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Economics - Chapter 1 Development Notes

Chapter 1 discusses the concept of development, emphasizing its varying definitions and goals for individuals and nations, including economic growth and improved living standards. It highlights the importance of income, public facilities, and human development indicators like literacy and infant mortality rates in assessing national development. The chapter also addresses sustainable development and the complex relationship between individual and societal progress.

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31 views7 pages

Economics - Chapter 1 Development Notes

Chapter 1 discusses the concept of development, emphasizing its varying definitions and goals for individuals and nations, including economic growth and improved living standards. It highlights the importance of income, public facilities, and human development indicators like literacy and infant mortality rates in assessing national development. The chapter also addresses sustainable development and the complex relationship between individual and societal progress.

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sankarmyn
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Chapter 1- Development

1. Introduction
 Developmental goals of any particular idea vary from person to person.

 Apart from personal development, we should definitely think of a country's


development.
 Development is defined as the people’s economic growth, along with the
growth of their basic needs like education, health, lifestyle, etc.
 The main aim of development is to update as per the demand of time.
 For example: to generate electricity, a dam is constructed over a river where
nearby mass is considered for construction resulting in the development of
society and country.
 It causes destruction for farmers and the lives of people living nearby.

2. Income and other goals


 Money is considered to be the basic need of people and to fulfill their daily
requirements making money or income is very important.
 Money is required to buy materialistic things as well as freedom, security,
treatment, respect to maintain a quality lifestyle.
 Hence, developmental goals are necessary to get a better income and other
things in life.

3. National Development
 It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its
residents.
 For people, belief in nations' development is different.
 Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to citizens
like food, education, social service, medical aid, etc, and increase in per capita
income, is referred to as National development.
4. How can you differentiate different countries or states?
 Income is a key feature to compare countries.

 Countries that have higher income are called developed countries and vice
versa.
 The income of a country is about the income of the citizens of that country.
 National income: it is the sum of the total value of the country’s goods and
services produced in a year. As every country has a different population rate,
so National income cannot be considered to compare between different
countries.
 Per capita income: it is also called average income, defined as a country's total
earnings divided by the whole population. It shows the living standard of the
citizens of the country.
 The average income of the country is the ratio of the overall income of the
country to the overall population of the country.

5. Income and other criteria


 To achieve a goal, people earn more and want respect from others, the security
of their lives, and freedom.
 If we consider per capita in the country’s development, then Goa is the most
developed and Bihar is the least developed state in India.
 Net attendance ratio: defined as the total number of children, the age group
from 14 years attending the school from the total percentage of children in the
same age group.
 Literacy rate: it is the total number of people above 7 years who can write,
read and understand. If the literacy rate is high, then the state is considered to
be developed. Kerala has the highest literacy rate of 96.2% and Andhra
Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.
 Infant mortality rate: it is the total number of children that die in one year of
age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows how efficient health
facilities are in any country. Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate, that
is deaths per 1000 live births and Madhya Pradesh has the highest mortality
rate that is 48 per 1000 live births in India.

6. Human Development Index


 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) prepares this index, in
which an annual report of human development is published every year.
 The major parameters include per capita income, literacy rate, and durability
of a person’s life, which measure the countries’ development.
 Countries are marked as very high, high, medium, and low developed
countries respectively.
 Apart from infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio; the BMI
index also plays an important role.

7. Body mass index (BMI) is measured to measure the adults who are
undernourished by calculating the weight of the person (kg) divided by the square
of the height. If the value is less than 18.5, the person is undernourished and if it is
more than 25, then the person is highly obese.

8. Public Facilities
 Public facilities play a major role in the development of the country.

 These are the facilities provided by the government like schools,


transportation, electricity, hospitals, residences, community halls, etc.
 These facilities are important as we cannot purchase every major facility.

9. Sustainable Development
 It is the development that meets all needs of today’s generation.

 It is the development of a nation without affecting the environment.


 To achieve sustainable development, we should use non-renewable resources
such as carbon-based fuel wisely.

Frequently Asked Questions and Answers


1. Write down the features of a developed country? Name the countries having
the highest and lowest per capita income in 2019 (US Dollars).
Ans:
 Any country whose literacy rate, per capita income, and service rate is high,
those countries are called a developed country.
 The per capita income of a country is a measure of its number of people’s
economic output.
 Countries with per capita income having to be $128000 per annum are called
developed countries. Example – Qatar.
 Countries with a per capita income of $800 or less are known as developing
countries. Example: Central African Republic.

2. What is IMR and why is it important? Which state has a high and low infant
mortality rate?
Ans:
 IMR is the total number of children that die within 1 year of age as a
proportion of 1000 births in a year.
 This shows the efficiency of health facilities in a country.
 Madhya Pradesh has a high infant mortality rate of 48 deaths per 1000 live
births and Nagaland has a low infant mortality rate of 4 deaths per 1000 live
births.

3. What is India’s per capita income in 2020? Which is the richest state of India?
And which state of India makes more income?
Ans:
 As per the world development indicators, India has $7680 per capita income.
 Maharashtra is the richest state in India with a nominal GDP of 28.78 lakh
crore.
 Sikkim has the lowest GDP of 0.287 lakh crore.
 Goa has the highest per capita income of $6698 (Rs. 4,30,081)

4. Other than income, what are the other factors that are important for our
lives?
Ans: Important factors for our lives are:
 Safe environment for women at their workplace.

 Freedom, respect, treatment, and security.


 Pollution-free environment.
 Political rights

5. What do you mean by development? Write down the aspect of development.


Ans: Development is the improvement of citizens' lives in terms of income, lifestyle,
etc.
Major aspects of development are:
 Development for anyone can be destructive for others.

 Different people have different goals in life.

6. Why is average income an essential criterion for development?


Ans:
Average income is the basic criteria because it shows the earning of a person, it also
gives a clear idea about the standard of living. The average income will be less if the
number of people who are not working is less.

7. Which neighboring country of India has better performance in terms of


Human development?
Ans:
 Sri Lanka performed better in terms of human development than India.
 It’s per capita income is $4390, 91% literacy rate, 93 HDI rank, 74 life
expectancy at birth which is better than India and other neighboring countries
that are Myanmar, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh.

8. Why do we use averages and what are their limitations? Provide some
examples where the word “average” is used to compare situations.
Ans:
 Averages are used to compare different parameters of the same category, not
people.
 Averages do not provide information about the distribution of a particular
thing between people.
 Example: where the word average is used for comparing situations are:
i.To find out the literacy rates in the country.
ii.Height and weight of students in a class with a total number of students.
iii.To find the average income of people in the state.

9. “A development for one individual can be destructive for others”. Explain


this statement with two examples.
Ans: Here are two examples are:
 A businessman hires workers, those who are providing them more wages
which is a development for workers, but on the other hand, it gives a loss for
a businessman as he could have hired 2 or more workers at the same price.
 Industrialists construct apartments and buildings for his/her personal
development and for the nation. These apartments are destructive for farmers
as they could have used this land for irrigation.
What Development Promises? - Different People, Different Goals
Different
Occupation Goals/Aspirations
Persons

Get good prices for their crops, Buying


Person A Farmer
tractor or a new agricultural land.

Studying and getting a good


Person B Student:
employment.

Person C Employee Getting Promotion.

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