities in the two surfaces. It is obvious that
Pressure (P) = the force of friction will increase if the two surfaces
Area (A)
are passed harder.
Thrust (F)
or
Area (A)
SI unit of pressure is Newton/meter2.
It is also known as Pascal. It is a scalar quantities.

Chapter-12 Friction
Force of friction
• The force along the right, the friction acts along the
left direction. In both cases the force opposes the
motion. The force of friction always opposes the
applied force. You have to push on the box to keep it moving
NCERT Science 166 YCT
 The force required to overcome friction at the instant
an object starts moving form rest is a measure of
static friction.
On the other hand, the force required to keep the
object moving with the same speed is a measure of
sliding friction.
The sliding friction is slightly smaller than the static
friction.
Friction : A Necessary Evil
If an object started moving. It would never stop if Powder is sprinkled on the carrom board to reduce
there were no friction. Had there been no friction friction
between the tires of the automobiles and the road, When oil grease or graphite is applied between the
they could not be started or stopped or turned to moving part of a machine, a thin layer is formed
change the direction of motion. Without friction no there and moving surface do not directly rub against
building could be constructed. On the other hand, each other.
friction is an evil too. It wears out the materials The substances which reduce friction are called
whether they are screws, ball bearings or soles of lubricants.
shoes. In some machines, it may not be advisable to use oil
as lubricant. An air cushion between the moving
parts is used to reduce friction.

Soles of shoes wear out due to friction Action of lubricant

Increasing and Reducing friction Wheels reduce friction
The shoes better grip on the floor, so that you can When one body rolls over the surface of another
move safely, similarly, the treaded tyres of cars, body, the resistance to its motion is called rolling
trucks and bulldozers provide better grip with the friction. Rolling reduces friction.
ground. It is always easier to roll than to slide a body over
another, that is the reason it is convenient to pull
luggage fitted with rollers.
Since the rolling friction is smaller than the sliding
friction, sliding is replaced in most machines by
rolling by the use of ball bearing between hubs and
the axles of ceiling fans and bicycles.

(a) Soles of shoes and (b) tyres are treaded to increase

friction
We deliberately increase friction by using brake
pads in the brake system of bicycles and
automobiles.
Kabaddi players rub their hands with soil for a
better grip of their opponents. Gymnaste apply some
coarse substance on their hands increase friction for
better grip.
A bicycle and a motor mechanic uses grease
between the moving parts of these machines. In all
the above cases, we want to reduce-
friction in order to increase efficiency. Ball bearings reduce friction
NCERT Science 167 YCT
 Fluid Friction 3. Which of the following relation is true
Air is very light and thin. Yet it exerts frictional regarding the magnitude of friction-
force on objects moving through it. Similarly, water (a) Static friction > Sliding friction > Rolling
and other liquid exert force of friction when objects friction
move through them. (b) Sliding friction > Rolling friction > Static
In science, the common name of gases and liquids friction
is fluids, So we can say that fluids exert force of (c) More than one of the above
friction on objects in motion through them. (d) None of these
The frictional force exerted by fluids is also called Ans. (a) : Friction is a self adjusting force. When the
drag. applied force is gradually increased the force of friction
The frictional force on an object in a fluid depends also increases at the same rate and the body remains
on its speed with respect to the fluid. stationary. This force of friction is called the force of
The frictional force also depends on the shape of the static friction. When an object starts crawling or sliding
object and the nature of the fluid. on another surface, the friction between the surface is
Birds and fishes have to move about in fluids all the called sliding friction. It is less than static friction. It is
much smaller than the friction when an object starts
time. Their bodies must have evolved to shapes
rolling on another surface.
which would make them lose less energy in
Static friction > Sliding friction > Rolling friction
overcoming friction.
4. Friction increases due to the following reasons-
(a) Making surfaces wavy
(b) Rubbing hands with soap
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Ans. (a) : Soles of shoes and automobile tyres are
wavy, grooved and rough to increase fraction. Wrestlers
Similarity in shapes of an aeroplane and a bird and kabaddi players rub their hands with mud to
increase friction for better and stronger grip.
Important Questions The friction force increases with the increase in
1. Friction is a type of force which- roughness of the surface.
(a) Opposes motion 5. Which of the following statements is correct?
(b) Acts between two surfaces in contact (1) Friction on a fluid depends on the relative
(c) Between (a) and (b) speed of the fluid.
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) (2) Friction on a fluid depends on the shape of
Ans. (c) : According to Newton's first law of motion an the object and the nature of the fluid.
object remains at rest or in a state of uniform motion Choose the correct option from the code given
unless acted upon by an external force. But the object below:
comes to rest after some speed due to frictional force. (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
The force acting between two surfaces in contact which (c) Both (1) and (2) (d) Neither (1) nor (2)
opposes the motion of one body over the other is called Ans. (c) : The friction exerted by a fluid is also called
frictional force. drag. The frictional force acting on an object in a fluid
2. Which of the following statements is correct for depends on the relative speed of the fluid, the shape of
frictional force. the object and the nature of the fluid.
(1) It depends on the weight of the body and 6. Which of the following is not true about
the nature of the surface. friction force?
(2) It depends on the contact area of the (a) Friction is the force which opposes the
surface in contact. relative motion of two surfaces in contact.
(b) The frictional force which acts when a body
Select the correct option from the code given
moves over a surface is called sliding friction
below. (c) Friction in machines is a major cause of
(a) Only (1) (b) Only (2) energy wastage and wear and tear
(c) Both (1) and (2) (d) Neither (1) nor (2) (d) Rolling friction is greater than sliding friction.
Ans. (a) : The force which acts on an object the force of The friction caused by ball bearings in
friction which opposes the motion of one body against machines is less
another is called the frictional force. Ans. (d) : Rolling friction and sliding friction are both
(1) On a horizontal surface, the force of friction is two types of friction forces which oppose the motion of
directly proportional to the weight of the body moving. an object along a surface. The main difference between
(2) The frictional force depends on the nature of the sliding and rolling friction is that in sliding one surface
surfaces in contact. rubs against another surface while in rolling one object
(3) The friction force does not depend on the area of rolls over another surface. As a result rolling friction is
contact of the surface. less than sliding friction.
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7. On applying brakes a car stops mainly due to 13. The property of ……. is used in the braking
the force of- pads of cars.
(a) Gravitation (b) Friction (a) Zero effect of friction
(c) Centripetal (d) Centrifugal (b) Action of weight impulse force tension
Ans. (b) : A car stops on applying breaks mainly due to (c) Negative effect of friction
frictional force. A type of force acts between two object (d) Positive effect of friction
kept in contact, which opposes the object in moving, Ans. (d) : Friction is a type of force, which opposes the
this force is called frictional force. The direction of relative motion (between two objects). It is found on the
friction to the direction of motion of the object. surface of solid, between layers of liquids and in
8. If no force is applied on a moving object, then substances that slides over each other. The property of
due to what will it stop? positive effect of friction is used in the braking pads of
cars or vehicles.
(a) Impulse (b) Tension
(c) Fraction (d) Speed 14. Work done by friction is …….
(a) Positive (b) Neutral
Ans. (c) : When we ride a bicycle, if we suddenly stop (c) Negative (d) Zero
pedaling, the speed of the bicycle starts slowing down,
this happens because the frictional force acts in the Ans. (c) : Friction is a force which opposes the relative
direction of motion. If no force is applied on a moving tangential motion between two surface. Work done by
object, then it stops due to frictional force because this friction is always negative.
frictional force acts in the direction opposite to the 15. Work done by friction is not lost but it is
direction of motion. converted into …… energy-
(a) Thermal (b) Nuclear
9. Which of the following events is difficult to
(c) Chemical (d) Friction
occur without friction-
(a) Moving a heavy box from one place to Ans. (a) : When an object slides or rolls on a surface, a
another friction force is generated between the touching surface
which acts in the opposite direction of the motion of the
(b) Playing carrom
object. The work done by friction is not lost but is
(c) Holding a glass converted into thermal energy of the body.
(d) Motion of a door
Ans. (c) : Holding a glass is difficult in the absence of Chapter-13 Sound
friction. It is difficult to hold a glass if the outer layer of
the glass is very smooth or it there is no friction. Introduction
10. Irregularities in the surface between two Sound plays an important role in our lives. It helps
surfaces result in …… us to communicate with one another.
(a) Friction (b) Impulse
(c) Tension (d) Torque
Ans. (a) : Friction occurs between two surface as a
result of irregularities in the surface. This friction is
parallel to the contact planes of the bodies. The friction
acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion
of the moving body.
11. The friction force acts in the direction opposite
to the direction of force. Some musical instruments
(a) Perpendicular to the direction of force Sound is produced by a vibrating body
(b) At an angles to the direction of force Motion of an object is called vibration. When a
(c) In the direction of force tightly stretched band is plucked, it vibrates and
(d) Opposite to the direction of force produces sound.
Ans. (d) : The friction force acts in the direction The manjira (cymbals) the ghatam, and the noot
opposite to the direction of force applied on the moving (mudpots) and the kartal. These musical instruments
object. It is because of friction force that we are able to are commonly used in many parts of our country.
move on any surface. These instruments are simply beaten or struck.
12. A bicycle is moving with constant acceleration.
The friction force on the rear wheel is ……
(a) Zero (b) Forward direction
(c) Backward direction (d) All of these
Ans. (b) : The friction force on the rear wheel of a
bicycle moving with constant acceleration is in the
forward direction. This is because friction acts in the
direction of motion at the point of contact with the
ground to prevent slipping, providing the necessary
force to accelerate the bicycle. A few more musical instrument
NCERT Science 169 YCT
 Sound produced by humans Amplitude and frequency are two important
In humans, the sound is produced by the voice box properties of any sound.
or the larynx. Loudness and Pitch
This part of the body is known as the voice box. Loudness of sound is proportional to the square of
It is at the upper end of the windpipe. Two vocal amplitude of the vibration producing the sound. For
cords, are stretched across the voice box or larynx in example, if the amplitude becomes twice, the
such a way that it leaves a narrow slit between them loudness increases by a factor of 4. The loudness is
for the passage of air. expressed in a unit called decibel (dB). The
following table gives some idea of the loudness of
sound coming from various sources.
Normal breathing 10 dB
Soft whisper (at 5m) 30 dB
Normal conversation 60 dB
Busy traffic 70 dB
Average factory 80 dB
Above 80 dB the noise becomes physically painful.
The loudness of sound depends on its amplitude.
When the amplitude of vibration is large, the sound
Voice box in humans produced is loud. When the amplitude is small, the
The vocal cords in men are about 20 mm long. In sound produced is feeble.
women these are about 15 mm long. Children have The frequency determines the shrillness or pitch of
very short vocal cards. This is the reason why the sound. If the frequency of vibration is higher we say
voices of men, women and children are different. that the sound is shrill and has a higher pitch. If the
Sound needs a medium for Propagation frequency of vibration is lower, we say that the sound
The sound cannot travel through a vacuum. has a lower pitch. For example, a drum vibrates with a
low frequency. Therefore, it produces-
We Hear sound through Our Ears
The shape of the outer part of the ear is like a funnel.
When sound enters it, it travels down a canal at the
end of which there is a thin stretched membrane. It
is called the eardrum.
The eardrum is like a stretched rubber sheet. Sound
vibrations make the eardrum vibrate. The eardrum
sends vibrations to the inner ear. From there the
signal goes to the brain. That is how we hear.

Frequency determines the pitch a sound

a low - pitched sound.
• On the other hand, a whistle has a high frequency
and therefore, produces a sound of higher pitch.
Human ear Audible and Inaudible sounds
Amplitude, Time period and frequency of a The fact is that sounds of frequencies less than about
vibration 20 vibrations per second (20 Hz) cannot be detected
To and for motion of an object is known as by the human ear. Such sounds are called inaudible.
vibration. This motion is also called oscillatory On the higher side, sounds of frequencies higher
motion. frequencies higher than about 20, 000 vibrations per
The number of oscillations second is called the second (20 kHz) are also not audible to the human ear.
frequency of oscillation. Frequency is expressed in Thus, for human ear, the range of audible
hertz. Its symbol is Hz. frequencies is roughly from 20 to 20,000 Hz.
NCERT Science 170 YCT
 Noise and Music Ans. (c) : The human car can hear sounds with
Unpleasant sounds are called noise. On the other frequency between 20Hz to 20000 Hz. This is called
hand you enjoy sounds from musical instruments. auditory sound.
Musical sound is one which is pleasing to the ear. Sounds with frequency greater than 20000Hz are called
Sound produced by a harmonium is a musical sound. ultra-sonic sounds.
The string of a sitar also gives out a musical sound. Sounds with frequencies less than 20Hz are called
Noise pollution inaudible sounds.
Presence of excessive or unwanted sounds in the 3. Which of the following differences between
environment is called noise pollution. noise and music is correct?
Major causes of noise pollution are sounds of Noise Musical sound
vehicles, explosions including bursting of crackers,
1. Irregular wave 1.Regular wave
machines, loudspeakers etc.
1. High frequency 2.Low frequency
Harms of Noise pollution 2. Irregular and non 3.Regular and
Presence of excessive noise in the surroundings may
cause many health related problems. Lack of sleep, periodic vibration periodic vibration
hypertension (high blood- pressure), anxiety and Choose the correct option from the codes given
many more health disorders may be caused by noise below-
pollution. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
A person who is exposed to a loud sound (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2, and 3
continuously may get temporary or even permanent Ans. (c) : Characteristic of noise are-
impairment of hearing. • Irregular wave
Measure to limit Noise pollution • Low frequency
Silence device must be installed in air craft engines, • Irregular and non-periodic vibrations
transport vehicles, industrial machines and home • Unpleasant effect on human ear.
appliances.
The characteristic of musical sound are-
All noisy operations must be conducted away from
any residential area. Noise producing industries • Regular wave
should be set up away from such areas. Use of • High frequency
automobile horns should be minimized. TV and • Regular and periodic vibrations
music systems should be run at low volumes. 4. Which of the following is/are the effects of noise
Trees must be planted along the roads and around pollution?
buildings to cut down on the sounds reaching the (a) Hearing loss (b) Fatigue
residents, thus reducing the harmful effects of noise (c) a and b (d) None of these
pollution.
Ans. (a) : Loud and harsh sound is called noise. The
Important Questions disturbance caused by various types of undesirable loud
1. Which of the following is/are correct? sounds is called noise pollution. The harm full effects of
1. Oscillation/vibration causes movement of a noise pollution are hearing loss, fatigue due to lack of
body. sleep, high blood pressure, anxiety.
2. The maximum displacement of a body 5. What is the relationship between the frequency
from its mean position is called amplitude. v and period T of a sound wave?
Select the correct option from the following code- (a) n = 1/T2 (b) n = T
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) n = 1/T (d) n = 1/ T
Ans. (a) : The movement of an object from one extreme Ans. (c) :
position to another and back is called oscillation or 1
Frequency of sound(n) =
vibration. Timeperiod of sound(T)
The maximum displacement of a body from its mean
6. Sound waves cannot travel in -
position is called the amplitude of oscillation. The
(a) Air (b) Water
number of oscillation made by an oscillating body in
one second is called the frequency of oscillation. (c) Vaccum (d) Steel
2. Which of the following is/are correctly Ans. (c) : Sound waves can travel in air, water and steel
matched? but cannot travel in vaccum-sound waves are
1. Audible sound - 20-20000 Hz mechanical waves and require a medium for their
2. Ultrasonic - sound - more form 2000 Hz transmission. The speed of sound waves is highest in
3. Inaudible sound - less than 20 Hz. solids and lowest in gases.
Select the correct option from the code given 7. Which of the following is false? Sound waves
below are .......... waves?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (a) Pressure (b) Longitudinal
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 2 (c) Electromagnetic (d) Mechanical
NCERT Science 171 YCT
Ans. (c) : Sound is a mechanical wave, not an 13. Sound ............. can transmits in.
electromagnetic wave. Sound is transmitted only in the (a) Only solid substances(b) Only gas
form of longitudinal waves in air or gases. Whereas in (c) Only liquids (d) All options
solids and liquids transmission of sound energy is Ans. (d) : Sound is a type of mechanical wave
possible through both transverse & longitudinal waves. Transmission of sound is possible in all medium i.e,
8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of solid, liquid, gas and plasma but not possible in vaccum.
a sound wave? 14. The medium required for transmission of
(a) Dimension sound should be in state of ..........
(b) Time period and frequency (a) Solid (b) Gas
(c) Speed (c) Liquid (d) All of these
(d) Density
Ans. (d) : The medium required for transmission of
Ans. (d) : Sound waves in air are longitudinal sound must be in all of these states i.e. solid, liquid and
mechanical waves. The main components of sound gas.
waves are amplitude, time period, frequency and speed
of sound. 15. Techniques are used to absorb noise by using
Sound waves do not have density. The speed of sound soft and porous surfaces.
waves in air is approximately 332 km/s. (a) Acoustic protection (b) Audio protection
(c) Refraction (d) Absorption
9. Sound waves are .......... waves.
(a) Electromagnetic (b) Transverse Ans. (a) : Acaustic protection techniques are used to
(c) Super (d) Mechanical absorb noise by using soft and porous surfaces.
Ans. (d) : Mechanical wave is the wave which occurs 16. Sound ............. is produced due to.
due to vibration of the material. The transmission of (a) Refraction (b) Vibration
mechanical waves requires a medium. A medium is also (c) Refraction (d) Rotation
required for the transmission of sound. Hence it is Ans. (b) : Sound is a form of energy which is produced
called mechanical waves. due to vibration or disturbance and is heard after
Sound waves are also longitudinal waves. Its speed is reaching the hearing senses.
highest in solids, followed by liquids and lowest in Sound waves mainly exist in the form of three types-
gases. audible, ultrasonic and inaudible waves.
10. What does the amplitude of a sound wave 17. Compression and rarefaction occur due to
depend on? variation in the following-
(a) Temperature of the object (a) Refraction of the ray
(b) Material of the object (b) Difference in temperature
(c) Quality of the product (c) Air pressure
(d) Force used to make the object vibrate (d) Magnetic difference
Ans. (d) : The loudness or softness of a sound is Ans. (c) : When sound is produced in the air from a
determined basically by its amplitude. The amplitude of sound source, then this sound moves rapidly in the air,
the sound wave depends upon the force with which and then a series of compression and rarefaction is formed
objective is made to vibrate. in the air. This compression and rarefaction creates
11. In lower of which physicist has the SI unit of sound waves, which propagate through the medium
frequency of sound been named? (air).
(a) Werner Carl Heisenberg 18. Sound intensity is measured by
(b) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (a) From Richter scale (b) From tesla
(c) Albert Einstein (c) Decibel (d) Hertz
(d) JC Maxwell
Ans. (c) : Sound is produced by vibration of objects
Ans. (b) : Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-97) was these are longitudinal waves.
German physicist. His discovery of electromagnetic Its intensity is measured in decibels (db).
waves led to the development of radio, radar and
television. 19. Standard unit of measuring the frequency of
In the honor of physicist Henrich Rudolf Hertz the SI sound wave is-
unit of the Frequency of the sound has been named (a) Meter (b) Hertz
Hertz. (c) Newton (d) Meter per second
12. Which of the following is the time taken for on Ans. (b) : Sound wave is divided according to its
complete oscillation of a sound wave in the frequency and its measurement unit is Hertz (Hz) sound
density of the medium? waves cannot travel in vaccum.
(a) Periodic period (b) Frequency 20. Sound is which one of the following?
(c) Wavelength (d) Dimension (a) Tidal wave
Ans. (a) : The time taken for one complete oscillation (b) Mechanical wave
of a sound wave in the density of the medium is called (c) Surface wave
time period or periodic period. (d) Electromagnetic wave
NCERT Science 172 YCT
Ans. (b) : Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave. 27. Waves with frequencies below the audible
Longitudinal waves move along or parallel to the range are called sound waves.
movement of the particle. These waves can travel in all (a) Ultrasonic (b) Ultrasound
three medium i.e. solid, liquid and gas. (c) Supersonic (d) Infrasonic
21. Which of the following cannot travel in Ans. (d) : Sound waves with frequencies between 20
vaccum? Hz to 20000 Hz are called audible range sound waves
(a) Heat (b) Sound and sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz are
(c) Light (d) UV rays called infrasonic sound waves.
Ans. (b) : Sound cannot travel in vacuum because 28. 30 ........... the frequency is not audible to
sound requires a medium to travel. The more elastic a humans.
medium is, the greater will be the speed of sound in it. (a) 18000 Hz (b) 22000 Hz
Light does not require a medium to travel. The speed of (c) 100 Hz (d) 20000 Hz
light is highest in vacuum (3×108 m/s). Ans. (b) : Sound with frequencies between 20 Hz to
22. When sound passes through air, the air 20000 Hz is audible to a normal human being which is
particles ............. also called audible sound. Sound waves with frequency
(a) Vibrate in the direction of wave propagation above 20000 Hz are called ultrasonic waves. So 22000
(b) Do not vibrate Hz sound. Frequency is not audible to humans.
(c) Vibrate, but not in any particular direction 29. What speed is not known to exceed the speed
(d) Waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction ................ form of sound is air?
of propagation. (a) Supersonic (b) Solar
Ans. (a) : When sound passes through air, the air (c) Infrasonic (d) Ultrasonic
particles vibrate in the direction of wave propagation. Ans. (a) : The speed of a body greater than the speed of
Sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium for sound is known as supersonic speed. The speed of the
transmission. body is measured in mach numbers.
23. The audible range of sound for humans is 30. What effects dose pressure have on the speed of
approx. sound
(a) 10 Hz to 10000 Hz (b) 40 Hz to 40000 Hz (a) The speed of sound increases with increase in
(c) 30 Hz to 30000 Hz (d) 20 Hz to 20000 Hz pressure and vice versa
Ans. (d) : The range of ability of sound for human is (b) The speed of sound decreases with increase in
approximately 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. pressure and vice versa.
The number of sound vibrations emitted per second is (c) The speed of sound is not affected by
called the frequency of sound, which is measured in pressure
Hertz (Hz). (d) First the speed increases with increase in
24. Which of the following Greek letters represents pressure and then starts decreasing although
wavelength? the pressure continues to increase.
(a) Alpha (b) Beta Ans. (c) : The velocity of sound is not affected by
(c) Lambda (d) Delta frequency and pressure whereas it is affected by
Ans. (c) : The distance covered by a wave when a temperature humidity. Sound propagates in air in the
particle of the medium is vibrated one complete way in form of a longitudinal wave. The maximum speed of
the direction of wave propagation is called wavelength. sound occurs in solid.
It is denoted by the Greek letter Lambda (λ). Its SI unit 31. What is approximately the speed of sound in
is meter. air?
25. What is the intercity level of a faint audible (a) 3 × 108 m/s (b) 330 m/s
sound? (c) 5000 m/s (d) 1500 m/s
(a) 100 dB (b) 0 dB Ans. (b) : Sound propagates in air in a longitudinal
(c) 10 dB (d) 25 dB manner. The speed of sound in air at 20º C (68ºF) is
Ans. (b) : Sound intercity is measured in decibels. The 343.59 m/s, approximately 330 m/s. The velocity of
intercity level of a very faint audible sound is 0 dB. sound is different in different medium.
The standard sound level for humans is 60 dB. 32. Sound wave has a frequency of 3.5 kHz and its
26. Humans cannot tolerate very loud sounds. wavelength is 0.1 meter. Then how much time
What is the highest sound level that humans will it take to cover the distance of 700 meters?
can tolerate? (a) 1.5 sec (b) 1 sec
(a) 100 dB (b) 80 dB (c) 3.0 sec (d) 2.0 sec
(c) 40 dB (d) 115 dB Ans. (d) : n = 3.5 kHz = 3500 Hz
Ans. (b) : According to the world health organization λ = 0.1m
(WHO), 45 dB sound is best for humans. WHO his V = nλ
considered sound above 75 dB or 80dS is harmful to = 3500 × 0.1 = 350
human health. Sound more than 85 dB can make a Distance 700
person deaf and sound of 150 dB can make a person Time = = = 2sec
crazy. Speed 350

NCERT Science 173 YCT

33. The speed of sound waves is 700 m/s. How Ans. (a) : The amount of sound energy passing through
much time will sound waves take to travel 7 a unit area per second is called intensity of sound.
km? Intensity is typically measured in watts per square meter
(a) 10 s (b) 100 s (W/m2).
(c) 50 s (d) 5 s 39. What should approximately be the minimum
Ans. (a) : Speed of the wave (v) = 700 distance between the source and the reflector
Distance covered by the wave = 7 km = 7000 m for an echo?
Distance 7000 (a) 34 meter (b) 36 meter
Time = = = 10s (c) 17 meter (d) Note
Speed 700
Ans. (b) : When sound waves hit a distant solid body
34. What is the speed of sound in air? or mountain and are reflected and heard again. So this
(a) 373 m/s (b) 434 m sec reflected sound is called echo. To hear the echo, the
(c) 332 m/sec (d) 383 m/sec minimum distance between the source and the reflecting
Ans. (c) : The speed of sound in air is 332 m/s. sound is surface should be about 17 meters.
a mechanical wave, for whose transmission is required. 40. What is the repetition of sound produced by
There are three types of sound waves- reflection of sound waves called?
Audible waves- Waves ranging from 20 Hz- 20000 Hz (a) Double (b) Echo
(Human can hear). (c) Noise (d) Note
Infrared waves - waves below 20 Hz (inaudible) Ans. (b) : The echo of sound produced by reflection of
Ultrasonic waves - waves above 20000 Hz which sound waves is called echo.
human cannot hear, dogs and cat can hear. Echolocation is widely used by bats and whales.
35. .......... is not characteristic of sound wave.
(a) Dimension (b) Velocity Chapter-14 Chemical Effects of
(c) Frequency (d) Hertz Electric Current
Ans. (d) : Hertz is not a characteristic of sound wave. it
is the S.I. unit of frequency. Introduction
Sound wave has five characteristics - Wavelength, Material, which allow electric current to pass
ampletude, time period, frequency and velocity or through them are good conductors of electricity. On
speed. the other hand, materials, which do not allow
Relations ship between velocity, wavelength and electric current to pass through them easily, are poor
conductors of electricity.
frequency of any sound wave-
Metals such has copper and aluminium conduct
V
λ= electricity whereas materials such as rubber, plastic
f and wood do not conduct electricity. However, so
Where, V = wave velocity, f = frequency, λ = far we have used our tester to test materials which
wavelength were in solid state.
36. What is the sound of a single frequency call? Do liquids Conduct Electricity
(a) Note (b) Pitch To test whether a liquid allows electric current to
(c) Tone (d) Hertz pass through it or not, we can use the same tester.
Ans. (c) : Sound of a single frequency is called tone.
When several frequencies are mixed, a frequency is
produced which is called a note.
A musical note consists of tones of different frequencies
(sound of different pitches) and amplitudes (loudness).
37. Which of the following is used to detect cracks
and defects in metal sections?
(a) Reverberation
(b) Ultra sound
(c) Echo However, replace the cell by a battery. Also, before
(d) Sound navigation of ranging using the tester we should check whether it is
working
Ans. (b) : Ultrasonic are high frequency detect cracks
or not.
waves. They can be used to detect cracks and other
When the liquid between the two ends of the tester
defects cracks and other defects in metal blocks. Like
allows the electric current to pass, the circuit of the
spiral tube, odd shaped parts, electronic compounds etc.
tester becomes complete. The current flows in the
38. What is the amount of sound energy passing circuit and the bulb glows.
through a unit area per second called? When the liquid does not allow the electric current
(a) Intensity (b) Note to pass, the circuit of the tester is not complete and
(c) Pitch (d) Music the bulb does not glow.
NCERT Science 174 YCT
 The water that we get from sources such as taps, Tin cans, used for storing food, are made by
hand pumps, wells and ponds is not pure. It may electroplating tin onto iron. Tin is less reactive than
contain several salts dissolved in it. Small amounts iron. Thus, food does not come into contact with
of mineral salts are naturally present in it. This water iron and is protected from getting spoilt.
is a good conductor of electricity. On the other hand, Iron is used in bridges and automobiles to provide
distilled water is free of salts and is a poor strength. However, iron tends to corrode and rust.
conductor. So, a coating of zinc is deposited on iron to protect it
Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of from corrosion and formation of rust.
acids, bases and salts. In the electroplating factories the disposal of the
Chemical Effects of Electric Current used conducting solution is a major concern. It is a
The passage of an electric current through a polluting waste and there are specific disposal
conducting solution causes chemical reactions. As a guidelines to protect the environment.
result, bubbles of a gas may be formed on the
electrodes. Deposits of metal may be seen on Important Questions
electrodes. Changes of colour of solutions may 1. Which of the following is/are correct for
occur. The reaction would depends on what solution electrolytic solution?
and electrodes are used. These are some of the 1. Electrolyte conducts electricity when
chemical effects of the electric current. exposed to water.
Electroplating 2. Sodium chloride sugar solution, sulfuric
The process of depositing a layer of any desired acid are electrolytic solutions.
metal on another material by means of (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
electricity is called electroplating. It is one of the (c) Both 1 and (d) Neither 1 nor 2
most common applications of chemical effects of Ans. (a) : A substance which dissociates and gives ions
electric current. when mixed or dissolved in water is called electrolyte.
Electroplating is a very useful process. It is widely It is a substance that conducts electricity when mixed or
used in industry for coating metal objects with a thin dissolved in water.
layer of a different metal . The layer of metal
deposited has some desired property, which the Sodium chloride, sulfuric acid are electrocytes because
metal of the objects lacks. For example, chromium they dissociate into ions, but sugar solution does not
plating is done on many objects such as car parts, dissociate into ions when melted or dissolved in water.
bath taps, kitchen gas burners, bicycle handlebars, So, it is a non-electrolyte.
wheel rims and many others. 2. Which of the following is correct for a
conductor ?
1. They allow flow of electricity.
2. Solutions of weak electrolyte are good
conductors.
Choose the correct option from the codes given
below-
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 or 2
Ans. (a) : Materials which allow electricity to flow
through them are called conductors. Silver, copper and
iron are good conductors. Strong electrolyte are good
conductors of electricity. Solutions of weak electrolyte
are poor conductors.
3. Which of the following sequences is correct for
conductivity?
(a) Alloy > insulator > semiconductor
(b) Insulator > alloy > semiconductor
(c) Alloy > semiconductor > insulator
Some Electroplated Objects (d) Semiconductor > alloy > insulator
Ans. (c) : Various substances are listed below in order
Chromium has a shiny appearance. It does not of decreasing conductivity. Metal alloy > molten
corrode. It resists scratches. However, chromium is electrolytes > Electrolytic solution semiconductor
expensive and it may not be economical to make the (weak conductor) > Insulator (conductor).
whole object out of chromium. So the object is made
from a cheaper metal and only a coating of 4. Which of the following is/are correct for LED:
chromium over it is deposited. Jewellery makers 1. It emits light only when weak current flows
electroplate silver and gold on less expensive metals. through it.
These ornaments have the appearance of silver or 2. It is an electrical appliance
gold but are much less expensive. 3. Long lead is positive
NCERT Science 175 YCT
 Choose the correct option from the codes given 9. Battery capacity is expressed in ……
below: (a) Ampere - Hour
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (b) Voltage
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) Weight of battery
Ans. (b) : LED is an electrical device. It starts emitting (d) Volume of electrolyte
light when a very weak electric current flows through it. Ans. (a) : The capacity of the battery is expressed in
It has two leads. The longer one is positive and the ampere-hour.
shorter one is negative. LED are available in different 10. Which of the following devices helps in
colours. maintaining the potential difference across a
5. …….. between the terminals of the driver conductor?
helpful in maintaining potential difference. (a) Ammeter (b) Galvanometer
(a) Plug key (b) Resistance (c) Cell or battery (d) Voltmeter
(c) Voltmeter (d) Battery Ans. (c) : Battery is a source of obtaining electrical
Ans. (d) : The battery is helpful in maintaining the energy. Electrical energy is stored in the battery in the
potential difference between the terminals of the form of chemical energy. Electric cells or batteries help
conductor. Battery is an energy storage device which is in maintaining uniform potential difference at the ends
made by connecting many cells. of an electrical conductor.
Electrochemical reactions take place inside cells which 11. To obtain continuous flow of current, the
convert chemical energy into electrical energy. easiest method to maintain the electric
6. A battery lights a bulb. What type of potential difference between the two ends of a
transformation occurs in this process? conductor is to ……. terminal of connect it
(a) Electrical energy is converted into thermal between.
energy (a) Voltmeter (b) Ammeter
(b) Chemical energy is converted into electrical (c) Rheostat (d) Battery
energy Ans. (d) : The simplest method of maintaining an
(c) Electrical energy is converted into chemical electric potential difference between the two ends of a
energy conductor to obtain a continuous flow of current is to
(d) Electrical energy is converted into light connect is between the terminals of the battery.
energy
Chapter-15 Some Natural
Ans. (b) : When a battery lights a bulb, in this process
chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. Phenomena
Some examples of energy conversion- Lightning
Electric heater - Electrical energy into thermal energy Sparks on a electric pole when wires become loose.
Microphone - Electrical energy into sound energy This phenomenon is quite common when wind is
Dynamo or electric generator - Mechanical energy into blowing and shaking the wires. Sparks when a plug
electrical energy. is loose in its socket . Lightning is also an electric
7. The cell has to store current in it to maintain spark, but on a huge scale.
the current in a given electric expenditure The lighting is caused by the accumulation of
circuit. charges in the clouds.
(a) Electrical (b) Kinetics
(c) Chemical (d) Situational The sparks that the Greeks Knew About
Ans. (c) : To maintain the current in a given electric The ancient Greeks knew as early as 600 B.C. that
circuit, the cell has to expend the chemical energy is when amber (amber is a kind of resin) was rubbed
converted into electrical energy and it generates with fur, it attracted light objects such as hair. In
electromotive force to maintain the continuous flow of 1752 Benjamin Franklin, an American scientist,
electric current in the circuit. showed that lightning and the spark from your
8. Which of the following devices is used to clothes are essentially the same phenomena.
convert chemical energy into electrical energy? However, it took 2000 years for this realization to
(a) Candle (b) Optical cell occur.
(c) Battery (d) Electric motor Charging by Rubbing-
Ans. (c) : When a plastic refill is rubbed with polythene, it
Equipment Energy conversion acquires a small electric charge. Similarly, when a
Candle - Chemical energy into light & heat plastic comb is rubbed with dry hair, it acquires a
Optical cell - Solar energy into electrical energy small charge. These objects are called charged
Battery - Chemical energy into electrical energy objects.
Electric motor - Electrical energy into mechanical In the process of charging the refill and the plastic
energy comb, polythene and hair also get charged.
NCERT Science 176 YCT
 Types of Charges and Their Interaction- Lightning Safety
It is a convention to call the charge acquired by a During lightning and thunderstorm no open place is
glass rod when it is rubbed with silk as positive. The safe.
other kind of charge is said to be negative. Hearing thunder is an alert to rush to a safer place.
It is observed that when a charged glass rod is After hearing the last thunder, wait for some time
brought near a changed plastic straw rubbed with before coming out of the safe place.
polythene there is attraction between the two. Finding a safe place
The electrical charges generated by rubbing are A house or a building is a safe place. If you are
static. They do not move by themselves. When travelling by car or by bus, you are safe inside with
charges move, they constitute an electric current. windows and doors of the vehicle shut.
The current in a circuit which makes a bulb glow, or Do's and Don'ts during a thunderstorm
the current that makes a wire hot, is nothing but a Outside
motion of charges. Open vehicles, like motorbikes, tractors,
Transfer of Charge construction machinery, open cars are not safe.
The aluminium foil strips receive the same charge Open fields, tall trees, shelters in parks, elevated
from the charged refill through the paper clip places do not protect us from lightning strokes.
(remember that metals are good conductors of Carrying an umbrella is not at all a good idea during
thunderstorms.
electricity).
If in a forest, take shelter under shorter trees.
The strips carrying similar charges repel each other
If no shelter is available and you are in an open
and they become wide open. Such a device can be field, stay far away from all trees. Stay away from
used to test whether an object is carrying charge or poles or other metal objects. Do not the lie on the
not. This device is known as electroscope. ground. Instead squat low on the ground. Place your
Electrical charge can be transferred from a charged hands on your knee with your head between the
object to another through a metal conductor. The foil hands. This position will will make you the smallest
strips lose charge to the earth through your body. target to be struck.
We say that the foil strips are discharged. The Inside the house-
process of transferring of charge from charged Lighting can strike telephone cords, electrical wires
object to the earth is called earthing. and metal pipes.
Earthing is provided in buildings to protect us from During a thunderstorm, so contact with these should
electrical shocks due to any leakage of electrical be avoided. It is safer to use mobile phones and
current. cordless phones. However, it is not wise to call up a
The story of Lightning person who is receiving your phone through a wired
Lightning in terms of the charges produced by phone.
rubbing. During the development of thunderstorm, Bathing should be avoided during thunderstorms to
the air currents move upward while the air currents avoid contact with running water.
move upward while the water droplets move Electrical appliances like computers, TVs, etc.,
downward. These vigorous movements cause should be unplugged. Electrical lights can remain
separation of charges. on. They do not cause any harm.
There is accumulation of positive charges near the Lightning Conductors-
ground also. When the magnitude of the Lightning conductor is a device used to protect
accumulated charges becomes very large, the air building from the effect of lightning. A metallic rod,
which is normally a poor conductor of electricity, is taller than the building , is installed in the walls of
no longer able to resist their flow. Negative and the building during its construction. One end of the
positive charges meet, producing streaks of bright rod is kept out in the air and the other is buried deep
light and sound. The process is called an electric in the ground. The rod provides easy route for the
discharge. transfer of electric charge to the ground.
Earthquakes-
One natural phenomenon which are not yet able to
predict accurately. It is an earthquake. It can cause
damage to human life and properties on a large
scale.
A major earthquake occurred in India on 8 October
2005 in Uri and Tangdhar towns of North Kashmir.
Before that a major earthquake occurred on 26
January 2001 in Bhuj district of Gujarat.
An earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of
the earth which lasts for a very short time. It is
Accumulation of charges leading to lightning caused by a disturbance deep inside the earth's crust
NCERT Science 177 YCT
 They cause disturbance in the earth's crust. It is this
disturbance that shows up as an earthquake on the
surface of the earth.

Kashmir earthquake
Earthquakes occur all the time, all over the earth.
They are not even noticed. Major earthquakes are
much less frequent. They can cause immense
damage to buildings , bridges, dams and people.
Movements of earth's plates
There can be great loss to life and property.
Tremors on the earth can also be caused when a
Earthquakes can cause floods, landslides and
volcano erupts, or a meteor hits the earth, or an
tsunamis.
underground nuclear explosion is carried out.
A major tsunami occurred in the Indian Ocean on 26 However, most earthquakes are caused by the
December 2004. All the coastal areas around the movement of earth's plates.
ocean suffered huge losses.
Since earthquakes are caused by the movement of
Causes an Earthquake - plates, the boundaries of the plates are the weak
The tremors are caused by the disturbance deep down zones there earthquakes are more likely to occur.
inside the uppermost layer of the earth called the The weak zones are also known as seismic or fault
crust. zones.
In India, the areas most threatened are Kashmir,
western and central Himalayas, the whole of North-
East, Rann of Kutch, Rajasthan and the Indo-
Gangetic Plains. Some areas of South India also fall
in the danger zone

Structure of the earth

The outermost layer of the earth is not in one piece.
It is fragmented. Each fragment is called a plate.
These plates are in continual motion. When they
brush past one another or a plate goes under another
due to collision.

Movements of Indian earth's plate

The power of an earthquake is expressed in terms of
a magnitude on a scale called the Richter scale.
Really destructive earthquakes have magnitudes greater
than 7 on the Richter scale. Both Bhuj and Kashmir
earthquakes had magnitudes greater than 7.5.
The tremors produce waves on the surface of the
earth. These are called seismic waves. The waves
are recorded by an instrument called the
Earth Plates seismograph. The instrument is simply a vibrating
NCERT Science 178 YCT
 rod, or a pendulum, which starts vibrating when Important Questions
tremors occur. A pen is attached to the vibrating
1. Which seismic waves involve transverse
system. The pen records the seismic waves on a
displacement?
paper which moves under it. By studying these
(a) P-waves
waves, scientists can construct a complete map of
(b) L-waves
the earthquake, as shown in. They can also estimate
its power to cause destruction. (c) S-waves
(d) Rayleigh surface waves
Ans. (c) : S-waves are a type of seismic waves.
After P-waves, S-waves reach the earth's surface S-
waves are called secondary waves. It travels only in
solid medium. These are transverse waves like light
waves. In a transverse wave, the vibration or oscillation
of the particles occurs perpendicular to the direction of
the wave. So, S-waves involve transverse displacement.
2. Which of the following is not a cause of
tsunami?
A Seismograph Map of the Earthquake (a) Soil erosion
Protection against earthquakes- (b) Earth quake
People living in seismic zones, where the (c) Volcanic eruption
earthquakes are more likely to occur, have to be (d) Landslide under the sea
specially prepared. First of all, the building in these Ans. (a) : An earthquake, a volcanic eruption or
zones should be so designed that they can withstand underwater landslides can shift large amounts of ocean
major tremors. water. As a result a huge tidal wave called tsunami.
Modern building technology can make it possible. It Earthquake, volcanic eruption and landslides under the
is advisable to make the structure simple so that it is sea are causes of tsunami where soil erosion is not a
'Quake Safe'. cause of tsunami.
Consult qualified architects and structural engineers. 3. Which of the following statements is not
In highly seismic areas, the use of mud or timber is correct regarding the 'pacific ring of fire'?
better than using heavy construction material. Keep (a) Its length is approximately 40000 km
roofs as light as possible. In case the structure falls, (b) 75% of the earth's volcanoes are located in
the 'Ring of fire'
the damage will not be heavy.
(c) The Pacific Rim covers the eastern coasts of
It is better if the cupboards and shelves are fixed to North America and South America
the walls, so that they do not fall easily. (d) It is a belt of active volcanoes
Be careful where you hang wall clocks, photo- Ans. (c) : Correct statements regarding the Pacific Ring
frames, Water heaters etc, so that in the event of an of fire-
earthquake, they do not fall on people. • Its length is approximately 40000 km.
Since some buildings may catch fire due to an • Its is a belt of active volcanoes
earthquake, it is necessary that all buildings, • 75% of the earth's volcanoes are located in the Ring of
especially tall buildings, have fire fighting fire.
equipment in working order. The Central Building • It extends through the and es of South America,
Research Institute, Roorkee, has developed houses. Central America, Maxico, the mountains of western
In the event that and earthquake does strike, take the U.S.A, the Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, the Kurite
following steps to protect yourself. Islands, Sakhalin, Japan, Philippines, Cetebes, New
If you are at Home Guinea, the Soloman Islands, New Caledonia and New
Take shelter under a table and stay there till the Zeland.
shaking stops. • The Pacific Rim covers the western coasts of North
America and South America.
Stay away from tall and heavy objects that may fall
on you. 4. What is caused by the sun and moon pulling
the Earth in the same direction through
If you are in bed, do not get up. Protect your head gravity?
with a pillow. (a) Neap tides (b) Spring tides
If you are outdoors (c) Diurnal tides (d) None of these
Find a clear spot, away from buildings, trees and Ans. (b) : When the Earth, sun and moon come in a
overhead power lines. Drop to the ground. straight line at that time spring tides or king tides occur
If you are in a car or a bus, do not come out. Ask due to the sun and moon pulling the Earth in the same
the driver to drive slowly to a clear spot. Do not direction through gravity.
come out till the tremors stops. Spring tides occur full moon and new moon days.
NCERT Science 179 YCT
5. The intensity of earthquake is measured in Mauna Loa is considered a dormant volcano because it
……. is not currently erupting but has the potential to erupt
(a) Bar (b) Richter scale again in the future.
(c) Pascal (d) kg 12. Which active volcano is known as the light
Ans. (b) : The intensity of earthquake is measured on house of the Mediterranean sea?
Richter scale. (a) Mount Etna (b) Stromboli
This scale is a logarithmic scale. The richters scale, (c) Cotopaxi (d) Mount Vesuvius
designed by an American seismologist Chartes Richter Ans. (b) : Volcanoes, which constantly eject lava,
in 1935. gases, ashes, cinder, pumice etc, are known as active
6. Kilimanjaro situated in Africa is named ……. volcanoes. The Stromboli volcano emits so much fire
(a) Longest river (b) Largest grasslands that it has come to be known as the lighthouse of the
(c) The densest forest (d) Volcanic mountain mediterranean sea.
Ans. (d) : Mount Kilimanjaro is situated in Africa
(Tanzania) it is the highest volcanic mountain of the Chapter-16 Stars and the Solar
African continent, whose height is approx 5895 meters. System
There are 3 volcanoes on this mountain kibo, shira and
The moon is the brightest object in the night sky.
mawenzi.
The stars, the planets, the moon and many other
7. What is the earthquake that occurs due to objects in the sky are called celestial objects.
melting of rocks along the fault plane called? The study of celestial objects and associated
(a) Explosive earthquake phenomena is called astronomy.
(b) Volcanic earthquake In ancient India our ancestors performed methodical
(c) Nipal earthquake observations of sky. Their knowledge of astronomy
(d) Tectonic earthquake was highly advanced for their time. Passage of the
Ans. (d) : Earthquakes that occur due to melting of sun, stars, moon and planets in the sky helped them
rocks along the fault plane are called tectonic to devise calendars and almanacs.
earthquakes. The Moon
8. …….. Earthquakes are studied under.
(a) Montology (b) Seismology
(c) Vocanology (d) Topography
Ans. (b) : The science of earthquakes is known as
seismology.
It is a major branch of physical geography, under which
scientific study and factual analysis of earthquakes.
9. Which of the following is not a volcano?
(a) Mount etna (b) Mont blanc
(c) Cotopexy (d) Mount Vesuvius
Ans. (b) : Mont blanc in western Europe is the highest
mountain of the Alps.
Volcano Country Phase of the moon
Mount Etna - Italy The various shapes of the bright part of the moon as
Cotopaxi - Ecuador seen during a month are called phases of the moon.
Mount Vesuvius-Italy Phases of the moon play an important role in our
10. Which of the following option is an example of social life. Almost all festivals in India are
a volcanic mountain? celebrated according to the phases of the moon.
(a) Appalachian (b) Himalaya For example, Diwali is celebrated on the new moon
(c) Ural (d) Fujiyama day, Budh Poornima and Guru Nanak's birthday are
celebrated on full moon day. Maha Shivaratri is
Ans. (d) : Fujiyama is a volcanic mountain, which is the
celebrated on Thirteenth night of waning moon, Eid
highest mountain in Japan.
Appalachian, Himalaya and Ural, are examples of non- ul- fitr is observed on the day following the sighting
volcanic mountain ranges formed by tectonic forces. of crescent moon.
The time period between one full moon to the next
11. Which of the following is a dormant volcano?
full moon is slightly longer than 29 days. In many
(a) Sakurajima located in Japan calendars this period is called a month.
(b) Mount Erebus located in Antarctica The moon does not produce its own light, whereas
(c) Etna in Italy the sun and other stars do. Because the sunlight
(d) Mauna Loa located in Hawaii island falling on it gets reflected towards us. Therefore, see
Ans. (d) : Mauna Loa volcano located in Hawaii island only that part of the moon from which the light of
is a dormant volcano. the sun is reflected towards.
NCERT Science 180 YCT
 You must know
On July 21, 1969 (Indian time) the American
astronaut. Neil Armstrong landed on the moon for
the first time.
He was followed by Edwin Aldrin.

Moon is visible due to reflected

Positions of the Moon in its Orbit and its

Corresponding Phases

An astronaut on the moon

The Stars
The stars are millions of times farther away than the
sun. Therefore, the stars appear to us like points.
The sun is nearly 150,000,000 kilometers (150
million km) away from the earth.
Earth accompanied by moon revolving around the Such large distances are expressed in another unit
sun known as light year.
The size of the illuminated part of the moon visible It is the distance travelled by light in one year.
from the earth increases each day after the new Remember that the speed of light is about 300,000
moon day. After the full moon day, the sunlight part km per second.
of the moon visible from the earth decreases in size The distance of the sun from the Earth may be said
every day. to be about 8 light minutes.
The moon complete one rotation on its axis as it The distance of Alpha Centauri is about 4.3 light
completes one revolution around the earth.
years.
The Moon's Surface
The moon is a fascinating object for poets and story
-tellers. But when astronauts landed on the moon,
they found that the moon's surface is dusty and
barren.
There are many craters of different sizes. It also has
a large number of steep and high mountains.
Some of these are as high as the highest mountains
on the earth.

The pole star lies close to the axis of rotation of the

earth
Constellations
The stars forming a group that has a recognizable
shape is called a constellation.
Constellations were devised by ancient people to be
able to recognize stars in the sky. The shapes of
constellations resemble objects familiar to those
Surface of the moon people.
NCERT Science 181 YCT
 One of the most famous constellations which you
can see during summer time in the early part of the
night is Ursa Major. It is also known as the Big
Dipper, the great Bear or the Saptarishi.

Some constellations in the night sky

There are seven prominent stars in this constellation.
It appears like a big ladle or a question mark. There Locating- Sirius
are three stars in the handle of the ladle of the ladle
and four in its bowl. Cassiopeia
In all ancient cultures, very interesting mythological Cassiopeia is another prominent constellation in the
stories have been associated with the various northern sky. It is visible during winter in the early part
constellations. of the night. It looks like a distorted letter W or M.

Dipper used for drinking water in ancient times

Ursa Major (Saptarishi)
Saptarishi has been associated with seven well
known ancient Indian sages, or rishis, as shown in The solar system (not to scale)
the figure below. According to ancient mythology , The Solar system
the seven sages who form the saptarishi, preserve The sun and the celestial bodies which revolve
the central knowledge of Vedas and explain to around it form the solar system.
people in every new age. It consists of large number of bodies such as planets,
comets, asteroids and meteors. The gravitational
attraction between the sun and these objects keeps
them revolving around it.
The earth, as you know, also revolves around the
sun. It is a member of the solar system. it is a planet.
There are seven other planets that revolve around the
sun. The eight planets in their order of distance from
the sun are-
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune.
Note that the pole star is not visible from the
southern hemisphere. Some of the northern Did you know
constellations like Ursa Major may also not be Till 2006 there were nine planets in the solar system.
visible from some points in the southern hemisphere. Pluto was the farthest planet from the sun.
Orion In 2006. the International Astronomical Union
Orion is another well - known constellation that can (IAU) adopted a new definition of planet. Pluto does
be seen during winter in the late evening. It is one of not fit this definition. It is no longer a planet of the
the most magnificent constellations in the sky. It solar system.
also has seven or eight bright stars. Orion is also
called the hunter. The sun
The three middle stars represent the belt of the The sun is the nearest star from us. It is continuously
hunter. The four bright stars appear to be arranged in emitting huge amounts of heat and light.
the form of a quadrilateral. The sun is the source of almost all energy on the
The star Sirius, which is the brightest star in the sky, Earth. In fact, the sun is the main source of heat and
is located close to orion. light for all the planets.
NCERT Science 182 YCT
 The Planets Venus has no moon or satellite of its own. Rotation
The planets look like stars, but they do not have of Venus on its axis is somewhat unusual. It rotates
light of their own. They merely reflect the sunlight from west while the earth rotates from west to east.
that falls on them.
The simplest method of identifying planets from
stars is that stars twinkle, whereas planets do not.
Also the planets keep changing their positions with
respect to the stars.
A planet has a definite path in which it revolves Phases of Venus
around the sun. This path is called an orbit. The Earth (Prithvi)-
The time taken by a planet to complete one
revolution is called its period of revolution. The
period of revolution increases as the distance of the
planet increases from the sun.
Besides revolving around the sun, a planet also
rotates on its own axis like a top. The time taken by
a planet to complete one rotation is called its period The Earth is the only planet in the solar system on
of rotation. which life is known to exist. Some special
environmental conditions are responsible for the
existence and continuity of life on the earth.
These include just the right distance from the sun, so
that it has the right temperature range, The presence
of water and suitable atmosphere and a blanket of
ozone.
From space, the earth appears blue- green due to the
reflection of light from water and landmass on its
surface.
The axis of rotation of the earth is not perpendicular
to the plane of its orbit. The tilt is responsible for the
A Planet rotates on its own axis like a top change of seasons on the earth. The earth has only
Some planets are known to have moons/ satellites
one moon.
revolving around another celestial body is called its
satellite. Mars Mangal
The earth can be said to be a satellite of the sun,
though generally we call it a planet of the sun. We
use the term satellite for the bodies revolving
around planets.
Moon is satellite of the earth.
There are many man - made satellites revolving The next planet, outside the orbit of the earth is
round the earth. These are called artificial satellites. mars. It appears slightly reddish and, therefore, it is
Mercury (Budh) also called the red planet. Mars has two small
natural satellites.
Mangalyaan
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
launched India's first mars orbiter mission -
Mangalyaan, on November 5, 2013. It was
successfully placed into an orbit of mars on
september 24, 2014. With this India became the first
The planet mercury is nearest to the sun. It is the country in the world to do so in its first attempt.
smallest planet of our solar system.
Jupiter (Brihaspati)
Venus (Shukra)-

Jupiter is the largest planet of the solar system. It is

so large that about 1300 earths can be placed inside
this giant planet. However, the mass of jupiter is
Venus is earth's nearest planetary neighbor. It is about 318 times that of our earth. It rotates very
brightest planet in the night sky. rapidly on its axis.
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 Jupiter has a large number of satellites. It also has The first four planets, mercury, Venus, Earth and
faint rings around it. Jupiter as it appears quite bright Mars are much nearer the sun than the other four
in the sky. planets. They are called the inner planets. The inner
planets have very few moons.
The planets outside the orbit of mars, namely jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are much farther off
than the inner planets. They are called the outer
planets. They have a ring system around them. The
outer planets have large number of moons.
Asteroids
Jupiter and its four large satellites • There is a large gap in between the orbits of Mars
The plane of the equator is called the equatorial and Jupiter. This gap is occupied by a large number
plane. of small objects that revolve around the sun. These
The plane in which the earth revolves round the sun are called asteroids. Asteroids can only be seen
is called the orbital plane of the earth. through large telescopes.
These two planes are inclined to each other at an Comets
angle of 23.5º. This means that the axis of the earth Comets are also members of our solar system. They
is inclined to its orbital plane at an angle of 66.5º.
revolve around the sun in highly elliptical orbits.
A Comet appears generally as a bright head with a
long tail. The length of the tail grows in size as it
approaches the sun. The tail of a comet is always
directed away from the sun.

Earth rotates on a tilted axis

Saturn (Shani)
The Asteroid belt

Beyond jupiter is saturn which appears yellowish in

color. What make it unique in the solar system is its
beautiful rings. These rings are not visible with the
naked eye. Saturn also has a large number of
satellites.
Saturn is that it is the least dense among all the
planets. Its density is less than that of water.
Uranus and Neptune Different position of a comet
These are the outermost planets of the solar system. Many comets are known to appear periodically.
They can be seen only with the help of large One such comet is Halley's comet, which appears
telescopes. after nearly every 76 years. It was last seen in 1986.
Like venus, Uranus also rotates from east to west, Meteors and Meteorites
the most remarkable feature of Uranus is that it has
highly tilted rotational axis. At night, when the sky is clear and the moon is not
there, you may sometimes see bright streaks of light
in the sky.
These are commonly known as shooting stars,
although they are not stars. They are called meteors.
A meteor is usually a small object that occasionally
Uranus in its orbital path enters the earth's atmosphere.
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 2. The study of universe is known as-
(a) Anthropology (b) Etymology
(c) Cosmology (d) Anatomy
Ans. (c) : The study of universe is known as the
cosmology. Anthropology is the science of mankind.
Etymology is the study of history of words. Anatomy is
the study of human's internal organs.
3. Which galaxy is closest to our galaxy milky
way?
(a) Vortex galaxy (b) Andromeda galaxy
(c) Vergo stellar stream (d) Triangulum galaxy
Ans. (b) : Andromeda galaxy is closest to our galaxy
Streak of a meteor milky way.
Some meteors are large and so they can reach the This galaxy is 2,537 million light years for from the
Earth before they evaporate completely. The body milky way.
the reaches the earth is called a meteorite.
4. Name the exoplanet which is considered to be a
Meteorites help scientists in investigating the nature cousin of Earth and is known as Earth 2.0.
of the material from which the solar system was (a) Keplar 452 b (b) Europe 31
formed. (c) Varun (d) Pluto
Artificial Satellites Ans. (a) : Keplar -452-b is an exoplanet orbiting keplar-
Artificial satellites are man- made. They are 452 that was discovered by keplar spacecraft in July
launched from the earth. They revolve around the 2015. Scientists also call it Earth's sister and Earth 2.0.
earth much closer than earth's natural satellite, the 5. How long does it take for sunlight to reach
moon. Earth?
India has built and launched several artificial (a) 7 minutes 32 seconds
satellites. Aryabhata was the first Indian satellite. (b) 9 minutes 32 seconds
Some other Indian satellites are INSAT, IRS, (c) 7 minutes 56 seconds
Kalpana-1, EDUSAT, etc. (d) 8 minutes 20 seconds
Artificial satellites have many practical applications.
Ans. (d) : The average distance of Earth from the sun is
They are used for forecasting weather, transmitting
about 14, 96, 22000 km. It takes 500 seconds or 8
television and radio signals. They are also used for
minutes 20 seconds for sunlight to reach the earth's
telecommunication and remote sensing.
surface.
6. Our solar system is a part of which galaxy?
(a) Bodas (b) Andromeda
(c) Milky way (d) Triangulum
Ans. (c) : Our solar system is a part of milky way
(Akash Ganga) galaxy.
Milky way or mandakini in which the earth and our
solar system are located. It is a spiral galaxy in shape.
7. The shining surface of the sun is called.
(a) Lithosphere (b) Photosphere
(c) Environment (d) Chromosphere
Ans. (b) : The shining part of the sun is called the
photosphere. It is the outer shell of a star, whose
temperature is 5500ºC.
Some Indian Satellites The structure of the sun has been classified into 6 parts -
Important Questions center, radiation zone, convective zone, photosphere,
1. A huge collection of gas, dust and billions of chromosphere and corona.
stars is called- 8. Which of these planets rotates in a clockwise
(a) Universe direction?
(b) Akash Ganga/Galaxy (a) Venus (b) Jupiter
(c) Saturn (d) Mars
(c) Nakshatra
(d) World Ans. (a) : Planets are those celestrial bodies which
revolve around the sun and have sufficient gravitational
Ans. (b) : A vast collection of billions of stars, clouds force and the area around them is clear are called
of dust and gases is known as a galaxy (Akash Ganga). planets. The number of the planets is 8-mercury, Venus,
The formation of a galaxy begins with the accumulation Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Venus, Neptune. Venus is
of a huge cloud made of hydrogen gas, which is called a the nearest plants to Earth that rotates in a clockwise
nebula. Our milky way galaxy is of spiral shape. direction.
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9. Which planet is known as Earth's twin?
(a) Carla (b) Mars Chapter-17 Air and Water
(c) Moon (d) Venus Pollution
Ans. (d) : The planets venue is known as Earth's twin. Air Pollution
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and mars are called terrestrial Air consists of a mixture of gases. By volume, about
planets and Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are 78% of this mixture is nitrogen and about 21% is
called Jovian planets. oxygen. Carbon dioxide, argon, methane, ozone and
10. Which is the brightest planet in the night sky? water vapour are also present in very small
(a) Jupiter (b) Mercury quantities.
(c) Saturn (d) Venus Air is contaminated by unwanted substances which
Ans. (d) : The brightest planet in the night sky is have a harmful effect on both the living and the non-
'Venus'. It is also known as Earth's twin sister. It is living , it is referred to as air pollution.
called the morning and the evening star. It is the second How does Air Get Polluted
closest planet to the sun. The substances which contaminate the air are called
air pollutants.
11. At what speed does the Earth revolve around
Sometimes, such substances may come from natural
the sun?
sources like smoke and dust arising from forest fires
(a) 55000 miles per hour
or volcanic eruptions.
(b) 47000 miles per hour
Pollutants are also added to the atmosphere but
(c) 67000 miles per hour certain human activities. The sources of air
(d) 2000 miles per hour pollutants are factories, power plants, automobile
Ans. (c) : The Earth revolves around the sun at speed of exhausts and burning of firewood and dung cakes.
67000 miles (107280 km) per hour. The Earth takes 365
days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds to complete
one revolution around the sun.
It is only planet in the solar system on which there is
life.
12. Which of the following mountain passes from
the tri-junction of India, China and
Myanmar ?
(a) Imis La (b) Pensi La
(c) Diphu (d) Bum La
Ans. (c) : Natural routes of transportation found in hills
and mountainous areas are called passes. Diphu pass is
located in Arunachal Pradesh (North - Eastern Smoke from a factory
Himalayas) near the borders of India, China and Many respiratory problems are caused by air
Myanmar which forms the Tri-sandhi. pollution.
13. ……. is the nearest star to earth. Vehicles produce high levels of pollutants like
(a) Vega (b) Hearing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides
(c) Sun (d) Moon and smoke.
Ans. (c) : Sun is the nearest star to the earth. It is Carbon monoxide is produced from incomplete
located at a distance of about 15 crore km from the burning of fuels such as petrol and diesel. It is a
earth. The sun is the only source of light and heat for poisonous gas. It reduces the oxygen- carrying
the solar system. capacity of the blood.
14. What is the time period between one full moon
and another?
(a) 29 days
(b) a little more than 29 days
(c) 30 days
(d) 28 days
Ans. (b): The shape of the moon changes daily and on
such a day when the shape of the moon appears
completely round is called full moon. The period from Air pollution due to automobiles
one full moon to the next is 29.53 days (29 days, 12 Thick fog - like layer in the atmosphere, especially
hours, 44 minute and 2.8 seconds). This time is called a during winters. This is smog which is made up of
lunar month or synodic month. smoke and fog.
NCERT Science 186 YCT
 Smoke may contain oxides of nitrogen which Water Pollution
combine with other air pollutants and fog to form Harmful substances such as sewage, toxic
smog. The smog causes breathing difficulties such chemicals, silt, etc., get mixed with water, the water
as asthma, cough and wheezing in children. becomes polluted. The substances that polluted
Many industries are also responsible for causing air water are called water pollutants.
pollution. Petroleum refineries are a major source of
gaseous pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen How does water Get Polluted Case study
dioxide. Ganga is one of the most famous rivers of India.
Sulphur dioxide is produced by combustion of fuels It sustains most of the northern, central and eastern
like coal in power plants. It can cause respiratory Indian population. Millions of people depend on it
problems , including permanent lung damage. for their daily needs and livelihood.
Other kinds of pollutants are chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) which are used in refrigerators, air
conditioners and aerosol sprays.
CFCs damage the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
The ozone layer protects us from harmful ultraviolet
rays of the sun.
Greenhouse Effect
The sun's rays warm the earth's surface. A part of the
radiation that falls on the earth is absorbed by it and
a part is reflected back into space. A part of the
Course of the river ganga
reflected radiation is trapped by the atmosphere. The
trapped radiations further warm the earth this is However, recently a study by the World Wide fund
called green house effect. for nature (WEF) found that ganga is one of the ten
On the one hand, CO2 is continuously being released most endangered rivers in the world.
because of human activities. On the other hand, area An ambitious plan to save the river, called the
under forests is decreasing. Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985.
Plants utilise CO2 from the atmosphere for It aimed to reduce the pollution levels in the rivers.
photosynthesis, thereby decreasing the amount of Now the Government of India has launched a new
CO2 in the air. initiative known as National Mission for Clean
Deforestation leads to an increase in the amount of Ganga (NMCG) in 2016.
CO2 in the air because the number of trees which The Ganga at kanpur in Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) has one
consume CO2 is reduced. Human activities, thus, of the most polluted stretches of the river. Kanpur is
contribute to the accumulation of CO2 in the one of the most populated towns in U.P.
atmosphere.
CO2 traps heat and does not allow it to escape into
space. As a result, the average temperature of the
earth's atmosphere is gradually increasing. This is
called global warming.
Other gases like methane, nitrous oxide and water
vapour also contribute towards this effect like CO2.
They are also called greenhouse gases.
Globals warming has become a major concern for
governments worldwide. Many countries have
reached an agreement to reduce the emission of A polluted stretch of the river Ganga
greenhouse gases. At Kanpur the amount of water is comparatively
The kyoto Protocols one such agreement. small and the flow of the river is very slow.
An increase in the earth's temperature by even as In addition, Kanpur has more than 5000 industries.
little as 0.5ºC can have such a serious effect. The
These include fertilizer, detergent, leather and paint
gangotri glacier in the Himalayas has started melting
because of global warming. industries. These industrial units discharge toxic
chemical wastes into the river.

Children planting saplings

NCERT Science 187 YCT
 Industrial waste discharge into a river Important Questions
Many industries discharge harmful chemicals into 1. Which of these groups includes all
rivers and streams, causing the pollution of water. biodegradable substances?
Examples are oil refineries, paper factories, textile (a) Vegetable peels, wood, rubber
and sugar mills and chemical factories. These (b) Grass, wood or orange peels
industries cause chemical contamination of water. (c) Grass, plastic, flowers
The chemical released include arsenic, lead and (d) Flowers, wood, batteries
fluorides which lead to toxicity in plants and Ans. (b) : Those waste materials which are decomposed
animals. by biological factors are called biodegradable wastes.
The importance of pesticides and weedicides for the Such as grass, orange peels, flowers etc.
protection of crops. However, all these chemicals iWhereas rubber, plastic, batteries etc are non-
dissolve in water and are washed into water bodies biodegradable wastes. That is, they are not
from the fields. They also seep into the ground to decomposed by biological factors.
pollute ground water. 2. We know that if the pH value of rain water is
Sometimes untreated sewage is thrown directly into less than 5.6 then it is called 'acid rain'. When
rivers. It contains food wastes, detergents, this acidic water goes into rivers, what
microorganisms. Water contaminated with sewage happens?
may contain bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites (a) The number of fishes in the river water
which cause diseases like cholera, typhoid and increases.
jaundice. (b) The water becomes slightly alkaline.
What is Potable Water and How is Water (c) The river water becomes heal their to drink.
(d) The pH of river water decreases.
Purified
Ans. (d) : If the pH value of rainwater is less than 5.6, it
Water which is suitable for drinking is called potable
is called 'acid rain'. When this acid water flows into
water. Physical and chemical processes in the rivers, the pH value of river water decreases. Pure water
sewage treatment plants help to clean water before is considered neutral with a pH of about 7.00. Solutions
discharging it into water bodies. Similarly, with a pH less than 7 are called acidic and solutions
municipal bodies treat the water before supplying it with a pH greater than 7 are called alkaline.
to household. 3. How can we reduce the use of non-
Chlorination is a commonly used chemical method biodegradable products?
for purifying water. It is done by adding chlorine (a) By eco-friendly packaging
tablets or bleaching powder to the water. (b) By packing milk and water in polybags.
What can be done (c) Fruits and vegetables can be purchased
Laws for industrial units should be strictly packed in beautiful polystyrene and plastic
implemented so that polluted water is not disposed packaging.
off directly into rivers and lakes. (d) Food items like biscuits etc. can be purchased
Water treatment plants should be installed in all packed in plastic tins and wrappers.
industrial areas. At out individual levels we should Ans. (a) : By using eco-friendly packaging, we can
consciously save water and not waste it. reduce the use of non biodegradable products and also
Reduce, reuse and recycle should be our mantra. control environmental pollution.
Pollution is no longer a distant phenomenon. It is 4. What is meant by 'separation at source' in the
affecting the quality of our daily lives. Unless we all context of non-biodegradable waste?
realize our responsibility and start using (a) Factories producing non-biodegradable
environment - friendly processes, the very survival consumable should not mix them with
of our planet is in danger. biodegradable material.
(b) Municipalities should create separate disposal
sites for non-biodegradable and
biodegradable wastes.
(c) People using non-biodegradable items should
not mix biodegradable items with these items.
(d) Households should keep non-biodegradable
items separate from biodegradable items in
garbage.
Ans. (d) : In the context of non-biodegradable waste,
'Separation of source' generally refers to the practice of
households and individuals separating waste into
different categories before disposal, typically
Water treatment plant biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
NCERT Science 188 YCT
Biodegradable waste materials are decomposed by Ans. (c) : Those substances which do not decompose by
biological factors, such as household waste, biomedical the action of decomposers like bacteria and fungi are
waste etc. Whereas non-biodegradable waste materials called non-degradable waste. For example-milk bag,
are not decomposed by biological factors, such as rubber, glass etc.
plastic bottles, polythene, glass etc. 10. Who among the following is known as
5. Which of the following materials are not 'Waterman of Indina'?
biodegradable? (a) Dr. Rajendra Singh
(a) Cardboard boxes and paper bags (b) Dr. M.S Swaminathan
(b) Glass vessels and plastic covers (c) Dr. Arun krishnan
(d) Dr. Hiralal Chaudhary
(c) Woolen blankets and jute ropes
(d) Leather belts and canvas shoes Ans. (a) : Dr. Rajendra Singh is known as 'Waterman of
India'. He is a famous water conservationist. He was
Ans. (b) : Those substances which do not decompose awarded the 'Stockholm water prize" for the year 2015.
by the action of decomposers like bacteria and fungi This award is called the Nobel Prize for water.
are called non-biodegradable substances, eg. glass
vessels, plastic covers etc. Those substances which
i Dr. M.S. Swaminathan is considered the father of
Green Revolution in India.
decompose by biological process are called
biodegradable substances e.g. vegetable pee, paper, 11. The respiratory rate of aquatic organisms is
wood etc. much faster than that of terrestrial organisms,
why?
6. Which of the following is a natural source of (a) Due to high amount of O2 in water
air pollution? (b) Due to low amount of O2 in water
(a) Volcano eruption (b) Power plant (c) Due to low amount of CO2 in water
(c) Burning of wood (d) Smoke from vehicle (d) Due to water being polluted
Ans. (a) : Volcano is a natural source of air pollution Ans. (b) : The amount of oxygen present in water is
while power plant, burning of wood, smoke from much less than that present in air, hence to get the
vehicles are unnatural sources. Large amount of gases appropriate amount of oxygen, the rate of respiration in
and ashes released from volcanic eruption, darken the aquatic organisms becomes much faster than that of
sky and increase the level of air pollution for years. terrestrial organisms.
Other natural sources include dust particles, forest fires, 12. What is the best method of disposal of hospital
salt particles of oceans, natural sources of hydrogen waste?
supplied etc. (a) Separation and recycling
7. Three of the following statements related to (b) Separation of metals from cotton and
non-biodegradable plastics show their effect on disinfection
animals, plants and the environment around us (c) Burying it in deep pits
choose the odd statement. (d) Washing before burning.
(a) They reduce the fertility of the soil Ans. (b) : The best method of disposal of hospital waste
(b) They can prove fatal if eaten by animals is separation of metals from cotton and disinfection.
(c) They clog the drain iHospital waste includes unused medicine wrappers,
(d) Plastic bags are durable infusion bottles etc.
Ans. (d) : The odd statement related to non- 13. What is meant by non-degradable?
biodegradable plastics is plastic bags are durable. Non (a) Substances which are not decomposed by
chemical processes.
biodegradable plastics have the following effect on the
(b) Substances which are not decomposed by
environment- biological process.
(1) They reduce the fertility of the soil. (c) Substances which are decomposed by
(2) They can prove fatal if eaten by animals. biological processes.
(3) They clog the drains. (d) Substances which are decomposed by
8. Which of the following is not considered as biochemical reactions.
biomedical waste? Ans. (b) : These substances which cannot be degraded
(a) Food waste (b) Medical waste by biological processes are called non-biodegradable.
(c) Animal waste (d) Industrial waste For example-glass, plastic, DDT, polythene etc.
Ans. (a) : Biomedical waste is defined as bodily waste 14. What is the most effective solution to reduce
generated during treatment of humans and animals such the production of waste?
(a) Composting (b) Combustion
as needles, syringes and other materials used in health
(c) Reuse (d) Refuse
core facilities. Hence food waste in not considered as
biomedical waste. Ans. (d) : The most effective solution to reduce the
production of waste. The literal meaning of waste is
9. Identify the non-biodegradable material unwanted, useless, refuse of garbage. What remains
generated in the kitchen. after the primary use of any substance is called waste or
(a) Paper bag (b) Tea leaves unwanted substance. For example, domestic waste,
(c) Milk bag (d) Vegetable peels water waste, radioactive waste etc.
NCERT Science 189 YCT
15. Why should paper cups be used instead of Ans. (c) : The following are the consequences of
plastic cups for selling tea at public places? burning fossil fuels.
(a) Plastic cups are cheaper (1) Formation of smog
(b) Paper cups are stronger (2) Formation of oxides of nitrogen and Sulphur.
(c) Paper caps are biodegradable (3) Acid rain
(d) Paper cups keep things safe Depletion of ozone layer in the upper layers of the
Ans. (c) : Paper cups should be used instead of plastic atmospheres is not a consequence of burning fossil
cups for selling tea at public places because paper cups fuels. Ozone layer depletion is caused by
are biodegradable. That is, they are easily decomposed chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
by bacteria or other organisms which does not cause 21. We, on an individual basis, can help reduce the
pollution. Wood and paper are the main examples of generation of wastes by following certain
biodegradable materials. methods. which of the following will load to an
16. Which of the following is the most environment increase in the generation of wastes?
friendly method of disposal of organic waste? (a) Donating used items
(a) Land filling (b) Using tin foil, plastic wrap, paper towels and
(b) Composting plastic gimp bags
(c) Incineration (c) Using cloth or jute bags for shopping
(d) Development of value added products. (d) Reusing empty containers and bottles.
Ans. (b) : The most environmentally friendly method of Ans. (b) : Using tin foil, plastic wrap, paper towels and
disposal of organic waste is "composting". It is the most plastic zip bags increases the production of waste.
favorable and preferred option of waste management While we, on an individual basis, can help reduce the
system. Recycling and composting are generally production of waste by following certain methods such
considered to be the best method for society as a whole. as donating used items, using cloth or jute bags for
It depends on several factors like type of waste, shopping and reusing empty containers and bottles.
quantity, available resources and goals of the 22. The national Green Tribunal has banned the
community. sale of diesel vehicles in Delhi because the
17. Where has India's first e-waste (electronic smoke emitted from cheap diesel causes lung
waste) clinic been set up? cancer due to-
(a) Hyderabad (b) Bangalore (a) Particulate matter (b) Nitrogen gas
(c) Bhopal (d) Jaipur (c) Nitrogen oxide (d) (a) and (c) both
Ans. (c) : Bhopal municipal corporation and central Ans. (d) : The national green Tribunal banned the sale
pollution control board have set up the country's first e- of diesel vehicles in Delhi because the smoke emitted from
waste clinic in Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh). This clinic is cheap diesel contains particulate matter(PM) and nitrogen
capable of segregating, processing and disposal of waste
oxides (NOx), both of which are harmful pollutions.
from both domestic and commercial units.
Particulate matter can penetrate deep into the lungs, while
18. Which of following waste items should not be nitrogen oxides contribute to respiratory problems.
thrown in general garbage?
23. Which of the following is an eco-friendly process?
(a) Old shoes (b) old furniture
(a) Disposal of dry leaves by burying them in the
(c) Old batteries (d) Old utensil soil.
Ans. (c) : The waste item like old batteries should not (b) Disposal of biodegradable waste in ponds.
be thrown in general garbage because batteries are full (c) Disposal of plastic waste by burying them in
of dirty chemicals, hazardous materials and toxic the soil.
substances. (d) Use of chemical fertilizers to increase crop
19. We should avoid using plastic because- productivity.
(a) Plastic is easily destroyed by insects. Ans. (a) : Disposal of dry leaves by burying them in the
(b) Plastic does not last long. soil is an eco-friendly process. In this process, dry
(c) Enzymes are unable to decompose plastic leaves, vegetable waste, biodegradable household waste
(d) Plastic is soluble in water etc are put in a pit which gets converted into manure
Ans. (c) : We should avoid using plastic because' after some time. Which is used to provide nutrients to
enzymes are unable to decompose plastic. the plants.
i Plastic including rubber, electronic waste etc are not 24. The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical
decomposed into simpler forms by bacteria and elements, especially nitrogen, phosphorus and
fungi, so they are also called non-biodegradable other compounds is called……
waste. (a) Eutrophication (b) Sedimentation
20. Which of the following is not consequence of (c) Hydrogenation (d) Oxidation.
burning fossil fuels? Ans. (a) : The enrichment of an ecosystem with
(a) Formation of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. chemical elements, especially Nitrogen and phosphorus
(b) Acid rain and other compounds is called eutrophication because
(c) Depletion of ozone layer in the upper layers their excessive amount load to excessive development
of the atmosphere of the components in the aquatic body and decreases in
(d) Formation of smog the accumulation of oxygen.
NCERT Science 190 YCT
25. Eutrophication is caused by …….. Ans. (b) : AQI stands for Air quality Index.
(a) Acid rain The AQI focuses on health effects you may experience
(b) Nitrate and phosphates within a few hours or days after breathing in polluted
(c) Sulphate and carbonate air.
(d) Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. It ranges from 0-500, with categories like:
Ans. (b) : Increase in the concentration of organic and • 0-50 : good
inorganic nutrients in water is called eutrophication. • 51 - 100 : Moderate
Nitrates and phosphates obtained from synthetic • 101 - 150 : Unhealthy for sensitive groups
detergents, domestic sewage, agricultural chemical • 151 - 200 : Unhealthy
effluents and industrial wastes provide unnatural • 201 - 300 : Very unhealthy
nutrition to algal. Due to this, aquatic plants, algae etc. • 300 + : Hazardous.
grow more and use most of the oxygen in water for
31. Recently, the Government of India has
respiration, due to which there is a shortage of dissolved
proposed to impose a 'Green Tax' on vehicles
oxygen for aquatic animals like fish etc and they are in
older than ……..years.
danger of death.
(a) 6 (b) 16
26. The natural aging of a lake by nutrient (c) 8 (d) 10
enrichment of its water is known by which of
the following names? Ans. (c) : In the year 2021, the Government of India has
proposed to impose a "Green Tax" on vehicles older
(a) Extraction (b) Dinitrification
than 8 years. According to this proposal Green Tax will
(c) Eutrophication (d) Ntrification
be levied on transport vehicles at the rate of 10 to 25
Ans. (c) : The natural aging of lake due to nutrient percent of the road tax. The purpose of the this tax is to
enrichment, especially from nitrogen and phosphorus, is prevent pollution caused by old vehicles.
known as eutrophication. This process leads to
32. Which of the following gases is not related to
excessive algal growth, reduced oxygen levels, and can
acid rain?
eventually result in the degradation of the aquatic
(a) NO (b) NH3
ecosystem.
(c) SO2 (d) NO2
27. Lichen is an organism that warns of ……
Ans. (b) : Increase in sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen
(a) Soil pollution (b) Air pollution
oxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Chlorine and
(c) Gas pollution (d) Water pollution
fluorine gases in the atmosphere makes rain water
Ans. (b) : Lichen is an organism that warns of air acidic by forming sulphuric acid, nitric acid and hydro
pollution. Lichen is an example of symbiosis between chloric acid in rain water. Acid rain water badly affects
fungus and algal, fungus gets food from algae and algae vegetation and marble buildings on the earth.
gets water nitrogen from fungus. NH3(Ammonia) is not related to acid rain.
28. Which of the following is not an environmental 33. In which year did the Government of India
concern? pass the water (Prevention and Control of
(a) Increase in consumption and use of plastic Pollution) Act to protect our water resources?
(b) Global in pollution level (a) 1976 (b) 1975
(c) Increase in pollution level (c) 1973 (d) 1974
(d) Increase in ozone layer Ans. (d) :
Ans. (d) : An increase in the ozone layer is not an Major Act Year of
environmental concern, in fact, it would be beneficial as establishment
the ozone layer protects life on Earth from harmful i Water (Prevention and control - 1974
ultraviolet (UV) radiation. of pollution) Act
29. What is the standard noise level proposed by i Air pollution control Act - 1981
the central pollution control Board for - 1972
i Indian wildlife protection Act
residential areas during the night?
(a) 35 db (b) 65 db i Environment protection Act - 1986
(c) 45 db (d) 25 db Note- In 1987, noise pollution was also included
along with air pollution.
Ans. (c) : The Central Pollution Control Board for
residential areas during the night proposed the standard 34. Which of the following is not a cause of water
noise level for residential area during night is 45 db and pollution?
during day in 55db. The permissible limit in industrial (a) Bacteria
areas is 75 db for day and 70 db at night. In commercial (b) Inorganic chemicals
areas it is 65 db day and 55 db at night respectively. (c) Oil spillage from industries
30. What is meant by AQI? (d) Loud noise from vehicles.
(a) Airport quality Index Ans. (d) : The main causes of water pollution are
(b) Air Quality Index bacteria, non-organic chemicals, oil spillage from
(c) Army Quality Index industries etc, while loud noise of vehicles is the cause
(d) Air Quality Impact of noise pollution.

NCERT Science 191 YCT

35. Biodegradable pollutants- 41. Which of the following is a biodegradable
(a) Are quickly decomposed by natural means pollutant?
(b) Cannot be decomposed. (a) DDT (b) BHC
(c) Are decomposable only by during chemical (c) Cotton cloth (d) Mercury
method Ans. (c) : Biodegradable pollutants can be broken down
(d) Are disposed of only in following water. naturally by microorganisms.
Ans. (a) : Pollutants which degrade by decomposing Cotton cloth, being an organic material, can
through natural means are called biodegradable decomposed over time, where as DDT, BHC and
pollutants i.e. food waste, paper, sewage mercury are persistent and non-biodegradable.
36. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measures 42. The main factor of water pollution is-
which of the following? (a) Smoke (b) Industrial waste
(a) Oxygen used during oxidation of organic (c) Ammonia (d) Washing powder
matter Ans. (b) : The main causes of water pollution are bad
(b) Particles dissolved in water oil, scrap metal and various types of chemical toxic
(c) Particles dissolved in air elements released from industries due to which pure
(d) Noise level in air. water turns into impure water.
Ans. (a) : Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 43. The main causes of acid rain (acid
measures the amount of oxygen used during the precipitation) is-
oxidation of organic matter in water. It is an indicator of (a) SO2 (b) NH2
the level of organic pollution in water, reflecting the (c) CH4 (d) All of the above
potential for oxygen depletion in aquatic ecosystems. Ans. (a) : The main components of acid rain are sulphur
37. biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in river dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide. In the earth's
water- atmosphere, sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen
(a) Does not change when algal bloom occurs. (NO2) react with water to form nitric acid and condense
(b) Has no relation with oxygen concentration in sulphur fall on the earth in the form of acid rain.
water 44. The government has fixed the amount (Limit)
(c) Provides a measure of the presence of of SO2 gas in healthy air at 50 units. Its
salmonella in water. measurement unit is-
(d) Increases when sewage is mixed with river (a) g/cc (b) mg/litre
water. (c) mg/m3 (d) ug/m3
Ans. (d) : Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) measures Ans. (d) : The measurement unit for the concentration
the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in air is µg/m3(micrograms per
decompose organic matter. When sewage is mixed with cubic meter). This unit is commonly used to express the
river water, BOD increases due to higher organic concentration of air pollutants, including sulphur
content. dioxide, in ambient air quality standards and guidelines.
38. Biochemical oxygen demand of safe drinking 45. What is the estimated amount (in PPM) of CO2
water should be- in the atmosphere?
(a) Zero (b) 50 PPM (a) 2 (b) 20
(c) 100 PPM (d) 200 PPM (c) 200 (d) 400
Ans. (a) : Biochemical oxygen demand of safe drinking Ans. (d) : The estimated amount of CO2 in the
water should ideally be zero but this is not possible in atmosphere has been fixed at 400 PPM (0.03%). The
practice. Commercially, BOD of drinking water is greenhouse effect increases as the concentration of CO2
considered to be 3 to 5 PPM. increases in the atmosphere increases. Recent Research
39. The amount of dissolved oxygen in drinking has shown that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
water is- has crossed 415 PPM.
(a) < 6Mg/ ℓ (b) > 6Mg/ ℓ 46. Fluoride pollution mainly effects-
(c) < 6mg/ ℓ (d) > 6mg/ ℓ (a) Teeth (b) Kidneys
Ans. (d) : For drinking, water to be considered for good (c) Brain (d) Neart
quality, it should have enough dissolved O2 to support a Ans. (a) : Fluoride pollution mainly affects the teeth,
healthy ecosystem and prevent bad odors or testes. The leading to dental fluorosis, which causes discoloration
amount of dissolved oxygen in it is 6mg/ ℓ or more. and damage to tooth enamel. While excessive fluoride
40. To reduce air pollution, buses in Delhi exposure can potentially impact other organs like the
nowadays run on- kidneys and brain, the primary and most evident effect
(a) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is on teeth.
(b) Runs on compressed load (CLG) gas 47. Soil erosion can be prevented by-
(c) Runs of compressed natural gas (CNG) (a) Grazing
(d) Runs on high speed lead free diesel. (b) deep ploughing
Ans. (c) : To reduce air pollution in Delhi , buses run on (c) Planting trees
compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG is a mixture of (d) Increasing the number of birds
hydrocarbons found inside the earth. It contains 80-90% Ans. (c) : Soil erosion can be prevented by planting
CH4. It emits 70% less CO2 than diesel and petrol. trees, because the roots hold the soil together.
NCERT Science 192 YCT
48. Most villages in India suffer from which of the Ans. (c) : Persistent organic pollutants are mostly
following and not from only other. transported by wind and water. Humans play an
(a) Air pollution (b) Noise pollution important role in increasing pollution which harms
(c) Radiation pollution (d) Water pollution other living organisms or the environment.
Ans. (d) : In Indian villages, the problem caused by 55. Which of the following options means fog
water pollution is more than air pollution, noise which has become polluted by mixing with
pollution and radiation pollution. Almost all the cities of smoke?
India are facing the problem of water pollution which
(a) Squag (b) Pollution
causes various types of waterborne disease.
(c) Clogg (d) Smog
49. Which of the following is not a cause of global
environmental degradation? Ans. (d) : Smog is term that combines "Smoke" and
(a) Loss of biodiversity "fog" and refers to fog that has become polluted by
(b) Increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in mixing with smoke and other pollutants, creating a
the atmosphere dense, harmful haze in the atmosphere.
(c) Exposure to UV radiation 56. Which of the following pollutants is a major
(d) Landfills factor in photochemical smog?
Ans. (d) : Landfills are not the cause of global (a) Ozone (b) Hydro peroxide
environmental degradation. Rather, they are the effect (c) Nitrogen dioxide (d) Peroxymate
of regional environmental degradation. Ans. (a) : Ozone is one of the primary components of
50. What is measured to determine the health of an photo chemical smog.
aquatic organism? Common components of photochemical smog are
(a) Dissolved oxygen (b) Dissolved fluorine ozone, nitric oxide, acrolain, formaldehyde, and
(c) Dissolved methane (d) Dissolved calcium peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).
Ans. (a) : The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is 57. What is the full name of CFC?
calculated to determine the health of an aquatic (a) Chlorofluorocarbon
organism. Due to water pollution, the amount of oxygen (b) Chloro fluoro carbide
dissolved in water decreases, which endangers the
existence of aquatic organisms. (c) Chlorine fluorine carbon dioxide
(d) Carbon fluoro chloride
51. Which of the following is not a cause of air
pollution? Ans. (a) : The full name of CFC is chlorofluorocarbon.
(a) Mining is a cause of pollution When they are used in ACs and refrigerators, they are
(b) Acid rain called from (CFC-12) They are made up of only carbon,
(c) Agricultural activities fluorine and chlorine atoms.
(d) Burning of the fossil fuels. 58. What is the full form of index SPM in
Ans. (b) : Acid rain is not the cause of air pollution but pollution.
it is the effect of air pollution. Acid rain is caused by the (a) Solid pollution matter
effect sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (H NO3) (b) Suspended particulate matter
formed when sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxide of (c) Soluble particle method
nitrogen (NO2) react with water in the atmosphere. (d) Surrounding pollution matter
52. The important pollutant present in automobile Ans. (b) : The full form of index SPM in pollution is
exhaust is: suspended particulate matter. Solid and liquid particles
(a) Fluorine (b) Sodium with low vapor pressure where size ranges from 0.1 cm
(c) Magnesium (d) Lead to 100 mm, are called suspended particulate matter.
Ans. (d) : The important pollutant present in Particles larger than 10mm are called particulate matter.
automobile exhaust is lead. Lead emitted as a result of 59. Which of the following is not an effect of noise
motor car and industrial activities, is present in the
pollution?
atmosphere in the form of dust particles, which causes
brain related diseases and damages kidneys and other (a) Death of animals (b) Karnnad
organs. (c) High blood pressure (d) Ozone depletion
53. What does 'Bharat Stage Emission Standards' Ans. (d) : Ozone depletion is not an effect of noise
refer to? pollution.
(a) Vehicular pollution (b) Industrial pollution Noise pollution is an undesirable pollution which had
(c) Water pollution (d) Soil pollution adverse effects on the environment, humans and
Ans. (a) : The Bharat stage emission standards are a set animals. Noise pollution disrupts human concentration,
of regulations put forth by the Indian government to affecting work efficiency and hypertension. It is also a
control the output of air pollutants form internal cause of insomnia while ozone depletion is caused by
combustion engines, including vehicles. air pollution.
54. Persistent organic pollutants are mostly 60. Which of the following is not an effect of noise
transported by- pollution?
(a) Animals and birds (b) Humans (a) High blood pressure (b) Tinnitus
(c) Wind and water (d) Plants. (c) Hearing loss (d) Skin disease
NCERT Science 193 YCT
Ans. (d) : Skin disease is not an effect of noise getting established in higher organisms.
pollution. The main reason for this is organs-chloride which is
Noise pollution can cause problems like hearing loss, found in DDT pesticides.
heart related problems, increased blood pressure, 67. Who invented the insecticide DDT.
coronary artery disease etc. (a) Othmer Zeidler
61. Which is not a cause of water pollution? (b) Paul Hermann Muller
(a) Marine dumping (b) Household waste (c) Arthur Fischer
(c) Fishing on the coast (d) Oil spill (d) Felix Hofmann
Ans. (c) : Fishing on the coast does not cause water Ans. (b) : Swiss chemist and Nobel Prize winner paul
pollution. whereas sea dumping, household waste and Hermann Muller invented DDT in 1939. He found it to
spilling of oil into sea or river cause water pollution. be an effective insecticide, which later led to its
widespread use in agriculture and for controlling
Water pollution is the presence of any external
diseases like malaria.
contaminant in water.
68. Which of the following is frame about acid
62. Which metal causes more air pollution?
rain?
(a) Iron (b) Lead
(a) When acid rain flows into rivers, it increases
(c) Chromium (d) Copper the pH of the river water.
Ans. (b) : Lead causes more air pollution. The United (b) The pH of acid rain is 6.5
Nations Environment Protection Agency has considered (c) When acid rain flows into rivers, it lowers the
six metals as heavy air pollutant is cadmium, pH of the river water
chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, (d) The pH of acid rain is more than 5.6
To increase the efficiency of engines, lead chemicals Ans. (c) : Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
(tetraethyl lead) are added to petrol. present in the atmosphere react with rain water to form
63. Combustion of fossil fuels is the main cause of- nitric acid and sulphuric acid and when it falls on the
(a) Nitrogen oxide pollution ground with rain water, it is called acid rain.
(b) Nitrous oxide pollution The pH of acid rain is less than 5.5. When acid rain
(c) Sulphur dioxide pollution flows into rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water and
(d) Nitric oxide pollution leads to death of aquatic animals.
Ans. (c) : Burning of fossil fuels emits large amounts of 69. Bhopal gas tragedy occurred due to leakage of
CO2 and sulphur dioxide, which harms the environment which of the following gases?
and increases the risk of global warming and acid rain. (a) Chlorofluorocarbon (b) Methyl isocyanate
64. Which of the following is not an environmental (c) Sulphate dioxide (d) Stikine
problem? Ans. (b) :A terrible accident occurred on 3 December
(a) Genetically modified crops 1984 in Bhopal city of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is
(b) Tree plantation known as Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
(c) Acid rain A poisonous gas called methyl isocyanate was leaked
(d) Loss of biodiversity from the factory named union carbide located in
Ans. (b) : Tree plantation is not an environmental Bhopal, which is used to make pesticides. More than
problem, rather we can compensate for the 15000 people lost their lives in this accident.
environmental damage through tree plantation, 70. What is the process of converting wet waste
Genetically modified crops, acid rain, loss of into manure called?
biodiversity are environmental problems. Noise or air (a) Combustion (b) Protection
pollution, drought, lack of oxygen, reducing carbon (c) Metabolism (d) Composting
dioxide can be solved by planting trees. Ans. (d) : The process of converting wet waste into
65. Which of the following is more environment manure is called composting. The main component of
friendly? organic agriculture is compost, which is a type of
(a) Burning of diesel (b) Burning of charcoal fertilizer.
(c) Burning of wood (d) Burning of coal 71. Which of the following pesticides is harmful?
Ans. (b) : Burning of charcoal is more environmentally Impact while promoting health issues in Kerala
friendly, because it not produce smoke during burning. came in the media's attention?
66. What is the cause of biomagnifications or (a) Endosulfan (b) Lithal
bioaccumulation? (c) Thement (d) Monocil
(a) Ozone (b) Organs chloride Ans. (a) : The pesticide endosulfan has drawn attention
(c) Lichen (d) Protein in Kerala due to its harmful effects.
Ans. (b) : Biological magnification means entry of It has been linked to serve health issues in areas where
toxic and harmful chemicals into the tropic level and it was used extensively.
NCERT Science 194 YCT
 Class-IX
The melting point of ice is 273.15K and the process
Chapter-1 Matter in Our of melting, that is change of solid state into liquid
state is also known as fusion.
Surroundings Heat energy is absorbed by ice without showing any
rise in temperature, it is considered that it gets
Introduction hidden into the contents of the beaker and is known
Everything in this universe is made up of material as the latent heat.
which scientists have named "matter". The amount of heat energy that is required to change
The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at
stars, plants and animals, even a small drop of water its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion
or a particle of sand- everything is matter, they have So, particles in water at 0°C (273 K) have more
both mass and volume. energy as compared to particles in ice at the same
Modern day scientists have evolved two types of temperature.
classification of matter based on their physical The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the
properties and chemical nature. atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling point.
States of Matter Water vapour at 373 K (100°C) have more energy
Different types of matter around us exists in three than water at the same temperature. This is because
different states-solid, liquid and gas. particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the
The Solid State form of latent heat of vaporisation.
Solids have a tendency to maintain their shape when
subjected to outside force. Solids may break under
force but it is difficult to change their shape, so they The state of matter can be changed into another state
are rigid. by changing the temperature.
The Liquid State
Substances around us change state from solid to
Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed liquid and from liquid to gas on application of heat.
volume. They take up the shape of the container in But there are some that change directly from solid
which they are kept. state to gaseous state and vice versa without
Liquids flow and change shape, so they are not rigid changing into the liquid state.
but can be called fluid.
A change of state directly from solid to gas without
The gases from the atmosphere diffuse and dissolve changing into liquid state is called sublimation and
in water. These gases, especially oxygen and carbon the direct change of gas to solid without changing
dioxide, are essential for the survival of aquatic into liquid is called deposition.
animals and plants.
Solid carbon dioxide stored under high pressure and
All living creatures need to breathe for survival. The solid CO2 gets converted directly into gaseous state
aquatic animals can breathe under water due to the on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without
presence of dissolved oxygen in water. coming into liquid state and this is the reason that
The rate of diffusion of liquids is higher than that of solid carbon dioxide is also known as dry ice.
solids, this is due to the fact that in the liquid state,
Thus, we can say that pressure and temperature
particles move freely and have greater space
between each other as compared to particles in the determine the state of a substance, whether it will be
solid state. solid, liquid or gas.
The Gaseous state : Evaporation
In the gaseous state, the particles move about Phenomenon of change of liquid into vapours at any
randomly at high speed. temperature below its boiling point is called
On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic evaporation.
energy of the particles increases. Due to the increase Factors affecting evaporation
in kinetic energy, A stage is reached when the solid In an open vessel, the liquid keeps on evaporating
melts and is converted to a liquid. and the particles of liquid absorb energy from the
The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to surrounding to regain the energy lost during
become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called evaporation.
its melting point. The water vapour present in air, on coming in
The melting point of a solid is an indication of the contact with the cold glass of water, loses energy
strength of the force of attraction between its and gets converted to liquid state, which we see as
particles. water droplets.
NCERT Science 195 YCT
 Important Questions (a) Condensation (b) Freezing
1. A force acts between the particles of matter (c) Fusion (d) Evaporation
that force is called- Ans. (d) : The process of changing from a liquid to a
(a) Friction (b) Attraction gas state is called evaporation. This occurs when
(c) Repulsion (d) Gravity molecules at the surface of a liquid gain enough energy
Ans. (b) : Attraction is a force that causes particles or to enter the gas phase. Unlike boiling, evaporation can
bodies to pull towards each other. In the context of happen at any temperature, not just the liquids boiling
matter, attractive forces include gravitational force, point.
which drows masses together and electromagnetic 8. The physical state of water at 220ºC will be
forces, which can cause opposite charge to attract each (a) Liquid (b) Gas
other. (c) Solid (d) None of these
2. The material from which every object is made Ans. (b) : The physical state of water at 220 ºC will be
is called- gas. At 220 ºC, water is well above its boiling point
(a) Substance (b) Non-substance (100 ºC at standard atmospheric pressure), so it will be
(c) Water (d) Air in gaseous state.
Ans. (a) : A substance is the material from which every 9. The melting point of ice is-
object is made. It has a definite composition and distinct (a) 273 ºC (b) 373 ºC
properties. (c) 100 ºK (d) 273 ºK
3. The equivalent temperature of 373 K is (in ºC) Ans. (d) : The melting point of ice is 0ºC, which is
(a) 300 ºC (b) 50 ºC equivalent to 273.15 Kelvin. Since 273ºK is the closest
(c) 100 ºC (d) 200 ºC option, it's the correct answer.
Ans. (c) : To convert from Kelvin (K) to Celsius (ºC), 10. Which gas is used in vehicles?
you use the formula. (a) MIC (b) CNG
ºC = K – 273.15 (c) LPG (d) Band C
for 373 K Ans. (b) : CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is used as an
373 K – 273.15 = 99.85 ºC alternative fuel in vehicles due to its clean-burning
Rounded to the nearest whole number, 99.85 ºC is properties and lower emissions compared to traditional
approximately 100 ºC. gasoline and diesel. While LPG (Liquefied Petroleum
So, the correct answer is 100 ºC. Gas) is also used in some vehicles, CNG is more widely
4. The process of changing from solid to liquid adopted for its environmental benefits and efficiency.
state is called- 11. SI unit of temperature is-
(a) Melting (b) Freezing (a) Celsius (b) Kelvin
(c) Evaporation (d) Uplift. (c) Pascal (d) Fahrenheit
Ans. (a) : The process of changing from solid to liquid Ans. (b) : The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin. Kelvin
state is called melting. is the standard unit used in scientific measurement to
Melting occurs when a solid absorbs enough heat to quantify temperature Celsius and Fahrenheit are
break the intermolecular forces holding its molecules in commonly used temperature scales but are not SI units.
a fixed position, causing it to transition to liquid state. Pascal is a unit of pressure.
5. Which of the following substances is not a 12. Due to which phenomenon, when water is kept
solid? in an earthen pot in summer, it cool down?
(a) Milk (b) Stone (a) Evaporation (b) Osmosis
(c) Wood (d) Rubber (c) Transpiration (d) Diffusion
Ans. (a) : Milk is not a solid, it is a liquid. Solids have a Ans. (a) : When water is kept in an earthen pot, the
definite shape and volume, while liquids have a definite pot's porous nature allows water to seep through its
volume but take the shape of their container. Stone, walls. As the water evaporates from the outer surface of
wood and rubber are all solids. the vessel, it absorbs heat from the remaining water
6. Which state of matter the property of inside, causing the temperature of the water inside to
compressibility is greater? drop. This cooling effect is due to the latent heat of
(a) Liquid (b) Gas evaporation.
(c) Solid (d) All three 13. By what name is dry ice known ?
Ans. (b) : Gases have the highest compressibility (a) Solid carbon monoxide
among the three states of matter. This is because gas (b) Solid carbon dioxide
particles are much further apart compared to those in (c) Liquefied carbon dioxide
liquids and solids, allowing them to be compressed (d) None of these
easily under pressure. Ans. (b) : Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide
7. The process of changing from liquid to gas (CO2) and sublimates directly into gas at atmospheric
state is called- pressure, which is why it's called "dry" ice.
NCERT Science 196 YCT
14. Which of the following is called liquid A solution of sugar in water is a solid in liquid
(a) Liquid and gas (b) Solid and gas solution. In this solution, sugar is the solute and
(c) Solid and liquid (d) None of these water is the solvent.
Ans. (a) : A liquid is state of matter with a definite Concentration of a solution
volume but no definite shape, while a gas has neither a When no more solute can be dissolved in a solution
definite shape nor a definite volume. Both are at a given temperature it is called a saturated
considered states of matter, with the liquid being one of solution.
them.
The amount of the solute present in the saturated
15. Which of the following conditions will increase solution at this temperature is called its solubility.
the evaporation of water?
If the amount of solute contained in a solution is less
(a) Adding salt to water
than the saturation level, it is called an unsaturated
(b) Increase in water temperature
solution.
(c) Will remain unchanged
(i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution
(d) None of these
Mass of solute
Ans. (b) : Increasing in water temperature provides = × 100
more energy to the water molecules, making them more Mass of solution
likely to escape from the surface into the air as vapour, (ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution
thus increasing the rate of evaporation. Mass of solute
16. Which of the following can be compressed very = × 100
Volumeof solution
much?
(a) Gas (b) Liquid (iii) Volume by volume percentage of a solution
(c) Solid (d) None of these Volume of solute
= × 100
Ans. (a) : Gases can be compressed significantly Volumeof solution
because their particles are for apart and have more Suspension
space between them, unlike liquids and solids where the
Non-homogeneous systems, in which solids are
particles are much closer together.
dispersed in liquids, are called suspensions. Particles
17. Which of the following particles has the least of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.
space between them?
(a) In solids (b) In gases Colloidal solution
(c) In liquids (d) None of these The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread
Ans. (a) : In solids, particles are packed closely throughout the solution. Due to the relatively smaller
together in a fixed, orderly arrangement, resulting in the size of particles.
least space between them compared to gases and liquids, A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture, for
where particles are more spread out and less ordered. example, milk.
Tyndall effect can also be observed when a fine
Chapter-2 Is Matter Around Us Pure? beam of light enters a room through a small hole.
This happens due to the scattering of light by the
Introduction particles of dust and smoke in the air.
Mixture are constituted by more than one kind of Colloids are classified according to the state (solid,
pure form of matter. liquid or gas) of the dispersing medium and the
Types of mixtures dispersed phase.
Solution Physical and Chemical changes
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more The inter conversion of states is a physical change
substances. You come across various types of because these changes occur without a change in
solutions in your daily life. Lemonade, soda water, composition and no change in the chemical nature of
etc., are all examples of solutions. the substance.
Alloys
Elements
Alloys are mixture of two or more metals or a metal
and non-metal and cannot be separated into their Robert Boyle was the first scientist to use the term
components by physical methods. element in 1661.
For example, brass is a mixture of approximately Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-94), a French
30% zinc and 70% copper. chemist, was the first to establish an experimentally
useful definition of an element.
A solution has solvent and solute as its components
and the component of the solution that dissolves the Element as a basic form of matter that cannot be
other component in it (usually the component broken down into simpler substances by chemical
present in larger amount) is called the solvent reactions.
(usually present in lesser quantity) is called the Elements can be normally divided into metals and
solute. metalloids.
NCERT Science 197 YCT
 Examples of metals are gold, silver, copper, iron, 3. Which of the following is soluble in soda water?
sodium, potassium etc. Mercury is the only metal (a) CH4 (b) CO2
that is liquid at room temperature. (c) O2 (d) H2O
Non-metals usually show some or all of the Ans. (b) : Soda (carbonated water) is made by
following properties : dissolving carbon dioxide (CO2) in water. CO2 reacts
They display a variety of colours. with water to form carbonic acid, which makes soda
They are poor conductors of heat and electricity. fizzy.
They are not lustrous, sonorous or malleable. 4. Alloys are a mixture of two or more metals-
(a) Heterogeneous (b) Homogeneous
Examples of non-metals are hydrogen, oxygen,
iodine, carbon (coal, coke), bromine, chlorine etc, (c) a and b (d) None of these
Some elements have intermediate properties Ans. (b) : Alloys are considered homogeneous mixtures
between those of metals and non metals, they are because their components are uniformly distributed at
called metalloids : examples are boron, silicon, the microscopic level, making them appear as a single
germanium etc. phase.
Compounds 5. The chemical nature of all the particles present
A compound is a substance composed of two or in a pure substance is-
more elements, chemically combined with one (a) Different (b) Same
another in a fixed proportion. (c) Unequal (d) None of these
Mixture and Compounds Ans. (b) : In a pure substance, all the particles (atoms,
Mixtures Compounds molecules or ions) have the same chemical nature. This
means they have identical chemical properties and
Elements or Elements react to form new
composition.
compounds just compounds.
mix together to 6. Matter is made up of at least how many
form a mixture and components?
no new compound (a) 2 (b) 3
is formed. (c) 1 (d) 5
A mixture has a The composition of each new Ans. (a) : Matter is made up of atoms and molecules.
variable substance is always fixed. Atoms are the fundamental building blocks, and
composition. molecules are composed of two or more atoms bonded
A mixture shows The new substance has totally together.
the properties of different properties. 7. Which of the following is not an alloy?
the constituent (a) Brass (b) Steel
substances. (c) Iron (d) Bronze
The constituents The constituents can be Ans. (c) : Iron is a pure metal, where as brass, steel and
can be seperated separated only by chemical or bronze are alloys made by combining iron or other
fairly easily by electrochemical reactions. metals with additional elements.
physical methods.
8. Which of the following is an example of
The material obtained by group II is a compound. emulsion?
On heating the two elements strongly we get a (a) Jelly (b) Fog
compound, which has totally different properties (c) Shaving cream (d) Milk
compared to the combining elements. Ans. (d) : Milk is an emulsion because it is a mixture of
Important Questions fat droplets dispersed in water.
1. Colloids of liquid in gas are called- 9. Brass is a type of alloy
(a) Prison (b) Aerosol (a) Zinc + copper (b) Zinc + carbon
(c) Emulsion (d) Foam (c) Zinc + iron (d) a and c
Ans. (b) : Colloids of a liquid dispersed in gas are Ans. (a) : Brass is an alloy primarily made of zinc and
called aerosols. They include mist or fog, where ting copper. It does not include carbon or iron in its basic
droplets of liquid are suspended in air. composition.
2. An example of fog is- 10. Which of the following is an example of gas and
(a) Aerosol (b) Jail water solution?
(c) Foam (d) Sol (a) Alcohol + water (b) Soda water
Ans. (a) : Fog is an aerosol, which is a suspension of (c) Sugar syrup (d) a and b
ting liquid droplets or solid particles in the air. In the Ans. (b) : Soda water is a solution of carbon dioxide
case of frog, it consists of ting water droplets suspended gas dissolved in water, making it an example of a gas-
in the air near the around. water solution.

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11. X-rays were discovered by whom? 18. Example of mixture of sulfur and carbon
(a) Chadwick (b) Madame Curie disulfide is -
(c) Goldstein (d) Roentgen (a) Heterogeneous and does not show Tyndall
Ans. (d) : X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad effect
Roentgen in 1898. He found that these rays could pass (b) Homogeneous and does not show Tyndall
through, objects and produce images on photographic effect
plates, a discovery that led to significant advances in (c) Shows homogeneous and Tyndall effect
medical imaging. (d) Shows anomalous and Tyndall effect
12. P-32 is used in the treatment of- Ans. (b) : A mixture of sulfur and carbon disulfide is
(a) Leukemia (b) Cancer homogenous because sulfur dissolves in carbon
(c) Blockage of artery (d) Thyroid disulfide to form a uniform solution. It does not show
Ans. (a): P-32 is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus the Tyndall effect because the particles in the solution
and is used in the treatment of certain types of leukemia, are too small to scatter light.
particularly polycythemia vera, which is a type of blood 19. Which of the following is an example of
cancer. It works by targeting and destroying rapidly physical change?
dividing cancer cells in the bone marrow. (a) Rusting of iron
13. Which ray has the highest penetrating power? (b) Making a new mixture of adding zinc to iron
(a) Cathode ray (b) X-ray metal
(c) α-ray (d) γ-ray (c) Melting of iron metal
Ans. (d) : Gamma rays have the highest energy and (d) Bending an iron rod
shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. Ans. (d) : Bending an iron rod is physical change
They can penetrate most materials much more because it alters the shape of the rod without changing
effectively than x-rays or cathode rays due to their high its chemical composition. The other options involve
energy and deep penetration capabilities. chemical changes or alterations in the substance's
14. What is present in the nucleus of an atom ? nature.
(a) Proton (b) Proton and neutron
(c) Neutron (d) Electron Chapter-3 Atoms and Molecules
Ans. (b) : In the nucleus of an atom, protons and
neutrons are present. Protons carry a positive charge, Introduction
while neutrons are neutral. Electrons, on the other hand, An Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated
orbit the nucleus and are not found within it. that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall
15. By which method the separation of ink colors is get smaller and smaller particles.
done? The smallest particles beyond which further division
(a) Uplift (b) Chromatography will not be possible He named these particles
(c) Evaporation (d) A and B Paramanu.
Ans. (b) : Chromatography is a technique that separates Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical
the components of a mixture based on their different sciences by establishing two important laws of
rates of movement through a stationary phase under the chemical combination.
influence of a solvent. Law of conservation of mass states that mass can
16. I-131 is used in the treatment of neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
(a) Leukemia (b) Blockage of artery reaction.
(c) Thyroid disorder (d) Cancer treatment Law of constant proportions
Ans. (c) : Iodine - 131 (I-131) is a radioactive isotope "In a chemical substance the elements are always
used to treat conditions such as hyperthyroidism and present in definite proportions by mass".
thyroid cancer. It works by targeting and destroying British chemist John Dalton provided the basic
thyroid tissue. theory about the nature of matter.
17. Which of the following is an example of a According to Dalton's atomic theory, all matter,
chemical change? whether an element, a compound or a mixture is
(I) Sawing wood (II) Wood decay composed of small particles called atoms.
(III) Hammer a nail into a piece of wood
The building blocks of all matter are atoms.
(IV) Wood burning
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) Atoms are very small, they are smaller than anything
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) that we can imagine or compare with. More than
millions of atoms when stacked would make a layer
Ans. (c) : Wood decay and wood burning both involve barely as thick as this sheet of paper.
chemical changes.
Dalton was the first scientist to use the symbols for
Wood decay is a biological process that breaks down
elements in a very specific sense and he used a
wood chemically.
symbol for an element he also meant a definite
Wood burning involves a chemical reaction with quantity of that element, that is, one atom of that
oxygen, producing new substance. element.
NCERT Science 199 YCT
 Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements be Chemical Formulae
made from one or two letters of the name of the The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic
element. representation of its composition.
In beginning, the names of elements were derived The combining power (or capacity) of an element is
from the name of the place where they were found known as its valency.
for the first time and for example, the name copper The valency of the atom of an element can be
was taken from Cyprus. Some names were taken thought of as hands or arms of that atom.
from specific colours. The valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
For example, gold was taken from the English word When a compound consists of a metal and a non-
meaning yellow and now-a-days IUPAC metal, the name or symbol of the metal is written
(International Union of Pure and Applied first and for example : calcium oxide (CaO), sodium
Chemistry) is an international scientific organisation chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS), copper oxide
which approves names of elements, symbols and (CuO),e tc., where oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are
units. non-metals and are written on the right whereas
calcium, sodium, iron and copper are metals, and are
Many of the symbols are the first one or two letters written on the left.
of the element's name in English and the first letter In compounds formed with polyatomic ions the
of a symbols is always written as a capital letter number of ions present in the compound is indicated
(uppercase) and the second letters as a small letter by enclosing the formula of ion in bracket and
(lowercase). writing the number of ions outside the bracket. For
The most remarkable concept that Dalton's atomic example, mg (OH)2.
theory proposed was that of the atomic mass. In case the number of polyatomic ion is one, the
According to him, each element had a characteristic bracket is not required. For example, NaOH.
atomic mass. Formulae of Simple Compounds
Atoms of most elements are not able to exist The simplest compounds, which are made up of two
independently, atoms form molecules and ions and different elements are called binary compounds.
these molecules or ions aggregate in large numbers Examples
to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch. Formula of hydrogen chloride
Molecules of Elements
The molecules of an element are constituted by the
same type of atoms, molecules of many elements,
such as argon (Ar), helium (He) etc. are made up of Formula of the compound would be HCl.
only one atom of that element.
Molecular Mass
Molecule of oxygen consists of two atoms of oxygen The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the
and hence it is known as a diatomic molecule, O2. atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the
The number of atoms constituting a molecule is substance.
known as its atomicity. The relative mass of a molecule expressed in atomic
Molecules of Compounds mass units (u).
Atom of different elements join together in definite Formula Unit Mass
proportions to form molecules of compounds. The formula unit mass of a substance is a sum of the
Ion atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a
compound.
Compounds composed of metals and nonmetals Example :
contain charged species and the charged species are Calculate the formula unit mass of CaCl2
known as ions. Solution :
Ions may consist of a single charged atom or a group Atomic mass of Ca
of atoms that have a net charge on them and an ion + (2 × atomic mass of Cl)
can be negatively or positively charged. = 40 + 2 × 35.5 = 40 +71 = 111 u.
A negatively charged 'ion is called an 'anion' and the Important Questions
positively' charged ion, a 'cation'. 1. The ratio of atoms used in water molecule is-
Example, sodium chloride (NaCl), its constituent (a) 2:3 (b) 1:1
particles are positively charged sodium ions (Na+) (c) 2:1 (d) 1:2
and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl–). Ans. (c) : The ratio of atoms in a water molecules
A group of atoms carrying a charge is known as (H2O) is 2:1. This is because each water molecule
polyatomic ion. consists of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
NCERT Science 200 YCT
2. The atom can be brought to its physical state Ans. (b) : Oxygen in its standard form, as an element,
by- consists of diatomic molecules (O2). Each molecule of
(a) Without any energy change oxygen contains 2 atoms of oxygen. However, if the
(b) Only when energy is supplied to the system question is about a single atom of oxygen, then the
(c) Only when energy is taken from the system number of oxygen atoms is 1.
(d) When energy is given or taken from the 9. What is the radius of hydrogen atom?
system (a) 10–10 m (b) 1010 m
Ans. (d) : The physical state of an atom or substance –6
(c) 10 m (d) 106 m
can change with energy transfer for example, changing
Ans. (a) : The radius of a hydrogen atom is
from solid to liquid requires energy input (heat), while
the reverse process releases energy. approximately 10–10 meters. This value corresponds to
the Bohr radius, which is about 0.529 × 10–10 meters.
3. Which of the following is the symbol of iron?
So, the correct answer is 10–10 m.
(a) Fe (b) Fr
(c) I (d) Ir 10. What is the number of atoms in 1 mole of
carbon?
Ans. (a) : The symbol for iron is Fe. This comes from
the Latin name for iron "ferrum." (a) 6.022 × 1020 (b) 6.022 × 1021
22
(c) 6.022 × 10 (d) 6.022 × 1023
4. Who discovered neutron?
(a) J.J Thomson (b) Rutherford Ans. (d) : The number of atoms in 1 mole of any
(c) Chadwick (d) Neel Bor substance is known as Avogadro's number, which is
approximately 6.022×1023.
Ans. (c) : The neutron was discovered by James
Chadwick in 1932. He identified the neutron as a 11. Unit mass of CH4 is-
neutral particle within the atomic nucleus, which was (a) 15 (b) 12
crucial for understanding nuclear reactions and (c) 18 (d) 16
structure. Ans. (d) : To find the unit mass of CH4 we need to
5. What will be the equivalent mole number for consider the molecular mass of CH4 (methane), which is
18g of water? CH1 if we assume hydrogen's atomic mass is 1 and
(a) 5 (b) 1 carbon's atomic mass is 12.
(c) 2 (d) 3 For CH4:
Ans. (b) : To find the number of moles of water (H2O) Carbon (C) = 12
in 18 grams use the formula. Hydrogen (H) = 4×1 = 4
Mass (g) So, the molecular mass of CH4 is 12+4 = 16.
Moles = Thus, the unit mass of CH4 (or CH1) is 16.
Molar mass (g / mol)
The molar mass of water (H2O) is approximately 18 12. What is the number of protons in an atom
g/mol. equal to?
18g (a) equal to electron (b) Not sure
Thus: Moles = = 1 mole (c) equal to atomic mass (d) equal to neutron
18g / mol
Ans. (a) : In a neutral atom, the number of protons is
So, the correct answer is 1. equal to the number of electrons. This balance
6. What is the charge present on chloride ion? maintains electrical neutrality.
(a) +1 (b) +2 13. The formula of common salt (sodium chloride)
(c) –1 (d) –2 is -
Ans. (c) : Chloride (Cl) has 7 valence electrons and (a) Na2Cl (b) NaCl2
gains 1 electron to achieve a stable octet configuration, (c) NaCl (d) None of these
resulting in a negative charge.
Ans. (c) : Sodium chloride is composed of one sodium
Hence, the chloride ion (Cl–) has a charge of –1.
(Na) atom and one chlorine (Cl) atom, resulting in the
7. The relative molecular mass of water is- formula NaCl.
(a) 18 (b) 15
14. The chemical symbol of sodium is-
(c) 16 (d) 2 (a) Na (b) Mg
Ans. (a) : The molecular formula of water is H2O. The (c) So (d) Sd
atomic masses are approximately 1 for hydrogen (H)
Ans. (a) : The chemical symbol of sodium is Na. It is
and 16 for oxygen (O). Therefore, the relative molecular
derived from the Latin name "Natrium."
mass of water is calculated as follows
2(H) + 1(0) = 2(1) + 16 = 18. 15. The formula of ammonia is
8. What is the number of oxygen atoms in oxygen (a) NH3 (b) NH2
it occurs? (c) NH4 (d) None of these
(a) 4 (b) 1 Ans. (a) : Ammonia consists of one nitrogen atom
(c) 2 (d) 3 bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
NCERT Science 201 YCT
16. One of the following is an example of an atomic • The mass of a proton is taken as one unit and its
element- charge as plus one. The mass of an electron is
(a) Hydrogen (b) Argon considered to be negligible and its charge is minus
(c) Oxygen (d) Nitrogen one.
Ans. (b) : Argon is an atomic element because it exists The structure of an atom
as single atoms in its natural state, making it a noble • Atom was indivisible and indestructible.
gas. The other elements (Hydrogen, oxygen, and • J.J. Thomson was the first one to propose a model
Nitrogen) are diatomic or polyatomic in their natural for the structure of an atom.
forms, meaning they exist as molecules made up of • The positive charge in the atom is spread all over
more than one atom. like the red edible part of the watermelon, while the
17. Which of the following is an example of a electrons are studded in the positively charged
diatomic element? sphere, like the seeds in the watermelon.
(a) Hydrogen (b) Argon Rutherford's model of an atom
(c) Aluminum (d) Sodium • Rutherford designed an experiment for this. In this
Ans. (a) : A diatomic element is one that naturally experiment, fast moving alpha (α)-particles were
exists as molecules composed of two atoms. Hydrogen made to fall on a thin gold foil.
(H2) is an example of a diatomic element because it • He selected a gold foil because he wanted as thin a
forms H2 molecules in its natural state. Argon, layer as possible and this gold foil was about 1000
Aluminum and Sodium do not naturally form diatomic atoms thick.
molecules. • α-particles are doubly-charged helium ions. Since
18. What is the ratio of mass of hydrogen and they have a mass of 4 u, the fast-moving α-particles
oxygen in compound water? have a considerable amount of energy.
(a) 1:4 (b) 4:1 • It was expected that a-particles would be deflected
(c) 8:1 (d) 1:8 by the sub-atomic particles in the gold atoms.
Ans. (d) : The ratio of the mass of hydrogen to oxygen • The α-particles were much heavier than the protons,
in water (H2O) is 1:8. This is because: he did not expect to see large deflections.
• The molar mass of hydrogen (H) is about 1 gram per • During acceleration, charged particles would radiate
mole. energy.
• The molar mass of oxygen (O) is about 16 grams per • Thus, the revolving electron would lose energy and
mole. finally fall into the nucleus.
• Water contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom, Bohr's model of atom
so the mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water is • In order to overcome the objections raised against
2 ×1 2 1 Rutherford's model of the atom, Neils Bohr put
=− = forward the following postulates about the model of
16 16 8 an atom :
Thus, the correct answer is 1:8. • Only certain special orbits known as discrete orbits
19. The size of the atomic radius is of electrons, are allowed inside the atom.
(a) pm (b) cm • While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do
(c) mm (d) nm not radiate energy.
Ans. (d) : The atomic radius is typically measured in • These orbits or shells are called energy levels.
nanometers (nm), which are on the scale of 10–9 meters. • These orbits or shells are represented by the letters
In comparison, picometers (pm) are too small for this K, L, M, N, .... or the numbers, n = 1,2,3,4, .....
scale and centimeters (cm) and millimeters (mm) are Neutrons
too large. • In 1932, J. Chadwick discovered another sub-atomic
particle which had no charge and a mass nearly
Chapter-4 Structure of the Atom equal to that of a proton.
Introduction • Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all atoms,
• Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building except hydrogen.
blocks of matter. • In general, a neutron is represented as 'n' and the mass
• It was known by 1900 that the atom was indivisible of an atom is therefore given by the sum of the masses
particle but contained at least one sub-atomic of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus.
particle- the electron identified by J.J. Thomson. Electron Distributed in Different Orbits
• Even before the electron was identified, E Goldstein • The distribution of electrons into different orbits of
in 1886 discovered the presence of new radiations in an atom was suggested by Bohr and Bury.
a gas discharge and called them canal rays. • The maximum number of electrons present in a shell
• In general, an electron is represented as 'e' and a is given by the formula 2n2, where 'n' is the orbit
proton as 'p+'. number or energy level index, 1, 2, 3, .....
NCERT Science 202 YCT
 • first orbit or K-shell will be = 2 × 12 = 2, 3. What is the number of valence electrons in the
• second orbit or L-shell will be = 2×22=8 element potassium?
• third orbit or N-shell will be = 2×32=18 (a) 7 (b) 9
• fourth orbit or B-shell will be = 2×42=32, and so (c) 2 (d) 1
on. Ans. (d) : The number of valence electrons in
• The maximum number of electrons that can be potassium (K) is 1. Potassium is in group 1 of the
accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8. periodic table and elements in this group have one
• Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell, valence electron. Therefore the correct answer is 1.
unless the inner shells are filled. That is, the shells 4. What is the maximum number of electrons in
are filled in a step-wise manner. m orbit?
Valency (a) 18 (b) 32
• The electrons present in the outermost shell of an (c) 8 (d) 2
atom are known as the valence electrons. Ans. (a) : The maximum number of electrons in m
• The atoms of elements, completely filled with 8 orbital (which corresponds to the third energy level or
electrons in the outermost shell show little chemical principal quantum number n = 3) can be calculated
activity.
using the formula 2n2. For m orbital's (where n = 3) it
• Helium atom has two electrons in its outermost shell would be: 2(3)2 = 2×9 = 18
and all other elements have atoms with eight
electrons in the outermost shell. Therefore, the correct answer is 18.
• An outermost-shell, which had eight electrons was 5. Aluminum element has electronic configuration
said to possess an octet. (a) 2, 11 (b) 2, 8, 3
• Atoms would thus react, so as to achieve an octet in (c) 2, 10 (d) 2, 6, 5
the outermost shell. This was done by sharing, Ans. (b) : Aluminum (Al) has an atomic number of 13.
gaining or losing electrons. Its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 3.
• The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 electrons in the second
atom is close to its full capacity, then valency is shell and 3 electrons in the third shell.
determined in a different way and these for example 6. Which of the following is not the fundamental
are the fluorine atom has 7 electrons in the particle of an atom?
outermost shell, and its valency could be 7.
(a) Proton (b) α-particle
• Its valency is determined by subtracting seven
electrons from the octet and this gives you a valency (c) Electron (d) Neutron
of one for fluorine. Ans. (b) : Protons, electrons and neutrons are
• Valency can be calculated in a similar manner for fundamental particles of an atom. Protons and neutrons
oxygen. make up the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus.
• An atom of each element has a definite combining An "α-particle" is not a recognized fundamental particle
capacity, called its valency. in atomic theory.
Important Questions 7. What type of particle is alpha particle?
1. What is the number of valence electrons in (a) Zero charged (b) One charged
sodium element? (c) Doubly charged (d) Tri charged
(a) 2 (b) 1 Ans. (c) : An alpha particle is composed of 2 protons
(c) 4 (d) 3 and 2 neutrons which gives it a charge of 2 positive
Ans. (b) : The number of valence electrons in a sodium (doubly charged) because it has two more protons than
(Na) atoms is 1. Sodium is in group 1 of the periodic electrons.
table and elements in this group have one electron in 8. The isotope of which element is used in the
their outermost shell. treatment of cancer.
2. What is the number of electrons in the m (a) Potassium (b) Cobalt
orbital of chlorine element? (c) Sodium (d) Uranium
(a) 8 (b) 7 Ans. (b) : Cobalt-60 is the isotope used in cancer
(c) 5 (d) 2 treatment. It emits gamma rays, which can be directed
Ans. (b) : The number of electrons in the m (third) to target and destroy cancer cells.
orbital of chlorine (Cl) is 7.
Chlorine has an atomic number of 17, which means it 9. The number of electrons in the outer orbit of
has 17 electrons. These electrons are distributed in the inert gases is
orbital's as follows: (a) 8 (b) 5
• 1st orbital (K shell) : 2 electrons (c) 3 (d) 1
• 2nd orbital (L- shell) : 8 electrons Ans. (a) : Inert gases, also known as noble gases, have
• 3rd orbital (M-shell) : 7 electrons 8-electrons in their outermost orbit.
Therefore, the number of elements in the third (M) This full outer shell makes them very stable and
orbital of chlorine is 7. chemically non reactive.

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10. Isotope of which element is used in nuclear 14. Which of the following is the correct statement
reactor. for Dalton's atomic theory?
(a) Nitrogen (b) Sodium (i) Law of multiple proportions
(c) Hydrogen (d) Cobalt (ii) Law of constant proportion
Ans. (c) : The isotope used in nuclear reactors is usually (iii) Law of conservation of mass
a form of hydrogen specifically, Deuterium (an isotope (iv) Law of radioactivity
of hydrogen) is used as a moderator in some types of (a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii) (iii) and (iv)
reactors, and Tritium (another hydrogen isotope) can be (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
used as a fuel in fusion reactors. Ans. (a) : Dalton's atomic theory primarily includes the
11. The correct statement among the following is- following concepts.
(a) The number of electrons and neutrons in atom 1) Law of multiple proportions : when two elements
is equal combine in more than are proportion to form two or
more compounds, the masses of one element that
(b) Same number of electrons and protons in an
combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in
atom it occurs
the ratio of small whole numbers.
(c) An atom has the same number of electrons,
2) Law of constant proportion : A given chemical
protons and neutrons compound always contains its component elements in
(d) The number of protons and neutrons in an fixed ratio by mass and does not depend on its source
atom is equal. and method of preparation.
Ans. (b) : In a neutral atom, the number of electrons 3) Law of conservation of mass : Matter is neither
(negatively charged) in equal to the number of protons created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
(positively charged) to maintain electrical neutrality. However, Dalton's atomic theory does not include the
The number of neutrons can vary and does not law of Radioactivity, which was discovered later by
necessarily equal the number electrons or protons. Henri Becquerel and further development by Marie
12. Elements with valence 1 are- Curie.
(a) Always non-metallic Thus the correct answer is (a) (i), (ii) and (iii).
(b) Metal or non metal 15. What is the number of electrons in the
(c) Always metal outermost orbit of calcium element?
(d) Always substrate (a) 10 (b) 2
Ans. (b) : Element with a valency of 1 can be either (c) 8 (d) 3
metals or non-metals for example, hydrogen and Ans. (b) : Calcium has an atomic number of 20, which
fluorine are nonmetals with a valency of 1, while means it has 20 electrons. The electron configuration of
sodium and potassium are metals with a valency of 1. calcium is 2, 8, 8, 2. The outermost shell (4th shell) has
Thus the correct answer is metal or nonmetal. 2 electrons.
13. Which of the following is the correct statements 16. 2, 8, 1 is the electronic configuration of which
for Thomson's atomic model? element?
(i) Positive charge was assumed to be (a) Li (b) Na
uniformly distributed in the atom (c) Cl (d) F
(ii) It assumes atomic mass to be uniformly Ans. (b) : This configuration totals 11 electrons, which
distributed in the atom. matches the atomic number of sodium (Na).
(iii) Electrons attract each other for the The configuration shows that the first energy level has 2
stability of the atom electrons, the second energy level has 8 electrons, and
(iv) Distribution of electrons in the positively the third energy level has 1 electron.
charged sphere happens equally. Therefore, the correct answer is (b).
(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and 17. According to Thomson's atomic model, the
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iv) atom was a sphere.
Ans. (d) : The correct option is (d) (i) (ii) and (iv). (a) Positively charged
(i) In Thomson's atomic model, the positive charge is (b) Indifferent
indeed assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout (c) Negatively charged
the atom, creating a "plum pudding" structure. (d) None of these
(ii) The model does not focus on the atomic mass Ans. (a) : According to Thomson's atomic model, also
distribution but rather on the positive charge. known as the "plum pudding model," the atom is a
(iv) Electrons are indeed through to be evenly sphere of positive charge with negatively charged
distributed within the positively charged sphere electrons embedded with it, like "plums" in a
according to Thomason's model. "pudding".

NCERT Science 204 YCT

 Some substances like carbon dioxide or oxygen can
Chapter-5 The Fundamental move across the cell membrane by a process called
Unit of Life diffusion.
Introduction Spontaneous movement of a substance from a region
of high concentration to a region where its
Robert Hooke saw that the cork resembled the concentration is low.
structure of a honeycomb consisting of many little
compartments and cork is a substance which comes Some substance like CO2 (which is cellular waste
from the bark of a tree. and requires in high concentrations inside the cell.
In the year 1665 when Hooke made this chance There is a difference of concentration of CO2 inside
observation through a self-designed microscope. and outside a cell, CO2 moves out of the cell, from a
region of high concentration, to a region of low
Robert Hooke called these boxes cells.
concentration outside the cell by the process of
Cell is a Latin word for a little room. diffusion.
Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 Water also obeys the law of diffusion and the
and he observed the cells in a cork slice with the movement of water molecules through such as
help of a primitive microscope. selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis.
Leeuwenhoek (1674), with the improved Osmosis is the net diffusion of water across a
microscope, discovered the free living cells in pond
selectively permeable membrane toward a higher
water for the first time.
solute concentration.
Robert Brown in 1831 who discovered the nucleus
If the medium surrounding the cell has a higher
in the cell.
water concentration than the cell, meaning that the
Purkinje in 1839 coined the term 'protoplasm' for the outside solution is very dilute, the cell will gain
fluid substance of the cell and the cell theory was water by osmosis and such a solution is known as a
presented by two biologists, Schleiden (1838) and hypotonic solution.
Schwann (1839).
If the medium has exactly the same water
The cell theory was further expanded by Virchow
concentration as the cell, there will be no net
(1855) by suggesting that all cells arise from pre-
movement of water across the cell membrane and
existing cells.
such a solution is known as an isotonic solution.
Cell The cell will stay the same size.
Every multi-cellular organism has come from a
If the medium has a lower concentration of water
single cell and cells divide to produce cells of their
than the cell, meaning that it is a very concentrated
own kind.
solution, the cell will lose water by osmosis and
All cells thus come from pre-existing cells. such a solution is known as a hypertonic solution
The shape and size of cells are related to the specific and the cell will shrink.
function they perform. Unicellular freshwater organisms and most plant
Some cells like Amoeba have changing shapes. cells tend to gain water through osmosis.
The human body has a heart to pump blood, a Absorption of water by plant roots is also an
stomach to digest food. example of osmosis.
Each such cell has got certain specific components The plasma membrane is flexible and is made up of
within it known as cell organelles. organic molecules called lipids and proteins.
Each kind of cell organelle performs a special The flexibility of the cell membrane also enables the
function, such as making new material in the cell. cell to engulf in food and other material from its
A cell is able to live and perform all its functions external environments and such processes are known
because of these organelles and these organelles as endocytosis and the amoeba acquires its food
together constitute the basic unit called the cell. through such processes.
The structural Organisation of a cell Cell wall
The cell has special components called organelles. Plant cells, in addition to the plasma membrane have
Study a cell under a microscope, we would come another rigid outer covering called the cell wall.
across three features in almost every cell : plasma The cell wall lies outside the plasma membrane.
membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.
The plant cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose
Plasma membrane or cell Membrane and cellulose is a complex substance and provides
This is the outermost covering of the cell. structural strength to plants.
The plasma membrane allows or permits the entry When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis
and exit of some materials in and out of the cell. there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of
The cell membrane, therefore, is called a selectively the cell away from the cell wall and this
permeable membrane. phenomenon is known as plasmolysis.
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 Cell walls permit the cells of plants, fungi and The ER membrane is similar in structure to the
bacteria to withstand very dilute (hypotonic) plasma membrane and there are two types of ER-
external media without bursting. rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth
Nucleus endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and RER looks rough
under a microscope because I has particles called
The nucleus has a double layered covering called ribosomes attached to its surface.
nuclear membrane and the nuclear membrane has
pores which allow the transfer of material from The ribosomes, which are present in all active cells,
inside the nucleus to its outside, that is, to the are the sites of protein manufacture.
cytoplasm. The SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules,
or lipids, important for cell function.
The nucleus contains chromosomes which are
visible as rod-shaped structures only, when the cell Some of these proteins and lipids help in building
is about to divide. the cell membrane and this process is known as
membrane biogenesis.
Chromosomes contain information for inheritance of
characters from parents to next generation in the Some other proteins and lipids function as enzymes
form of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules. and hormones.
Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein. ER is to serve as channels for the transport of
materials (especially proteins) between various
Functional segments of DNA are called genes. regions of the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm
Chromatin material is visible as entangled mass of and the nucleus.
thread like structures. In the liver cells of the group of animals called
The nucleus plays a central role in cellular vertebrates SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying
reproduction, the process by which a single cell many poisons and drugs.
divides and forms tow new cells. Golgi Apparatus
In some organisms like bacteria, the absence of a The Golgi apparatus, first described by camillo
nuclear membrane. golgi, consists of a system of membrane-bound
Nuclear region containing only nucleic acids is called a vesicles (flattened sacs) arranged approximately
nucleoid and such organism, whose cells lack a nuclear parallel to each other in stacks called cisterns.
membrane, are called prokaryotes (pro = primitive or Its functions include the storage modification and
primary; karyote ≈ karyon = nucleus). packaging of products in vesicles.
Organisms with cells having a nuclear membrane Complex sugars may be made from simple sugars in
are called eukaryotes. the Golgi apparatus.
Prokaryotic cells also lack most of the other The Golgi apparatus is also involved in the
cytoplasmic organelles present in eukaryotic cells. formation of lysosomes.
The chlorophyll in photosynthetic prokaryotic Lysosomes
bacteria is associated with membranous vesicles Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs filled with
(bag like structures) but no with plastids as in digestive enzymes and these enzymes are made by
eukaryotic cells. RER.
Cytoplasm Lysosomes are a kind of waste disposal system of
The cytoplasm is the fluid content inside the plasma the cell.
membrane. Foreign materials entering the cell such as bacteria
Cell organelles are enclosed by membranes. or food as well as old organelles end up in the
Viruses lack any membranes and hence do not show lysosomes, when the cell gets damaged lysosomes
may burst and the enzymes digest their own cell.
characteristics of life until they enter a living body
and use its cell machinery to multiply. Lysosomes are also known as the 'suicide bags' of a
cell.
Cell Organelles
Mitochondira
Cells use membrane-bound little structures (or
organelles') within themselves and this is one of the Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the
features of the eukaryotic cells that distinguish them cell.
from prokaryotic cells. Mitochondria have to membrane coverings and the
Some of these organelles are visible only with an outer membrane is porous while the inner membrane
electron microscope. is deeply folded and these folds increase surface area
Examples of cell organelles are: endoplasmic for ATP generating chemical reactions.
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria The energy required for various chemical activities
and plastids. needed for life is released by mitochondira in the
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large network form of ATP (Adenosine triphopshate) molecules.
of membrane-bound tubes and sheets and it looks ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell.
like long tubules or round o oblong bags (vesicles). They have their own DNA and ribosomes.
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 Plastids (a) Plant (b) Amoeba
Plastids are present only in plant cells and there are (c) Paramecium (d) Animal
two types of plastids-chromoplasts (coloured Ans. (b) : An amoeba is a unicellular organism,
plastids) and leucoplasts (white or colourless meaning it consists of only one cell. In contrast, plants
plastids). and animals are multicellular organism, composed of
many cells.
Chromoplasts are important for photosynthesis in
2. Which of the following is called the power
plants.
house of cells?
Chloroplasts also contain various yellow or orange (a) Golgibody (b) Nucleus
pigments in addition to chlorophyll. (c) Lysosome (d) Mitochondria
Leucoplasts are primarily organelles in which Ans. (d) : The mitochondria are known as the "power
materials such as starch, oils and protein granules house" of the cell because they generate the majority of
are stored. the cells supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). which
The internal organisation of the chloroplast consists is used as a source of chemical energy.
of numerous membrane layers embedded in a 3. Plant cell wall is made of
material called the stroma. (a) Cellulose (b) Fat
Plastids also have their own DNA and ribosomes. (c) Protein (d) Carbohydrates
Vacuoles Ans. (a) : The primary component of a plant cell wall is
cellulose, which is a carbohydrate made up of glucose
• Vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid contents units. It provides structural support and rigidity to plant
and Vacuoles are small sized in animal cells while cells.
plant cells have very large vacuoles.
4. Green colour in plants are caused by-
• The central vacuole of some plant cells may occupy (a) Chlorophyll (b) Varni laka
50-90% of the cell volume. (c) Achromatic plasm (d) All of the above
• In plant cells vacuoles are full of cell sap and Ans. (a) : The green color in plants is caused by
provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell. chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the
• Amino acids, sugars, various organic acids and some chloroplasts of plants cells that absorbs light, primarily
proteins. In single-celled organisms like Amoeba, in the blue and red wavelengths and reflects green light
the food vacuole contains the food item that the giving plants their green color.
Amoeba has consumed. 5. In which of the following process, plant cell
• In some unicellular organisms, specialised vacuoles absorb water?
also play important roles in expelling excess water (a) Diffusion (b) Transmission
and some wastes from the cell. (c) Osmosis (d) None of these
• The cell is the fundamental structural unit of living Ans. (c) : Osmosis is the process by which plant cells
organisms and it is also the basic functional unit of absorb water. It is the movement of water molecules
life. through a selectively permeable membrane from an area
Cell Division of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute
concentration. This process allows plant cells to take in
The process by which new cells are made is called water from the soil, which is essential for their growth
cell division and there are two main types of cell and functioning.
division : mitosis and meiosis. 6. Which substance is present inside the nucleus?
Cells divide for growth is called mitosis and in this (a) Fat (b) Protein
process, each cell called mother cell divides to form (c) Carbohydrate (d) All of the above
two identical daughter cells. Ans. (b) : The nucleus of a cell contains various
The daughter cells have the same number of proteins, including histones, which help package DNA
chromosomes as mother cell and it helps in growth into chromatin and regulate gene expression fat and
and repair of tissues in organisms. carbohydrates are not typically associated with the
Specific cells of reproductive organs or tissues in nucleus.
animals and plants divide to form gametes, which 7. Chromosomes are made up of-
after fertilisation give rise to offspring. (a) Fat (b) Sugar
(c) Carbohydrate (d) Protein
Cell divides by meiosis it produces four new cells
instead of just two and the new cells only have half Ans. (d) : Chromosomes are primarily made of DNA
and protein. The proteins involved are histone, which
the number of chromosomes than that of the mother
help package and organize the DNA into a compact,
cells. dense structure.
Important Questions 8. The main function of leucoplast is-
1. Which of the following is not an example of a (a) To accumulate (b) To diffuse
multicellular organism? (c) Osmosis (d) All suitable
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Ans. (a) : Leucoplasts are non-pigmented organelles 15. What are chromosomes made of?
found in plant cells that primarily function to store (a) from RNA
various substances, such as starches, oils and proteins. (b) from protein
They do not participate in diffusion or osmosis. (c) from DNA
9. Which of the following is not an example of (d) from DNA and proteins
prokaryotic? Ans. (d) : Chromosomes are made of DNA and
(a) Snake (b) Archaea proteins. The DNA carries genetic information, while
(c) Cyanobacteria (d) Bacteria the proteins, primarily histones, help in packaging the
Ans. (a) : A snake is a eukaryotic organism, while DNA into a compact structure.
Archaea, Cyanobacteria and bacteria are all prokaryotic. 16. The study of silver nitrate solution is used to -
Prokaryotes are characterized by the absence of a (a) nucleus
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (b) endoplasmic reticulum
10. Where are red blood cells produced? (c) mitochondria
(a) in bone marrow (b) in kidneys (d) Golgi apparatus
(c) in the lungs (d) in the heart Ans. (d) : The study of silver nitrate solution is used to
visualize the Golgi apparatus. Silver nitrate staining is a
Ans. (a) : Red blood cells are produced in the bone
technique that highlights the Golgi apparatus's complex
marrow, which is the spongy tissue in side bones.
structure, which is often difficult to see with other
The bone marrow contains stem cells that develop in to stains.
red blood cells.
17. By whom was the cell theory propounded?
11. Which of the following is synthesized by (a) Virche
ribosome's? (b) Haeckel
(a) RNA (b) DNA (c) Schleiden and Schwann
(c) Protein (d) a and b (d) Mendal
Ans. (c) : Ribosomes are the cellular machinery Ans. (c) : The cell theory was propounded by Mattias
responsible for synthesizing proteins by trans lasting schleiden and the Odor Schwann in the mid-19th
messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid sequences. century. They proposed that all living organisms are
They do not synthesize RNA or DNA. composed of cells, and that the cell is the basic unit of
12. Which of the following is an example of a life. This foundational concept has been crucial in the
unicellular organism? field of biology.
(a) Paramecium (b) Amoeba 18. Which of the following is the centre of
(c) Bacteria (d) a, b and c ribosome?
Ans. (d) : All the options listed are examples of (a) Protein synthesis (b) Photosynthesis
unicellular organisms. (c) Fat synthesis (d) Respiration
(a) Paramecium - A single celled protozoan Ans. (a) : The ribosome is the cellular organelle
(b) Amoeba - A single celled protozoan responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating
(c) Bacteria - Single celled micro-organisms. messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains.
So, all the options (a, b and c) are correct example of 19. Centrosome is found in-
unicellular organisms. (a) Nucleus (b) Cytoplasm
13. Lysosome originates from- (c) Nucleolus (d) Chromosome
(a) Golgi apparatus Ans. (b) : The centrosome is found in the cytoplasm. It
(b) From the nucleus is an organelle that plays a crucial role in organizing
(c) from endoplasmic reticulum microtubules and is involved in cell division by forming
(d) from mitochondria the mitotic spindle.
Ans. (a) : Lysosome originate from the Golgi apparatus.
They are formed when the golgi processes and packages
Chapter-6 Tissues
enzymes into vesicles, which them mature into Introduction
lysosomes. . All living organisms are made of cells.
14. The process by which amoeba obtains their In Amoeba, a single cell carries out movement, intake
food is called of food, gaseous exchange and excretion, but in multi-
(a) endocytosis (b) Liquid solution cellular organisms there are millions of cells.
(c) Exocellularity (d) Endocellularity Most of these cells are specialised to carry out
Ans. (a) : The process by which an amoeba obtains specific functions.
food is called endocytosis. Specifically, the amoeba In human beings, muscle cells contract and relax to
engulfs food particles by wrapping its cell membrane cause movement, nerve cells carry messages, blood
around them to from a food vacuole, which is a type of flows to transport oxygen, food, hormones and
endocytosis. waste material and so on.
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 In plants, vascular tissues conduct food and water The flexibility in plants is due to another permanent
from one part of the plant to other parts. Multi- tissue, collenchyma and it allows bending of various
cellular organisms show division of labour. parts of a plant like tendrils and stems of climbers
Cells specialising in one function are often grouped without breaking and it also provides mechanical
together in the body. support.
A particular function is carried out by a cluster of The cells of this tissue are living, elongated and
cells at a definite place in the body and this cluster irregularly thickened at the corners. There is very
of cells, called a tissue. little intercellular space.
Plants are stationary or fixed-they don't move. Since Another type of permanent tissue is sclerenchyma
they have to be upright, they have a large quantity of and it is the tissue which makes the plant hard and
supportive tissues. stiff.
The supportive tissue generally has dead cells. Husk of a coconut made of sclerenchymatous tissue
and the cells of this tissue are dead and they are long
Plant tissues can be classified as growing or
and narrow as the walls are thickened due to lignin.
meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
This tissue is present in stems, around vascular
Cell growth in animals is more uniform.
bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard
Plant Tissues covering of seeds and nuts.
Meristematic Tissue The outermost layer of cells, called epidermis and
The growth of plants occurs only in certain specific the epidermis is usually made of a single layer of
regions and this is because the dividing tissue, also cells.
known as meristematic tissue, is located only at In some plants living in very dry habitats, the
these points. epidermis may be thicker since protection against
Meristematic tissues are classified as special, lateral water loss is critical.
and intercalary. Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant often
New cells produced by meristem are initially like secrete a waxy, water-resistant layer on their outer
those of meristem itself, but as they grow and surface and this acids in protection against loss of
mature, their characteristics slowly changed and water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic
they become differentiated as components of other fungi and it has a protective role to play, cells of
tissues. epidermal tissue form a continuous layer without
Apical meristem is present at the growing tips of intercellular spaces.
stems and roots and increases the length of the stem Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells
and the root, the girth of the stem or root increases called guard cells and they are necessary for
due to lateral meristem (cambium) and intercalary exchanging gases with the atmosphere Transpiration
meristem seen in some plants is located near the loss of water in the form of water vapour also takes
node. place through stomata.
Epidermal cells of the roots, whose function is water
Cells of meristematic tissue are very active, they
absorption, commonly bear long hair-like parts hat
have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls and greatly increase the total absorptive surface area.
prominent nuclei and they lack vacuoles.
Desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of
Permanent Tissue cutin (chemical substance with waterproof quality)
Meristematic tissue take up a specific role and lose on its outer surface.
the ability to divide. As a result, they form a As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue
permanent tissue and this process of taking up a undergoes certain changes.
permanent shape, size, and a function is called A strip of secondary meristem located in the cortex
differentiation. forms layers of cells which constitute the cork and
Simple Permanent Tissue : cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged
Perenchyma is the most common simple permanent without intercellular spaces.
tissue and it consists of relatively unspecialised cells Suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to
with thin cell walls and they are living cells and gases and water.
usually loosely arranged, thus large spaces between Complex Permanent Tissue:
cells (intercellular spaces) are found in this tissue. Xylem and phloem are examples of such complex
This tissue generally stores food. tissues and they are both conducting tissue and
In some situations, it contains chlorophyll and constitute a vascular bundle.
performs photosynthesis, and then it is called Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem
chlorenchyma. parenchyma and xylem fibres.
In aquatic plants, large air cavities are present in Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures and this
parenchyma to help them float and such a allows them to transport water and minerals
parenchyma type is called aerenchyma. vertically.
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 The parenchyma stores food and xylem fibres are In the respiratory tract, he columnar epithelial tissue
mainly supportive in function. also has cilia, which are hair-like projections on the
Phloem is made up of five types of cells : sieve cells, outer surfaces of epithelial cells and these cilia can
sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and the move, and their movement pushes the mucus
phloem parenchyma. forward to clear it.
Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls. Epithelium is thus cilied columnar epithelium.
Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts of Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms
the plant. Except phloem fibres, other phloem cells the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary
are living cells. glands, it provides mechanical support.
Epithelial cells often acquire additional
Animals Tissue specialisation as gland cells, which can secrete
Blood and muscles are both examples of tissue substances at the epithelial surface.
found in our body. Epithelial tissue folds inward and a multicellular
During breathing we inhale oxygen and it is gland is formed. This glandular epithelium.
absorbed in the lungs and then is transported to all Connective Tissue
the body cells through blood.
Blood is a type of connective tissue and the cells of
Blood flows and carries various substances from one connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded
part of the body to the other. in an intercellular matrix.
Blood carries oxygen and food to all cells. It also The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.
collects wastes from all parts of the body and carries
them to the liver and kidney for disposal. Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in
which red blood corpuscles (RBCs), white blood
Different types of animal tissues, such as epithelial corpuscles (WBCs) and platelets are suspended.
tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and
The plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones.
nervous tissue.
Blood flows and transports gases, digested food,
Blood is a type of connective tissue, and muscle hormones and waste materials to different parts of
form muscular tissue. the body.
Epithelial Tissue Bone is another example of a connective tissue and
The covering or protective tissues in the animal It forms the framework that supports the body.
body are epithelial tissues and epithelium covers Anchors the muscles and supports the main organs
most organs and cavities within the body. of the body.
The skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is
vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds.
of epithelial tissue. ` Two bones can be connected to each other by
Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and form a another type of connective tissue called the
continuous sheet. ligament.
The permeability of the cells of various epithelia Ligament tissue is very elastic and it has
play an important role in regulating the exchange of considerable strength and which contain very little
materials between the body and the external matrix and connect bones with bones.
environment and also between different parts of the Tendons connect muscles to bones and are another
body. type of connective tissue and tendons are fibrous
Cells lining blood vessels or lung alveoli, where tissue with great strength but limited flexibility.
transportation of substances occurs through a Another type of connective tissue, cartilage, has
selectively permeable surface, there is a simple flat widely spaced cells.
kind of skin). The solid matrix is composed of proteins and sugars.
Simple squamous epithelial cells are extremely thin Cartilage smoothens bone surfaces at joints and is
and flat and form a delicate lining. also present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx.
The oesophagus and the lining of the mouth are also Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin
covered with squamous epithelium. and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in
The skin, which protects the body, is also made of the bone marrow.
squamous epithelium and skin epithelial cells are Fat-storing adipose tissue is found below the skin
arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear and between internal organs and the cells of this
and they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the tissue are filled with fat globules and storage of fats
epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium. also lets it act as an insulator.
Absorption and secretion occur, as in the inner Muscular Tissue
lining of the intestine, tall epithelial cells are present Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells, also
and this columnar (meaning 'pillar-like') epithelium called muscle fibres and this tissue is responsible for
facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier. movement in our body.
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 Muscles contain special proteins called contractile Ans. (b) : Bone is classified as a connective tissue
proteins, which contract and relax to cause because it supports and binds other tissues and organs
movement. together. It is characterized by a hard, mineralized
Muscles present in our limbs move when we want extracellular matrix that provides structural support and
them to, and stop when we so decide and such protection.
muscles are called voluntary muscles. 3. When collagen is boiled in water, it gets
Voluntary muscles are also called skeletal muscles transformed?
as they are mostly attached to bones and help in (a) Myosin (b) Reticulin
body movement and these muscles show alternate (c) Gelatin (d) Elastin
light and dark bands or striations when stained Ans. (c) : Collagen a structural protein found in
appropriately and they are also called striated connective tissues break down into gelatin when heated
muscles. in water. Gelatin is a substance that forms a gel-like
The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, un- consistency when cooled, commonly used in fool
branched and multinucleate (having many nuclei). products like jellies and desserts.
The movement of food in the alimentary canal or the 4. A group of cells is called-
contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are (a) Tissue (b) Organ system
involuntary movements.
(c) Cell wall (d) Cell water
Smooth muscles or involuntary muscles control such
movements and they are also found in the iris of the Ans. (a) : A group of similar cells that work together to
eye, in ureters and in the bronchi of the lungs. perform a specific function is called a tissue.
The muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction 5. What kind of division takes place in algae?
and relaxation throughout life and these involuntary (a) Meiotic division (b) Mitosis
muscles are called cardiac muscles. (c) Subdivision (d) a and b
Heart muscle cells are cylindrical, branched and Ans. (d) : The kind of division that takes place in algae
uninucleate. can be either mitosis or meiosis, depending on the stage
Nervous Tissue of their life cycle.
Cells of the nervous tissue are highly specialised for Mitosis is used for asexual reproduction and growth,
being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus where cells divide to produce genetically identical
very rapidly from one place to another within the daughter cells.
body. Meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction to produce
The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed spores or gametes with half the number of
of the nervous tissue and the cells of this tissue are chromosomes, leading to genetic variation.
called nerve cells or neurons. So, the correct answer is (d) a & b.
A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and 6. Transpiration in plants is caused by-
cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts (a) Stomata (b) Vascular tissue
arise. (c) Cutin (d) None of these
Usually each neuron has a single long part (process), Ans. (a) : Transpiration in plants primarily occurs
called the axon, and many short, branched parts through the stomata, which are ting opening on the
called dendrites. surface of leaves and stems. These pores allow water
The signal that passes along the nerve fibre is called vapor too escape from the plant in to the atmosphere,
a nerve impusle. facilitating the process of transpiration.
The functional combination of nerve and muscle 7. What type of tissue is mobile tissue?
tissue is fundamental to most animals and this (a) Bone tissue (b) Connective tissue
combination enables animals to move rapidly in (c) Nerves tissue (d) Muscular tissue
response to stimuli.
Ans. (b) : Connective tissue includes various types such
Important Questions as blood, lymph and loose connective tissues that help
1. Blood is part of which tissue? in the movement and support of organs and tissues
(a) Connective (b) Nerve throughout the body. It is often involved in the transport
(c) Muscle (d) Epithelium of nutrients and waste, as well as providing a
Ans. (a) : Blood is considered a connective tissue framework for tissues.
because it has a matrix (plasma) in which cells (red 8. Glands are formed by which type of tissue?
blood cells, white blood cells and platelet) are
(a) Muscle (b) Epithelium
suspended. This structure allows it to perform functions
such as transport of nutrients, gases and waste products (c) Nerves (d) Connective
and to play a role in immune response and hemostasis. Ans. (b) : Glands are formed by epithelium tissue,
2. What type of tissue is bone? which is specialized for secretion. Epithelial cells can
(a) Epithelial tissue (b) Connective tissue group together to from glandular structures that produce
(c) Tendon tissue (d) Muscular tissue and release various substances.
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9. The height of plants is increased through which 15. Which of the following are lignified elongated
of the following? non-living cells?
(a) Balkutjan (b) Lateral sectioning (a) tympanic membrane
(c) Parenchyma (d) Top divisible (b) synonymous
Ans. (d) : The height of plants increases by the activity (c) parenchyma
of Top divisible. This refers to the apical … a region of (d) none of these
active all division at the tips of stems and roots. It Ans. (a) : Lignified elongated non-living cells are
contributes to the plants growth in height by producing new known as sclerencyma cells, not listed among the
cells that elongate and differentiate into various tissues. options provided. Tympanic membrane is part of the
10. In whose cells does active division take place? ear, parenchyma are living cells involved in various
(a) Cambium (b) Counterweight functions, and "synonymous" refers to words with
(c) Phloem (d) Xylem similar meanings and is not related to plant cell types.
Ans. (a) : Active cell division primarily occurs in the 16. Which of the following tissues is mostly made
cambium layer, which is a type of meristematic tissue in up of non-living cells?
plants. This layer is responsible for the formation of (a) Epidermis (b) Endoderm
new cells that contribute to the growth in thickness of (c) Phloem (d) Xylem
stems and roots. Ans. (d) : Xylem is mostly composed of non-living
11. Smooth muscle are found in which of the cells, such as tracheids and vessels, which are involved
following? in the transport of water and minerals from roots to
(a) artery (b) vein other parts of the plant. The cells of the xylem typically
(c) uterus (d) all suitable lose their protoplasm and function primarily in support
and conduction.
Ans. (d) : Smooth muscles are found in arteries, veins
and the uterus. They help regulate blood vessel 17. Which of the following complex tissues is made
diameter, control blood flow and enable uterine up of?
contractions. (a) Similar types of cells having similar origin
and performing similar functions.
12. Pay attention to the following features
(b) Different types of cells performing similar
(i) It is the outermost layer of plants.
functions
(ii) It protects all parts of the plants.
(c) Different types of cells having similar origin
(iii) It often forms a wax-like water resistant and performing similar functions.
layer on the outer surface of plants.
(d) Different types of cells performing different
Which of the following cell group has the above functions
mentioned characteristic?
(a) Parenchyma (b) Sclerenchyma Ans. (d) : Complex tissues consists of different types of
(c) Epidermis (d) All cells that work together to perform various functions for
example, vascular tissue in plants includes xylem and
Ans. (c) : The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells phloem, which have distinct roles in transport and
in plants, providing protection for all plant parts. It support.
often secretes a wax-like substance called the while,
which helps to reduce water loss and protect the plant 18. Examples of complex tissue?
from environmental damage. Parenchyma and (a) Xylem (b) Phloem
sclerenchyma are internal tissues with different (c) a and b (d) None of these
functions and do not form the outer protective layer. Ans. (c) : The correct answer is (c) a and b, Both xylem
13. The length of grass stem increases due to whose and phloem are examples of complex tissues in plants.
action? Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and
(a) inner divisible (b) secondary divisible minerals, while phloem transports nutrients, primary
(c) top divider (d) primary divisible sugars.
Ans. (a) : The length of grass stem increases due to the Chapter-7 Motion
action of the inner divisible cells. These are cells
located in the intercalary meristem, which is found at Introduction
the base of the leaves or internodes of grasses and
allows for rapid stem elongation. Birds fly, fish Swim, and cars move and all in
So, the correct answer is (a) motion.
14. What are the white fibers of connective tissue Most motions are complex, Some objects may move
made of? in a straight line, other may take a circular path.
(a) myosin (b) collagen Motion
(c) reticular fibers (d) elastin Motion are two types -
Ans. (b) : The white fibers of connective tissue are Uniform motion and non uniform motion
made of collagen. Collagen fibers provide strength and A car is moving on a crowded street or a person is
structural support to connective tissues, making them a jogging in a park, these are some instances of non-
key component of tendons, ligaments and skin. uniform motion.
NCERT Science 212 YCT
 Different objects may take different amounts of time In mathematics, a straight line graph helps in solving
to cover a given distance. Some of them move fast a linear equation having two variables.
and some move slowly. Distance-Time Graphs
The average speed of an object is obtained by The change in the position of an object with time
dividing the total distance travelled by the total time can be represented on the distance-time graph
taken. That is, adopting a convenient scale of choice.
Totaldistance travelled Distance-time graphs can be employed under
Average speed =
Total time taken various conditions where objects move with uniform
If an object travels a distances in time t then its speed, non-uniform speed, remain at rest etc.
speed v is, Uniform speed, a graph of distance travelled against
s time is a straight line.
v= Velocity in place of uniform speed if you take the
t
magnitude of displacement equal to the distance
Speed with Direction travelled by the object along the y-axis.
The rate of motion of an object can be more
s −s
comprehensive if we specify its direction of motion v= 2 1
along with its speed. t 2 − t1
The quantity that specifies both these aspects is Velocity-Time graphs
called velocity. The variation in velocity with time for an object
Velocity is the speed of an object moving in a moving in a straight line can be represented by a
definite direction. velocity-time graph.
The velocity of an object can be uniform or variable Equations of Motion
and it can be changed by changing the object's Acceleration during motion and the distance covered
speed, direction of motion or both. by it in a certain time interval by a set of equations
calculate average speed- known as the equations of motion.
initial velocity + final velocity For convenience, a set of three such equations are
Average velocity =
2 given below :
u+υ v = u + at
Mathematically, υav = s = ut + ½ at2
2
During uniform motion of an object along a straight v2 = u2 + 2as
line, the velocity remains constant with time and in The change in the velocity could be due to change in
this case, the change in velocity of the object for any its magnitude or the direction of the motion or both.
time interval is zero. The circumference of a circle of radius r is given by
In non-uniform motion, velocity varies with time. 2πr. If the athlete takes t seconds to go once around
Acceleration, which is a measure of the change in the circular path of radius r, the speed v is given by
the velocity of an object per unit time. 2πr
υ=
change in velocity t
acceleration =
time taken Important Questions
If the velocity of an object change from an initial 1. The unit of acceleration is
value u to the final value v to the final value v in (a) m/s (b) m/s2
2
time t, the acceleration a is, (c) ms (d) m2/s2
υ−u Ans. (b) : Acceleration is defined as the rate of change
a=
t of velocity with respect to time. Since velocity is
The SI unit of acceleration is m s–2. measured in meters per second (m/s) and time is
If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity measured is second (s), unit of acceleration is expressed
increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal as meter per second squared (m/s2).
intervals of time, then the acceleration of the object 2. The equivalent speed of 36 km/h is-
is said to be uniform. (a) 10 m/s (b) 20 m/s
An object can travel with non-uniform acceleration (c) 15 m/s (d) 5 m/s
if its velocity changes at a non-uniform rate. Ans. (a) : To convert 36 km/h to meters per second
Graphical Representation of Motion 5
Graphs provide a convenient method to present (m/s), use the conversion factor
18
basic information about a variety of events and for 5
example, in the telecast of a one-day cricket match, 36 km/h × = 10 m/s
vertical bar graphs show the run rate of a team in 18
each over. So, the equivalent speed is 10 m/s.
NCERT Science 213 YCT
3. The SI unit of speed is 9. If the displacement of an object is (x = Dt2),
(a) meter/second (b) meter/second2 then its acceleration will be
(c) meter (d) second (a) Uniform
Ans. (a) : The SI unit of speed is meters per second (b) Inversely proportional to time
(m/s). This unit expresses how many meters are covered (c) Proportional with time
in one second. (d) All of these
4. What do we measure with an odometer? Ans. (a) : If the displacement x of an object is given by
(a) Speed (b) Distance x = D.t2, where D is a constant and t is time, then:
(c) Force (d) Time 1. Velocity is the first derivative of displacement with
Ans. (b) : We measure distance with an odometer. An respect to time:
odometer is an instrument used to measure the total dx
distance traveled by a vehicle. V= = 2D.t
dt
5. Applying brakes to a moving object changes its 2. Acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect
acceleration-
dV
(a) Zero (b) Positive to time : a = = 2D , which is constant.
(c) Negative (d) None of these dt
Ans. (c) : When we apply brakes to a moving object, Thus, the acceleration is uniform. The correct answer is
we exert a force opposite to its direction of motion. This uniform.
results in a decrease in velocity, which means the 10. Which of the following is the correct value of
acceleration is negative (deceleration). universal gravitational constant (G)?
6. We will get the value of acceleration from the (a) 6.674×10–7 m3 kg–1 s–2
velocity time graph in the given figure. (b) 6.67410–9 m3 kg–1 s–2
(c) 6.674×10–11 m3 kg–1 s–2
(d) 6.67×10–13 m3 kg–1 s–2
Ans. (c) : The correct value of the universal
gravitational constant G is:
6.674×10–11 m3 kg–1 s–2
This constant is used in the law of Newton's law of
(a) Zero (b) Positive
gravitation to quantity the strength of the gravitational
(c) Infinite (d) Negative
force between two masses.
Ans. (a) : To determine the acceleration from a velocity
time-graph, look at the slope of the graph. 11. From the displacement-time graph we get-
• If the slope is zero, the acceleration is zero, which (a) Acceleration (b) Time
means the speed is constant. (c) Distance (d) Move
• If the slope is positive, the acceleration is positive, Ans. (d) : A displacement-time graph shows how the
meaning the speed is increasing. position of an object changes over time. By examining
• If the slope is negative, the acceleration is negative, the graph, we can understand the "move" or the change
meaning the speed is decreasing. in position of the object. Which indicates the motion of
• If the slope is infinite, it would imply an unrealistic the object over the given time period.
scenario with an infinite rate of change in velocity. 12. What is the unit of pressure?
In summary, if the slope of the velocity time graph is (a) N/m (b) N/m2
zero. (c) N/m 3
(d) kg/m2
7. The displacement of the circular path is- Ans. (b) : Pressure is defined as force per unit area. In
(a) One (b) Infinite the international system of units (SI), the unit of force is
(c) Zero (d) None of these the Newton (N) and the unit of area is square meter's
Ans. (c) : The displacement of a circular path is zero. (m2). Therefore, pressure is measured in Newton's per
Displacement is the straight-line distance between the square meter, or N/m2.
starting and ending points for a complete circular path,
13. The unit of gravitational constant (G) is-
the starting and ending points are the same, so the
(a) N.m2 kg–2 (b) Nm–2 kg–2
displacement is zero. 2 2
(c) Nm kg (d) N.mkg
8. The shortest distance between two points is
called- Ans. (a) : The gravitational constant G is used in
(a) Force (b) Motion G.m1m 2
Newton's law of gravitation, which states F = .
(c) Acceleration (d) Displacement r2
Ans. (d) : Displacement is the shortest distance between Here F is force (in Newton's) m1 and m2 are masses (in
two points, measured in a straight line from the initial kilograms), and r is the distance between the centers of
point to the final point and it includes direction. the two masses (in meters).

NCERT Science 214 YCT

 F.r 2 (c) Same on all planets and satellites
Rearranging to solve for G, we get G = . (d) None of these
m1.m 2
Ans. (c) : The value of gravitational constant (G) is
The unit of F is Newtons (N), r is meters (m) and mass same on all planets and satellites. The gravitational
(m) is kilograms (kg). Substituting these units, G has constant (G) is a universal constant with a fixed value of
units of Nm2 kg–2. approximately 6.674×10–11 N m2/kg2. It is fundamental
14. If the mass of a person is 80 kg. What will be constant of nature and remains the same throughout the
his mass of the moon? universe regardless of location.
1
(a) 10 kg (b) kg Chapter-8 Force and Laws of
18
(c) 80 kg (d) 40 kg Motion
Ans. (c) : Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in
an object and does not change regardless of location.
Introduction
Therefore, 80 kg person on earth would still have a A ball on the ground, when given a small hit, does
mass of 80 kg on the moon. However, their weight not move forever and such observations suggest that
would be different due to the moons weaker gravity. rest is the "natural state" of an object and this
remained the belief until Galileo and Isaac Newton
15. If the mass of an object is 20 kg, then what will
developed an entirely different approach to
be its weight on earth?
understand motion.
(a) 8.9 N (b) 9.8 N
(c) 98.0 N (d) 196.0N Balanced and Unbalanced forces :
Ans. (d) : The weight of an object is calculated using The block is pulled from both the sides with equal
the formula: forces, the block will not move and such forces are
Weight = mass × gravitational acceleration called balanced forces the block would begin to
On earth, the gravitational acceleration is approximately move in the direction of the greater force.
9.8 m/s2. For an object with a mass of 20 kg: The two forces are not balanced and the unbalanced
Weight = 20 kg × 9.8 m/s2 = 196.0N force acts in the direction the block movies This
So, the correct answer is 196.0N suggests that an unbalanced force acting on an
object brings it in motion.
16. What is the weight of an object on the moon
compared to its weight on earth? Newton further studied Galileo' ideas on force and
1 motion and presented three fundamental laws that
(a) part (b) 6th part govern the motion of objects.
6
(c) 6 times more (d) no change
First Law of Motion
Ans. (a) : The weight of an object on the moon is less An object remains in state of rest or of uniform
than its weight on earth due to the difference in motion in a straight line unless compelled to change
gravitational acceleration. The moon's gravity is about that state by an applied force.
1 The first law of motion is also known as the law of
1/6th that of earth's. So, weight on moon is part of inertia.
6
weight on earth. Second Law of Motion
17. On what does the value of the gravitational During the game of table tennis if the ball hits a
acceleration of the earth not depend? player it does not hurt him.
(a) Depends on mass Momentum has both direction and magnitude. Its
(b) Does not depend on mass direction is the same as that of velocity, v.
(c) Depends on density The SI unit of momentum is kilogram-metre per
(d) Depends on size second (kg m s–1).
Ans. (b) : The value of g doesn't depend on the mass of Application of an unbalanced force brings a change
the falling body or object because it is not constant. in the velocity of the object, it is therefore clear that
18. From the velocity-time graph gives- a force also produces a change of momentum.
(a) Acceleration (b) Displacement The second law of motion states that the rate of
(c) a and b (d) None of these change of momentum of an object is proportional to
Ans. (c) : From a velocity-time graph, we can the applied unbalanced force in the direction of
determine both acceleration and displacement. force.
Acceleration is given by the slope of the velocity-time Third Law of motion :
graph, while displacement is found by calculating the The third law of motion states that when one object
area under the graph. exerts a force on another object, the second object
19. The value of gravitational constant (G) is- instantaneously exerts of force back on the first and
(a) Different at different places these two forces are always equal in magnitude but
(b) Unequal at every places on the earth opposite in direction.
NCERT Science 215 YCT
 In other words there is a pair of forces and not just Ans. (b) : Inertia is the property of an object to resist
one force, these two opposing forces are also known changes in its state of motion or rest. This means an
as action and reaction forces. object at rest stay at rest, and an object in motion stays
When a gun is fired, it extra is forward force on the in motion with the same speed and direction unless
bullet and the bullet exerts an equal and opposite acted upon by an external force.
force on the gun. 7. Rocket works-
Important Questions (a) On the Principle of conservation of velocity
(b) On the Principle of conservation of mass
1. The definition of force is obtained from which
(c) On the Principle of energy conservation
of Newton's laws?
(d) On the Principle of conservation of momentum
(a) Second (b) Third
(c) First (d) None of these Ans. (d) : Rockets operate based on the principle of
conservation of momentum. When a rocket expels
Ans. (a) : The definition of force is derived from exhaust gases backward, that propels the rocket
Newton's second law of motion. forward. This principle is articulated by Newton's third
Newton's second law of motion states that the force law of motion, which states that for every action, there
applied to an object is equal to the product of the is an equal and opposite reaction.
object's mass and acceleration.
8. SI unit of force is -
• F = m.a (a) m/s2 (b) kgm–s
2. The second law of motion is related to- (c) kgm/s2 (d) m/s
(a) Displacement (b) Momentum Ans. (c) : The SI unit of force is kg m/s2 force is
(c) Acceleration (d) Velocity defined by Newton's second law of motion, f = ma
Ans. (b) : Newton's second law of motion is often (force equal mass time acceleration). The SI unit of
expressed in terms of the change in momentum of an mass is the kilogram (kg), and the SI unit of
object. The law states that the rate of change of acceleration is meters per second squared (m/s2).
momentum of an object is directly proportional to the Therefore, the SI unit of force is kg m/s2, which is also
applied force and occurs in the direction of the force. called a Newton (N).
dp 9. SI unit of momentum is-
F= (a) kg m/s (b) kg m/s2
dt 2 2
dp (c) kg m /s (d) kg.m.s
p is the momentum of the object and is the rate of Ans. (a) : The SI unit of momentum is kg m/s
dt
momentum is defined as the product of mass and
change of momentum.
velocity. The mass is measured in kilograms (kg) and
3. The product of mass and velocity is called the velocity in meters per second (m/s).
(a) Force (b) Displacement 10. Inertia related to which property?
(c) Momentum (d) A and B (a) mass (quantity) (b) force
Ans. (c) : The product of mass and velocity is called (c) speed (d) acceleration
momentum. The SI unit of momentum is kgms–1. Ans. (a) : The property of inertia is related to mass.
4. Force/acceleration is obtained from- Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in
(a) Velocity (b) Mass its state of motion. The more mass an object has the
(c) Momentum (d) Displacement greater its inertia and the more force is required to
Ans. (b) : Force divided by acceleration is obtained change its motion.
from mass according to Newton's second law of motion: 11. Action and reaction forces are applied-
F = m.a (a) on the same object
(b) on two different objects
F
m= (c) does not affect any object
a (d) none of these
5. 1 N is equal to- Ans. (b) : Action and reaction force are always applied
(a) 1g cm/s2 (b) 1 kg cm/s2 on different objects according to Newton's Third Law of
2
(c) 1 kgm/s (d) 1g m/s2 motion for every action, there is an equal and opposite
Ans. (c) : 1 Newton (N) is equal to 1 kg m/s2 by reaction, and these forces occurs between two
definition, 1 Newton is the force required to accelerate a interacting objects.
mass of 1 kilogram at a rate of 1 meter per second 12. If an object has mass (m) and velocity (V), then
squared. its momentum will be-
6. A quality by which an object or body wants to 1
(a) m.v (b) m.v
remain in its state is called 2
(a) Force (b) Inertia 1
(c) Friction (d) Acceleration (c) m.v2 (d) m.v 2
2
NCERT Science 216 YCT
Ans. (b) : Momentum (p) is calculated by multiplying The force between two objects is inversely
an object's mass (m) by its velocity (v). Therefore, the proportional to the square of the distance between
formula for momentum is p = m.v. them, that is,
13. How many laws of motion are there in total? 1
F∝ 2
(a) 1 (b) 3 d
(c) 2 (d) 4 The universal law of gravitation successfully
Ans. (b) : There are three laws of motion, formulated explained several phenomena which where believed
by sir Isaac Newton. to be unconnected :
They are: (i) The force that binds us to the earth;
1. First Law (Law of Inertia): An object will remain at (ii) The motion of the moon around the earth;
rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net (iii) The motion of planets around the Sun; and
external force. (iv) The tides due to the moon and the Sun.
2. Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The force acting When an objects falls towards the earth, an
on an object is equal to the mass of that object times its acceleration is involved, this acceleration is due to
acceleration (F = ma). the earth's gravitational force and this acceleration is
3. Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, called the acceleration due to the gravitational force
there is an equal and opposite reaction. of the earth (or acceleration due to gravity).
14. Frictional force always acts on- The gravitational acceleration is denoted by g and
(a) In the opposite direction the unit of g is the same as that of acceleration, that
(b) In the direction is, m s–2.
(c) In perpendicular direction The second law of motion that force is the product
(d) In the direction of inclination of mass and acceleration.
Ans. (a) : Frictional force always acts in the opposite The magnitude of the gravitation force F will be
direction to the direction of motion or intended motion equal to the product of mass and acceleration due to
of an object. This opposing force resists the relative the gravitational force, that is,
motion between surfaces in contact. F=mg
15. When force is applied on an object its As g is constant near the earth, all the equations for
(a) Acceleration changes the uniformly accelerated motion of objects become
(b) Speed changes valid with acceleration a replaced by g, the equation
(c) Speed does not change are :
(d) a and b v = u + gt
Ans. (d) : When a force is applied to an object, its h = ut + ½ gt2
acceleration changes according to Newton's second law v2 = u2 + 2gh
(F = ma) and since acceleration is the rate of change of We will take acceleration, g to be positive when it is
velocity, the objects speed also changes. in the direction of the velocity, that is, in the
Chapter-9 Gravity direction of motion.
The acceleration, g will be taken as negative when it
Introduction opposes the motion.
The moon falls towards the earth, instead of going The mass of an object is constant and does not
off in a straight line. So it must be attracted by the change from place to place.
earth. But we do not really see the moon falling Weight
towards the earth. Earth attracts every object with a certain force and
The force that causes this acceleration and keeps the this force depends on the mass (m) of the object and
body moving along the circular path is acting the acceleration due to the gravity (g).
towards the centre and this force is called the The weight of an object is the force with which it is
centripetal (meaning 'centre-seeking) force. attracted towards the earth.
In the absence of this force, the stone flies off along We know that
a straight line and this straight line will be a tangent F = m × g.
to the circular path. The force of attraction of the earth on an object is
Gravitational Force known as the weight of the object, it is denoted by
All objects in the universe attract each other and this w.
force of attraction between objects is called the w=m×g
gravitational force. Weight of an object is the force with which it is
According to the universal law of gravitation, the attracted towards the earth, the SI unit of weight is
force between two objects is directly proportional to the same as that of force, that is, Newton (N).
the product of their masses. That is, The weight is a force acting vertically downwards; it
F∝M×m has both magnitude and direction.
NCERT Science 217 YCT
 The mass of the moon is less than that of the earth. Important Questions
Due to this the moon exerts lesser force of attraction 1. If the mass of an object on earth is 30 kg, then
on objects. its weight on the moon will be-
By applying the universal law of gravitation the (a) 5 kg (b) 10 kg
weight of the object on the moon will be (c) 15 kg (d) 30 kg
M ×m Ans. (d) : Given, that mass of object at earth is 30 kg:
Wm = G m 2
Rm mass on the moon = 30 kg
(mass at every phase is same)
Thrust and Presure So, the correct answer is 30 kg
Apply a force on the surface area of the head of the
2. Force (thrust) = pressure x
pin, this force is directed perpendicular to the
(a) Acceleration (b) Area
surface area of the board and this force acts on a
(c) Momentum (d) Displacement
smaller area at the tip of the pin.
Ans. (b) : Thrust is the force exerted by a fluid in
The thrust on unit area is called pressure. Thus,
motion. It is calculated as the product of pressure (the
thrust force per unit area) and the area over which the pressure
Pressure =
area is applied. Hence, Force (thrust) = pressure x area.
The SI unit of thrust and area in we get the SI unit of 3. If the weight of an object on the moon is 6 N,
pressure as N/m2 or N m–2 then its weight on earth will be-
In hour of scientist Blaise Pascal, the SI unit of (a) 36 N (b) 6 N
pressure is called pascal, denoted as Pa. (c) 5 N (d) 11 N
The same force acting on a smaller area exerts a Ans. (a) : The weight of an object is the force exerted
larger pressure, and a smaller pressure on a larger on it due to gravity. The moon's gravity is
area because a nail has a pointed tip, knives have 1  F 
sharp edges and buildings have wide foundations. approximately of earth's gravity  Fm = E  .
6  6 
Pressure in fluids If an object has a weight of 6 N on the moon, its weight
All liquids and gases are fluids. on earth can be calculated by multiplying by 6:
The fluids have weight, and they also exert pressure Weight on earth = 6 N × 6 = 36 N
on the base and walls of the container in which they So the correct answer is 36 N.
are enclosed. 4. Which rule is the floating of an object based?
Pressure exerted in any confined mass of fluid is (a) Gravity
transmitted undiminished in all directions. (b) Buoyancy
Buoyancy (c) Newton's law of motion
(d) None of these
The upward force exerted by the water on the bottle
is known as upthrust or buoyant force act, all objects Ans. (b) : The floating of an object is based on
experience a force of buoyancy when they are Buoyancy. Buoyancy is the force exerted by a fluid
immersed in a fluid. (liquid or gas) that opposes an objects weight. An object
floats if the buoyant force is equal to or greater than the
The magnitude of these buoyant force depends on objects weight. This principle is described by
the density of the fluid. Archimedes principle.
The cork floats while the nail sinks, because of the 5. The value of gravitational acceleration g is-
difference in their densities. (a) 9.8 m/s2 (b) 9 m/s2
2
The density of cork is less than the density of water (c) 9.1 m/s (d) 4.9 m/s2
and this means that the upthrust of water on the cork Ans. (a) : Gravitational acceleration near the earth's
is greater than the weight of the cork. So it floats. surface is approximately 9.8 m/s2. This value represents
The density of a substance is defined as the mass per the rate at which objects accelerates towards the earth
unit volume. due to gravity.
Archimedes' Principle 6. The valve of gravitational constant (G) is:
When a body is immersed fully or partially in a (a) 6.673×1010 Nm2/kg2
fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to (b) 6.673×1011 Nm2/kg2
the weight of the fluid displaced by it. (c) 6.673×1012 Nm2/kg2
Archimedes' principle has many applications, for (d) 6.673×10–11 Nm2/kg2
example designing ships and submarines and Ans. (d) : The valve of the gravitational constant (G) is
lactometers, (which are used to determine the purity 6.673×10–11 Nm2/kg2
of a sample of milk and hydrometers used for 7. Pressure when goes below the Liquid
determining density of liquids) are based on this (a) Decreases (b) Remains the same
principle. (c) Increases (d) None of these
NCERT Science 218 YCT
Ans. (c) : When we goes below the liquid level, the 13. When going below the earth's surface, the
pressure increases. This is because the pressure in a value of 'g' is affected by-
liquid increases with depth due to the weight of the (a) Remains the same (b) Increase
liquid above. So the correct answer is increases. (c) Decrease (d) None of these
8. What is the density of water? Ans. (c) : As you go below the earth's surface, the value
(a) 103 kg/m3 (b) 104 kg/m3 of gravitational acceleration g decreases. This is
5
(c) 10 kg/m 3
(d) 106 kg/m3 because the earth's mass below we contributes to a
Ans. (a) : The relative density of a substance is the ratio decrease in gravitational force as you go deeper and the
of its density to the density of water. Since the density gravitational force inside the earth varies with the
of water is approximately 1000 kg/m3, and the relative distance from the centre.
density of water compared to itself is 1. 14. The weight of a body at the center of the earth
9. The weight of an object inside water is- of radius R is-
(a) Remains the same (b) Increases (a) Is infinite
(c) Decreases (d) a and b (b) Is zero
1
Ans. (c) : The weight of an object inside water (c) times weight on the surface of the earth
decreases. This happens because the object experiences R2
an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the (d) None of these
water it displaces. This buoyant force reduces the Ans. (b) : The weight of a body at the center of the
effective weight of the object when measured in water. earth is zero acceleration due to gravity (g) is zero.
10. If an object takes time 't' to go up, then how Thus, the body experiences zero weight at the centre.
much time will it take to come down from the 15. The force of attraction between two unit
top? masses located at a unit distance is called,
(a) Equal to t (b) Less then t (a) Gravitational field
(c) More than t (d) a and b (b) Universal gravitational constant
Ans. (a) : The time it takes for an object to come down (c) Gravitational potential
from the top is equal to the time it took to go up, (d) Gravitational field
assuming there is no air resistance and the object is only Ans. (b) : The force of attraction between two unit
under the influence of gravity. This is because the masses located at a unit distance is called the universal
motion is symmetric under uniform acceleration due to gravitational constant. It is denoted by G.
gravity.
11. On what principle is the hydrometer based? Chapter-10 Work and Energy
(a) Energy conservation Introduction
(b) Archimedes principle All living beings need food, for several basic
(c) Conservation of momentum activities called life process.
(d) None of these We need energy for other activities like playing,
Ans. (b) : A hydrometer is based on Archimedes signing, reading, writing, thinking, jumping, cycling
principle, which states that a body submerged in a fluid and running.
experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the Energy
fluid displaced by the body. The hydrometer floats in a
liquid and the level to which it sinks indicates the Life is impossible without energy.
density of the liquid. The Sun is the biggest natural source of energy to us
and many of our energy sources are derived from the
12. SI unit of gravitational constant.
Sun.
(a) Nm2kg–2 (b) Nm2kg2
(c) Nm/kg 2
(d) Nm–2/kg2 We can also get energy from the nuclei of atoms, the
interior of the earth, and the tides.
Ans. (a) : The gravitational constant G is used in
The energy possessed by an object is thus measured
Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that
in terms of its capacity of doing work and the unit of
the force F between two masses m1 and m2 separated by
energy is, therefore, the same as that of work, that is,
a distance r is given by:
joule (J).
 Gm1m 2 
F= 2  1 J is the energy required to do 1 joule of work,
 r  which is sometimes as larger unit of energy called
Rearranging this to solve for G: kilo joule (kJ) is used and 1 kJ equals 1000 J.
Fr 2 Kinetic Energy
G= We studied three equations of motion and the
m1m 2
relation connecting the initial velocity (u) and final
Here, F is measured in Newton's (N), r in meters (m) velocity (v) of an object moving with a uniform
and m1 and m2 in kilograms (kg). acceleration a, and the displacement, s is
Thus, the unit of G is Nm2 kg–2. v2 – u2 = 2a s
NCERT Science 219 YCT
 Potential Energy (a) mg2h (b) mg2
The energy gets stored due to the work done on the 1
(c) mgh (d) mg
object and the energy transferred to an object is 2
stored as potential energy if is not used to cause a Ans. (c) : The work done by gravity when an object is
change in the velocity or speed of the object. moved vertically is given by
An object increases its energy when raised through a W = mgh
height, because work is done on it against gravity Where, m is the mass, g is the acceleration due to
while it is being raised and this energy present in gravity and h is the height change.
such an object is the gravitational potential energy. 7. An object of mass 20 kg is at a height of 10m
Law of conservation of energy from the earth's surface, the potential energy of
• Energy can only be converted from one form to that object is (g = 10 m/s2).
another; it can neither be created or destroyed. (a) 1000 J (b) 2000 J
(c) 500 J (d) 1500 J
Important Questions Ans. (b) : The potential energy (PE) of an object is
1. The unit of work is- given by the formula:
(a) Joule (b) Newton meter PE = m.g.h
(c) Watts (d) a and b Where,
Ans. (d) : Work is measured in Joules, and since 1 • m is the mass of the object (20 kg).
Joule is equal to 1 Newton meter, both Joule and • g is the acceleration due to gravity (10 m/s2).
Newton meter are units for work. Watts, is a unit of • h is the height (10 m).
power. Substitute the values in to the formula:
2. The rate of doing work is called- PE = 20kg × 10 m/s2 × 10 m
(a) Heat (b) Energy PE = 2000 J
(c) Temperature (d) Power So, the correct answer is 2000 J.
Ans. (d) : Power measures how quickly work is done or 8. The declared power of a heater is 2000 W. How
energy is transferred. It is defined as the amount of much energy will it use in 20 hours?
work done per unit time. (a) 20 units (b) 30 units
3. 1 watt is equal to- (c) 40 units (d) 60 units
N.m J Ans. (c) : The power of the heater is 2000 watts, which
(a) (b) is equal to 2 kilowatts (kW).
s s
To find the energy used in 20 hours, use the formula:
(c) J×s (d) a and b
Energy = Power × Time
Ans. (d) : A watt (W) is a unit of power and power is Here, Power = 2 kW and Time = 20 hours:
defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is Energy = 2 kW × 20 hours = 40 kWh
transferred. Since 1 unit of electricity is 1 kWh, the energy used is
One watt is equivalent to one joule of energy transferred 40 units.
per second. So, the correct answer is: 40 units.
Thus, 1 watt = 1J/s 9. The formula of kinetic energy is-
1 watt is equal to 1 joule per second (J/s)
1
So, the correct option is: (d) a and b (a) mgh (b) mv 2
4. The unit of power or potency is- 2
(a) Watts 1 3 1
(c) mv (d) mv
(b) Joule/second 3 2
(c) Newton meter/second 1
Ans. (b) : The formula for kinetic energy is mv 2
(d) All of these 2
Ans. (d) : The unit of power are - Where, m is the mass of the object and v is its velocity.
• Watt This formula represents the energy an object due to its
• Joule/second motion.
• Newton meter/second 10. The potential energy of an object on the earth's
So, all of these are unit of Power. surface is-
(a) 1 (b) ∞
5. 1 Unit of electricity means-
(c) 0 (d) mgh
(a) 2 k W/h (b) 1 kWh
Ans. (c) : The potential energy of an object on the
(c) 3.6 kW/h (d) 3 kWh
earth's surface is often considered as zero when taking
Ans. (b) : In the context of electricity consumption, 1 the surface as the reference point. This is because
unit of electricity is equivalent to 1 kilowatt hour potential energy is relative and depends on the choice of
(kWh). Therefore, 1 unit equals 1 kWh. the reference level. If the earth's surface is chosen as the
6. The work done by the force of gravity is equal reference level, the potential energy at that level is
to defined as zero.

NCERT Science 220 YCT

11. An object of mass 15 kg is moving with a Ans. (a) : To calculate the power of the machine, we
uniform velocity of 2 m/s. Then the kinetic use the formula
energy of the object will be. Work
(a) 30 J (b) 45 J Power =
Time
(c) 15 J (d) 50 J Given,
Ans. (a) : The kinetic energy (KE) Work = 400 Joules
1 Time = 8 seconds
KE = mv 2 400 joules
2 Power = = 50 Watts
Given mass (m) = 15 kg and 8seconds
Velocity (v) = 2m/s: Thus, the power of the machine is 50 Watts. Therefore,
1 the correct answer is 50 Watts.
KE = ×15 × (2)2 15. An object or body is falling towards the earth,
2
1 what will be the change in the potential?
KE = ×15 × 4 (a) Will remain the same
2 (b) Will increase
1 (c) Will decrease
KE = × 60
2 (d) Unchanged
KE = 30 J Ans. (c) : As an object or body falls towards the earth
So, the correct answer is 30 J. its potential energy decreases because it is getting closer
12. What type of energy is stored in a keyed to the earth's surface potential energy is directly
proportional to the height of the object above the
watch?
ground. So as the object falls and the height decreases,
(a) Gravitational acceleration the potential energy decrease accordingly.
(b) Potential energy
16. A boy covers a distance of 200 m on a flat road
(c) Strength carrying a bag of mass 5 kg on his back. The
(d) Kinetic energy work done by him will be against the force of
Ans. (b) : The energy stored in a keyed watch is gravity (g = 10 ms2)
potential energy. This energy is stored in the form of (a) Zero (b) 4 J
mechanical energy. When the watch is wound. The (c) 5 J (d) 10 J
winding process compresses a spring or gears, storing Ans. (a) : The work done against the force of gravity is
potential energy that is released gradually to power the given by
watch. work = force × distance × cos(θ),
13. What will be the kinetic energy of a body if its Where, θ is the angle between the force and the
mass is halved and velocity is doubled? direction of motion. Since the boy is moving
(a) Storm (b) Unchanged horizontally and gravity acts vertically,
(c) Triple (d) Double θ = 90º and cos (90º) = 0
Thus, the work done against gravity is:
Ans. (d) : The kinetic energy (KE) of a body given by
work = force of gravity × distance × cos (90º) = 0
1
the formula KE = mv2, where m is the mass and v is So the correct answer is zero.
2 17. What type of unit can we use in place of Joule?
the velocity. If the mass is halved (m/2) and the velocity (a) Watt (b) Newton/meter
is double (2v), the new kinetic energy will be: (c) Newton watt (d) Newton meter
1m Ans. (d) : A joule (J) is defined as the amount of energy
KE new =   ( 2v )
2

2 2  transferred when one Newton of force is applied over a

distance of one meter. Thus, a Joule is equivalent to a
1m 2
KE new =   .4v Newton meter (N.m).
2 2 
1m 2 Chapter-11 Matter in Our
KE new = .4v
2 2 Surroundings
1 
KE new = 2  mv 2  Introduction
 2  Sound is a form of energy which produces a
KEnew = 2.KE sensation of hearing in our ears and there are also
So, the new kinetic energy is doubled. The correct other forms of energy like mechanical energy, light
answer is double. energy etc.
14. A machine completes 400 Joules of work in 8 We can neither create nor destroy energy and we can
seconds what will be the power of the machine? just change it from one form to another.
(a) 50 Watts (b) 25 Watts Producing sound by plucking, scratching, rubbing,
(c) 20 Watts (d) 0 Watts blowing or shaking different objects.
NCERT Science 221 YCT
 Vibration means a kind of rapid to and from motion In other words, that the time taken for one complete
of an object. oscillation is called the time period of the sound
The sound of the human voice is produced due to wave, it is represented by the symbol T. is SI unit is
vibrations in the vocal cords. second (s).
Propagation of Sound Frequency and time period are related as follows :
Sound is produced by vibrating objects and the 1
υ=
matter or substance through which sound is T
transmitted is called a medium and it can be solid, The magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the
liquid or gas. medium on either side of the mean value is called
A wave is a disturbance that moves through a the amplitude of the wave and it is usually
medium when the particles of the medium set represented by the letter A.
neighbouring particles into motion and they in turn The loudness or softness of a sound is determined
produce similar motion in others. basically by its amplitude.
The particles of the medium do not move forward The amplitude of the sound wave depends upon the
themselves, but the disturbance is carried forward. force with which an object is made to vibrate.
Sound waves are characterised by the motion of The quality or timber of sound is that characteristic
particles in the medium and are called mechanical which enables us to distinguish one sound from
waves. another having the same pitch and loudness.
Air is the most common medium through which A sound of single frequency is called a tone.
sound travels. The sound which is produced due to a mixture of
When a vibrating object moves forward, it pushes several frequencies is called a note and is pleasant to
and compresses the air in front of it creating a region of listen to.
high pressure, this region is called a compression (C). Noise is unpleasant to the ear! Music is pleasant to
When the vibrating object moves backwards, it creates hear and is of rich quality.
a region of low pressure called rarefaction (R) The speed of sound is defined as the distance which
Compression is the region of high pressure and a point on a wave, such as a compression or a
rarefaction is the region of low pressure. rarefaction, travels pr unit time.
Pressure is related to the number of particles of a We know,
medium in a given volume. Speed, v = distance / time
More density of the particles in the medium gives λ
=
more pressure and low density of particle in the T
medium gives less pressure. λ is the wavelength of the sound wave. It is the
The propagation of sound can be visualised as distance travelled by the sound wave in one time
propagation of density variations or pressure period (T) of the wave. Thus,
variations in the medium.
 1 
Characteristics of a Sound Wave v = λυ ∵ = v 
 T 
The density as well as the pressure of the medium at
or v = λυ
a given time varies with distance.
That is, speed = wavelength × frequency.
Rarefactions are the regions of low pressure where
The speed of sound remains almost the same for all
particles are spread apart and are represented by the
frequencies in a given medium under the same
valley.
physical conditions.
The distance between two consecutive compressions
The amount of sound energy passing each second
(C) or two consecutive rarefactions (R) is called the
through unit area is called the intensity of sound.
wavelength, the wavelength is usually represented
by λ (Greek letter lambda) and its SI unit is metre Loudness is a measure of the response of the ear to
the sound.
(m).
The change in density from the maximum value to When two sounds are of equal intensity, we may
the minimum value, then again to the maximum hear one as louder than the other simply because our
value, makes one complete oscillation. ear detects it better.
The number of oscillations per unit time is the Sound propagates through a medium at a finite
frequency of the sound wave. speed and the sound of a thunder is heard a little
Frequency of the sound is usually represented by υ later than the flash of light is seen.
(Greek letter, nu) and its SI is hertz (symbol, Hz). Sound travels with a speed which is much less than
The time taken by two consecutive compressions or the speed of light.
rarefactions to cross a fixed point is called the time The speed of sound in a medium depends on
period of the wave. temperature of the medium.
NCERT Science 222 YCT
 The speed of sound decreases when we go from Ultrasonic waves are made to reflect from various
solid to gaseous state. parts of the heart and form the image of the heart,
In any medium as we increase the temperature, the this technique is called 'echocardiography.
speed of sound increases, for example, the speed of The ultrasonic waves travel through the tissues of
sound in air is 331 ms–1 at 0°C and 344 ms–1 at 22 the body and get reflected from a region where there
°C. is a change of tissue density.
The speeds of sound at a particular temperature in The waves are then converted into electrical signals
various media. that are used to generate images of the organ, this
Echo images are then displayed on a monitor or printed on
If we shout or clap near a suitable reflecting object a film and this technique is called 'ultrasonography.
such as a tall building or a mountain, we will hear Ultrasonography is also used for examination of the
the same sound again a little later, this sound which foetus during pregnancy to detect congenial defects
we hear is called an echo. and growth abnormalities.
The speed of sound to be 344 m/s at a given Ultrasound may be employed to break small 'stones'
temperature, say at 22 °C in air, Echoes may be formed in the kidneys into fine grains.
heard more than once due to successive or multiple Important Questions
reflections. 1. Which of the following requires a medium for
The repeated reflection that results in this transmission?
persistence of sound is called reverberation. (a) Sound (b) Electric field
In an auditorium or big hall excessive reverberation (c) Light (d) None of these
is highly undesirable. Ans. (a) : Sound requires a medium (Such as air, water
Use of multiple Reflection of Sound or a solid substance) to travel because it propagates
Megaphones or loudhailers, horns, musical through the vibration of particles in the medium. In
instruments are all designed to send sound in a contrast, electric fields and light do not require a
particular direction without spreading it in all medium, electric fields can exist in a vacuum and light
directions. can travel through empty space.
Stethoscope is a medical instrument used for 2. The speed of sound in vacuum is-
listening to sound produced within the body, mainly (a) More (b) Zero
in the heart or lungs by multiple reflection of sound. (c) Less (d) All of these
Range of Hearing : Ans. (b) : Sound requires a medium (such as air water
or solids) to travel through. In a vaccum, there is no
The audible range of sound for human beings
medium for sound waves to propagate, so the speed of
extends from about 20 Hz to 20000 Hz (one Hz =
sound in a vaccum is zero.
one cycle/s).
3. The unit of intensity of sound is-
Children under the age of five and some animals,
(a) Watt/m2 (b) Watt/m
such as dogs can hear up to 25 kHz (1 kHz = 1000
(c) Decibel (d) a and c
Hz).
Ans. (d) : The unit of intensity of sound is watt/m2,
As people grow older their ears become less
which measures the power per unit area. Decibles (dB)
sensitive to higher frequencies.
measure the relative intensity of sound but are not a unit
Frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic sound of intensity themselves.
or infrasound. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) a and c.
Frequencies higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic 4. Those whose frequency ranges from 20 Hz to
sound or ultrasound. 20000 Hz are called-
Ultrasound is produced by animals such as dolphins, (a) Audible sound (b) Ultrasonic sound
bats, rats and porpoises. (c) Inaudible sound (d) None of these
Applications of Ultrasound Ans. (a) : Sounds with frequencies ranging from 20 Hz
Ultrasounds are high frequency waves and able to to 20,000 Hz are with is the audible range for humans,
travel along well-defined paths even in the presence meaning they can be heard by the human ear.
of obstacles. frequencies below 20Hz are called infra sound and
Ultrasound is generally used to clean parts located in those above 20, 000 Hz are called ultrasound.
hard-to reach places, for example, spiral tube, odd 5. Those whose frequency is less than 20 Hz are
shaped parts, electronic components, etc. called-
Ultrasounds can be used to detect cracks and flaws (a) Audible sound (b) Ultrasound
in metal blocks. (c) Infra sound (d) Note of these
Ultrasonic waves are allowed to pass through the Ans. (c) : Sound frequencies below 20Hz are
metal block and detectors are used to detect the considered as infra sound, which is inaudible to the
transmitted waves. human ear.
NCERT Science 223 YCT
6. Those whose frequency is more than 20 kHz provided a theoretical explanation for the effect in 1905,
(20, 000 Hz) are called. which was crucial for the development of quantum
(a) Audible sound (b) Ultrasonic sound theory.
(c) Infra sound (d) None of these 12. Fine cracks or holes inside metal bodies it is
Ans. (b) : Sounds with a frequency higher than 20 kHz used to detect-
are called ultrasonic sound, which are inaudible to the (a) Audio wave (b) Infrasound wave
human ear. The human hearing range typically lies (c) Ultrasound wave (d) All of the above
between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, So frequencies above Ans. (c) : Ultrasound waves, which are high-frequency
this range cannot be heard and are classified as sound waves, can be used to detect fine cracks or holes
inaudible sounds. inside metal bodies. These waves can penetrate material
7. The velocity of sound (v) is equal to- and reveal internal defects through the changes in the
(a) Frequency (n) × wavelength (λ) waves propagation or reflections.
Frequency 13. In which of the following medium will sound
(b) wave travel faster?
Wavelength
(a) Liquid (b) Gas
Wavelength (c) Solid (d) a and b
(c)
Frequency Ans. (c) : Sound will travel in all medium liquids and
(d) None of these solids. This is because sound requires a medium with
Ans. (a) : The velocity of sound in a medium is given particles to transmit vibrations.
by the equation- In gases, sound travels as well but is less effective
ν = n ×λ compared to liquids and solids.
Where, 14. Which wave do we use in sonar?
n is the frequency of the sound wave and λ is (a) Infra sound wave (b) Audio wave
the wavelength. (c) Radio wave (d) Panasonic wave
8. A sound wave has the following characteristics. Ans. (b) : Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) uses
(a) Frequency (b) Amplitude sound waves, which are a type of audio wave, to detect
(c) Velocity (d) All of these objects under water. These sound waves travel through
Ans. (d) : Frequency- Refers to the number of water and reflect back, enabling navigation and
oscillations or cycles a sound wave completes in one mapping.
second. 15. When we change feeble sound to loud sound we
iVelocity- Refers to the speed at which the sound increase its:-
wave travels through a medium. (a) Amplitude (b) Velocity
• Amplitude: Sound waves are typically represented as (c) Frequency (d) Wavelength
one-dimensional space (eg-spherical waves). Ans. (a) : In the context of sound waves, increasing the
All these characteristics are associated with sound frequency of a sound wave can make it more noticeable
waves. or "stronger" in terms of its pitch. However, increasing
9. The speed of sound as compared to the speed of amplitude would actually increase the volume or
light. loudness, which is a different aspect of sound strength.
(a) More (b) Much slower 16. In transverse waves, the distance between the
(c) Some (d) None of these two nearest crests is-
Ans. (b) : The speed of sound is much slower than the (a) Half-amplitude (b) Half wavelength
speed of light. The speed of sound in air is about 331 (c) Amplitude (d) Wavelength
meters per second, while the speed of light in a vacuum Ans. (d) : In transverse waves, the distance between
is approximately 299, 792, 458 meters per sound. two nearest crests is called the wavelength. Therefore
10. Hertz is the unit of- the correct answer is wavelength.
(a) Energy (b) Power 17. In longitudinal waves the direction of
(c) Wavelength (d) Frequency oscillation in the medium of the particle is-
(a) At an angle of 60° to the direction of wave
Ans. (d) : Hertz (Hz) is the unit of frequency, which
motion
represents the number of cycles per second of a periodic
(b) Parallel to the direction of wave motion
phenomenon. (c) Perpendicular to the direction of wave motion
11. Who discovered the photoelectric effect? (d) Any of these
(a) Albert Einstein Ans. (b) : In longitudinal wave, the direction of
(b) Heinrich Rudolph Hertz oscillation of the particles in the medium is parallel to
(c) J.C. Maxwell the direction of wave motion. This is because is
(d) All of these longitudinal waves, particles of the medium move back
Ans. (b) : The photoelectric effect was first observed by and forth along the same lines as the wave travels,
Heimrich Hertz in 1887. However, Albert Einstein creating compressions and rarefactions.
NCERT Science 224 YCT
 Another way of improving the crop is by introducing
Chapter-12 Improvement in Food a gene that would provide the desired characteristic
Resources and this results in genetically modified crops.
Introduction Cultivation practices and crop yield are related to
weather, soil quality and availability of water and
All living organisms need food and this food weather conditions such as drought and flood
supplies proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and situations are unpredictable, varieties that can be
minerals, all of which we require for body grown in diverse climatic conditions are useful and
development, growth and health. similarly, varieties tolerant to high soil salinity have
Both plants and animals are major sources of food been developed.
for us and we obtain most of this food from In India, as in many other agriculture-based
agriculture and animal husbandry.
countries, farming ranges from small to very large
The green revolution, which contributed to increased farms.
food-grain production.
Nutrient Management :
The white revolution, which has led to better and
more efficient use as well as availability of milk. Nutrients are supplied to plants by air, water and
soil, which are several nutrients and essential for
Improvement in Crop Yields : plants.
Cereals such as wheat, rice, maize, millets and
sorghum provide us carbohydrate for energy Air supplies carbon and oxygen, hydrogen comes
requirement and these pulses like gram (Chana), pea from water, and soil supplies the other thirteen
(matar), black gram (urad), green gram (moong), nutrients to plants.
pigeon pea (arhar), lentil (masoor), provide us with Some are required in large quantities and are
protein. therefore called macro-nutrients and other nutrients
Oil seeds including soyabean, groundnut, seasame are used by plants in small quantities are called
castor, mustard, linseed and sunflower provide us micro-nutrients.
with necessary fats. Deficiency of these nutrients affects physiological
Vegetables, spices and fruits provide a range of processes in plants including reproduction, growth
vitamins and minerals in addition to small amounts and susceptibility to diseases.
of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, In addition to The soil can be enriched by supplying these
these food crops, fodder crops like berseem, oats or nutrients in the form of manure and fertilizers.
sudan grass are raised as food for the livestock.
Different crops require different climate conditions,
Manure
temperature and photoperiods for their growth and Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal
completion of their life cycle. excreta and plant waste and manure helps in
Photoperiods are related to the duration of sunlight. enriching soil with nutrients and organic matter and
increasing soil fertility.
Plants manufacture their food in sunlight by the
process of photosynthesis. Compost and vermi-compost : The process in which
There are some crops which are grown in rainy farm waste material like livestock excreta (cow
season, called the kharif season from the month of dung, etc.).
June to October, and some of the crops are grown in Green manure: Prior to the sowing of the crop seeds,
the winter season, called the rabi season from some plants like sunhemp or guar are grown and
November to April, Paddy, soyabean, pigeon pea, then mulched by ploughing them into the soil.
maize cotton, green gram and black gram are kharif Fertilizers
crops, whereas wheat, gram, peas mustard, linseed
are rabi crops. Fertilizers are commercially produced plant
nutrients and fertilizers supply nitrogen, phosphorus
In India there has been a four times increase in the
and potassium and they are used to ensure good
production of food grains from 1952 to 2010 with
only 25% increase in the cultivable land area. vegetative growth (leaves, branches and flowers),
giving rise to healthy plants.
Crop Variety Improvement
Fertilizers are a factor in the higher yields of high-
Varieties or strains of crops can be selected by
cost farming.
breeding for various useful characteristics such as
disease resistance, response to fertilisers, product Sometimes fertilizers get washed away due to
quality and high yields. excessive irrigation and are not fully absorbed by the
Hybridisation refers to crossing between genetically plants and this excess fertilizer then leads to water
dissimilar plants and this crossing may be pollution.
intervarietal (between different varieties), Continuous use of fertilizers in an area can destroy
interspecific (between two different species of the soil fertility because the organic matter in the soil is
same genus) or intergeneric (between different not replenished and micro-organisms in the soil are
genera). harmed by the fertilizers used.
NCERT Science 225 YCT
 Organic farming is a farming system with minimum Animal Husbandry :
or no use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, Animal husbandry is the scientific management of
pesticides, etc., use of bio-agents such as culture of animal livestock and it includes various aspects such
blue green algae in preparation of biofertilizes, neem as feeding, breeding and disease control.
leaves or turmeric specifically in grain storage as Animal husbandry is animal-based farming includes
bio-esticides. cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and fish farming.
Irrigation Cattle Farming :
Most agriculture in India is rain-fed, that, is the Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes-milk and
success of crops in most areas is dependent on draught labour for agricultural work such as tilling,
timely monsoons and sufficient rainfall spread irrigation and carting.
through most of the growing season and poor
monsoons cause crop failure. Indian cattle belong to two different species, Bos
indicus, cows, and Bos bubalis, buffaloes.
Several different kinds of irrigation systems are
adopted to supply water to agricultural lands Milk producing females are called milch animals
depending on the kinds of water resources available (dairy animals), while the ones used for farm labour
and these include wells, canals and rivers. are called draught animals.
Cropping Patterns Poultry farming
Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl
simultaneously on the same piece of land, for for egg production and chicken meat and therefore,
example, wheat + gram, or wheat + mustard, or improved poultry breeds are developed and farmed
groundnut + sunflower and this reduces risk and to produce layers for eggs and broilers for meat.
gives some insurance against failure of one of the The cross -breeding programmes between Indian
crops. (indigenous, for example, Asseel) and foreign
Crop protection management : (exoitic, for example, Leghorn) breeds for variety
improvement, are focused on to develop new
Weeds are unwanted plants in the cultivated field,
varieties for the following desirable traits–
for example, Xanthium (gokhroo) Parthenium (gajar
ghas), Cyperinus rotundus (motha) and they (i) Number and quality of chicks;
compete for food, space and light and these weeds (ii) dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick
take up nutrients and reduce the growth of the crop. production;
(iii) summer adaptation capacity/tolerance to high
Generally insects pests attack the plants in three
temperature;
ways : (i) they cut the root, stem and leaf, (ii) they
suck the cell sap from various parts of the plant, and (iv) low maintenance requirements;
(iii) they bore into stem and fruits and they thus (v) reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with
affect the health of the crop and reduce yields. ability to utilise more fibrous cheaper diets
formulated using agricultural by-products.
Weeds, insects and diseases can be controlled by
various methods, one of the most commonly used Egg and Broiler production
methods is the use of pesticides, which include Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin-rich
herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. supplementary feed for good growth rate and better
Chemicals are sprayed on crop plants or used for feed efficiency.
treating seeds and soil and excessive use of these Care is taken to avoid mortality and to maintain
chemicals creates problems, since they can be feathering and carcass quality and they are produced
poisonous to many plant and animal species and as broilers and sent to market for meet purposes.
cause environmental pollution. Fish production
Storage losses in agricultural produce can be very Fish is a cheap source of animal protein for our
high, due to factors responsible for such losses are food.
biotic-insects, rodents, fungi, mites and bacteria, and
abiotic inappropriate moisture and temperatures in Fish production includes he finned true fish as well
the place of storage. as shellfish such as prawns and molluscs and there
are two ways of obtaining fish.
The factors cause degradation in quality, loss in
weight, poor germinability, discolouration of (i) One is from natural resources, which is called
produce, all leading to poor marketability and these capture fishing.
factors can be controlled by proper treatment and by (ii) The other way is by fish farming, which is called
systematic management of warehouses. culture fishery.
Preventive and control measures are used before Marine Fisheries
grains are stored for future use and they include Some marine fish of high economic value are also
strict cleaning of the produce before storage, proper farmed in seawater and these are includes finned
drying of the produce first in sunlight and then in fishes like mulles, bhetki, and pearl spots, shellfish
shade, and fumigation using chemicals that can kill such as prawns mussels and oysters as well as
pests. seaweed.
NCERT Science 226 YCT
 Oysters are also cultivated for the pearls they make. Ans. (b) : The white revolution also known as
As marine fish stocks get further depleted, the "Operation flood", was initiated in India to increase
demand for more fish can only be met by such milk production. It transformed India into the world's
culture fisheries, a practice called mariculture. largest milk producer by implementing measures to
Inland Fisheries improve dairy farming practices, infra structure and
market access for farmers. The green revolution focused
Fresh water resources include canals, ponds,
on increasing crop production, while the pink and blue
reservoirs and rivers and brackish water resources,
revolutions are related to meat and fish production,
where seawater and fresh water mix together, such
respectively.
as estuaries and lagoons are also important fish
reservoirs, while capture fishing is also done in such 2. What are the essential elements in the diet for
inland water bodies, the yield is not high. poultry farming?
Most fish production from these resources is through (a) Carbohydrates, fats
aquaculture. (b) Carbohydrates and proteins
(c) Carbohydrate, protein and fat
Fish culture is sometimes done in combination with
(d) Salt and protein
a rice crop, so that fish are grown in the water in the
paddy field and more intensive fish farming can be Ans. (c) : Poultry farming requires a balanced diet that
done in composite fish culture systems and in such a includes carbohydrates, protein and fat to ensure proper
system, a combination of five or six fish species is growth, development and production.
used in a single fishpond and these species are Carbohydrates provide energy, proteins are essential for
selected so that they do not compete for food among growth and tissue repair and fats supply energy and
them having different types of food habits, as a essential fatty acids. Together, these nutrients support
result, the food available in all the parts of the pond the overall health and productivity of the poultry.
is used. 3. Which of the following is suitable for organic
Catlas are surface feeders, Rohus feed in the middle- farming?
zone of the pond, Mrigals and Common Carps are (a) It requires use of chemical fertilizers.
bottom feeders, and Grass Carps feed on the weeds. (b) It involves the use of chemically fertilized
Bee-Keeping organic food a ratio of 50% is ensured.
Honey is widely used and therefore bee keeping for (c) use of chemical fertilizers is prohibited in this
making honey has become an agricultural enterprise (d) All of the above
and since bee-keeping needs low investments, Ans. (c) : Organic farming emphasizes the use of
farmers use it as an additional income generating natural inputs like compost, green manure and
activity. biological pest control instead of synthetic chemical
In addition to honey the behives are a source of wax fertilizers and pesticides. The prohibition of chemical
which is used in various medicinal preparations. fertilizers is a fundamental principle of organic farming
The local varieties of bees used for commercial to maintain health, ecological balance and sustainable
honey production are Apis cerana indica, commonly agriculture.
known as the Indian bee, A.dorsata, the rock bee and 4. Which of the following pairs is not the correct
A. florae, the little bee. pair of Rabi and kharif crops?
An Italian bee variety, A. mellifera, has also been (a) Mustard and pigeon pea
brought in to increase yield of honey and this is the (b) Wheat and paddy
variety commonly used for commercial honey (c) Linseed and maize
production. (d) Urad and soybean
The value or quality of honey depends upon the Ans. (d) : Urad (black gram) is a kharif crop.
pasturage, or the flowers available to the bees for iSoybean is also a kharif crop. Both are kharif crops,
nectar and pollen collection. making this the incorrect pair in the context of one
In addition to adequate quantity of pasturage, the rabi and one kharif crop.
kind of flowers available will determine the taste of 5. Which of the following is a hybrid breed of
the honey. chickens?
Important Questions (a) Basra (b) White leghorn
1. Which plan was brought to increase milk (c) ILS-82 (d) All of the above
production? Ans. (c) : The ILS-82 is a hybrid breed of chicken,
(a) Green Revolution specifically developed for improved egg production.
(b) The white revolution Basra and white leghorn are pure breeds, with the white
(c) Pink revolution leghorn being a well-known breed for high egg
(d) Blue revolution production but not a hybrid.

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6. For what purpose does animal husbandry enough for good grains to be available. People also
done? needs to have the financial means to purchase them.
(A) Agricultural work i Increasing production and proper storage of food
(B) Meat production grains. Adequate production and proper storage of
(C) Dairy products food grains are crucial to ensuring food security. So
(D) All of the above the supply remains steady even during time of crisis.
(a) A and B (b) B and D 11. The fields get from the pulse crop-
(c) A, B and C (d) All of the above (a) Water (b) Phosphate
Ans. (d) : Animal husbandry is practiced for a varity of (c) Nitrate (d) None of these
purposes including agricultural work e.t., using animals Ans. (c) : Pulse, crops, such as beans, lentils and peas
for plowing field meat production, milk production and are known for their ability to fix nitrogen in the soil
egg production. It encompasses the breeding and care of through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria in their
animals for these and other purposes. root nodules. This process enriches the soil with
7. Which of the following species of bee is native nitrates.
to Italy ? 12. Which scheme was implemented to increase
(a) Apis mellifere (b) Apis dorsta fish production?
(c) Apis florey (d) All of these (a) Blue revolution (b) Silver revolution
Ans. (a) : Apis mellifere, commonly known as the (c) Green revolution (d) All
European honeybee, is native to Europe, including Italy. Ans. (a) : The Blue revolution was first launched in
The other species listed-Apis dorsata (the giant honey India as the Nili Kranit mission during the 7th five year
bee) and Apis florey (a misspelling or non-existent plan (1985-1990).
species), are not native of Italy. iFish farmers development agency (FFDA) was
8. State the incorrect statement from the sponsored by the central government.
following options. i The intensive marine fisheries program was
(a) Blue revolution means increasing fish subsequently launched during the 8th five year plan
production. (1992-97).
(b) Silver revolution means egg production 13. Advanced agriculture is related to-
(c) White revolution does not mean milk (a) Organic agriculture
production (b) Enviromental agriculture
(d) None of these (c) Sustainable agriculture
Ans. (c) : The white revolution refers to the significant (d) All
increase in milk production, particularly in India, led by Ans. (d) : Advanced agriculture encompasses various
the national Dairy development Board and the approaches including organic, environmental and
development of dairy cooperatives. Therefore, the sustainable agriculture. Organic agriculture focuses on
statement in incorrect. natural input and processes, environmental agriculture
9. Which is the fish gets its food from the surface emphasizes minimizing environmental impacts and
of the water? sustainable agriculture aims to balance productivity
(a) Common carp (b) Catlas with resource conservation and environmental health.
(c) Mrigal (d) Cry All these methods are considered part of advanced
Ans. (b) : Catlas fish (Scientifically Known as Catla agricultural parches.
Catla) primarily obtains its food from the surface of the 14. The growth of fruits and vegetables is studied
water. This freshwater fish is commonly found is south in-
Asia and is known for its surface-feeding habits. Catlas (a) Horticulture (b) Dairy culture
feeds on plankton , Small insects, and other organic (c) Sericulture (d) Forestry
matter that floats on or near the water's surface. Ans. (a) : Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that
10. Which of the following is necessary to solve the focuses on the cultivation and management of fruits,
food problem of the country? vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms
(a) Easy availability of food grains to the people algae, and non-food crops such as grass and flowers.
(b) People having money to buy food grains 15. Poultry farming is susceptible to which of the
(c) Increasing production and storage of food following pathogens?
grains (a) Bacteria (b) Fungus
(d) All (c) Viruses (d) All of the above
Ans. (d) : To solve the country's food problem, all Ans. (d) : Poultry farming is susceptible to a range of
aspects need to be addressed. pathogens, including bacteria (e.g. Salmonella, E.coli),
i Ensuring easy access to food grains for people. It is Fungi (e.g. Aspergillus) and viruses (e.g., Avian
essential to make sure that everyone has easy access influenza New castle disease). Each type of pathogen
to the necessary amount of food grains. can cause various diseases and impact poultry health
iPeople having the money to buy food grains. It's not and productivity.

NCERT Science 228 YCT

 Class-X
maximum number of atoms. Using these criteria, we
Chemical Reactions select Fe3O4 and the element oxygen in it. There are
Chapter-1 four oxygen atoms on the RHS and only one on the
and Equation LHS.
*
To balance the oxygen atoms-
Chemical Equation Atoms of In reactants In products
Writing a chemical Equation- oxygen
Chemical equations can be made more concise and (i) Initial 1(in H2O) 4 (in Fe3O4)
useful if we use chemical formulae instead of words. (ii) To balance 1×4 4
A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction. To equalize the number of atoms, it must be
If you recall formulae of magnesium, oxygen and remembered that we cannot alter the formulae of the
magnesium oxide, the above word-equation can be compounds or elements involved in the reactions.
written as-
Fe + 4 H 2 O → Fe3O4 + H 2
When magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen it gets
converted to magnesium oxide. (partly balanced equation)
Mg + O2 →MgO Step IV: Fe and H atoms are still not balanced. Pick
The substances that undergo chemical change, any of these elements to proceed further. Let us
magnesium and oxygen, are the reactants. The new balance hydrogen atoms in the partly balanced
substance is magnesium oxide, formed during the equation.
reaction, as a product To equalize the number of H atoms, make the
Count and compare the number of atoms of each number of molecules of hydrogen as four on the
RHS.
element on the LHS and RHS of the arrow. If the
chemical reaction is unbalanced is called skeletal Atoms of In reactants In products
chemical equation for reaction. hydrogen
Balanced Chemical Equations- (i) Initial 8(in 4H2O) 2 (in H2)
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a (ii) To balance 8 2×4
chemical reaction. That is, the total mass of the The equation would be-
elements present in the products of a chemical Fe + 4 H 2O → Fe3O4 + 4 H 2
reaction has to be equal to the total mass of the
elements present in the reactants. (partly balanced equation)
(Zinc+Sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Step V: Examine the above equation and pick up the
Hydrogen) third element which is not balanced you find that
The above word-equation may be represented by the only one element is left to be balanced, that is, iron.
following chemical equation- Atoms of iron In reactants In products
(Zn + H2SO4 →ZnSO4+H2) (i) Initial 1(in Fe) 3 (in Fe3O4)
Let us try to balance the following chemical (ii) To balance 1×3 3
equation- To equalize Fe, we take three atoms of Fe on the
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2 LHS.
Step I: To balance a chemical equation, first draw 3 Fe + 4 H 2 O → Fe3O4 + 4H 2
boxes around each formula.
Step VI: Finally to check the correctness of the
Fe + H 2 O → Fe3O4 + H 2 balanced equation we count atoms of each element
Step II: List the number of atoms of different on both sides of the equation.
elements present in the unbalanced equation. 3Fe+4H2O→Fe3O4+4H2
Element Number of Number of (Balanced equation)
atoms in atoms in The numbers of atoms of elements on both sides of
reactants (LHS) product (RHS) Equation. are equal. This equation is now balanced.
Fe 1 3 This method of balancing chemical equations is
called- hit- and-trial method.
H 2 2 Step VII: Writing symbols of physical States
O 1 4 To make a chemical equation more informative, the
Step III: It is oftern convernient to start balancing physical states of the reactants and products are
with the compound that contains the maximum mentioned along with their chemical formulae. The
number of atoms. It may be a reactant or a product. word aqueous (aq) is written if the reactant or
In that compound, select the element which has the product is present as solution in water.
NCERT Science 229 YCT
 The balanced Equation becomes- In this reaction you can observe that a single
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) →Fe2O4(s) +4H2(g) reactant breaks down to give simpler products. This
Note that the symbol (g) is used with H2O to is a decomposition reaction.
indicate that in this reaction water is used in the When a decomposition reaction is carried out by
form of steam. heating, it is called thermal decomposition.
Types of Chemical Reaction CaCO3 (s)  Heat
→ CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
Chemical reaction atoms of one element do not (Limestone) (Quick lime)
change into those of another element. Nor do atoms
disappear from the mixture or appear from
elsewhere. Actually, chemical reactions involve the
breaking and making of bonds between atoms to
produce new substances.
Combination reaction

These fumes are of nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to

produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) releasing a
large amount of heat.
CaO(s) + H2O(1) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)
Such a reaction in which a single product is formed
from two or more reactants is known as a
combination reaction.
Reactions in which heat is released along with the
formation of products are called exothermic
chemical reactions.
Respiration is a exothermic reaction
For example, rice, potatoes and bread contain
carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are broken
down to form glucose. This glucose combines with
oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy.
The special name of this reaction is respiration.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) → 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(I) +
(Glucose) energy
Displacement Reaction

2FeSO4 (s) 

Heat
→ Fe2 O3 (s) + SO2 (g)
(Ferroussulphate) (Ferricoxide)

NCERT Science 230 YCT

 You will observe that a white substance. which is
insoluble in water, is formed. This insoluble
substance formed is known as a precipitate. Any
reaction that produces a precipitate can be called a
precipitation reaction.
Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + BaCl 2 (aq) ® BaSO 4 + 2NaCl(aq)
(Sodium (Barium (Barium (Sodium
sulphate) chloride) sulphate) schloride)
Oxidation and reduction

Why does the iron nail become brownish in colour

and the blue colour of copper sulphate solution
fades?
The surface of copper powder becomes coated with
The following chemical reaction takes place in this
black copper(II) oxide. Why has this black substance
activity-
formed?
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s) This is because oxygen is added to copper and
(Copper sulphate) (Ironsulphate) copper oxide is formed.
In this reaction iron has displaced or removed 2Cu + O 2 
Heat
→ 2CuO
another element copper, from copper sulphate If hydrogen gas is passed over this heated material
solution. This reaction is known as displacement (CuO), the black coating on the surface turns brown
reaction.
as the reverse reaction takes place and copper is
Examples of displacement reactiona are
obtained.
Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) ® ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
CuO + H 2  Heat
→ Cu + H 2 O
(Copper sulphate) (Zinc sulphate )
If a substance gains oxygen during a reaction, it is
Pb(s) + CuCl 2 (aq) ® PbCl 2 (aq) + Cu(s) said to be oxidized. If a substance loses oxygen
(Copper chloride) (Lead chloride) during a reaction, it is said to be reduced.
Zinc and lead are more reactive elements than Oxidation
copper. They displace copper from its compounds.
Double displacement Reaction
Heat
CuO + H2 Cu+H2O

Reduction
Some other examples of redox reactions are:
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
MnO2 + 4HCl →MnCl2 +2H2O +Cl2
The effects of oxidation reactions in
everyday life?
Corrosion
You must have observed the iron articles are shiny
when new, but get coated with a reddish brown
powder when left for some time. This process is
commonly known as rusting of iron.
NCERT Science 231 YCT
 When a metal is attacked by substances around it This process releases energy in the form of heat, making
such as moisture, acids, etc, it is said to corrode and it an exothermic reaction. As a result the temperature of
this process is called corrosion. The black coating on the solution increases.
silver and the green coating on copper are other 6. The substance used to prevent fatty foods from
examples of corrosion. rotting is-
Rancidity (a) Catalyst (b) Enzyme
When fats and oils are oxidized, they become rancid (c) Antioxidant (d) None of these
and their smell and taste change. Usually substances Ans. (c) : Antioxidant are substances that prevent or
which prevent oxidation (antioxidants) are added to slow the oxidation of other molecules, which can help
foods containing fats and oil. in preventing the spoilage of fatty foods.
Important Questions 7. What type of reaction is digestion of food?
1. The lowest temperature at which a substance (a) Neutralization (b) Oxidation
starts burning is called - (c) Electrolysis (d) Reduction
(a) Critical (b) Ignition Ans. (b) : The digestion of food is primarily a type of
(c) Melting point (d) Boiling point chemical reaction known as oxidation.
Ans. (b) : The ignition temperature is the lowest • During oxidation, complex molecules in food are
temperature at which a substance fire and begins to broken down into simpler molecules, often involving
burn. It is crucial for understanding fire hazards and the transfer of electrons, which is characteristic of
safety measures. oxidation reactions.
2. Balancing a chemical equation is based on – 8. The substance that burns without flame is –
(a) Newton's principle (a) Kerosene (b) Candle
(b) Principle of indestructibility of mass (c) Coal (d) Methane gas
(c) Law of velocity Ans. (c) : Coal or charcoal is a solid fuel which does
(d) Principle of active energy not vaporize on heating.
Ans. (b) : Balancing a chemical equation ensures that So, charcoal or coal only glows on combustions. It does
the mass of reactants equals the mass of products not burn by producing a flame.
adhering to the principle of indestructibility of mass, 9. What type of reaction is respiration?
which states that mass can not be created or destroyed. (a) Exothermic reaction
3. When water is electrolysed the mole ratio of (b) Combination reaction
hydrogen and oxygen gases is – (c) Dissociation reaction
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 (d) Exothermic reaction
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1 Ans. (d) : Respiration is a biochemical process that
Ans. (d) : During water electrolysis, two moles of occurs in living cells to convert glucose and oxygen into
hydrogen (H2) and one mole of oxygen (O2) are energy, CO2 and water.
produced from two moles of water (H2O) resulting in a C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
2 : 1 mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. • Since respiration releases energy, it is classified as an
4. Burning of liquefied petroleum gas is which exothermic reaction.
type of reaction? 10. Petroleum gas is not a mixture of which of the
(a) Synthesis (b) Combustion following?
(c) Decomposition (d) Subtraction (a) Propane (b) Ethane
Ans. (b) : Burning liquefied petroleum gas is a (c) Various hydrocarbons (d) Butane
combustion reaction, where LPG reacts with oxygen to Ans. (c) : Petroleum gas, also known as liquefied
produce CO2, water and energy in the form of heat and petroleum gas (LPG), is a mixture of various
light. hydrocarbons, including propane and butane.
• The general form of combustion reaction for a Sometimes, it may also contain small amounts of other
hydrocarbon like propane is hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane - butane
C3H8 + 5O2  → 3 CO2+ 4H2O + Heat blends, depending on the source and refining process.
5. An example of exothermic reaction is – 11. The following reaction is an example of which
(a) Evaporation of water type of reaction?
(b) Diluting the acid with water 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
(c) Sublimation of Nausadar (i) Combination reaction
(d) None of these (ii) Replacement reaction
Ans. (b) : When an acid is diluted with water the (iii) Neutralization reaction
process involves the breaking of strong bonds between (iv) Redox reaction
the acid molecules and the formation of new bonds (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iv)
between the acid and water molecules. (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
NCERT Science 232 YCT
Ans. (a) : 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) Ans. (c) : Oxygen is a classic oxidizing agent because it
is a redox reaction, where nitrogen and oxygen change readily accepts electrons from other substances. In
their oxidation states it is also a combination reaction many chemical reactions, oxygen gains electrons (is
because ammonia and oxygen combine to form nitrogen reduced) while the other substance loses electrons (is
monoxide and water. oxidized).
12. On exposure of silver chloride in the presence 16. Which of the following are combination
of sunlight if turns gray because- reactions?
(a) Due to sublimation of silver chloride (i) Zn + FeSo4  → ZnSo4 + Fe
(b) Due to the formation of silver on the (ii) 4Al + 3O2  → 2Al2O3
decomposition of silver chloride (iii) 2Kcl O3  Heat
→ 2kcl + 3O2
(c) Due to oxidation of silver chloride (iv) MgO + H2O  → Mg (OH)2
(d) Due to the disintegration of silver chloride (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
into chlorine gas (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Ans. (b) : When silver chloride (AgCl) is exposed to
Ans. (b) : 4Al + 3O2  → 2Al2O3
sunlight, it undergoes a photochemical reaction where it
This is a combination reaction because aluminum and
decomposes into silver (Ag) and chlorine gas (Cl2).
oxygen combine to form aluminum oxide.
2AgCl →sunlight
2Ag + Cl2 MgO + H2O  → Mg (OH)2
• The overall result is that the initially white silver This is a combination reaction because magnesium
chloride turns gray as the silver particles become oxide and water combine to form magnesium
visible. hydroxide.
13. A dilute solution of ferrum sulphate was slowly Zn + FeSO4  → ZnSO4 + Fe
added to a beaker containing acidic This is a single displacement reaction.
permanganate solution. The light purple 2KCl O3  → 2KCl + 3O2
colored solution weakens and eventually the This is a decomposition reaction.
color disappears, which of the following 17. Which material is used in making photographic
statements is the above observation correct? plates?
(a) FeSO4 is an oxidising agent and oxidizes (a) Ag2O (b) Ag
KMnO4
(c) AgNO3 (d) AgBr
(b) KMnO4 is a temporary compound and
decomposes into a colorless compound in the Ans. (d) : Silver bromide (AgBr) is used in
presence of FeSo4 photographic plates because it is sensitive to light.
When exposed to light, AgBr undergoes a chemical
(c) KMnO4 is an oxidizing agent and it oxidizes
reaction that forms a latent image. During development,
FeSO4
the exposed AgBr is reduced to metallic silver, creating
(d) Color disappears due to dilution, no reaction
a visible image. Unexposed AgBr is then removed with
takes place
a fixer to make the image permanent.
Ans. (c) : In this reaction, potassium permanganate
(KMnO4) acts as an oxidizing agent and ferrum sulfate Chapter-2 Acid, Base and Salts
(FeSO4) acts as a reducing agent. The permanganate ion
( MnO−4 ) is reduced from its +7 oxidation state to a
colorless Mn+2 ion, while the Fe+2 ion in FeSO4 is
oxidized to Fe+3. This results in the disappearance of the
purple color of the KMnO4 solution.
14. Which of the following gases is used to keep oil
samples fresh for a long time?
(a) Nitrogen or oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide or oxygen
(c) Nitrogen or Helium
(d) Carbon dioxide or helium
Ans. (c) : Both helium and nitrogen are inert gases and The sour and bitter tastes of food are due to acids
are commonly used to keep oil samples fresh by and bases, respectively, present in them.
preventing oxidation and other reactions that could Acids are sour in taste and change the colour of blue
degrade the oil. litmus to red, whereas, bases are bitter and change
15. Which of the following is an oxidant? the colour of the red litmus to blue.
(a) H2 (b) Co Litmus is a natural indicator, turmeric is another
(c) O2 (d) H2S such indicator.
NCERT Science 233 YCT
 Litmus solution is a purple dye, which is extracted CaCO 3 (s) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) → Ca(HCO 3 )2 (aq)
from lichen and is commonly used as an indicator.
(Soluble in water)
When the litmus solution is neither acidic or basic,
its colour is purple. Limestone, chalk and marble are different forms of
There are some substance whose odour changes in calcium carbonate. All metal carbonates and
acidic or basic media. These are called olfactory hydrogen carbonates react with acids to give a
indicators. corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water.
Thus the reaction can be summarized as-
Metal carbonate/metal hydrogen carbonate +
Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
How do Acids and Bases React with each other?
The reaction between an acid and a base to give a
salt and water is known as a neutralization reaction.
In general a neutralization reaction can be written
as-
NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Base + Acid → Salt + Water
Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids-
The general reaction between a metal oxide and an
acid can be written as-
Metal oxide + Acid → Salt +Water
Note that the metal in the above reactions displaces Now write and balance the equation for the above
hydrogen atoms from the acids as hydrogen gas and reaction. Since metallic oxides react with acids to
forms a compound called a salt. Thus, the reaction give salts and water, similar to the reaction of a base
of a metal with an acid can be summarized as- with an acid, metallic oxides are said to be basic
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas oxides.
The reaction that takes place can be written as Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base-
follows. Calcium hydroxide, which is a base reacts with
carbon dioxide to produce a salt and water. Since
2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) → Na 2 ZnO2 (s) + H 2 (g) this is similar to the reaction between a base and an
(Sodium zincate) acid, we can conclude that non metallic oxides are
acidic in nature.
What do all acids and all bases have in common-
Fix two nails on a cork, and place the cork in a 100
mL beaker.
Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6 volt
battery through a bulb and a switch.
Now pour, some dilute HCl in the beaker and switch
on the current.
Repeat with dilute sulphuric acid.
What do you observe?
Repeat the experiment separately with glucose and
alcohol solutions. What do you observe now?
Does the bulb glow in all cases?

The reactions occurring in the above

Test tube A : Na2CO3(s) +2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) +
H2O(1) + CO2 (g)
Test tube B: NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +
H2O(1) + CO2(g)
On passing the carbon dioxide gas evolved through
lime water.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) → CaCO 3 (s) + H 2 O(l)
(Lime water) (White precipitate)
On passing excess carbon dioxide the following
reaction takes place:

NCERT Science 234 YCT

 The bulb will start glowing in the case of acids, but How strong are acid or base solutions?
you will observe that glucose and alcohol solutions A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in
do not conduct electricity. Glowing of the bulb a solution, called pH scale. The p in pH stands for
indicates that there is a flow of electric current 'potenz' in German, meaning power.
through the solution. The electric current is carried On the pH scale we can measure pH generally from
through the acidic solution by ions. 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline). pH should be
Acids contain H+ ion as cation and anion such as Cl thought of simply as a number which indicates the
in HCl. NO3− in HNO3, SO 24− in H2SO4, CH3COO– in acidic or basic nature of a solution.
CH3COOH. Since the cation present in solution,
which are responsible for their acidic properties.
What Happens to an Acid or a Base in a Water
Solution?
Take about 1g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test
tube and set up the apparatus.
Add some concentrated sulphuric acid to the test
tube.
What do you observe? Is there a gas coming out of
the delivery tube?
Test the gas evolved successively with dry and wet
blue litmus paper.
In which case does the litmus paper change colour?
On the basis of the above Activity, what do you
infer about the acidic character of: pH of some common substances shown on a pH
(i) dry HCl gas paper (colours are only a rough guide)
(ii) HCl solution? The strength of acids and bases depends on the
number of H+ ions and OH– ions produced,
respectively.
Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be
strong acids, and acids that give less H+ ions are said
to be weak acids.
Importance of pH in Everyday Life
Are plants and animals pH sensitive?
Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.
When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called
acid rain.
When acid rain flows into the rivers, it lowers the
pH of the river water. The survival of aquatic life in
such rivers becomes difficult.
Acids in other planets
Preparation of HCl gas
This experiment suggests that hydrogen ions in HCl The atmosphere of Venus is made up of thick
are produced in the presence of water. The white and yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid.
separation of H+ ion from HCL molecules cannot pH in our digestive system-
occur in the absence of water.
It is very interesting to note that our stomach
HCl + H2O → H3O++ Cl–
produces hydrochloric acid. It helps in the digestion
Thus hydrogen ions must always be shown as
H+(aq) or hydronium ion (H3O+). of food without harming the stomach.
H++H2O → H3O+ pH change as the cause of tooth decay-
We have seen that acids give H3O+ or H+(aq) ion in Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is
water. Let us see what happens when a base is lower than 5.5. Tooth enamel, made up of calcium
dissolved in water. hydroxyapatite (a crystalline form of calcium
NaOH(s)  N 2O
→ Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) phosphate) is the hardest substance in the body.
Self defence by animals and plants through
KOH(s) 
H 2O
→ K + (aq) + OH - (aq) chemical warfare-
Mg(OH)2 (s)  H 2O
→ Mg 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Bee-sting leaves an acid which causes pain and
Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. irritation. Use of a mild base like baking soda on the
The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water stung area gives relief. Stinging hair of nettle leaves
is a highly exothermic one. inject methanoic acid causing burning pain.
NCERT Science 235 YCT
 Nature provides neutralization options Bleaching powder
Nettle is a herbaceous plant which grows in the Chlorine is produced during the electrolysis of
wild. Its leaves have stinging hair, which cause aqueous sodium chloride (brine). This chlorine gas
painful stings when touched accidentally. This is is used for the manufacture of bleaching powder.
due to the methanoic acid secreted by them. Bleaching powder is produced by the action of
Natural Acid Natural Acid chlorine on dry slaked lime [Ca(OH)2].
source source Bleaching powder is represented as CaOCl2,
Vinegar Acetic Sour milk Lactic through the actual composition is quite complex.
acid (Curd) acid Ca(OH)2+Cl2→CaOCl2+H2O
Orange Citric Lemon Citric Bleaching powder is used
acid acid For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile
Tamarind Tartaric Ant sting Methanoic
industry, for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories
acid acid
and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry.
Tomato Oxalic Nettle Methanoic
As an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries.
acid sting acid
To make drinking water free from germs.
pH of Salts
Baking Soda
Salts of a strong acid and a strong base are neutral
with pH value of 7. On the other hand, salts of a The baking soda is commonly used in the kitchen
strong acid and weak base are acidic with pH value for making tasty crispy pakoras. etc.
less than 7 and those of a strong base and weak acid The chemical name of the compound is sodium
are basic in nature, with pH value more than 7. hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO). It is produced using
Chemicals from common salt produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw
The combination of hydrochloric acid and sodium materials.
hydroxide solution is called sodium chloride. This is NaCl+H2O+CO2+NH3 NH4Cl+NaHCO3
the salt that your use in food.
(Ammonium (Sodium
Seawater contains many salts dissolved in it. Sodium chloride) hydrogencarbonate
chloride is separated from these salts. Deposits of
solid salt are also found in several parts of the world. Uses of Baking Soda
These large crystals are often brown due to For making baking powder, which is a mixture of
impurities. baking soda sodium hydrogen carbonate and a
This is called rock salt. mild edible acid such as tartaric acid.
Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydrogen carbonate is also an ingredient
When electricity is passed through an aqueous in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralizes excess
solution of sodium chloride (called brine) it acid in the stomach and provides relief.
decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
The process is called the chlor-alkali process
because of the products formed-chlor for chlorine Washing soda
and alkali for sodium hydroxide. Chemical that can be obtained from sodium chloride
2NaCl(aq)+2H2O(l)→2NaOH(aq)+Cl2(g) +H2(g) is Na2CO3.10H2O (washing soda). It is also a basic
Chlorine gas is given off at the anode and hydrogen salt.
→

gas at the cathode sodium hydroxide solution is Na 2CO 3 + 10H 2O Na 2CO3 .10H 2O
formed near the cathode. (Sodium
carbonate)

Uses of washing soda

Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass,
soap and paper industries.
It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds
such as borax.
Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning
agent for domestic purposes.
It is used for removing permanent hardness of
water.
NCERT Science 236 YCT
 4. Which of the following is an example of ash?
(a) KOH (b) H3PO4
(c) H2S (d) HNO3
Ans. (a) : KOH (Potassium hydroxide) is an example of
ash. It is a basic compound that can be formed from the
ash of potassium - containing substances.
5. The name of the acid found in human stomach
is?
(a) HI (b) HNO3
(c) HCl (d) HBr
Ans. (c) : HCl is a strong acid produced by the
stomach's lining cells.
• HCl is secreted by particle cells which are located in
the gastric glands of the stomach lining.
6. Which acid is used in battery?
(a) Conc. HCl (b) Conc. H2SO4
(c) Conc. HNO3 (d) None of these
Copper sulphate crystals which seen to be dry contain Ans. (b) : In lead-acid batteries, concentrated sulfuric
water of crystallization. When we heat the crystals, this
acid (H2SO4) acts as the electrolyte. It enables the
water is removed and the salt turns white.
chemical reactions between the lead plates and the acid
Chemical formula for hydrate copper sulphate is Cu
to generate electrical energy. This electrolyte facilitates
SO4 5H2O.
the flow of ions, which is essential for the battery's
Plaster of Paris operation and energy storage.
On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses water
molecules and becomes calcium sulphate 7. pH is defined as which of the following?
(a) log [OH–] (b) –log [OH–]
 1  +
(c) log [H ] (d) –log [H+]
hemihydrates  CaSO 4 . H 2O  . This called plaster
 2  Ans. (d) : pH is measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a
of Paris. solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the
1 1
CaSO 4 . H 2 O + 1 H 2O → CaSO 4 .2H 2 O hydrogen ion concentration, [H+] in a solution.
2 2 • Mathematically, this is expressed as:
(Plaster of paris) (Gypsum) pH = –log [H+].
Important Questions 8. Which acid is found in vinegar?
1. Water soluble ash is called- (a) Acetic acid (b) Tartaric acid
(a) Acid (b) Alkali (c) Formic acid (d) Citric acid
(c) Salts (d) Name of these Ans. (a) : Vinegar is primarily composed of acetic acid
Ans. (b) : Ash soluble water is called alkali. (CH3COOH) and water.
Alkalis are those substances which are soluble in water. During the fermentation process, sugars are converted
If any alkali is mixed in water, its pH value will become into ethanol by yeast and then bacteria convert the
more than 7. ethanol into acetic, resulting in vinegar.
Bases combine with acids to form salts and water.
9. Which of the following is acidic in nature?
2. Which of the following is an example of a salt? (a) Antacid (b) Lime-water
(a) MgCl2 (b) Ca(OH)2 (c) Human body (d) Lime-juice
(c) NaOH (d) HCl
Ans. (d) : Lemon juice is made up of 2 acids: citric acid
Ans. (a) : MgCl2 is an example of a salt. Salts are and malic acid about 5-8% citric acid and vitamin C are
typically formed by the reaction of an acid with a base
present in the juice.
and MgCl2 fits this definition as it results from the
neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) • Lemon have a high acidity level. The pH of lemon
and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). juice is around 2.0 and ranges from 2 to 3.
3. Which of the following is an example of an 10. The name of the acid found in tamarind is?
acid? (a) Tartaric acid (b) Oxalic acid
(a) KOH (b) H3PO4 (c) Citric (d) Lactic acid
(c) Mg(OH)2 (d) C4O Ans. (a) : Tamarind primarily contains tartaric acid,
Ans. (b) : H3PO4, or phosphoric acid, is an acid because which gives it distinct sour taste. Tartaric acid is a
it can denote protons in a chemical reaction. naturally occurring organic acid commonly found in
KOH and Mg(OH)2 are bases because they can accept tamarinds and grapes, while tamarind also contains
protons or produce hydroxide ions (OH–). C4O does not other acids like citric acid and malic acid, tartaric acid is
fit the typical structure of an acid or base. the most prevalent.

NCERT Science 237 YCT

11. Hydrogen ion increases as the pH value of a Ans. (a) : If a solution turns blue litmus to red, its pH is
solution increases concentration of [H+]- likely to be 6.
(a) Decreases (b) Increases When blue paper turns red in acid, then the pH is less
(c) There is no change (d) None of these than 7.
Ans. (a) : pH is measure of the acidity or basicity of a When red paper turns blue in the base, then the pH is
solution and it is defined as the negative logarithm of more than 7.
the hydrogen ion concentration.
17. A solution turns red litmus blue. Its pH value is
pH = –log [H+]if the concentration of hydrogen ion
increases, the pH value decreases, indicating a more probably
acidic solution. (a) 2 (b) 5
Therefore, as pH increases, indicating a less acidic or (c) 6 (d) 11
more basic solution the concentration of hydrogen ion Ans. (d) : A solution that turns red litmus paper blue is
decreases. basic (alkaline).
12. The value of hydrogen ion or [H+] in neutral The pH scale ranges from 1 to 14, where value above 7
solution is? indicate a basic solution. Among the given options, the
(a) 10–11M (b) 10–8M pH value of 11 is basic.
–7
(c) 10 M (d) 10–10M
18. Which of the following is arranged in
Ans. (c) : In a neutral solution, the concentration of
increasing order of acidic strength?
hydrogen ions [H+] is equal to the concentration of
hydroxide ions [OH–]. At 25ºC, the product of [H+] and (a) Water<HCl<Acetic acid
[OH–] is constant and equal to 1×10–14 for a neutral (b) Acetic acid<water<HCl
solution. (c) HCl<water<Acetic acid
[H+] = [OH–] (d) Water<Acetic Acid<HCl
So: Ans. (d) : Increasing order of acidic strength are
[H+] × [OH–] = 1 × 10–14 Water<Acetic Acid<HCl
[H+] × [H+] = 10×10–14
19. Which statements are correct for aqueous
[H+]2 = 1 × 10–14
solution of an acid and a base?
[H+] = 1× 10−14 = 1 × 10–7m (i) The higher the pH, the weaker the acid
13. Which of the following is not an olfactory (ii) The lower the pH, the weaker the base
indicator? (iii) The higher the pH, the stronger the acid
(a) Onion (b) Vanilla (iv) The lower the pH, the stronger the base
(c) Clove (d) Phenolphthalein (a) (i) and (iii)
Ans. (d) : Phenolphthalein is not an olfactory indicator. (b) (i) and (ii)
It is a chemical indicator used in titrations to indicate
pH of a solution. (c) (ii) and (iii)
Onion, vanilla and clove are associated with specific (d) (ii) and (iv)
smell. Ans. (b) : On a pH scale acidity ranges from 1 to 7 and
14. There is a stinging pain when the leaves of the it increases by moving down from 7 to 1 while basicity
nettle plant are touched. What type of acid ranges from 7 to 14 which increases by moving up from
secretion causes this pain? 7 to 14.
(a) Citric Acid (b) Oxalic Acid So, higher the pH value weak is the acid while higher
(c) Methanoic Acid (d) Tartaric acid the pH value for a base means stronger the base.
Ans. (c) : The stinging pain caused by touching nettle
leaves is primarily due to the presence of methanoic Chapter-3 Metals and Non-metals
acid (Formic Acid).
15. To prevent tooth decay, it is recommended to Elements can be classified as metals or non-metals
brush teeth regularly what is the nature of on the basis of their properties.
commonly used toothpaste? Physical Properties
(a) Corrosive (b) Alkaline Metals
(c) Acidic (d) Indifferent
The samples of following metals-iron, copper,
Ans. (b) : The nature of commonly used toothpaste is
aluminium, magnesium, sodium, lead, zinc and any
typically alkaline. Most toothpastes have a slightly
alkaline pH to help neutralize acids in the mouth and other metals that is easily available.
reduce the risk of tooth decay. Metals, in their pure state, have a shining surface.
16. The pH value of the solution which changes This property is called metallic luster. The hardness
blue litmus to red color can be– varies from metal to metal.
(a) 6 (b) 8 Metals can be beaten into thin sheets. This property
(c) 10 (d) 9 is called malleability.
NCERT Science 238 YCT
 The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wires is Metals react with Acids
called ductility. Gold is the most ductile metal. Metals react with acid to give a salt and hydrogen
Their malleability and ductility that metals can be gas.
given different shapes according to our needs. Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts
Metals are good conductors of heat and have high with nitric acid. It is because HNO3 is strong
melting points. oxidizing agent. It oxidizes the H2 produced to water
The best conductors of heat are silver and copper. and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides
Lead and mercury are comparatively poor (N2O, NO, NO2). But magnesium (Mg) and
conductors of heat. manganese (Mn) react with very dilute HNO3 to
That metals that produce a sound on striking a hard evolve H2 gas.
surface are said to be sonorous. Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals
Non-metals from their compounds in solution or molten form.
Some of the examples of non-metals are carbon, It is simple and easy if metal A displaces metal B
sulphur, iodine, oxygen, hydrogen, etc. from its solution, It is more reactive than B.
The non-metals are either solids or gases except Metal A + Salt solution of B → Salt solution of A
bromine which is a liquid. + Metal B
Most non-metals produce acidic oxides when
dissolve in water.
Chemicals Properties of Metals
Metal react with air
Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form
metal oxides.
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Metal oxides are basic in nature.
Some metal oxides, such as aluminium oxide, zinc
oxide show both acidic as well basic behavior
known as amphoteric oxides.
Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but some
of these dissolve in water to form alkalis. The Reactive Series
Na2O(s)+ H2O (l) → 2 NaOH(aq.) The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in
Reaction of Metals with Water the order their decreasing activities.
Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide Table of Relative reactivities of metals-
and hydrogen gas. K Potassium Most reactive
Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen Na Sodium
Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide Ca Calcium
Metals like potassium and sodium react violently Mg Magnesium
with cold water. Al Aluminium
2K(s) + 2H2O(l)→2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
Zn Zinc Reactivity
2Na(s) + 2H2O (l) →2NaOH(aq) +H2(g)+ heat energy
decreases
The reaction of calcium with water is less violent.
Fe Iron
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)→ Ca(OH)2(aq)+ H2(g)
Pb Lead
Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of
[H] [Hydrogen]
hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the
metal. Cu Copper
Magnesium does not react with cold water. It reacts Hg Mercury
with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and Ag Silver
hydrogen. Au Gold Least reactive

NCERT Science 239 YCT

 Reactivity of Metals and Non Metals
Table Electronic Configurations of Some Elements
Type of Element Atomic number Number of electrons in shells
element K L M N
Noble gases Helium (He) 2 2
Neon (Ne) 10 2 8
Argon (Ar) 18 2 8 8

Metals Sodium (Na) 11 2 8 1

Magnesium (Mg) 12 2 8 2
Aluminium (Al) 13 2 8 3
Potasium (K) 19 2 8 8 1
Calcium (Ca) 20 2 8 8 2
None-metals Nitrogen (N) 7 2 5
Oxygen (O) 8 2 6
Fluorine (F) 9 2 7
Phosphorus (P) 15 2 8 5
Sulphur (S) 16 2 8 6
Chlorine (Cl) 17 2 8 7
Nobel gases, which have completely filled valance
shell, show little chemical activity.
If sodium and chlorine were to react, the electron
lost by sodium could be taken up by chlorine. After
gaining an electron, the chlorine atom gets a unit
negative charge, because its nucleus has 17 protons
and there are 18 electrons in its K, L and M shells.

Na Na+ + e-
2,8,1 2,8
(Sodium cation) Table : Melting and boiling points of
Cl + e- Cl- some ionic compounds
2,8,7 2,8,8 Ionic Melting point Boiling
(Chloride anion) compound (K) point (K)
NaCl 1074 1686
×× ×× — LiCl 887 1600
Na + Cl × (Na+) Cl × CaCl2 1045 1900
× × × ×
×× ×× CaO 2850 3120
MgCl2 981 1685
Sodium and chloride lons, being oppositely charged,
attract each other and are held by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction to exist as sodium
chloride (NaCl).
The compounds formed in this manner by the
transfer of electrons from a metal to non-metal are
known as ionic compounds or electrovalent
compounds.
Properties of lonic compounds
To learn about the properties of ionic compounds,
let us perform the following Activity:
NCERT Science 240 YCT
 General properties for ionic compounds
• Physical nature: Ionic compounds are solids and are
somewhat hard because of the strong force of
attraction between the positive and negative
ions.
• Melting and boiling points: Ionic compounds have
high melting and boiling points.
• Solubility: Electrovalent compounds are generally
soluble in water and insoluble in solvents
such as kerosene, petrol, etc.
• Conduction of Electricity: The conduction of
electricity through a solution involves the movement
of charged particles.
Occurrence of metals
The earth's crust is the major source of metals.
The elements or compounds, which occur naturally
in the earth's crust, are known as minerals.
Minerals contain a very high percentage of a
particular metal and the metal can be profitably
extracted from it. These minerals are called ores.
Extraction of metals
The metals at the bottom of the activity series are the
least reactive. They are often found in a free state for
example, gold, silver, platinum and copper are found
in the free state. Copper and silver are also found in
the combined state as their sulphide or oxide ores.
The metals at the top of the activity series (K, Na, b
Ca, Mg and Al.) are so reactive that they are never
Step involved in the extraction of metals from ores
found in nature as free elements.
The metals in the middle of the activity series (Zn, Enrichment of Ores-
Fe, Pb, etc.) are moderately reactive. They are found Ores mined from the earth are usually contaminated
in the earth's crust mainly as oxides, sulphides or with large amounts of impurities such as soil, sand,
carbonates. etc., called gangue. The impurities must be removed
K
from the ore prior to the extraction of the metal.
Na Extracting Metals Low in the Activity
Series
Ca Electrolysis The oxides of these metals can be reduced to metals
by heating along. For example, cinnabar (HgS) is an
Mg are of mercury. When it is heated in air, it is first
converted into mercuric oxide (HgO).
Al
Heat
2HgS(s)+3O2(g) 2HgO(s)+2SO2(g)
Zn
Heat
Fe
2HgO(s) 2Hg(I) + O2(g)
Reduction using carbon
Extracting Metals in the Middle of the
Fb
Activity Series
Cu Metals low in the activity series are very unreactive.
The metals in the middle of the activity series such
as iron, zinc, lead, copper, are moderately reactive.
Zn These are usually present as sulphides or carbonates
Found in native state in nature.
Fe The sulphide ores are converted into oxides by
heating strongly. in the presence of excess air. This
Activity series and related metallurgy process is known as roasting.
NCERT Science 241 YCT
 The carbonate ores are changed into oxides by 2. Sulphide ore is concentrated by which process-
heating strongly in limited air. This process is (a) By molten separation method
known as calcinations. (b) By leaching method
Roasting (c) By foam flotation
(d) By magnetic separation method
Ans. (c) : Foam flotation is a process used to
concentrate sulphide ores.
• The ore is crushed and ground into fine particles.
Calcination • The ground ore is mixed with water to form a slurry.
Heat • Collectors and frothers are added to make the sulphide
ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g) particles hydrophobic.
• The forth, which contains the concentrated sulphide
Heat ore, is skimmed off, will the remaining gangue settles
ZnO(s) + C(s) Zn(s) + CO (g)
and is discarded.
Refining of Metals 3. Which of the following are not examples of
The metals produced by various reduction processes ionic compounds?
described above are not very pure. They contain (i) HCl (ii) CCl4
impurities, which must be removed to obtain pure (iii) NaCl (iv) KCl
metals. The most widely used method for refining (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)
impure metals is electrolytic refining. (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)
Electrolytic Refining Ans. (a) : HCl and CCl4 (Carbon tetra chloride, which
Many metals, such as copper, zinc, tin, nickel, silver, is not a common compound and likely refers to covalent
gold, etc., are refined electrolytically. compounds like CCl4) are not examples of ionic
compounds. NaCl (Sodium chloride) and KCl
(Potassium chloride) are ionic compounds.
4. Which gas does zinc give when dissolved in
hydrochloride Acid?
(a) Hydrogen gas (b) Oxygen gas
(c) Chlorine gas (d) Nitrogen gas
Ans. (a) : When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it
produces hydrogen gas and zinc chloride according to
the reaction:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
5. Which metal is not mixed in stainless steel?
Electrolytic refining of copper. The electrolyte is
a solution of acidified copper sulphate. The (a) Cu (b) Fe
anode is impure copper, whereas, the cathode is (c) Ni (d) Cr
a strip of pure copper. On passing electric Ans. (a) : Stainless steel is primarily an alloy consisting
current, pure copper is deposited on the cathode. of iron (Fe) mixed with chromium (Cr) and often nickel
Prevention of Corrosion (Ni).
The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, Copper (Cu) is not typically a component of standard
oiling, greasing, galvanizing, chrome plating stainless steel.
anodizing or making alloys. 6. Brass is an alloy of?
Galvanisation is a method of protecting steel and (a) Zinc + Tin (b) Copper + Tin
iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer (c) Copper + Aluminium (d) Copper + Zinc
of zinc. Ans. (d) : Brass is an alloy made primarily of copper
Alloying is a very good method of improving the and zinc. The proportions of copper and zinc can vary
properties of a metal. to create different types of brass, each with unique
Important Questions properties.
1. What is the impurity present in ore called? 7. The electronic configurations of 3 elements X,
(a) Gang (b) Galak Y and Z are as follows-
(c) Minerals (d) Slag X - 2, 8, Y - 2, 8, 7 and Z - 2, 8, 2 which of the
Ans. (a) : Gang refers to the unwanted materials or following statement is correct?
impurities that are found along with the valuable (a) Y is a non-meta and z is a metal
minerals in the ore. These impurities need to be (b) X is a metal
removed during the extraction process to obtain the pure (c) Y is a metal
mineral. (d) Z is a non metal
NCERT Science 242 YCT
Ans. (a) : Based on the electronic configurations: (a) Zinc is less reactive than tin
Y has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 7 which (b) Zinc is more reactive than tin
corresponds to chlorine (Cl). Chlorine is a non-metal. Z (c) The melting point of zinc is higher than that
has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 2 which of tin
corresponds to magnesium (Mg). Magnesium is a metal. (d) Zinc is costlier than tin
8. Which of the following metals can be cut with a Ans. (b) : Tin is used to coat food cans because it
knife? provides a non-reactive barrier between the food and the
(a) Potassium (b) Lithium can's metal, helping to prevent corrosion and maintain
(c) Sodium (d) All of the above food safety.
Ans. (d) : Potassium, Lithium and sodium are all alkali 15. The oxide of which of the following metals is
metals that are soft enough to be cut with a knife. amphoteric?
9. The ability of a metal to be drawn into a thin (a) Sodium (b) Lead
wire is called- (c) Copper (d) Aluminium
(a) Sonorous (b) Malleability
Ans. (d) : Aluminium forms amphoteric oxides since it
(c) Ductility (d) Conductivity
reacts with both acids and alkalis.
Ans. (c) : Ductility refers to a material's ability to
deform under tensile stress, which is often characterized 16. Which of the following methods is suitable to
by its ability to be stretched into a wire. protect an iron frying pan from rust?
(a) By coating it with zinc
10. The name of the metal used in making
airplanes is– (b) By applying grease
(a) Zinc (b) Copper (c) By applying point
(c) Aluminium (d) Iron (d) All of the above
Ans. (c) : Aluminium is favored in aircraft Ans. (d) : Coating with zinc is known as galvanization
manufacturing because it is lightweight, which helps and is effective for protecting iron from rust.
improve fuel efficiency and performance. Its strength-to • Applying grease is commonly used for frying pans to
- weight ratio is excellent, making it strong enough to prevent rust and is effective for cookware.
withstand the stresses of flight while being light enough • Applying point can protect iron from rust, but it might
to enhance aerodynamic efficiency. not be suitable for a frying pan that is regularly heated
11. What happen when calcium is reacted with or exposed to food.
water?
(i) It reacts vigorously with water Chapter-4 Carbon and It’s
(ii) It does not react vigorously with water
(iii) The hydrogen gas bubbles formed stick to Compounds
the calcium surface. Introduction
(iv) It reacts less vigorously with water The amount of carbon present in the earth's crust and in
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iv) the atmosphere is quite meager. The earth's crust has
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv) only 0.02% carbon in the form of minerals (like
Ans. (d) : Calcium reacts less vigorously with water carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, coal and petroleum)
compared to more reactive alkali metals like sodium and the atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon dioxide.
and potassium. Bonding in carbon - The covalent bond
• Hydrogen gas bubbles can stick to the calcium surface Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of
during the reaction. electricity.
12. To protect iron and steel from rust, a layer of From the data given in table on the boiling and
which metal is applied? melting points of the carbon compounds. We find
(a) Lead (b) Copper that these compounds have low melting and boiling
(c) Chromium (d) Zinc points as compared to ionic compounds.
The combining capacity of various elements and
Ans. (d) : To protect iron and steel from rust, a layer of how it depends on the number of valence electrons.
zinc is applied. This process is known as galvanization.
Compound Melting Boiling
13. Which of the following is an ore of aluminium? point (K) point (K)
(a) Bauxite (b) Hematite
Acetic acid 290 391
(c) Dolomite (d) Malachite
(CH3COOH)
Ans. (a) : Bauxite is the primary ore from which
Chloroform 209 334
aluminum is extracted. It is a mixture of aluminum
(CHCL3)
oxides and hydroxides, primarily gibbsite, boehmite and
diaspore. Ethanol 156 351
14. Food cans are coated with tin instead of zinc (CH3CH2OH)
because Methane (CH4) 90 111
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 The atomic number of carbon is 6.
Elements forming ionic compounds achieve this by
either gaining or losing electrons from the outermost
shell.
In the case of carbon, it has four electrons in is
outermost shell and needs to gain or lose four
electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
The shared electrons belongs to the overmost shells
of both the atoms and lead to both attaining the
nobel gas configuration.
The simplest molecule formed in this manner is that Such bonds which are formed by the sharing of an
of hydrogen. electron pair between two atoms are known as
Hydrogen atom to attain the electronic configuration covalent bonds.
of the nearest noble gas, helium, which has two
electrons in its K shell. Allotropes of carbon

Versatile Nature Of Carbon

A single covalent bond is also represented by a line The nature of the covalent bond enables carbon to
between the two atoms. The atomic number of form a large number of compounds. Two factors
chlorine is 17. noticed in the case of carbon are-
Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with
other atoms of carbon, giving rise to large
molecules. This property is called catenation.
Silicon forms compounds with hydrogen which have
chains of upto seven or eight atoms, but these
compounds are very reactive.
Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of
Nitrogen has the atomic number 7. bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of
some other mono-valent element. Compounds of
carbon are formed with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
sulphur, chlorine and many other elements.
Organic compounds
The two characteristic features seen in carbon,
that is tetravalency and catenation, put together
give rise to a large number of compounds.

Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon

Double bond between two oxygen atoms Compounds-
A molecule of ammonia has the formula NH3. Compound formed between carbon and hydrogen is
Methane is widely used as a fuel and is a major ethane with a formula of C2H6. The structure of
component of bio-gas and compressed Natural Gas
ethane is arrived in the following steps.
(CNG). It is also one of the simplest compounds
formed by carbon. Methane has a formula CH4. C C Step 1

Three valences of each carbon atom remain

unsatisfied. So each is bonded to three hydrogen
atoms giving.
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 H H 5. Pentane C5H12 H H H H H

H C C H Step 2 H C C C C C H

H H H H H
H H
The structure of propane, which has the molecular H H H
H H H
formula C3H8 in a similar manner. 6. Hexane C6H14
H C C C C C C H
C C Step 1
H H H H H H
Compound of carbon and hydrogen has the formula
C2H4 and is called ethane.
H H The carbon 'skeleton' with four carbon atoms.
C C C
H H Step 2 C C C C C C
Carbon-carbon atoms linked together with a single
bond (Step 1). C
H H Filling the remaining valencies with hydrogen gives
us-
C C
H
H H Step 3 H
H H H H H
The electron dot structure for ethane is given in fig. C
H
Compound of hydrogen and carbon has the formula H C C C C H H C C
H
C2H2 and is called ethyne. C
H H H
H H H H
H

Complete molecules for two structures with formula C4H10

H H H H
H C C H
C C
Chains, Branches and Rings- C C C C
C C H
Table: Formulae and structure of saturated H C C
compounds of carbon and hydrogen- H H H H
No. Name Form Structure Structure of cyclohexane (a) carbon
of C ula skeleton (b) completer molecule
atoms Benzene, C6H6, has the following structure-
1. Methane CH4 H H
H C H C
H H C C CH3
2. Ethane C2H6 H H
C C
H C C H Benzene CH3
H CH3
H H C
3. Propane C3H8 H H H
H
H C C C H Structure of benzene
All these carbon compounds which contain only
H H H carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. The
unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain one or
4. Butane C4H10 H H H H
more double bonds are called alkenes. Those
H C C C C H containing one or more triple bonds are called
H H H H alkenes. Those containing one or more triple bonds
are called alkynes.

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 Some function groups in carbon These heteroatoms and the group containing these
compounds- confer specific properties to the compound,
Hetero Class of Formula of regardless of the length and nature of the carbon
atom compounds functional chain and hence are called functional group.
group Homologous Series
Cl/Br Halo- –Cl, –Br For example, the chemical properties of CH3OH,
(Chloro/bromo (substitutes C2H5OH, C3H7OH and C4H9OH a series of
alkane) for hydrogen
compounds in which the same functional group
atom)
substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain in called a
1. Alcohol –OH
homologous series.
Oxygen 2. Aldehyde H
C The general formula for alkenes can be written as
CnH2n, where n = 2, 3, 4.
O
Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
3. Ketone C
The names of compounds in a homologous series are
O based on the name of the basic carbon chain
4. Carboxylic acid O modified by a "prefix" "phrase before" or "suffix"
"phrase after" indicating the nature of the functional
C OH group.
Table Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Class of compounds Prefix/Suffix Example

1. Halo alkane Prefix-chloro, bromo, etc. H H H

H C C C Cl Chloropropane

H H H
H H H

H C C C Br Bromopropane

H H H
2. Alcohol Suffix-ol H H H

H C C C OH Propanol

H H H
3. Aldehyde Suffix-al H H H

H C C C O Propanal

H H
4. Ketone Suffix-one H H

H C C C H Propanone

H H H
5. Carboxylic acid Suffix-oic acid H H O

H C C C OH Propanoic acid

H H

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 6. Alkenes Suffix-ene H H
H
H C C C Propene

H H
7. Alkynes Suffix-yne H

H C C C H Propene

H
Combustion Properties of Ethanol
Carbon, in all its allotropic forms, burns in oxygen Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature for the
to give carbon dioxide along with the release of heat melting and boiling points of ethanol. Ethanol is
and light. These are the oxidation raction. commonly called alcohol and is the active
(i) C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light. ingredient of all alcoholic drinks.
(ii) CH4 +O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light • Reaction of Ethanol-
(iii) CH3CH2OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light • Reaction with sodium-
Saturated hydrocarbons will generally give a clean
flame while unsaturated carbon compounds will 2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2 O- Na+ + H2
give a yellow flame with lots of black smoke. (Sodium ethoxide)
Formation of coal and petroleum Alcohols react with sodium leading to the
Coal and petroleum have been formed from biomass evolutionof hydrogen.
which has been subjected to various biological and Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbon: Heating
geological processes. Coal is the remains of trees, ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric
ferns, and other plants that lived millions of years acid results in the dehydration of ethanol to give
ago. They were preserved down by layers of earth ethane-
and rock. Oil and gas are the remains of millions of Hot Conc
tiny plants and animals that lived in the sea. CH3- CH2OH CH2 = CH2 + H2O
Oxidation H2SO4
• Carbon compounds can be easily oxidized on
combustion. In addition to this complete oxidation, How do alcohols affect living beings?
we have reactions in which alcohols are converted When large quantities of ethanol are consumed, it
to carboxylic acids. tends to slow metabolic processes and the depress
the central nervous system.
Alkaline KMnO4 + Heat
CH3 —CH2OH CH3COOH Properties of Ethanoic Acid
or acidified K2Cr2O2O7 + Heat Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid and
Addition Reaction belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acids.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called
presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to vinegar and is used widely as a preservative in
give saturated hydrocarbons. pickles. The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is
Catalysts are substances that cause a reaction to 290 K.
occur or proceed at a different rate without the The group of organic compounds called carboxylic
reaction itself being affected. acids are obviously characterized by their acidic
R R H H nature.
Nickel catalyst
C C R C C R
R H2
R H H d
Substitution Reaction
Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and are
inert in the presence of most reagents. However, in
the presence of sunlight, chlorine is added to
hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction.
A number of products are usually formed with the
higher homologues of alkanes.
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl (in the presence of
sunlight) Formation of ester
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 Reactions of Ethanoic acid 2. The general formula of alkene is-
• Esterification reaction: Esters are most commonly (a) CnH2n (b) CnH2n+2
formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol. (c) CnH2n–2 (d) None of these
CH8 — COOH + CH3 — CH2OH Acid CH3— C—O —CH2 —CH3 + H2O Ans. (a) : Alkenes have the general formula CnH2n
because they contain one C = C bond. This double bond
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanol) O
reduces the number of hydrogen atoms by two
(Ester)
compared to alkanes, which have single bonds and
follow the formula CnH2n+2.
• Reaction with a base; Like mineral acids, ethanoic
acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to 3. Single bonded hydrocarbon is called -
give a salt (sodium ethanoate or commonly called (a) Aromatic hydrocarbon
sodium acetate) and water: (b) Saturated hydrocarbon
NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O (c) Unsaturated hydrocarbon
• Reaction with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates: (d) None of these
Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and Ans. (b) : Saturated hydrocarbons, also known as
hydrogencarbonates to give rise to a salt, carbon alkanes, have only single bonds between carbon atoms.
dioxide and water. They are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms because they
2CH3COOH+Na2CO3→2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
CH3COOH + NaHCO3→CH3COONa +H2O+CO2 attached to the carbon chain.
Ex- Methane & ethane
4. The general formula of alkyne is -
(a) CnH2n–2 (b) CnH2n+2
(c) CnH2n (d) None of these
Ans. (a) : Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contains at
least one carbon - carbon triple bond. Their general
formula is CnH2n–2, indicating that for every n carbon
atoms, there are 2n–2 hydrogen atoms.
Micelles 5. Which of the following equations represents
Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have saponification reaction-
differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it (a) CH3 COOC2H5 + NaOH  → CH3COONa +
interacts with water, while the other end is C2H5OH
hydrophobic, that is, it interacts with hydrocarbons. (b) 2CH3 COOH + 2Na  → 2CH3COONa + H2
(c) CH3 COOH C2H5OH  H 2SO 4
→ CH3
COOC2H5 + H2O
(d) CH3 COONa + NaOH  CaO
→ CH4 + Na2
CO3
Ans. (a) : CH3 COOC2H5 + NaOH  → CH3COONa
+ C2H5OH
In this reaction, an ester reacts with a base to produce a
carboxylate salt and an alcohol, which is characteristic
of saponification.
6. Which of the following are examples of
unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Effect of soap in cleaning

(i) H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

(ii) H2C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

Important Questions
1. Hydrocarbons containing double bonds are CH3
called-
(a) Unsaturated hydrocarbons H3C
(b) Aromatic hydrocarbons (iii)
(c) Saturated hydrocarbons C CH2 CH2 CH3
(d) None of these CH3
Ans. (a) : Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or
triple bonds between carbon atoms. (iv) H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
• Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds
between carbon atoms. CH3

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 (a) (ii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (ii) 11. The molecular formula of ethane is C2H6. In
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii) this-
Ans. (d) : Unsaturated hydrocarbon are compounds (a) There are 9 covalent bonds
that contain at least a single double - or triple - bond in (b) There are 8 covalent bonds
their structure. (c) There are 7 covalent bonds
(d) There are 6 covalent bonds
(ii) H2C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Ans. (c) : In ethane (C2H6), each carbon atom forms 4
CH3 covalent bonds and each hydrogen atom forms 1
covalent bond.
H3C
(iii)
C CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3
Each, carbon is bonded to 3 hydrogens and 1-carbon so,
7. The suffix is added to the alcohol group- the total number of covalent bonds are;
(a) COH (b) CH Carbon - carbon bond : 1
(c) OH (d) None of these Carbon - Hydrogen bond : 6
Ans. (c) : The suffix "OH" represents a hydroxyl group, 12. The main component of CNG is -
which is characteristics of alcohols. An alcohol group (a) Oxygen (b) Methane
consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (c) Ethane (d) Co2
(–OH), which is attached to a carbon atom.
Ans. (b) : CNG primarily consists of methane (CH4), a
8. Which of the following groups exhibits addition hydrocarbon gas. Methane is the main component due
reactions? to its high energy content and efficiency as a fuel. CNG
(a) Alkene (b) Alkane is used as a cleaner alternative to gasoline or diesel in
(c) Alkyne (d) None of these vehicles.
Ans. (a,c) : Both alkenes and alkynes have double or 13. The total number of bonds present in ethylene
triple bonds, respectively, which are reactive sites for (ethene) is –
addition reactions. (a) 7 (b) 4
Ex- CH 2 = CH 2 → HX
H 3 C − CH 2 − X (c) 5 (d) 6
alkene
Ans. (d) : Ethylene (C2H4) has : 1 carbon - carbon
double bond, which consists of 1 sigma bond and 1 pi
bond and 4 carbon hydrogen sigma bonds.
So, the total it has 6 bonds.
9. Butanone is a 4-carbon compound. Its
14. Which of the following are allotropes of
functional group is-
carbon?
(a) Alcohol (b) Ketone
(i) Graphite
(c) Aldehyde (d) Carboxylic acid
(ii) Fullerene
Ans. (b) : Butanone, also known as methyl ethyl
(iii) Diamond
ketone, has structure CH3–CO–CH2–CH3. The "CO"
Select the correct answer using the code given
group in the middle of the carbon chain is the ketone.
below-
Functional group ketone are characterized by having a
(a) Only (ii) and (iii) (b) Only (i) and (ii)
carbonyl group (C = O) bonded to two carbon atoms.
(c) Only (i) and (ii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
10. While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is
Ans. (d) : Allotropes are different forms of the same
turning black from outside, it means that-
element with distinct physical and chemical properties.
(a) The fuel is burning completely
(b) Food is not fully cooked • Graphite, fullerene and diamond are all allotropes of
carbon.
(c) The fuel is not burning completely
(d) The fuel is wet 15. What is the main component of biogas?
Ans. (c) : If the bottom of the vessel is turning black (a) Propane (b) Butane
from the outside, it usually indicates that the fuel is not (c) Methane (d) None of these
burning completely. Ans. (c) : Biogas is primarily composed of methane
• Incomplete combustion of the fuel can lead to the (CH4), which typically makes up 50-70% of its content.
formation of carbon deposits, which can blacken the It is produced through the anaerobic digestion of
outside of the vessel. organic matter by microorganisms.

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16. What is in a soap molecule? Autotrophic Nutrition-
(a) Hydrophilic head and hydrophilic tail Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic
(b) Hydrophobic head and hydrophobic tail organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis.
(c) Hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail It is the process by which autotrophs take in
(d) Hydrophobic head and hydrophobic tail substances from the outside and convert them into
Ans. (d) : Soap molecules have a structure with a stored forms of energy.
hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. This allows Carbohydrates are utilized for providing energy to
them to interact with both water and oil, making them the plant.
effective at breaking up and removing grease and dirt. Photosynthesis reaction
17. Which of the following statements are generally Chlorophyll
true for carbon compounds? 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
Sunlight
(i) There are no strong forces of attraction
between the molecules The process of photosynthesis-
(ii) There are strong force of attraction (i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
between their molecules (ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
(iii) They are poor conductors of electricity and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen
(iv) They are good conductors of electricity and oxygen.
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iv) (iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i) and (ii) carbohydrates.
Ans. (c) : Carbon compounds often have weak forces of Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and
attraction between their molecules and are typically prepare an intermediate which is acted upon by the
poor conductors of electricity. energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day.

Chapter-5 Life Processes

Life processes
The maintenance functions of living organisms must
go on even when they are not doing anything.
The processes which together perform this
maintenance job are life processes.
Maintenance processes are needed to prevent
damage and break down, energy is needed for them.
This energy comes from outside the body of the
individual organism.
The outside sources of energy could be quite varied,
since the environment is not under the control of the Cross-section of a leaf
individual organism. Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of the
The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the leaves.
body, and to use it in the process of break-down of Gaseous exchange takes place through these pores
food sources for cellular needs, is what we call for the photosynthesis.
respiration. Loss of excess amount of water takes place through
Nutrition these pores.
Even when we are not doing any apparent activity, The opening and closing of the pore is regulated by
energy is needed to maintain a state of order in our guard cell.
body.
Process of living things get their food
Some organisms use simple food material obtained
from inorganic sources in the form of carbon dioxide
and water. These organisms, the autotrophs, include
green plants and some bacteria.
Other organisms utilize complex substances. These
complex substances have to be broken down into
simpler ones before they can be used for the upkeep
and growth of the body. To achieve this, organisms
use bio-catalysts called enzymes.
NCERT Science 250 YCT
 It is necessary to move the food in a regulated
manner along the digestive tube so that it can be
processed properly in each part.
The digestion in stomach is taken care of by the
gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach.
The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium
which facilitates the action of the enzyme pepsin.
The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach
from the action of the acid.
The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a
Heterotrophic Nutrition sphincter muscle which release it in small amounts
into the small intestine.
Each organism is adapted to its environment the
form of nutrition differs depending on the type and Small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary
availability of food material as well as how it is canal which is fitted into a compact space because of
obtained by the organism. extensive coiling.
Some other organisms derive nutrition from plants Herbivores eating grass need a longer small intestine
or animals without killing them. Example- Cuscuta, to allow the cellulose to be digested. Meat is easier
leeches. to digest, hence carnivores like tigers have a shorter
Some organisms break - down the food material small intestine.
outside the body and then absorb it. The small intestine is the site of the complete
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Organism obtain their nutrition The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has
to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to
act.
Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large
globules which makes it difficult for enzymes to act
on them. Bile salts break them down into smaller
globules increasing the efficiency enzyme action.
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which
contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins
and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous
finger like projections called villi which increase the
surface area for absorption.
Nutrition in Human Beings The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine
The alimentary canal is basically a long tube where its wall absorb more water from this material.
extending from the mouth to the anus. The rest of the material is removed from the body
Naturally the food has to be processed to generate via the anus is regulated by the anal sphincter.
particles which are small and of the same texture. Respiration-
This is achieved by crushing the food with our teeth. The food material taken in during the process of
When we eat something we like our mouth 'waters'. nutrition is used in cells to provide energy for
This is actually not only water, but a fluid called various life processes.
saliva secreted by the salivary glands. The absorbed The first step is the break-down of glucose a six-
food from the alimentary canal, has to be broken carbon molecule. into a three-carbon molecule called
into smaller molecules with the help of biological pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm.
catalyst an enzyme called salivary amylase that Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in
breaks down starch. the mitochondria. This process breaks up the three-
carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of
carbon dioxide.
This build-up of lactic acid in our muscles during
sudden activity causes cramps.

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 The energy released during cellular respiration is Our pump-the Heart
immediately used to synthesis a molecule called The heart is a muscular organ which is as big as our
ATP which is used to fuel all other activities in the fist. Because both oxygen and carbon dioxide have
cell.
to be transported by the blood, the heart has different
ATP chambers to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from
ATP is the energy currency for most cellular mixing with the blood containing carbon dioxide.
processes. The energy released during the Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-
process of respiration is used to make an ATP walled upper chamber of the heart on the left to the
molecule from ADP and inorganic phosphate. left atrium.
Energy De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the
ADP + ADP ∼ = ATP upper chamber on the right, the right atrium. This
Terrestrial animals can breathe the oxygen in the transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn
atmosphere, but animals that live in water need to pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. Valves ensure
use the oxygen dissolved in water. that blood does not flow backwards when the atria
Terrestrial organisms use the oxygen in the or ventricles contract.
atmosphere for respiration.

Human respiratory system

Smoking is injurious to health. Lung cancer is one of
common causes of deaths in the world. The upper
part of respiratory tract is provided with small hair-
like structures called cilia. These cilia help to
remove germs, dust and other harmful particles from Oxygen enters the blood in the lungs
inhaled air. Smoking destroys these hair due to The separation of the right side and the left side of
which germs, dust, smoke and other harmful the heart is useful to keep oxygenated and de-
chemicals enter lungs and cause infection cough and oxygenated blood from mixing.
even lung cancer. Amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered
Transportation hearts, and tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated
• Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in and de-oxygenated bloodstreams.
which the cells are suspended. Plasma transports Fishes, on the other hand, have only two chambers
food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in to their hearts, and the blood is pumped to the gills,
dissolved form. Oxygen is carried by the red blood is oxygenated there, and passes directly to the rest of
corpuscles. the body.
Thus blood goes only once through the heart in the
fish during one cycle of passage through the body.
On the other hand, it goes through the heart twice
during each cycle in other vertebrates. This is known
as double circulation.
Blood pressure
The force that blood exerts against the wall of
vessel is called blood pressure. This pressure is
much greater in arteries than in veins.
The normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm of
Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg.

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 Transpiration helps in the absorption and upward
movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from
roots to the leaves.
Transport of food and other substances
Transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is
called translocation and it occurs in the part of the
vascular tissue known as phloem.
The translocation of food and other substances takes
Blood pressure is measured with an instrument place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent
called sphygmomanometer. companion cells both in upward and downward
directions.
Lymph Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem
There is another type of fluid also involved in tissue using energy from ATP.
transportation. This is called lymph or tissue fluid.
Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries
some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells
escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form
the tissue fluid or lymph.
Transportation in Plants
Plants take in simple compounds such as CO2 and
photo synthesis energy stored in their chlorophyll-
containing organs, namely leaves.
The other kinds of raw materials needed for building
plant bodies will also have to be taken up separately.
For plants, the soil is the nearest and richest source
of raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus and other
minerals.
The absorption of these substances therefore occurs
through the part in contact with the soil, namely
roots.
If the distances between soil-contacting organs and
chlorophyll-containing organs are small, energy and
raw materials can easily diffuse to all parts of the Excretion-
plant body. The biological process involved in the removal of
Plants do not move, and plant bodies have a large these harmful metabolic wastes from the body is
proportion of dead cells in many tissues. As a result, called excretion.
plants have low energy needs, and can use relatively Unicellular organisms remove these wastes by
slow transport systems. simple diffusion from the body surface into the
Plant transport systems will move energy stores surrounding water.
from leaves and raw materials from roots. Excretion in Human Beings-
The xylem moves water and minerals obtained from
The excretory system of human beings includes a
the soil.
pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder
Phloem transports products of photosynthesis from and a urethra.
the leaves where they are synthesized to other parts
Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either
of the plant.
side of the backbone.
Transport of water Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the
The roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored
up ions. This creates a difference in the until it is released through the urethra.
concentration of these ions between the root and the The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste
soil. So the water moves into the root from the soil from blood. CO2 is removed from the blood in the
to eliminate this difference. lungs, nitrogenous waste such as urea or uric acid
The water which is lost through the stomata is are removed from blood in the kidneys.
replaced by water from the xylem vessels in the leaf. Each kidney has large numbers of these filtration
Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a units called nephrons packed close together some
leaf creates a suction which pulls water from the substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose,
xylem cells of roots. amino acids, salts and a major amount of water, are
The loss of water in the form of vapor from the selectively re-absorbed as the urine flows along the
aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration. tube.
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 Excretion in Plants
Plants use completely different strategies for
excretion than those of animals.
Oxygen itself can be thought of as a waste product
generated during photosynthesis.
They can get rid of excess water by transpiration.
Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off.
Other waste products are stored as resins and gums,
especially in old xylem. Plants also excrete some
waste substances into the soil around them.
Important Questions
1. The process of digestion starts in humans-
(a) From the stomach
(b) From the esophagus
(c) From the liver
(d) from the oral cavity
Ans. (d) : Digestion starts in the oral cavity, where food
is broken down mechanically by chewing and
chemically by enzymes in saliva.
i This initial process helps to prepare food for further
digestion in the stomach and intestines.
2. The carrier of oxygen is-
(a) Hemoglobin (b) Heparin
(c) Prothrombin (d) Fibrinogen
Ans. (a) : Hemoglobin in a protein found in red blood
Artificial kidney (Hemodialysis) cells that kinds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it
• Kidneys are vital organs for survival. Several through the blood stream to tissues and organs it has 4
factors like infections, injury or restricted subunits, each with an iron-containing hence group that
blood flow to kidneys reduce the activity of binds oxygen molecules.
kidneys. This leads to accumulation of 3. What is obtained from the breakdown of
poisonous wastes in the body, which can even proteins and amino acids?
(a) Only uric acid (b) Ammonia only
lead to death. In case of kidney failure, an
(c) Only urea (d) All of the above
artificial kidney can be used. An artificial
Ans. (d) : The breakdown of proteins and amino acids
kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous results in the production ammonia, which is the
waste products from the blood through converted into urea or uric acid depending on the
dialysis. organism.

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i In mammals, ammonia is primarily converted into 10. The process by which energy is produced in the
urea. In some other organisms, like birds and reptiles, body is called-
ammonia is converted into uric acid. (a) Excitability (b) Excretion
4. The most abundant element present in blood (c) Nutrition (d) Respiration
plasma is- Ans. (d) : Respiration is the process by which cells
(a) Glucose (b) Inorganic convert glucose and oxygen into energy, CO2 & water.
This energy is used to fuel various cellular activities and
(c) Water (d) Protein
maintain body functions.
Ans. (c) : Blood plasma is composed pronominally of
11. Select the correct statement-
water, which make up about 90-92% of its volume. (a) Heterotrophic animal synthesize their own
Water acts as the solvent in which other components food.
such as proteins, glucose, electrolytes and waste (b) Heterotrophic animals convert CO2 and water
products are dissolved. are capable of converting into carbohydrates.
5. Which of the following are the main (c) Heterotrophic animals use solar energy for
characteristics of living beings? photosynthesis process
(a) Reproduction (b) Excretion (d) Heterotrophic animals do not synthesize their
(c) Respiration (d) All of the above own food.
Ans. (d) : The main characteristics of living beings Ans. (d) : Heterotrophic animals cannot produce their
include reproduction, excretion, respiration. These own food through photosynthesis. Instead, they obtain
process are essential for the survival, growth and energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms,
such as plants or other animals.
continuity of living organisms.
12. Which of the following statements is/are true?
6. What is xylem responsible for in plants? (i) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic
(a) Transportation of food respiration.
(b) Transport of amino acids (ii) Fermentation takes place in mitochondria
(c) Transportation of water (iii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacteria.
(d) Transport of oxygen (iv) Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and
Ans. (c) : Xylem is responsible for transporting water CO2 with the help of yeast.
and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
plant. (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
7. In human, the kidney is part of a system that is Ans. (a) : Fermentation is indeed a form of anaerobic
related to- respiration. It occurs in the absence of oxygen.
(a) By transportation (b) From excretion Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and CO2 with
the help of yeast through alcoholic fermentation.
(c) From nutrition (d) By respiration
13. With the help of which of the following
Ans. (b) : The kidneys are part of the urinary system, structures does amoeba ingest its food?
which is responsible for filtering waste products from (a) Pseudopodia (b) Food juice
the blood and excreting them from the body in the form (c) Nucleus (d) None of these
of urine. Ans. (a) : Amoeba ingests its food using pseudopodia.
8. The blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood These are temporary projections of the cell membrane
from the heart to different parts of the body that help in capturing and engulfing food particles .
are called- 14. The process of blood purification by machine is
(a) Ventricle (b) Veins called-
(c) Arteries (d) Atrium (a) Hemodialysis (b) Dialysis
Ans. (c) : Arteries are the blood vessels that carry (c) Dialyzer (d) Cell dialysis
oxygenated blood away from the heat to various parts of Ans. (a) : Hemodialysis is a procedure that filters waste
the body. They have thick elastic walls to handle the and excess fluids from the blood using a machine and a
high pressure of blood pumped by the heart. special filter, called a dialyzer, when the kidneys are not
9. The color of chlorophyll pigment is- working properly.
(a) White (b) Red 15. Which of the following is an excretory organ?
(c) Blue (d) Green (a) Eye (b) Kidney
Ans. (d) : Chlorophyll is a pigment found in plants that (c) Pancreas (d) Liver.
is crucial for photosynthesis, the process by which Ans. (d) : The kidney is an excretory organs that filters
plants convert sunlight into energy. waste products and excess substances from the blood,
Chlorophyll absorbs light most efficiently in the blue forming urine which is then exerted from the body.
and red wavelengths but reflects green light, which is i It plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and
why it appears green to us. electrolyte balance.
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16. Blood is- Impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body,
(a) Substance (b) Tissue and then along the axon to its end and the end of the
(c) Cell (d) None of these axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of
some chemicals and these chemicals cross the gap,
Ans. (b) : Blood is considered a tissue because it
or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse in a
consists of a group of cells (red blood, cells, white
dendrite of the next neuron.
blood cells and platelets) suspended in a liquid matrix
A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such
called plasma. impulses from neurons to other cells, such as
17. Exchange of gases takes place in leaves- muscles cells or gland.
(a) In the midrib (b) In the vein
(c) In the stoma (d) None of these
Ans. (c) : In leaves, gas exchange occurs through small
opening called stomata, which are found on the surface
of the leaf. These stomata allow gases like oxygen and
CO2 to more in and out of the leaf, facilitating processes
like photosynthesis and respiration.
18. Through photosynthesis process we get-
(a) Light (b) Glucose
(c) Protein (d) Fat
Ans. (b) : Photosynthesis primarily converts light
energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, which
plants use for growth and energy.
19. Which of the following statements is not
correct for autotrophic organisms?
(a) They form separate trophic levels in food
chains.
(b) They convert CO2 and water into
carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight.
(c) They store carbohydrates in the form of Reflex Actions
starch. 'Reflex' is a word we use very commonly when we
(d) They synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and talk about some sudden action in response to
water in the presence of sun and chlorophyll. something in the environment.
Ans. (b) : Autotrophic organisms typically perform Body consists of dense networks of intricately
photosynthesis, which requires sunlight to convert CO2 arranged neurons. It sits in the forward end of the
and water into carbohydrates. Some autotrophs, like skull, and receives signals from all over the body
certain bacteria, can use other processes like which is thinks about before responding to them.
chemosynthesis in the absence of sunlight, but in Nerves from all over the body meet in a bundle in
general, autotrophs use sunlight for photosynthesis. the spinal cord on their way to the brain.
Reflex arcs are formed in this spinal cord itself,
Chapter-6 Control and Coordination although the information input also goes on to reach
the brain.
Introduction
Controlled movement must be connected to the
recognition of various events in the environment,
followed by only the correct movement in response.
Living organisms must use systems providing
control and coordination. In keeping with the
general principles of body organization in
multicellular organisms, specialized tissues are used
to provide these control and coordination activities.
Animals-Nervous system
All information from our environment is detected by
the specialized tips of some nerve cells and these
receptors are usually located in out sense organs, Human Brain
such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, gustatory Spinal cord is made up of nerves which supply
receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors information to think about. Thinking involves more
will detect smell. complex mechanisms and neural connections.
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 The brain also has to send messages to muscles. This When a seed germinates, the root goes down, the
is the second way in which the nervous system stem comes up into the air. Firstly the leaves of the
communicates with the muscles. sensitive plant move very quickly in response to
The brain has three such major parts or regions, touch.
namely the fore-brain, mid-brain and hind -brain. There is no growth involved in this movement.
The fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain. Directional movement of a seedling is caused by
It has regions which receive sensory impulses from growth.
various receptors. Immediate Response to Stimulus
Based on all this, a decision is made about how to
respond and the information is passed on to the
motor areas which control the movement of
voluntary muscles, for example, out leg muscles.
The sensation of feeling full is because of a centre
associated with hunger, which is in a separate part of
the fore-brain.

The plants use electrochemical means to convey

information from cell to cell.
Unlike in animals there is no speciallsed tissue in
plants for the conduction of information.
Movement Due to Growth
Some plants like the pea plant climb up other plants
or fences by means of tendrils.
More commonly, plants respond to stimuli slowly by
growing in a particular direction because this growth
is directional, it appears as if the plant is moving.

Involuntary actions are controlled by the mid-brain

and hind-brain. All these involuntary actions
including blood pressure. salivation and vomiting
are controlled by the medulla in the hind-brain.
Activities like walking in a straight line, riding a
bicycle, picking up a pencil. These are possible due
to a part of the hind-brain called the cerebellum and
it is responsible for precision of voluntary actions
and maintaining the posture and balance of the body.
Protection of nervous tissue
Inside the box, the brain is contained in a fluid-
filled balloon which provides further shock
absorption. The vertebral column or backbone
which protects the spinal cord.
Action of Nervous Tissue
When the action or movement is to be performed,
muscle tissue will do the final job. Environmental triggers such as light, or gravity will
The simplest motion of movement at the cellular change the directions that plant parts grow in.
level is that muscle cells will move by changing Two different kinds of phototropic movement,
their shape so that they shorten. shoots respond by bending towards light while roots
Muscle cells have special proteins that change both respond by bending away from it.
their shape and their arrangement in the cell in The roots of a plant always grow downwards while
response to nervous electrical impulses. the shoots usually grow upwards and away from the
Coordination in Plants earth. This upward and downward growth of shoots
Plants have neither a nervous system nor muscles. and roots, respectively, in response to the pull of
When we touch the leaves of a chuui-mui (the earth of gravity is, obviously, geotropism.
'sensitive' or 'touch-me-not' plant of the Mimosa Chemotropism is the growth of pollen tubes towards
family), they begin to fold up and drop. ovules.

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 Even in animal bodies, there are carefully controlled Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to make
directions to growth. Our arms and fingers grow in thyroxine hormone. Thyroxine regulates
certain directions, not haphazardly. So controlled carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body
movements can be either slow or fast. so as to provide the best balance for growth.
Electrical impulses are an excellent means for this.
But there are limitations to the use of electrical In case iodine is deficient in out diet, there is a
impulses. Firstly, they will reach only those cells possibility that we might suffer from goiter.
that are connected by nervous tissue, not each and Growth hormone is one of the hormones secreted by
every cell in the animal body. the pituitary. As its name indicates, growth hormone
Secondary, once an electrical impulse is generated in regulates growth and development of the body. If
a cell and transmitted, the cell will take some time to there is a deficiency of this hormone in childhood, it
reset its mechanisms before it can generate and leads to dwarfism.
transmit a new impulse.
Most multicellular organisms use another means of 10-12 years of age. These changes associated with
communication between cells, namely chemical puberty are because of the secretion of testosterone
communication. in males and oestrogen in females.
Different plant hormones help to coordinate growth, Important Questions
development and responses to the environment.
They are synthesized at places away from where 1. Cerebrum is a part of…?
they act and simply diffuse to the area of action. (a) Posterior brain (b) Front brain
When growing plants detect light, a hormone called (c) Mid brain (d) None of these
auxin, synthesized at the shoot tip, helps the cells to Ans. (b) : The cerebrum is part of the front brain it is
grow longer. the largest part of the brain and is responsible for
When light is coming from one side of the plant, functions, including sensory perception, cognition, and
auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot.
Another example of plant hormones are gibberellins voluntary movement.
which, like auxins, help in the growth of the stem. 2. Female reproductive hormone is-
Cytokinins promote cell division, and it is natural (a) Progesterone (b) Estradial
then that they are present in greater concentration in (c) Esterogen (d) All of the above
areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and
seeds. Abscisic acid is one example of a hormone Ans. (d) : Female reproductive hormones include:
which inhibits growth. Its effects include wilting of i Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and
leaves. maintain it.
Hormones in Animals i Estradiol plays a crucial role in the development of
Chemical signal were to be sent as well, it would female secondary sexual characteristics and
reach all cells of the body and provide the wide- reproductive system regulation.
ranging changes needed. i Estrogen, A group of hormones, including
Adrenaline is secreted directly into the blood and estradiol, that regulate the menstrual cycle and
carried to different parts of the body. The target
organs or the specific tissues on which it acts reproductive system.
include the heart. 3. Master gland is called-
The blood to the digestive system and skin is (a) Thyroid (b) Pancreas
reduced due to contraction of muscles around small (c) Estrogen (d) Pituitary gland
arteries in these organs.
Ans. (d) : The pituitary gland often referred to as the
The breathing rate also increases because of the
contractions of the diaphragm and the rib muscles. "Master gland", plays a crucial role in regulating
All these responses together enable the animal body various physiological processes.
to be ready to deal with the situation. i It secretes hormones that control other endocrine
Plants have hormones that control their directional glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands and
growth. reproductive organs.
4. Which of the following is not an endocrine
gland?
(a) Parathyroid gland (b) Testicles
(c) Ovary (d) Sebaceous
Ans. (d) : Sebaceous gland is not an endocrine gland; it
is a part of the skin and secretes sebum into hair
follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.
Endocrine glands releases hormones into the blood
which acts as a messenger in and organism.
In vertebrates, the hyprothalamns is the neural control
center for all endocrine systems.
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5. Which of the following statements about 10. The empty space between two nerve cells is
thyroxine is not true? called-?
(a) Thyroxine is also called thyroid hormone. (a) Impulse (b) Synapse
(b) The thyroid gland requires iodine to (c) Ureter (d) Glomerulus.
synthesize thyroxin. Ans. (b) : A synapse is the junction between two nerve
(c) It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, cells where electrical or chemical signals are
proteins and fats in the body. transmitted from one neuron to another.
(d) Iron is necessary for the synthesis of thyroxin. iIt consists of a presynaptic ending that contains neuro
Ans. (d) : Thyroxine (T4) synthesis primarily requires transmitters, a synaptic cleft, and a postsynaptic ending
iodine, not iron. with receptor sites.
● Thyroxine is also called thyroid hormone. 11. Which of the following is Auxin ?
● The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize (a) Enzyme (b) Hormones
thyroxin. (c) Carbohydrates (d) Fat
● It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins Ans. (b) : Auxinas are plant hormones that regulate
and fats in the body. growth by influencing cell elongation, root
6. Which of the following statement is true development, and responses to light and gravity.
regarding the brain? 12. Hyperactivity of thyroid gland is the result of-
(i) Cerebrum does not control body posture and (a) Goiter (b) Diabetes insipidus
balance. (c) Cretinism (d) Diabetes mellitus
(ii) The main thinking part of the brain is the hind Ans. (a) : Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland is typically
brain. associated with Goiter. Specifically, it can lead to
(iii) Involuntary function like salivation, hearing, conditions such as hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid
taste, vomiting, blood pressure are controlled gland is overactive.
by the stable medulla in the hind brain.
13. Which of the following is the control center of
(iv) The centers of hearing, small, memory and
reflex actions?
vision are located in the fore brain.
(a) In nerve cell (b) In the cerebrum
(a) (i) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)
(c) In the cerebellum (d) In the vertebral cord.
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
Ans. (d) : Reflex action are automatic responses to
Ans. (c) : The medulla oblongata located in the hind
stimuli that do not require conscious thought.
brain, does control involuntary functions such as
salivation, hearing, taste, vomiting and blood pressure. iThe spinal cord, or vertebral cord, acts as the control
center for these reflexes. When a stimulus is detected,
● The centers for hearing, smell, memory, and vision
sensory neurons send signals to the spinal cord, which
are located in the fore brain.
then processes the information and sends a response
7. Androgen is- through motor neurons to the muscles, bypassing the
(a) Female hormone (b) Digestive juice brain for a quicker reaction.
(c) Male hormone (d) None of these 14. Which of the following is the basis of life?
Ans. (c) : Androgens are a group of hormones that play (a) Protein (b) Nucleic protein
a role in male and reproductive activity. (c) Fatty acid (d) Nucleic acid
The primary androgen is testosterone, which is
Ans. (d) : The basis of life is generally considered to be
responsible for the development of male characteristics
nucleic acid.
like facial hair and a deeper voice.
Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are fundamental
8. Blood pressure and respiratory rate are to storing and transmitting genetic information, which is
controlled by- crucial for the development, functioning, and
(a) Through the brain stem reproduction of all living organisms.
(b) By pons varolii 15. Which of the following statements about
(c) By the cerebellum receptor organs is true?
(d) By cerebrum. (a) Olfactory organs detect taste while gustatory
Ans. (a) : The brain stem, which includes the medulla organs detect smell.
oblongata and pons, is primarily responsible for (b) Both hearing and olfactory organs detect
controlling vital functions such as blood pressure and taste.
respiratory rate. (c) Both gustatory and olfactory organs detect
9. Estrogen is secreted by- smell.
(a) Thyroid (b) By testis (d) Gustatory organs detect taste while olfactory
(c) By ovary (d) None of these organs detect smell.
Ans. (c) : Estrogen is a hormone primarily secreted by Ans. (d) : Gustatory organs, located on the tongue, are
the ovaries in females. It plays a crucial role in the responsible for detecting taste, while olfactory organs,
development and regulation of the female reproductive located in the nasal cavity, are responsible for detecting
system and secondary sexual characteristics. smell.
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16. The names of the hormones secreted in Some unicellular organisms show somewhat more
situations of anger, stress and fear are- organization of their bodies, such as is seen in
(a) Epinephrine (b) Norepinephrine Leishmania (which cause kala-azar), which have a
(c) Androgens (d) None of these whip-like structure at one end of the cell.
Ans. (a) : Epinephrine is a hormone released by the Other single-celled organisms, such as the malaria
adrenal glands during stress, anger, or fear it triggers the
parasite, Plasmodium, divide into many daughter
"fight-or-flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood
pressure and energy supplies. cells simultaneously by multiple fission.

Chapter-7 How do Organisms

Reproduce
Do organisms create exact copies of themselves-
Chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell contain
information for inheritance of features from parents
to next generation in the form of DNA (Deoxyribo
Nucleic Acid) molecules.
The DNA in the cell nucleus is the information
source for making proteins.
Basic event in reproduction is the creation of a DNA
copy.
DNA copying is accompanied by the creation of an Fragmentation
additional cellular apparatus, and then the DNA In multi-cellular organisms with relatively simple
copies separate, each with its own cellular apparatus. body organization, simple reproductive methods can
Effectively, a cell divides to give rise to two cells. still work. Spirogyra, for example, simply breaks up
The importance of variation into smaller pieces upon maturation. These pieces or
Populations of organisms fill well-defined places, or fragments grow into new individuals.
niches, in the ecosystem, using their ability to
reproduce. Regeneration
The consistency of DNA copying during Many fully differentiated organisms have the ability
reproduction is important for the maintenance of to give rise to new individual organisms from their
body design features that allow the organism to use body parts.
that particular niche. Simple animals like Hydra and Planaria can be cut
Reproduction is therefore linked to the stability of into any number of pieces and each piece grows into
populations of species. a complete organisms. This is known as
Variations were to be present in a few individuals in
these populations, there would be some chance for regeneration.
them to survive.
Population of bacteria living in temperate waters,
and if the water temperature were to be increased by
global warming, most of these bacteria would die,
but the few variants resistant to heat would survive
and grow further. Variation is thus useful for the
survival of species over time.
Fission
For unicellular organisms, cell division, or fission,
leads to the creation of new individuals.
Many bacteria and Protozoa simply split into two
equal halves during cell division.
In organisms such as Amoeba, the splitting of the
two cells during division can take place in any plane.

Budding
Organisms such as Hydra use regenerative cells for
reproduction in the process of budding.
In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to
repeated cell division at one specific site. These
buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully
mature, detach from the parent body and become
new independent individuals.
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 Sexual Reproduction
Modes of reproduction that depend on the
involvement of two individuals before a new
generation can be created.
Sexual Mode of Reproduction
The creation of two new cells from one involves
copying of the DNA as well as of the cellular
apparatus.
Every individual organism cannot be protected by
Vegetative Propagation variations, but in a population, variations are useful
There are many plants in which parts like the root, for ensuring the survival of the species.
stem and leaves develop into new plants under While DNA- copying mechanisms are not absolutely
appropriate conditions. accurate, they are precise enough to make the
This property of vegetative propagation is used in generation of variation a fairly slow process.
methods such as layering or grafting to grow many Two different individuals in a population would
plants like sugarcane, roses, or grapes for have quite different patterns of accumulated
agricultural purposes. variations.
Advantage of vegetative propagation is that all The sexual mode of reproduction incorporates such
plants produced are genetically similar enough to the a process of combining DNA from two different
parent plant to have all its characteristics. individuals during reproduction.
When these germ-cells from two individuals
combine during sexual reproduction to form a new
individual, it results in re-establishment of the
number of chromosomes and the DNA content in the
new generation.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin
The reproductive parts of angiosperms are located in
of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into
the flower.
new plants.
Stamens and pistils are the reproductive parts of a
Tissue culture flower which contain the germ-cells.
In tissue culture, new plants are grown by The flower may be unisexual (papaya, watermelon)
removing tissue or separating cells from the when it contains either stamens of pistil or bisexual
growing tip of a plant. The cells are then placed (Hibiscus, mustard) when it contains both stamens
in an artificial medium where they divide rapidly and pistil.
to form a small group of cells or callus. Using
tissue culture. Many plants can be grown from
one parent in disease-free conditions.

Spore Formation
The tiny blob-on-a-stick structures are involved in
reproduction. The blobs are sporangia, which
contain cells. or spores, that can eventually develop
into new Rhizopus individuals.
The spores ae covered by thick walls that protect
them until they come into contact with another moist
surface and can begin to grow.

Stamen is the male reproductive part and it produces

pollen grains that are yellowish in colour.
Pistil is present in the centre of a flower and is the
female reproductive part.
The swollen bottom part is the ovary, middle
elongated part is the style and the terminal part
which may be sticky is the stigma. The ovary
contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell.
The male germ-cell produced by pollen grain fuses
with the female gamete present in the ovule.
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 (a) Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system consists of portions
which produce the germ-cells and other portions that
deliver the germ-cells to the site of fertilization.
The formation of germ-cells or sperms takes place in
the testes. These are located outside the abdominal
cavity in scrotum because sperm formation requires
la lower temperature than the normal body
temperature.
The sperms formed are delivered through the vas
deferens which unites with a tube coming from the
urinary bladder the urethra thus forms a common
passage for both the sperms and urine.
The sperms are tiny bodies that consist of mainly
genetic material and a long tail that helps them to
move towards the female germ-cell.

Transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower, it is

referred to as self-pollination.
The pollen is transferred from one flower to another,
it is known as cross-pollination.
Transfer of pollen from one flower to another is
achieved by agents like wind, water or animals.
After the pollen lands on a suitable stigma, it has to
reach the female germ-cell which are in the ovary.
After fertilization, the zygote divides several times
to form an embryo within the ovule.
The ovule develops a tough coat and is gradually
converted into a seed. The ovary grows rapidly and
ripens to form a fruit.
Reproduction in Human Beings
Some of these changes are common to both boys
and girls. We begin to notice thick hair growing in (b) Female Reproductive System
new parts of the body such as armpits and the genital The female germ-cells or eggs are made in the
area between the thighs, which can also become ovaries. They are also responsible for the production
darker in colour. of some hormones.
In girls, breast size begins to increase, with When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain
darkening of the skin of the nipples at the tips of the thousands of immature eggs. On reaching puberty,
breasts. Also, girls begin to menstruate at around some of these start maturing. One egg is produced
this time. every month by one of the ovaries.
Boys begin to have new thick hair growth on the The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb
face and their voices begin to crack. Further the through a thin oviduct or fallopian tube. The two
penis occasionally begins to become enlarged and oviducts unite into an elastic bag-like structure
erect. known as the uterus. The uterus opens into the
The rate of general body growth begins to slow vagina through the cervix.
down, reproductive tissues begin to mature. This The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during
period during adolescence is called puberty. sexual intercourse. They travel upwards and reach
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 the oviduct where they may encounter the egg. The 2. The correct sequence of reproductive stages in
fertilized egg (zygote) starts dividing and form a ball a flowing plant is-
of cells or embryo. (a) Zygote, Embryo, Gamete, Neoplasm
The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood (b) Newborn, Embryo, Zygote, Gamete
with the help of a special tissue called placenta. The (c) Zygote, Gamete, Embryo, Neonate
developing embryo will also generate waste (d) Gamete, Zygote, Embryo, Neonate
substances which can be removed by transferring Ans. (d) : Gamete- The sperm and egg cells that fuse
them into the mother's blood through the placenta. during fertilization.
(c) What happens when the egg is not fertilised- Zygote-The fertilized egg cell formed from the union of
If the egg is not fertilized, it lives for about one day. gametes.
Since the ovary releases one egg every month, the Embryo-The early stage of development that occurs
uterus also prepares itself every month to receive a after the zygote starts dividing.
fertilized egg. Newborn- It refers to the mature seed or young plant
Thus its lining becomes thick and spongy. This that has developed from embryo.
would be required for nourishing the embryo if 3. Which of the following statements are true
fertilization had taken place. regarding flowers?
Now, however, this lining is not needed any longer (i) After fertilization they form fruits.
so, the lining slowly breaks and comes out through (ii) They are found is all closes of plants.
the vagina as blood and mucous. This cycle takes (iii) These are the organs of sexual reproduction.
place roughly every month and is known as (iv) Flowers are always bisexual.
menstruation. (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iv)
(d) Reporductive Health (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
The process of sexual maturation is gradual, and Ans. (a) : After fertilization, flower typically develop
takes place while general body growth is still going into fruits, which contains seeds for the next generation.
on. ● Flowers serve as the organs of sexual reproduction in
The sexual act is a very intimate connection of angiosperms, facilitating the process of pollination and
bodies, it is not suprising that many diseases can be fertilization.
sexually transmitted. These include bacterial 4. The male part of the flower is called-
infections such as gonorrhea and syphilis, and viral (a) Androecium (b) Corolla
infections such as warts and HIV-AIDS. (c) Calyx (d) Gynoecium
Using a covering, called a condom, for the penis Ans. (a) : The androecium is the collective term for the
during sex helps to prevent transmission of many of stamens in a flower, which are the male reproductive
these infections to some extent. parts.
One category is the creation of a mechanical barrier i Each stamen consists of a filament and anther, where
so that sperm does not reach the egg. Condoms on pollen is produced.
the penis or similar coverings worn in the vagina can 5. Asexual Reproduction occurs in yeast-
serve this purpose. (a) By sporogenesis (b) By regeneration
Contraceptive devices such as the loop or the (c) By budding (d) None of these
copper-T are placed in the uterus to prevent Ans. (c) : Asexual Reproduction in yeast occurs by
pregnancy. budding.
For a healthy society, the female-male sex ratio must i In this process, a new yeast cell forms as a small
be maintained. Because of reckless female feticides, outgrowth, or bud on the parent cell. The bud grows
child sex ratio is declining at an alarming rate in in size and eventually separates to become an
some sections of our society, although prenatal sex independent yeast cell.
determination has been prohibited by law. 6. The female part of plants is called-
We have noted earlier that reproduction is the (a) Petal (b) Stamen
process by which organisms increase their (c) Androcecium (d) Gynoecium
populations. The rates of birth and death in a given
Ans. (d) : The Gynoecium is the female part of a
population will determine its size.
flower, which includes the ovary, style, and stigma.
Important Questions 7. The embryo develops-
1. Male gamete is called- (a) In the cervix (b) In the vagina
(a) Egg (b) Testicles (c) In the uterus (d) None of these
(c) Sperm (d) None of these Ans. (c) : After fertilization, the embryo travels down
Ans. (c) : The male gamete, or sperm is a reproductive the fallopian tube and implants itself in the living of the
cell produced by the male reproductive organs it carries uterus.
half the genetic information needed to form a new The uterus provides a protective environment and
individual and merges with the female gamete during nutrients for the embryo to grow and develop into a
fertilization. fetus.
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8. After fertilization, the zygote divides to form? Ans. (a) : The anther is part of the stamen in a flower
(a) Embryo (b) Female gamete and contains pollen grains, which are necessary for
(c) Embryo sac (d) Male gamete fertilization.
Ans. (a) : After fertilization, the zygote, which is a 16. Binary fission is found in which of the
single cell formed by the fusion of the male and female following-
gametes, begins to divide through a process called (a) Water hyacinth
mitosis. This division continues, forming a multicellular
(b) Amoeba
structure known as an embryo.
(c) Paramecium
9. What is the basal part of the pistil called?
(d) Both Amoeba and Paramecium
(a) Thalamus (b) Stigma
(c) Style (d) Ovary Ans. (d) : Binary fission is a type of asexual
reproduction commonly found in single-called
Ans. (d) : The ovary is the enlarged basal part of the
pistil in a flower it contains the ovules, which develop organisms.
into seed after fertilization. iAmoeba undergoes binary fission Paramecium
The ovary itself will mature into a fruit, which protects typically reproduces by a process celled binary fission
the seeds and helps in their dispersal. as well, but it is often mentioned alongside other
10. Vegetative propagation is possible- methods like conjugation.
(a) Root (b) Leaf 17. Gamete transfer can occur by-
(c) Stem (d) All of the above (a) By air
Ans. (d) : Vegetative propagation can occur through (b) By water
roots, leaves, and stems in different plants. (c) By both air and water
11. Amoeba, yeast and spirogyra have the common (d) None of these
feature of reproduction. Ans. (c) : In many plants, gametes can be transferred
(a) All of them are multi-cellular through the air or by water (i.e. gametes in aquatic
(b) They reproduce asexually plants).
(c) All of them are unicellular 18. Which of the following organisms reproduce
(d) They reproduce only sexually asexually?
Ans. (b) : Amoeba, Yeast, and Spirogyra all primarily (i) Dog
reproduce asexually, although they may have other (ii) Amoeba
modes of reproduction under specific conditions. (iii) Banana
12. In which of the following forms of life does (iv) Yeast
asexual reproduction occur by budding? (a) (i) (ii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iv)
(a) Yeast (b) Amoeba (c) (ii) (iii) (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
(c) Plasmodium (d) Leishmania
Ans. (c) : Amoeba reproduces asexually through binary
Ans. (a) : In budding, a new organism develops from an
fission, where it splits into 2 identical cells.
outgrowth or bud on the parent organism. In yeast, this
bud grows, eventually detaching to form a new yeast iBanana typically reproduces asexually through
cell. This method of reproduction allows yeast to vegetative propagation.
reproduce quickly and efficiently. iYeast reproduces asexually via budding, where a new
13. Which of the following parts is haploid? organism grows out from the parent.
(a) Zygote (b) Pollen 19. In which of the following reproduction takes
(c) Another (d) Ovary place through gemma-
Ans. (b) : Pollen grains are haploid because they (a) Mammals (b) Some bryophytes
contain only one set of chromosomes, representing the (c) Lower class animals (d) Higher class plants.
male gametes in plants. Ans. (b) : In some bryophytes, like liverworts,
i The anther and ovary are structures in plants that reproduction can occur through structure called gemma.
contain diploid cells. These are small, multi-cellular structures that can detach
14. Which of the following is an example of from the parent plant and grow into new individuals.
rhizome?
(a) Onion (b) Ginger Chapter-8 Heredity and Biological
(c) Lemon (d) Garlic Evolution
Ans. (b) : A rhizome is a type of underground stem that
grows horizontally, and ginger is a well-known example Accumulation of variation During
of a plant that has a rhizome. Reproduction
15. Which of the following is found in anther? Inheritance from the previous generation provides
(a) Pollen grain (b) Carpel both a common basic body design, and subtle
(c) Ovary (d) Sepal changes in it, for the next generation.
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 One bacterium divides, and then the resultant two The progeny of the parental plants are, of course, all
bacteria divide again, the four individual bacteria tall. However, the second-generation, or F2, progeny
generated would be very similar. of the F1 tall plants are not all tall. Instead, one
quarter of them are short. This indicates that both the
tallness and shortness traits were inherited in the F1
plants, but only the tallness trait was expressed.

Heredity
The most obvious outcome of the reproductive
process still remains the generation of individuals of
similar design.
The rules of heredity determine the process by
which traits and characteristics are reliably inherited.
Inherited Traits
A child bears all the basic features of a human
being. However, it does not look exactly like its In this explanation, both TT and Tt are tall plants,
parents, and human populations show a great deal of while only it is a short plant.
variation. Traits like 'T' are called dominant traits, while those
that behave like 't' are called recessive traits.
Rules for the inherited of Traits-Mendel's
contributions
The rules for inheritance of such traits in human
beings are related to the fact that both the father and
the mother contribute practically equal amounts of
genetic material to the child.
Mendel worked out the main rules of such
inheritance, and it is interesting to look at some of
his experiments from more than a century ago.

How do these Traits get Expressed

Cellular DNA is the information source for making
proteins in the cell. A section of DNA that provides
information for one protein is called the gene for
that protein.
Plants have hormones that can trigger growth. Plant
height can thus depend on the amount of a particular
plant hormone.
If this enzyme works efficiently a lot of hormone
will be made, and the plant will be tall. If the gene
for that enzyme has an alternation that makes the
enzyme less efficient, the amount of hormone will
Mendel used a number of contrasting visible be less, and the plant will be short. Thus genes
characters of garden peas-round/wrinkled seeds, control characteristics, or traits.
tall/short plants, white/violet flowers and so on. If the interpretations of Mendelian experiments we
In the first place, there were no halway have been discussing are correct, then both parents
characteristics in this first-generation, or F1 must be contributing equally to the DNA of the
progeny-no 'medium-height' plants. All plants were progeny during sexual reproduction.
tall. This meant that only one of the parental traits If both parents can help determine the trait in the
wass seen, not some mixture of the two. progeny, both parents must be contributing a copy of
Mendelian experiments test this by getting both the the same gene.
parental plants and these F1 tall plants to reproduce Germ-cells make single set of genes from the normal
by self-polliantion. two copies that all other cells in the body have.
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 Each gene set is present, not as a single long thread
of DNA, but as separate independent pieces, each
called a chromosome. Thus, each cell will have two
copies of each chromosome, one each from the male
and female parents.
Every germ-cell will take one chromosome from
each pair and these may be of either material of
paternal origin.

Most human chromosomes have a maternal and a

paternal copy, and we have 22 such pairs. But one
pair, called the sex chromosomes, is odd in not
always being a perfect pair.
Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes,
both called X. But men have a mismatched pair in
which one is a normal-sized X while the other is a
short one called Y. So women are XX, while men
are XY.
All children will inherit an X chromosome from
their mother regardless of whether they are boys or
girls. Thus, the sex of the children will be
determined by what they inherit from their father. A
child who inherits an X chromosome from her father
will be a girl, and one who inherits a Y chromosome
from him will be a boy.
Important Questions
1. Interbreeding between the same species is
called-
(a) Interbreeding (b) Inbreeding
Sex Determination (c) By Darwin (d) None of these
The two sexes participating in sexual reproduction Ans. (b) : Inbreeding refers to the breeding of closely
must be somewhat different from each other for a related individuals within the same species, which can
number of reasons. increase the chances of spring inheriting genetic
In some animal like a few reptiles, the temperature disorders.
at which fertilized eggs are kept determines whether 2. Biological evolution was first explained in-
the animals developing in the eggs will be male or (a) By Aristotle (b) By Lamarck
female. (c) By Darwin (d) None of these
In human beings, the sex of the individual is largely Ans. (b) : Lamarck was one of the first to propose a
genetically determined. In other words, the genes theory of biological evolution in the early 19th century,
inherited from our parents decide whether we will be suggesting that organisms could pass on traits acquired
boys or girls. during their lifetime to their offspring.
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3. Chromosomes are made of- (c) When the offspring of the parents shown the
(a) RNA (b) DNA dominant character only in the F1 generation.
(c) DNA and RNA (d) None of these (d) When the offspring have characteristics or
Ans. (b) : Chromosomes are made of DNA and characters passed from generation to
proteins. generation.
Chromosomes are thread like structures that are found Ans. (c) : According to the rule of dominance, when
in the nucleus of animals and plant cells. They are two different alleles are present in an organism, the
passed from parents to off spring. dominant allele will mask the expression of the
4. Who is the closest relative of African humans? recessive allele in the F1 generation, leading the
(a) Squirrel (b) Gorilla offspring to show only the dominant trait.
(c) Monkey (d) None of these 10. What is the name of a fossil Bird that looks like
Ans. (b) : The closest relative of African humans is the a bird but has other reptile-like
gorilla. characteristics?
Gorillas, along with chimpanzees and baboons, are part (a) Flamingo (b) Mouse bird
of the family Hominidae, which (c) Dodo (d) Archaeopteryx
5. Gregor John Mendel is famous for-?
Ans. (d) : Archaeopteryx is a well-known fossil bird
(a) Mutation theory
that exhibits both bird-like and reptile-like
(b) Inheritance of acquired traits
characteristics it had feathers and wings like a bird, but
(c) Cell theory
it also has teeth, a long body tail, and claws on it wings,
(d) Laws of heredity
which are reptilian features.
Ans. (d) : Gregor John Mendel is famous for the Laws
of heredity. He is known as the "father of Genetics" for 11. Which of the following process is an exception
this work on pea plants, through which he discovered to Gregor John Mendal's law?
the fundamental principles of inheritance, including the (a) Conversion (b) Mutation
concepts of dominant and recessive traits. (c) Linkage (d) Cloning
6. What is the number of diploid chromosomes in Ans. (c) : Gregor Mendel's Law of inheritance state that
humans? alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes
(a) 46 (b) 23 independently of one another.
(c) 24 (d) 48 However, linkage is an exception to this low because
Ans. (a) : Humans have 46 chromosomes in total genes that are located close to each other on the same
organized into 23 pairs. Each pair consists of one chromosome tend to be inherited together rather than
chromosomes from each parent. assorting independently.
iThe total is referred to as the diploid number, 12. Genetic mutation occurs in the following-
indicating that humans have 2 sets of chromosomes. (a) In chromosome (b) In DNA
7. Who coined the word mutation? (c) In ribosome (d) RNA
(a) Hugo de Vries Ans. (b&d) : Genetic mutations occur in DNA and
(b) James Watson RNA. Genetic mutations occur in DNA which is
(c) Hermann Joseph Mullar manifested in altered protein structure and function via
(d) None of these RNA & is carried to most generation via chromosomes.
Ans. (a) : The term "mutation" was coined by Hugo de 13. The sudden change in genes that occurs from
Vries. He used it to describe genetic changes
one generation to the next is called-
heobserved in plant species during his experiment.
(a) Closing (b) Mutation
8. Wings of bat and bird are examples- (c) Conversion (d) Totipotency
(a) Homologous organ
(b) Analogous organs Ans. (b) : A mutation is a sudden, heritable change in
(c) Non-homologous organs the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. It can
(d) None of these occur due to errors during DNA replication or due to
environmental factors, and it can result in changes to the
Ans. (b) : Analogous organs are structures in different
organism's fruits or functions. These changes are
species that perform a similar function but have evolved
passed on to the next generation if they occur in
independently, after due to similar environmental
pressures. reproductive cells.
● The wings of bats and birds are examples of 14. Who is called the father of genetics?
analogous organs. (a) Darwin (b) Lamarck
9. The rule of dominance is- (c) Mendel (d) Hugo de vries
(a) In the F2 Generation both the characters Ans. (c) : Gregor Mendel is considered the father of
which are governed by the gene are different. genetics due to his foundational work on the inheritance
(b) When the offspring of the parents show the of fruits in pea plants, which established the basic
dominant character only in the F2 generation. principles of heredity.
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15. Aves evolved-
(a) From reptiles (b) Mammals
(c) Arthropoda (d) Amphibian
Ans. (a) : Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs, a
group of reptiles over millions of year, these dinosaurs
developed feathers, lightweight bones, and other
adaptations that eventually led to the modern birds we
see today.

Chapter-9 Light-Reflection and

Refraction
• If an opaque object on the path of light becomes
very small, light has a tendency to bend around it
and not walk in a straight line-an effect known as
the diffraction of light.
Reflection of Ligh They are all meeting/intersecting at a point on the
A highly polished surface, such as a mirror, reflects principal axis of the mirror. This point is called the
most of the light falling on it. principal focus of the concave mirror.
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of The reflected rays appear to come from a point of
the principal axis. This point is called the principal
reflection.
focus of the convex mirror.
The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the The distance between the pole and the principal
point of incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in focus of a spherical mirror is called the focal length.
the same plane. The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical
Image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual mirror is called its aperture.
and erect. Image formation by a concave mirror for
The most commonly used type of curved mirror is different positions of the object
the spherical mirror. Position Position Size of the Nature
Such mirrors, whose reflecting surfaces are of the of the image of the
spherical, are called spherical mirror. object image image
Spherical Mirrors At At the Highly Real
A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is infinity focus F diminished, and
curved inwards. that is, faces forwards the centre of point-sized inverted
the sphere, is called a concave mirror. Beyond Between Diminished Real
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is C F and C and
inverted
curved outwards, is called a convex mirror.
At C At C Same size Real
The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical
and
mirror is a point called the pole. inverted
Between Beyond C Enlarged Real
C and F and
inverted
At F At infinity Highly Real
enlarged and
inverted
Between Behind Enlarged Virtual
P and F the mirror and
erect
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a
part of a sphere. This sphere has a centre. This point Representation of images formed by
is called the centre of curvature of the spherical spherical mirrors using ray diagrams
mirror. A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection,
The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting will pass through the principal focus in case of a
surface of a spherical mirror forms a part, is called concave mirror or appear to diverge from the
the radius of curvature of the mirror. principal focus in case of a convex mirror.
NCERT Science 268 YCT
 Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches,
search-lights and vehicles headlights to get powerful
parallel beams of light. They are often used as
shaving mirrors to see a larger image of the face.

A ray passing through the principal focus of a

concave mirror or a ray which is directed towards
the principal focus of a convex mirror, after
reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal
axis.
Table: Nature, position and relative size
of the image formed by a convex mirror.
Position Position Size of the Nature
of the of the image of the
object image image
A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a At At the Highly Virtual
concave mirror or directed in the direction of the infinity focus F. diminished, and
centre of curvature of a convex mirror, after
behind the point-sized erect
reflection, is reflected back along the same path.
mirror
Between Between Diminished Virtual
infinity P and F, and
and the behind the erect
pole P of mirror
the
A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, mirror
towards a point P (pole of the mirror), on the Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view
concave mirror (a) or a convex mirror (b) is reflected (wing) mirrors in vehicles.
obliquely. Mirror Formula and Magnification
In a spherical mirror, the distance of the object from
its pole is called the object distance (u).
The distance of the image from the pole of the
mirror is called the image distance (u).
The distance of the image from the pole of the
mirror is called the image distance (v).
Image Formation by Concave Mirror There is a relationship between these three quantities
Illustrates the ray diagrams for the formation of
given by the mirror formula which is expresses as.
image by a concave mirror for various positions of
the object. 1 1 1
+ =
v u f

This formula is valid in all situations for all

spherical mirrors for all positions of the object.
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 Magnification The Refractive Index
Magnification produced by a spherical mirror gives
the relative extent to which the image of an object is
magnified with respect to the object size.
Height of the image (h ')
m=
Height of the object (h)
h'
m=
h
The magnification m is also related to the object
distance (u) and image distance (u).
h' v
Magnification (m) = =−
h u
Refraction of Light By the same argument, the refractive index of
Light seems to travel along straight-line paths in a medium 1 with respect to medium 2 is represented
transparent medium. as n12. It is given by.
These observations indicate that light does not travel Speed of light in medium1 v1
in the same direction in all media. n 21 = =
Speed of light in medium 2 v2
It appears that when travelling obliquely from one
medium to another, the direction of propagation of • If medium 1 is vacuum or air, then the refractive
light in the second medium changes. index of medium 2 is considered with respect to
This phenomenon is known as refraction of light. vacuum. This is called the absolute refractive index
of the medium.
Refraction through a rectangular glass slab
Speed of light in medium 2 v2
n12 = =
Speed of light in medium1 v1
• The absolute refractive index of a medium is simply
called its refractive index.
Speed of light in air c
nm = =
Speed of light in the medium v
Table Absolute Refractive Index of Some
Material Media
Material Refractiv Material Refracti
medium e index medium ve index
Air 1.0003 Canada 1.53
Balsam
Ice 1.31 Rock salt 1.54
Water 1.33
Alcohol 1.36
The following are the laws of refraction of light. Kerosene 1.44 Carbon 1.63
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the disulphide
normal to the interface of two transparent fused 1.46 Dense 1.65
media at the point of incidence, all lie in the quartz flint glass
same plane. Turpentine 1.47 Ruby 1.71
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the oil
sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the Benzene 1.50 Sapphire 1.77
light of a given colour and for the given pair Crown 1.52 Diamond 2.42
of media. This law is also known as Shell's glass
law of refraction. (This is true for angle 0< I <
90º)
Refraction by Spherical Lenses
A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of
If I is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of which one or both surfaces are spherical, forms a
refraction, then, lens.
sin i A lens may have two spherical surfaces, bulging
= constant
sin r outwards. Such a lens is called a double convex lens.

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 Position Position Relative Nature
of the of the size of the of the
object image image image
At At focus Highly Virtual
infinity F1 diminished and
point-sized erect
Between Between Diminished Virtual
infinity focus F1 and
and and erect
optical optical
centre O centre O
of the
lens
Image formation in Lenses Using Ray
Diagrams
A ray of light from the object, parallel to the
principal axis, after refraction from a convex lens,
passes through the principal focus on the other side
of the lens, as shown in case of a concave lens, the
Several rays of light parallel to the principal axis are ray appears to diverge from the principal focus
converging to a point on the principal axis. This located on the same side of the lens, as shown in fig
point on the principal axis is called the principal (b).
focus of the lens.
Several rays of light parallel to the principal axis are
falling on a concave lens. These rays, after refraction
from the lens are appearing to diverge from a point
on the principal axis. This point on the principal axis
is called the principal focus of the concave lens.
Image formation by lenses A ray of light passing through a principal focus,
The nature, position and relative size of the image after refraction from a convex lens, will emerge
formed by convex lens for various positions of the parallel to the principal axis. This is shown fig. (a).
object is summarized in Table. A ray for light appearing to meet at the principal
Position Position Relative Nature focus of a concave lens. After refraction, will
of the of the size of the of the emerge parallel to the principal axis.
object image image image
At At focus Highly Real
infinity F2 diminished, and
point-sized inverted
Beyond Between Diminished Real
2F1 F2 and 2F2 and
inverted
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real
and
inverted
Between Beyond Enlarged Real
F1 and 2F2 and
2F1 inverted
At focus At infinity Infinitely Real
F1 large or and
highly inverted A ray of light passing through the optical centre of
enlarged a lens will emerge without any deviation.
Between On the Enlarged Virtual
focus F1 same side and
and of the lens erect
optical as the
centre O object
Table- Nature, position and relative size of the
image formed by a concave lens for various
positions of the object.

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 Ans. (a) : A concave mirror converges light rays that
are parallel to its principal axis, making it a convergent
mirror.
4. Convex mirror is called-
(a) convergent
(b) divergent
(c) convergent and divergent
(d) none of these
Ans. (b) : A convex mirror has a curved surface that
bulges outward. When parallel light rays hit this mirror,
they are reflected outward and appear to diverge from a
single point behind the mirror. This characteristic makes
the mirror "divergent" because it spreads out light rays.
5. What will be the power of a convex lens with a
focal length of 25 cm?
(a) 2 D (b) 1 D
(c) 3 D (d) 4 D
Ans. (d) : The power p of a lens is given b the formula
1
p = where p is the power in diopters (D) and f is the
f
focal length in meters.
Given the focal length f = 25 cm,
Convert it to meters:
Sign Convention for spherical Lenses
25
According to the convention, the focal length of a f= = 0.25m
convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is 100
negative. Now, calculate the power:
This formula gives the relationship between object- 1
p= = 4D
distance (u), image-distance (v) and the focal length 0.25
(f). The lens formula is expressed as. 6. The power of a lens measured in?
1 1 1 (a) Meter (b) Dobson
− =
v u f (c) Diopter (d) Candela
Important Questions Ans. (d) : The power of a lens indicates its ability to
converge or diverge light. It is measured in diopters (d),
1. The number of centers of curvature in a lens is-
which is the inverse of a focal length in meters (D =
(a) 0 (b) 1
1/focal length in meters). A lens with a power of 1
(c) 2 (d) ∞ diopter has a focal length of 1 meter.
Ans. (b) : A lens has 2 curved surfaces, each with its 7. What is the colour of the sky at sunrise and
own center of curvature. These centers are points from sunset?
which the curvature of each surface can be imagined as (a) Yellow (b) Purple
originating. (c) Slack (d) Red
2. How is the image formed by a convex mirror? Ans. (d) : At sunrise and sunset, the sky often appears
(a) always straight red due to the scattering of shorter wavelength of light
(b) always upside down (like blue) and the longer wavelengths (like red) being
(c) straight and also inverted more visible.
(d) none of these 8. What is a spherical mirror which curves
Ans. (a): Image formed by convex is always erect, outwards called?
virtual, and diminished no matter where the objects. All (a) Plane mirror (b) Concave mirror
the images formed by this mirror will be between pole (c) Convex mirror (d) None of these
and focus. Ans. (c) : A convex mirror is a type of spherical mirror
3. Concave mirror is called- that curves outward, like the exterior of a ball. This
(a) convergent outward curvature causes light rays that strike the
(b) divergent mirror to diverge, meaning they spread out. Because of
(c) convergent and divergent this, convex mirror produce a virtual, diminished and
(d) none of these upright image.
NCERT Science 272 YCT
9. What is the value of refractive index of a R
medium? The relationship is given by f =
2
(a) sin i + sin r (b) sin i × sin r 14. The mirror used for shaving are-
(c) sin r / sin i (d) sin i /sin r
(a) Convex (b) Flat
Ans. (d) : The refractive index of a medium is a (c) Concave (d) None of these
measure of how much light bends when it enters the
medium from another. Ans. (c) : The two mirrors commonly used for shaving
are typically concave mirrors. Concave mirrors can
According to Snell's law, the refractive index n is given
by the ratio of the sin of the angle of incidence i to the create magnified images and are useful for a close-up
sin of the angle of refraction r: view, which helps in shaving.
15. The image formed by a plane mirror is
sin i
n= (a) Real
sin r
(b) Imaginary
10. The mirror used in solar cooker is- (c) Both real and imaginary
(a) Concave mirror (b) Convex mirror (d) None of these
(c) Plane mirror (d) None of these Ans. (b) : The image formed by a plane mirror is
Ans. (a) : A concave mirror focuses the sunlight onto a imaginary. In a plane mirror, the image is virtual (or
single point, making it ideal for concentrating heat in a imaginary), as it cannot be projected onto a screen and
solar cooker. is formed by the apparent extension of light rays behind
11. Which of the following materials cannot be the mirror.
used to make lenses?
(a) Soil (b) Plastic Chapter-10 The Human Eye and
(c) Water (d) Glass
Ans. (a) : Soil cannot be used to make lenses. Lenses
the Colourful World
need materials with specific optical properties to focus The Human Eye
light, which soil does not possess.
The human eye is one of the most valuable and
Plastic, water and glass can all be used to make lenses. sensitive sense organs. It enables us to see the
12. The image formed by a concave mirror of an wonderful word and the colours around us.
object was found to be virtual, erect, and larger The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system
than the object. The condition of the object. forms an image on a light-sensitive screen called the
The condition of the object should be-
retina.
(a) Between the pole of the mirror and the
Light enters the eye through a thin membrane called
principal focus
the cornea.
(b) Beyond the center of curvature
The eyeball is approximately spherical in shape with
(c) At the center of curvature
a diameter of about 2.3 cm.
(d) Between the principal focus and the center of
curvature. The crystalline lens merely provides the liners
adjustment of focal length required to focus objects
Ans. (a) : The condition described fits the case when
at different distances on the retina.
the object is placed between the pole of the mirror and
the principal focus of a concave mirror. In this position, Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm that controls the
the concave mirror forms a virtual, erect, and magnified size of the pupil.
image. The pupil regulates and controls the amount of light
entering the eye.
13. The relationship between the radius of The light sensitive cells get activated upon
curvature R and focal length f of a spherical
illumination and generate electrical signals.
mirror is-
R
(a) R = f (b) f =
2
f
(c) R = (d) f = 2×R
2
Ans. (b) : In a spherical mirror, the focal length (f) is
half of the radius of curvature (R). This is because the
focal length is the distance from the mirrors surface to
the focal point, while the radius of curvature is the
distance from mirror's surface to its center of curvature.
NCERT Science 273 YCT
 Power of Accommodation
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is
called accommodation.
To see an object comfortably and distinctly, you
must hold it at about 25 cm from the eyes.
The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen
most distinctly without strain, is called the least
distance of distinct vision.
It is also called the near point of the eye.
The farthest point upto which the eye can see objects
clearly is called the far point of the eye.
Defects of vision and their correction
The vision becomes blurred due to the refractive
defects of the eye.
Myopia or near-sightedness,
Hypermetropia or far sightedness,
Presbyopia.
Myopia
Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness.
This defect may arise due to. (i) excessive curvature
of the eye lens. or (ii) elongation of the eyeball. This
defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of
suitable power.
Sometimes.' a person may suffer from both myopia
and hypermetropia. Such people often require bi-
focal lenses. A common type of bi-focal lenses
consists of both concave and convex lenses.
Refraction of Light Through a Prism

(b) Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness. A
person with hypermetropia can see distant objects
clearly but cannot see nearby objects distantly the
near point. Dispersion of White Light by a Glass
This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens Prism
of appropriate power. The prism has probably split the incident white light
(c) Presbyopia into a band of colours. Note the colours that appear
The power of accommodation of the eye usually at the two ends of the colour band. The various
decreases with ageing. For most people, the near colours seen are violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,
point gradually recedes away. They find it difficult Orange and Red. The band of the coloured
to see nearby objects comfortably and distinctly components of a light beam is called its spectrum.
without corrective eye-glasses. This defect is called The splitting of light into its component colours is
presbyopia. called dispersion.
NCERT Science 274 YCT
 Atmospheric Refraction
This wavering is thus an effect of atmospheric
refraction (refraction of light by the earth's
atmosphere) on a small scale in our local
environment. The twinkling of stars is a similar
phenomenon on a much larger scale.

Different colours of light bend through different

angles with respect to the incident ray, as they pass
through a prism. The red light bends the least while
the violet the most. Thus the rays of each colour
emerge along different paths and thus become
distinct.

Twinkling of Stars
The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric
refraction of starlight. The starlight, on entering the
Isaac Newton was the first to use a glass prism to earth's atmosphere, undergoes refraction
obtain the spectrum of sunlight. continuously before it reaches the earth. The
atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of
gradually changing refractive index. Since the
atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the
apparent position of the star is slightly different from
its actual position. The star appears slightly higher
(above) the its actual position when viewed near the
horizon.
The planets are much closer to the earth, and are
thus seen as extended sources. If we consider a
planet as a collection of a large number of point-
sized sources of light, the total variation in the
amount of light entering our eye from all the
individual point-sized sources will average out to
zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling effect.
A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the
sky-after a rain.
It is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water
droplets, present in the atmosphere. A rainbow is
always formed in a direction opposite to that of the
Sun.

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 Scattering of Light Ans. (c) : On the moon, there is no atmosphere to
The interplay of light with objects around us gives scatter sunlight like on earth, so the sky appears black to
rise to several spectacular phenomena in nature. The an astronaut standing on the lunar surface, even during
blue colour of the sky, colour of water in deep sea, the day.
the reddening of the sun at sunrise and the sunset are 4. The image of an object is formed in front of the
some of the wonderful phenomena we are familiar retina, which of the following is a visual defect?
with. (a) In for-sightedness (b) In nearsightedness
Tyndall Effect (c) Farsightedness (d) All of the above
The earth's atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture Ans. (b) : Nearsightedness, or myopia, is the visual
of minute particles. These particles include smoke, defect where images are formed in front of the retina,
making distant objects appear blurry.
tiny water droplets, suspended particles of dust and
molecules of air. When a beam of light strikes such 5. Which part of the eye is used for
fine particles. The path of the beam becomes visible. transplantation during eye donation?
The light reaches us, after being reflected diffusely (a) Cornea (b) Retina
by these particles. The phenomenon of scattering of (c) Butterfly (d) All
light by the colloidal particles gives rise to Tyndall Ans. (a) : During eye donation, the cornea is the part of
effect. the eye that is typically transplanted.
Tyndall effect can also be observed when sunlight The cornea is the clear, dome shaped surface that covers
passes through a canopy of a dense forest. Here, tiny the front of the eye and plays a crucial role in focusing
water droplets in the mist scatter light. vision.
Why is the Colour of the Clear Sky Blue 6. How many surfaces does a normal prism
have?
The molecules of air and other fine particles in the
(a) 4 (b) 5
atmosphere have size smaller than the wavelength of
(c) 6 (d) 8
visible light. These are more effective in scattering
light of shorter wavelengths at the blue end than Ans. (b) : A simple prism is mainly surrounded by 3
light of longer wavelengths at the red end. The red rectangular surfaces and has 2 triangular bases. Thus a
light has a wavelength about 1.8 times greater than simple prism is surrounded by a total of 5 surfaces.
blue light. Thus, when sunlight passes through the 7. The phenomenon of twinkling of stars at night
atmosphere, the fine particles in air scatter the blue is based on-
colour (shorter wavelengths) more strongly than red. (a) Principle of scattering
The scattered blue light enters our eyes. (b) Principle of refraction
(c) Theory of dispersion of colors
Important Questions (d) None of the above
1. Which colour of light has the minimum Ans. (b) : The twinkling of stars is caused by the
wavelength? refraction of starlight as it passes through the earth's
(a) red (b) yellow atmosphere. The different layers of air with varying
(c) purple (d) green temperatures and densities causes the light to bend and
Ans. (c) : The color of light corresponds to different change direction, making the stars appear to twinkle.
wavelengths in the visible spectrum. 8. The image formed by the human eye of an
Purple light has the shortest wavelength, typically object is-
around 380-450 nm, making it the color with the (a) real, inverted and small
minimum wavelength among the options provided. (b) real, inverted and large
2. Human eyes form images, which part will be (c) imaginary, straight and big
that? (d) imaginary, inverted and small
(a) Pupil (b) Retina Ans. (a) : The image formed by the human eye on the
(c) Cornea (d) Iris retina is real, inverted, and smaller than the actual
Ans. (b) : The human eye forms on image of an object object. The brain then processes this image, allowing us
to perceive the object in its correct orientation.
on its retina. The retina is the covering in the human eye
on which the image is formed. The retina is a delicate 9. The scattering of light by particles suspended
membrane/film that covers the entire curved back in a colloidal solution is called-
surface of the eye. It also contains a large number of (a) Kindle effect (b) Tyndall effect
light sensitive cells in the form of rods and cones. (c) Quintal effect (d) Atmospheric effect
3. An astronaut standing on the surface of the Ans. (b) : The tyndall effect occurs when light passes
moon see the color of the sky? through a colloidal solution and is scattered by the small
(a) Blue (b) Red particles in the solution. This scattering makes the light
(c) Black (d) None of these visible as it travels through the medium.

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10. In which of the following the phenomenon of (c) Contract and the lens become thin
light decreases through prism? (d) Contract and the lens become thick
(a) Refraction (b) Color distortion Ans. (b) : When the focal length of the eye lens
(c) Reflection (d) All increases, the ciliary muscles relax, which helps in
focusing on distant objects.
Ans. (b) : Color distortion is the phenomenon of light
which decreases through prism. Chapter-11 Electricity
Splitting of white light into 7 constituent color when
passed through the prism, is called dispersion of light Electricity
also. Electricity has an important place in modern society.
11. Which phenomena have an important role in It is a controllable and convenient from of energy
making the sun appear red at the time of for a variety of uses in homes, schools, hospitals,
sunrise and sunset? industries and so on.
(a) Reflection of light from the earth Electric Current and Circuit
(b) Total internal reflection of light A continuous and closed path of an electric current
(c) Dispersion of light is called an electric circuit.
(d) Scattering of light Electric current is expressed by the amount of
Ans. (d) : At sunrise and sunset, the sun's light has to charge flowing through a particular area in unit time.
pass through a greater thickness of earth's atmosphere. In an electric circuit the direction of electric current
During this path, shorter wavelength of light are is taken as opposite to the direction of the flow of
scattered more than longer wavelength. This scattering electrons, which are negative charges.
causes the sun to appear red or orange at these times. If a net charge Q, flows across any cross-section of a
conductor in time t, then the current I, through the
12. In which vision defect the crystalline lens of the
cross-section is-
eye becomes cloudy and opaque?
Q
(a) Near sightedness (b) Far-sightedness I=
(c) Cataract (d) Presbyopia t
Ans. (c) : Sometime, the crystalline lens of the eyes of The SI unit of electric charge is coulomb (C), The
some elderly people becomes milky and cloudy. This electric current is expressed by a unit called ampere
condition is called cataract. Due to this, there is (A), named after the French scientist, Andre-Marie
reduction in vision or complete loss of vision. It is Ampere (1775-1836). The flow of one coulomb of
possible for vision to return after cataract surgery. charge per second, that is, constituted by the flow of
one coulomb of charge per second, that is, 1A =
13. The far point of a normal human being should 1C/1s. Small quantities of current are expressed in
be- milliampere (1mA =10–3A) or in microampere (1 µA
(a) At 25 cm (b) At 25 meter =10–6A). An instrument called ammeter measures
(c) At infinity (d) 25 mm electric current in a circuit. it is always connected in
Ans. (c) : The far point of a normal human eye is series in a circuit
infinity, a normal eye can see objects clearly at any
distance.
The near point of a normal eye is about 25 cm in front
of the eye.
14. Why does water appear blue in the deep sea?
(a) Reflection of light in water
(b) Scattering of light
(c) Absorption of light by the sea
(d) Presence of algae and other plants in water
Ans. (b) : The phenomenon in which light rays get
deviated from their straight path on striking an obstacle
is called scattering of light.
The blue color of water in the sea is due to the
scattering of blue light by water molecules. Electric Potential and Potential Difference
15. On increasing the focal length of the eye lens For flow of charges in a conducting metallic wire,
the muscles of the eye- the gravity, of course, has no role to play; the
(a) Relax and the lens becomes thick electrons move only if there is a difference of
(b) Relax and the lens becomes thin electric pressure-called the potential difference-
NCERT Science 277 YCT
 along the conductor. This difference of potential 10 Ammeter
may be produced by a battery, consisting of one or
more electric cells. 11 Voltmeter
We define the electric potential difference between
Ohm's law
two points in an electric circuit carrying some
current as the work done to move a unit charge from In 1827, a German physicist George Simon Ohm
one point to the other. (1787-1854) found out the relationship between the
Potential difference (V) between two points = Work current I, flowing in a metallic wire and the potential
done (w)/Charge (Q) difference across its terminals. The potential
difference. V, across the ends of a given metallic
V = W/Q
wire in an electric circuit is directly proportional to
The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt
the current flowing through it, provided its
(V), named after Alessandro volta (1745-1845), an
temperature remains the same. This is called Ohm's
Italian physicis. One volt is the potential difference
law, in other words-
between two points in a current carrying conductor
when 1 joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 or V∝I
coulomb form one point to the other. V/I = constant
=R
 1 joule 
 Therefore,1volt =  or V = IR
 1coulomb 
1V = 1JC–1
The potential difference is measured by means of an
instrument called the voltmeter. The voltmeter is
always connected in parallel across the points
between which the potential difference is to be
measured.
Circuit Diagram
Table: (Symbols of some commonly used
components in circuit diagrams)

SI. Components Symbols

No
.
1 An electric In Eq.R is a constant for the given metallic wire at a
cell given temperature and is called its resistance. It is
2 A battery or a the property of a conductor to resist the flow of
combination charges through it. Its SI unit is ohm.
of cells R = V/I
3 Plug key or A component used to regulate current without
switch (open) changing the voltage source is called variable
4 Plug key or resistance. In an electric circuit, a device called
switch rheostat is often used to change the resistance in the
(closed) circuit.
5 A wire joint
6 Wires
crossing
without
joining
Factors on which the resistance of a
7 Electric bulb
conductor depends
Precise measurements have shown that resistance of
8 A resistor of a uniform metallic conductor is directly proportional
resistance R to its length ( ℓ ) and inversely proportional to the
9 Variable area of cross-section (A). that is,
resistance or R∝ ℓ
rheostat and R ∝n 1/A
NCERT Science 278 YCT
 Combining Eqs. Resistors in parallel
ℓ
R∝
A
ℓ
or R = ρ
A
Where ρ (rho) is a constant of proportionality and is
called the electrical resistivity of the material of the
conductor. The SI unit of resistivity is Ω m. It is a
characteristic property of the material. The metals
and alloys have very low resistivity in the range of
10–8 Ω m to 10–6Ωm. They are good conductors of
electricity. insulators like rubber and glass have
resistivity of a material vary with temperature.
It is observed that the total current I, is equal to the
Reveals that the resistivity of an alloy is generally
sum of the separate currents through each branch of
higher than that of its constituent metals. Alloys do
not oxidize (burn) readily at high temperatures. For the combination.
this reason, they are commonly used in electrical I = I1 + I2 + I3
heating devices like electric iron, toasters etc. Let Rp be the equivalent resistance of the parallel
Tungsten is used almost exclusively for filaments of combination of resistors. By applying Ohm's law to
electric bulbs, whereas copper and aluminum are the parallel combination of resistors, we have.
generally used for electrical transmission lines. I = V/Rp
Resistance of a System of Resistors On applying Ohm's law to each resistor, we have
There are two methods of joining the resistors. I1=V/R1: I2=V/R2: and I3 = V/R3
(i) Series resistors From Eqs. we have
(ii) Parallel resistors V/Rp= V/R1+V/R2+V/R3
Resistors in series or
In a series combination of resistors the current is the 1/Rp=1/R1 +1/R2 +1/R3
same in every part of the circuit or the same current Thus, we may conclude that the reciprocal of the
through each resistor. equivalent resistance of a group of resistances joined
in parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of
the individual resistances.
Heating Effect of Electric Current
For example, an electric fan becomes warm if used
continuously for longer time etc. On the other hand,
if the electric circuit is purely resistive, that is, a
configuration of resistors only connected to a battery
the source energy continually gets dissipated entirely
in the form of heat. This is known as the heating
effect of electric current. This effect is utilized in
devices such as electric heater, electric iron etc.
You will observe that the potential difference V is Consider a current I flowing through a resistor of
equal to the sum of potential differences V1. and V2. resistance R. Let the potential difference across it be
That is the total potential difference across a V. Let t be the time during which a charge Q flows
combination of resistors in series is equal to the sum across. The work done in moving the charge Q
of potential difference across the individual through a potential difference V is VQ. Therefore,
resistors. that is, the source must supply energy equal to VQ in time t.
V = V1 + V2 + V3 Hence the power input to the circuit by the source is.
On applying Ohm's law to the three resistors
Q
separately, we further have P = V = VI
V1 = I R1 t
V2 = I R2 This energy gets dissipated in the resistor as heat.
and V3 = I R3 Thus for a steady current I the amount of heat H
From Eq. produced in time is
IR = IR1 +IR2+IR3 H = VIt
or Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 Applying Ohm's law [Eq. (11.5), we get]

NCERT Science 279 YCT

 The unit 'watt' is very small. Therefore, in actual
practice we use a much larger unit called 'kilowatt'.
It is equal to 1000 watts. Since electrical energy is
the product of power and time, the unit of electric
energy is, therefore, watt hour (W h). One watt hour
is the energy consumed when 1 watt of power is
used for 1 hour. The commercial unit of electric
energy is kilowatt hour (kW h), commonly known as
This is known as Joul's law of heating. The law 'unit'.
implies that heat produced in a resistor is (i) directly 1 kWh = 1000 watt ×3600 second
proportional to the square of current for a given = 3.6 ×106 watt second
resistance, (ii) directly proportional to resistance for
= 3.6 ×106 joule (J)
a given current, and (iii) directly proportional to the
time for which the current flows through the resistor. Important Questions
Practical Applications of Heating Effect of 1. What is the S.I. unit of electric current
Electric Current strength?
Heating effect of electric current has many useful (a) Coulomb (b) Ampere
applications. The electric laundry iron, electric (c) Volt (d) Farad
toaster, electric oven, electric kettle and electric Ans. (b) : The ampere is the SI unit of electric current,
heater are some of the familiar devices based on It measures the amount of electric charge passing
Joule's heating. through a conductor per unit time. One ampere is
The electric heating is also used to produce light, as defined as one coulomb of charge passing through a
in an electric bulb. It must not melt at such high
point in a circuit per second.
temperature. A strong metal with high melting point
such as tungsten (melting point 3380ºC) is used for 2. Which instrument measures electric potential
making bulb filaments. difference?
The bulbs are usually filled with chemically inactive (a) Voltmeter (b) Ameter
nitrogen and argon gases to prolong the lite of (c) Ohm (d) None of these
filament. Most of the power consumed by the Ans. (a) : A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure
filament appears as heat, but a small part of it is in the electric potential difference, or voltage, between 2
the form of light radiated. points in an electrical circuit. It is connected in parallel
Another common application of Joule's heating is with the component or section of the circuit where the
the fuse used in electric circuits. It protects circuits
voltage is being measured.
and appliances by stopping the flow of any unduly
high electric current. The fuse is placed in series 3. What is the charge on an electron?
with the device. It consists of a piece of wire made (a) +1.6×10–18 coulomb
of a metal or an ally of appropriate melting point, for (b) +1.6×10–19 coulomb
example aluminum, copper, iron, lead etc. This (c) –1.6×10–19 coulomb
melts the fuse wire and breaks the circuit. The fuses (d) Zero
used for domestic purposes are rated as 1A, 2A, 3A,
5A, 10A, etc for an electric iron which consumes Ans. (c) : The charge on an electron is negative, with a
1kW electric power when operated 220V, a current magnitude of –1.6×10–19 coulombs. This value
of (1000/220)A, that is, 4.54 A will flow in the represents the smallest unit of electric charge, making
circuit. In this case, a 5A fuse must be used. the electron a fundamental particle in physics.
Electric Power The negative sign indicates that the electron carries a
The rate of doing work is power. This is also the rate negative charge, which is opposite to the positive
of consumption of energy. charge of a proton.
The rate at which electric energy is dissipated or 4. 1 kWh will be equal to which of the following?
consumed in an electric circuit. This is also termed (a) 3.6×105 (b) 3.8×104
as electric power. The power P is given by- (c) 3.6×106 (d) none of these
P = VI Ans. (c) : 1 kWh is a unit of energy equivalent to using
or P = PR = V2/R 1000 watts for one hour. To convert this to Joules, use
The SI unit of electric power is watt (W). It is the the fact that 1 watt = 1 Joule/second.
power consumed by a device that carries 1A of
Therefore:
current when operated at a potential difference of
1V. Thus, 1 kWh = 1000 watts × 3600 seconds
1W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1VA = 3600,000 Joules = 3.6×106 Joules

NCERT Science 280 YCT

5. Nichrome component is- 10. The 'NOT' gate is implemented by the
(a) Nickel + Chromium following:
(b) Nickel + Carbon (a) Single transistor (b) Single diode
(c) Nylon + Chromium (c) Triode (d) None of these
(d) Nitrogen + Chromium Ans. (a) : A single transistor, such as a metal-oxide-
Ans. (a) : Nichrome is an alloy made primarily of semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) or
nickel and chromium. It is known for its resistance to Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), can be used to create
oxidation and high temperature, making it useful in a NOT Gate in digital circuits.
heating elements and electrical resistance applications. 11. The direction of electric current is?
6. Which metal is used to make filaments of (a) opposite the direction of flow of protons in
electric bulbs? the circuit
(a) Copper (b) Nickel (b) along the direction of flow of protons in the
(c) Silver (d) Tungsten circuit
Ans. (d) : Tungsten is used for making the filaments of (c) opposite the direction of flow of electrons in
electric bulbs because of its high melting point and the circuit
ability to withstand high temperature without melting. (d) along the direction of flow of electrons in the
7. A piece of wire of resistance R is divided into 5 circuit
equal parts, these pieces are then combined Ans. (c) : Electric current is conventionally defined as
into a shunt. If the equivalent resistance of the the flow of positive charge. Since electrons carry a
combination is 'R' then the ratio R/R' will be- negative charge and flow in the opposite direction, the
(a) 1/25 (b) 25 direction of electric current is opposite to the flow of
(c) 1/5 (d) None of these electrons.
Ans. (b) : If a wire with resistance R is divided into 5 12. Any 2 equal charge have-
R (a) Repulsion (b) Adhesion
equal parts, each part has a resistance of . When (c) Attraction (d) Cohesion
5
these 5 parts are connected in parallel, the equivalent Ans. (a) : Two equal charges, either both positive or
resistance R' is: both negative, experience a repulsive force due to the
R nature of electrostatic interactions. Like charges push
R' = away from each other, while opposite charges attract.
25
13. The force between two stationary charges is
R
Thus, the ratio is: proportional to the product of their quantities
R' and inversely proportional to the square of the
R distance between them.
= 25
R' (a) Faraday's law (b) Coulomb's law
8. A.C. to D.C. changes are made in? (c) Kirchhoff's law (d) All of the above
(a) dynamo (b) transformer Ans. (b) : The force between 2 stationary charges being
(c) induction coil (d) rectifier proportional to the produce of their quantities and
Ans. (d) : A rectifier is an electrical device that inversely proportional to the square of the distance
converts alternating current (AC), which periodically between them is described by Coulomb's law.
reverses direction, into direct current (DC), which flows 14. Which of the following is not a semiconductors ?
in only one direction. This process is essential for (a) Selenium (b) Germanium
devices that require a steady DC voltage to operate, (c) Gallium arsenide (d) Arsenic
such as batteries and many electronic circuits.
Ans. (d) : Selenium, Germanium and Gallium arsenide
9. Why a bird sitting on a high-voltage electric are materials that can conduct electricity under certain
wire not electrocuted? conditions, making them semiconductor.
(a) his feet are well insulated Arsenic, however, is a metalloid but does not have the
(b) a closed path is not formed for the flow of necessary properties to act as a semiconductor in the
electric current same way.
(c) his body contacts the ground 15. When an ebonite rod is rubbed with the skin of
(d) it has very high resistance capacity a cat, the ebonite rod becomes-
Ans. (b) : When a bird sits on a single high-voltage (a) Positively charged
wire, it is at the same electrical potential as the wire. (b) Remains neutral
Since there is no potential difference between the birds (c) Negatively charged
feet, is no driving force to push current there through (d) First positively charged then negatively
the bird's body. charged
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Ans. (c) : When an ebonite rod is rubbed against a cat's Drawing a magnetic field line with the help of a
skin, the ebonite rod becomes negatively charged. This compass needle
happens because the ebonite rod gains elections from
the cat's skin.
16. Which of the following shows the series
connection of cells to obtain maximum
potential?
(a) (b)
(c) (d) Field lines around a bar magnet
Ans. (a) : For a series combination of cells, the negative Magnetic field is a quantity that has both direction
terminal of the first cell should be joined to the positive and magnitude.
terminal of the second cell should be joined to the The magnet the direction of field lines is from its
positive terminal of the third cell. south pole to its north pole. Thus the magnetic field
lines are closed curves.
Chapter-12 Magnetic Effects of The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown
Electric Current by the degree of closeness of the field lines.
Magnetic field due to a current-carrying
The electric current through the copper wire has
produced a magnetic effect. conductor
Thus we can say that electricity and magnetism are In activity we have seen that an electric current
linked to each other. through a metallic conductor produces a magnetic
field around it.

Magnetic Field and tubes -

A compass needle is, in fact, a small bar magnet. Magnetic field due to a current through a straight
The ends of the compass needle point approximately conductor-
towards north and south directions.

Iron filings near the bar magnet align themselves

along the field lines.
The magnet exerts its influence in the region
surrounding it. Therefore the iron fillings experience
a force.
The region surrounding a magnet, in which the force
of the magnet can be detected, is said to have a
magnetic field.

(a) A pattern of concentric circles indicating the

field lines of a magnetic field around a
straight conducing wire.

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 The current is increased the deflection also
increases.

Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

in a Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field due to a Current through a circular The field so produced exerts a force on a magnet
loop- placed in the vicinity of the conductor. French
The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying scientist Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836)
straight wire depends inversely on the distance from suggested that the magnet must also exert an equal
it. and opposite force on the current-carrying conductor
can be demonstrated through the following activity.

Magnetic Field due to a Current in a

Solenoid
A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper
wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is
called a solenoid.

Domestic Electric Circuits

At the meter-board in the house, these wires pass
into an electricity meter through a main fuse.
Through the mains witch they are connected to the
line wires in the house. These wires supply
electricity to separate circuits within the house.
Often, two separate circuits are used, one of 15A
current rating for appliances with higher power
ratings such as geysers, air coolers, etc, The other
circuit is of 5 A current rating for bulbs, fans, etc,
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 The earth wire, which has insulation of green colour, (b) It is the process of rotating the coil of an
is usually connected to a metal plate deep in the electric motor.
earth near the house. (c) It is the process of changing an object
(d) It is the process of generating a magnetic field
due to the flow of electric current in a coil
Ans. (a) : Electromagnetic induction occurs when there
is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a coil,
typically due to the relative motion between a coil and a
magnet, which induces an electric current in the coil.
6. If the electric current flowing in a wire
increases, what effect will it have on the
magnitude of the magnetic field produced at a
given point?
Important Questions
(a) Decreases
1. In Fleming's left-hand rule, the direction of the (b) Increases
thumb represents.
(c) Nothing can be said
(a) Force (b) Magnetic field
(d) Will increase first then decreases
(c) Current (d) None of these
Ans. (b) : When the electric current flowing through a
Ans. (a) : Fleming's left-hand rule is used to determine
wire increase, the magnetic field produced around the
the direction of force in an electric motor. When you
wire also increases in magnitude. This is because the
stretch your thumb, index finger, and middle finger of
magnetic field strength at a given point around a current
your left hand perpendicular to each other:
carrying conductor is directly proportional to the
Thumb : Indicates the direction of the force on the
amount of current flowing through the wire.
conductor.
Index finger : Points in the direction of the magnetic 7. Which form of energy does an electric
field. generator convert ?
Middle finger : Represents the direction of the current. (a) Electrical energy into mechanical energy
(b) Mechanical energy to electrical energy
2. Switches are installed-
(a) In ground wire (b) In cold wire (c) Electrical energy into chemical energy
(c) Any where (d) In hot water (d) Chemical energy into electrical energy.
Ans. (d) : Switches are installed in the hot wire. Ans. (b) : An electric generator converts mechanical
This setup allows the switch to interrupt the electrical energy, such as the motion from a turbine or a hand
circuit and control the flow of electricity to the device. crank, into electrical energy. It works by making a
conductor through a magnetic field, which induces an
3. Which substance is not magnetic? electric current in the conductor, there by generating
(a) Glass (b) Cobalt electricity.
(c) Iron (d) Nickel
8. What is the SI unit of magnetic force field?
Ans. (a) : Glass is not magnetic because it does not (a) Newton per ampere meter
have magnetic properties.
(b) Newton
Cobalt, iron, and nickel are ferromagnetic materials,
(c) Newton per meter
meaning they can be magnetized and are attracted to
magnets. (d) Newton per ampere
4. What type of fuse wire is used in homes? Ans. (a) : The magnetic field strength, often denoted as
(a) Low melting point H, measures the force experienced by a moving change
in a magnetic field. Its SI unit is Newton per ampere
(b) High melting point
meter (N/A.m), which reflects the force per unit current
(c) Very low melting point
per unit length. This unit helps quantify the intensity of
(d) Very high melting point the magnetic field generated by an electric current.
Ans. (a) : In homes, fuse wires are typically made of
9. The principle of dynamos is based on?
materials with a low melting point. This allows the fuse
to melt and break the circuit when the current exceeds a (a) Induced electricity
certain level, thereby protecting the electrical system. (b) Heating effect of current
5. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (c) None of these
is related to which of the following processes? (d) Electromagnetic induction
(a) Due to relative motion between the coil and Ans. (d) : Dynamos generate electricity by converting
the magnet to generate induced electric mechanical energy into electrical energy through
current in the coil. electromagnetic induction.

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10. On which principle of electric current does the Ans. (b) : Dry cells, such as AA or AAA batteries, are
electric fuse work? designed to provide a voltage of 1.5 V. This voltage is
(a) Chemical (b) Thermal standard for most common household batteries.
(c) Magnetic (d) None of these 16. By which rule the direction of the magnetic
Ans. (b) : The electric fuse works on the principle of field generated due to electric current
thermal effect of electric current. When an excessive determined?
current flows through a fuse, the heat generated by the (a) By Ohm's law
current causes the fuse wire to melt breaking the circuit (b) Fleming's left hand rule
and preventing further damage. (c) According to Len'z law
11. The intensity of the magnetic field inside a long (d) From Maxwell's right hand rule.
straight current carrying solenoid- Ans. (d) : According to Maxwell's right hand rule if
(a) Same at the all points your point the thumb of your right hand in the direction
(b) It is lowest in the middle of the current, then your curled fingers show the
(c) Moves from one end to the other direction of the magnetic field around the conductor.
(d) It is higher at the ends than at the center 17. On which of the following effects does the
Ans. (a) : Inside a long, straight, current carrying electric bell work?
solenoid, the magnetic field is uniform and has the same (a) Chemical effect
length, assuming the solenoid is ideal and long enough. (b) Magnetic effect
12. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (c) Magnetic effect of electric current
is use in: (d) None of these
(a) Electric generator (b) Dry cell Ans. (c) : The electric bell works on the magnetic effect
(c) Accumulator cell (d) All of the above of electric current. When current flows through the coil,
Ans. (a) : Electromagnetic induction is the principle it generates a magnetic field, which moves the armature
behind electric generators, where mechanical energy is and strikes the bell.
converted into electrical energy, Dry cells and
accumulator cells rely on chemical reaction rather than Chapter-13 Our Environment
electromagnetic induction.
13. At the time of short circuit, the value of electric ECO-System-What are its Components-
current in the circuit will be. All organisms such as plants, animals,
(a) The current will increase more microorganisms and human beings as well as the
(b) There will be no changes physical surroundings interact with each other and
(c) There will be very little changes maintain a balance in nature. All the interacting
(d) There will be continuous changes organisms in an area together with the non-living
constituents of the environment form an ecosystem.
Ans. (a) : At the time of short circuits the valve of
Thus, an ecosystem consists of biotic components
electric current will increase more in the circuit.
comprising living organisms and abiotic components
When a short circuit happens, the low resistance path a
comprising physical factors like temperature,
slows a much higher current them normal to flow
rainfall, wind, soil and minerals.
through the circuit.
Types of ecosystems are forests, ponds and lakes.
14. The heat derived per second in a conductor These are natural ecosystems while gardens and
connected to a voltage source is- crop-fields are human-made (artificial) ecosystmes.
(a) Inversely proportional to the current All green plants and certain bacteria which can
(b) Proportional to the current produce food by photosynthesis come under this
(c) Inversely proportional to the square of the category and are called the producers.
current Consumers can be classed variously as herbivores,
(d) Proportional to the square of the current carnivores, omnivores and parasites.
Ans. (d) : The heat derived per second in a conductor Food Chains and Webs
connected to a voltage source is given by P = I2R, where Each step or level of the food chain forms a trophic
P is the power (or heat derived per second), I is the level. The autotrophs or the producers are at the first
current, and R is the resistance of the conductor. From trophic level. They fix up the solar energy the make
this equation, the power is proportional to the square of it available for heterotrophs or the consumers. The
the current. herbivores or the primary consumers come at the
15. The voltage of dry cells is- second, small carnivores or the secondary
(a) 1.2 V (b) 1.5 V consumers at the third and larger carnivors or the
(c) 1.56 V (d) 2.2 V tertiary consumers form the fourth trophic level.
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 The autotrophs capture the energy present in
sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. This
energy supports all the activities of the living world.
From autotrophs, the energy goes to the
heterotrophs and decomposers.

Ozone Layer and its depletion

Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of
oxygen. While O2, which we normally refer to as
oxygen, is essential for all aerobic forms of life.
Ozone, is a deadly poison, However, at the higher
levels of the atmosphere, ozone performs an
essential function. It shields the surface of the earth
from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. This
radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for
example, it is known to cause skin cancer in human
The length and complexity of food chains vary
greatly. Each organism is generally eaten by two or beings.
more other kinds of organisms which is turn are Ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere is a
eaten by several other organisms. So instead of a product of UV radiation acting on oxygen (O2)
straight line food chain, the relationship can be molecule. The higher energy UV radiations split
shown as series of branching lines called a food apart some molecular oxygen (O2) into free oxygen
web. (O) atoms. These atoms then combine with the
The flow of energy is unidirectional. molecular oxygen to form ozone as shown-
The use of several pesticides and other chemicals to O2 →
UV
O+O
protect our crops from diseases and pests. These
O + O 2 → O3
chemicals are either washed down into the soil or (Ozone)
into the water bodies. From the soil, these are
The amount of ozone in the atmosphere began to
absorbed by the plants along with water and
minerals, and from the water bodies these are taken drop sharply in the 1980s. This decrease has been
up by aquatic plants and animals. This is one of the linked to synthetic chemicals like
ways in which they enter the food chain. As these chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used as
chemicals are not degradable, these get accumulated refrigerants and in fire extinguishers. In 1987, the
progressively at each trophic level. As human beings United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
occupy the top level in any food chain, the succeeded in forging an agreement to freeze CFC
maximum concentration of these chemicals get production at 1986 levels. It is now mandatory for
accumulated in our bodies. This phenomenon is all the manufacturing companies to make CFC-free
known as biological magnification. refrigeration throughout the would.
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 Important Questions Ans. (c) : Dried grass and leaves are decomposed by
1. Which of the following is not a biological biological processes, as they are organic materials.
component of the environment Rubber, plastic and polythene bags are not easily
decomposed by biological means and persist in the
(a) Humans (b) Air
environment longer.
(c) Plants (d) Animals
7. In which groups are non-biodegradable
Ans. (b) : Air is an abiotic (Non-living) component of
substances present.
the environment, while humans, plants and animals are
(a) Grass, wood and plastic
all biological (living) components of the environments.
(b) Cake, wood chips, fruit peels
2. Carnivorous organisms fall under the category
(c) Fruit peels, cake and lemon juice
of consumers?
(a) Primary consumers (d) Flowers, grass, leather
(b) Secondary consumers Ans. (a) : In the group " Grass, wood and plastic"
(c) Tertiary consumers plastic is non-biodegradable, while grass and wood are
biodegradable. The other groups consist of substances
(d) Both b and c
that are all biodegradable.
Ans. (d) : Carnivorous organisms can be either
secondary or tertiary consumers depending on their 8. The process of collecting garbage at one place
position in the food chain, as they feed on primary and disposing them in a scientific way is called
consumers herbivores or secondary consumers (other (a) Bio-cycling
carnivores) (b) Recycling
3. The main factors responsible for the depletion (c) Waste management
of ozone layer are- (d) Biotechnology
(a) CFC (b) CO2 Ans. (c) : The process of collecting garbage in one
(c) NO2 (d) SO2 place and disposing of it scientifically is called waste
management. It involves proper handles, treatment, and
Ans. (a) : The main factor responsible for the depletion
of the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). disposal of waste materials to reduce environmental
They release chlorine atoms that break down ozone impact.
molecules, leading to thinning of the ozone layer. 9. Which ecosystem is artificial?
4. What percentage of the total energy at each (a) Lake
trophic level of the food chain is passed on to (b) Aquarium
the next level- (c) Forest
(a) 20% (b) 30% (d) Desert
(c) 10% (d) 15% Ans. (b) : An aquarium is an artificial ecosystem, as it
Ans. (c) : Approximately 10% of the total energy at is created and maintained by humans to house aquatic
each trophic level on a food chain is passed on to theorganisms. In contrast, leaks, forests, and deserts are
next level, while the rest lost as heat or used for natural ecosystem.
metabolic process. 10. Which of the following is the main treat to the
5. CFC gas is used in environment?
(a) Freezer (a) Increasing technology
(b) Jet engine (b) Growing plants
(c) AC (c) Growing population
(d) All of these (d) Growing crops
Ans. (d) : Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gas is used in Ans. (c) : The main threat to the environment among
refrigerators and air conditioners as refrigerants. It is
the options is (c) growing population. As the population
not used in jet engines. increases, so does the demand for resources, leading to
Therefore, the correct answer is (d) all of these, more pollution, habitat destruction, and other
considering the first two options. environmental challenges.
6. Which substance is decomposed by biological 11. What is carbon credit?
process? (a) This loan is given to the poor to buy modern
(a) Rubber stoves
(b) Plastic (b) It is the difference between the carbon
(c) Dried grass, leaves allowed to be generated and the carbon
(d) Polythene bags actually generated
NCERT Science 287 YCT
 (c) It is the amount of loan given by international (a) 50 kJ
currency to reduce pollution (b) 500 kJ
(d) All of the above (c) 5000 kJ
Ans. (b) : A carbon credit represents a reduction of one (d) 50000 kJ
metric ton of CO2 emission. It is a tradables certificate Ans. (c) : The determine the energy available at the
or permit that allows the holders to emit one ton of CO2 producer level, the 10% rule of energy transfer in
or other greenhouse gases. This system is used to limit trophic levels, where typically only about 10% of
or cap total emission and allows for the trading of energy is passed to the next level. Given that the energy
emission reductions between entities. at the fourth trophic level is 5 kJ.
12. Which method is used to control gaseous Energy at the third trophic level = 5 kJ × 10 = 50 kJ
pollutants? Energy at the second trophic level = 50 kj × 10 = 500 kJ
(a) Absorption Energy at the producer level = 500 kJ × 10 = 5000 kJ
(b) Arrester So, the energy available at the producer level is 5000 kJ.
(c) Incineration 17. On what basis are biodiversity hotspots
(d) All of these analyzed?
Ans. (a) : Absorption is indeed a method used to (a) On the basis of endemic flowering plants
control gaseous pollutants. It involves capturing gases (b) On the basis of species of flowing plants
in a liquid often using a solvent that reacts with or (c) On the basis of endemic flowing plants and
dissolves the gas. threats
13. What does BOD stand for? (d) None of the above
(a) Low level of microbial contamination Ans. (c) : Biodiversity hotspots are analyzed primarily
(b) High level of microbial contamination based on the presence of endemic flowering plants and
(c) Absolutely pure water the level of threats to these regions.
(d) How dissolved oxygen Therefore, the correct answer is (c) on the basis of
Ans. (b) : BOD stands for biochemical oxygen demand endemic flowering plants and threats.
or biological oxygen demand. It measures the amount of 18. What kind of factors are temperature rainfall,
oxygen microorganisms consume while decomposing soil and wind?
organic matter in water. (a) Abiotic
The correct answer is High level of microbial (b) Biotic
contamination.
(c) Safe
14. Which of the following has the ability to (d) Decomposers
performs photosynthesis?
Ans. (a) : Temperature, rainfall, soil, and wind are
(a) Consumer
abiotic factors. These are non-living components of an
(b) Producer
ecosystem that influence living organisms. Abiotic
(c) Catalyst factors shape the environment and affect the survival,
(d) Decomposer behavior and distribution of biotic (living) organisms
Ans. (b) : Producers such as plants and algae, have the within an ecosystem.
ability to perform photosynthesis. They convert light 19. When humans are excessively exposed to ultra-
energy into chemical energy, producing oxygen and violet rays, which disease occurs?
organic compounds necessary for their growth and for
(A) Skin cancer
other organisms in the ecosystem.
(B) Lung damage
15. The web of food chain is called
(C) Immune system damage
(a) Viome
(D) Stomach ulcers
(b) Biome
(a) A and B
(c) Food Web
(b) B and C
(d) Biosphere
(c) C and D
Ans. (c) : The food web represents the complex
(d) A and C
network of feeding relationships among various
organisms in an ecosystem, illustrating how energy and Ans. (d) : Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays
nutrients flow through different trophic levels. primarily loads to skin cancer (A) and can also impair
the immune systems (c).
16. In the following food chain, let us assume that
the amount of energy at the fourth trophic level Therefore, the correct answer is (d). A and C UV
is 5 kJ then how much energy will be available exposure does not directly cause lung damage or
at the producer level ? stomach ulcers.
NCERT Science 288 YCT