Development

Table of Contents
 Summary of the Chapter
 Learning Objectives
 Key Concepts & Definitions
 Different Development Goals
 Conflicting Goals Examples
 Development Goals by Social Categories (Table)
 Income vs. Other Goals
 Comparison of Countries (Per Capita Income)
 Limitations of Average Income
 State Comparison: Kerala, Haryana & Bihar
 Public Facilities and Non-Monetary Aspects
 Human Development Index (HDI)
 India vs Neighbouring Countries (Table)
 Sustainable Development
 Important Charts and Tables
 Activities and Exercises
 Conclusion

Development: It is a situation that can fulfill the aspirations or desires of people. It is the progress or
improvement in the lifestyle of the people.
Two aspects of development are:

 Different people can have different development goals.

 What may be development for one may not be development for others.
Different people can have different development goals
It is because the life situations of people are different. People see things that are most important for
them or that can fulfill their aspirations or desires. For example, the development goal of a boy from a
rich urban family would be to get admission to a reputed college whereas the development goal of a
girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her brother.

What may be development for one may not be development for others (i.e., Development
Goals can be conflicting):
 At times two people or groups of people may seek things that are conflicting. A girl expects as
much freedom and opportunity as her brother and he also shares in the household work. Her
brother may not like this.
 Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams but this may submerge
the land and disturb the lives of people who are displaced, such as tribals.
Development Goals of Different Categories of Persons:

Categories of Person Development Goals

Assured a high family income i. More days of work and better wages
through higher support prices
 ii. local school is able to provide quality education
for
their crops and through Best online courses
hardworking and cheap
laborers; they
should be able to settle their iii. for their children
children abroad. iv. there is no social discrimination
v. they too can become leaders in the village

i. Assured a high family income through higher support

Prosperous farmers from prices for their crops and through hardworking and
Punjab cheap laborers
ii. they should be able to settle their children abroad.

i. To have irrigational facilities

Farmers who depend only on ii. crop insurance at less premium,
rain for growing crops iii. water facilities of life for them as well as their
children

i. They would like to have more days of work and better

wages.
ii. local schools to provide quality education to their
Landless rural laborers
children
iii. there should not be any social discrimination so that
they too can become leaders in the village.

i. Opportunity for higher education

Urban unemployed youth ii. availability of an office job
iii. a self-owned house

i. Education and Skill Development to enhance future

employability and economic prospects.
ii. Entrepreneurship and Innovation to create new
A boy from a rich urban family
business ventures and contribute to economic growth.
iii. Financial Literacy to ensure long-term financial
stability and growth.

A rural woman from a land- i. She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able
to decide what she wants to do in life.
 owning family
ii. She is able to pursue her studies abroad
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i. No social discrimination
An adivasi from Narmada ii. year-round employment
valley iii. school education for children
iv. PDS shop in his village.

Goals of Development:
 Income
 Equal treatment
 Freedom,
 Security
 Respect for others.
 Discrimination free society

For development, people look at a mix of goals: It is true that if women are engaged in paid
work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is
respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women
working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or
run a business.
How to Compare Different Countries or States?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. This is
based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need.
Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income. So, the greater
income itself is considered to be one important goal.
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However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since,
countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is
likely to earn.

Average Income/Per Capita Income: The average income is the total income of the country divided
by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income.
 In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, Per Capita Income is used in
classifying countries.
 Countries with a per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are
called high-income or rich countries.
 Countries with a per capita income of US$ 2500 per annum or less are called low-income
countries.
 India comes in the category of low-middle-income countries because its per capita income in
2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.

Disadvantages of using Average Income as a criterion to compare countries:

 Average income hides the disparity.
 Average income does not tell us the distribution of income among people.
 It is just a material criterion for the comparison.
Comparison of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar (on the basis of average income/per capita
income):
 State Per Capita Income for 2018–19 (in ₹)

Haryana 2,36,147

Kerala 2,04,105

Bihar 40,982

 We find that of the three, Haryana has the highest per capita income and Bihar is at the
bottom.
 So, if per capita income were to be used as the measure of development, Haryana will be
considered the most developed and Bihar the least developed state of the three.
Comparison of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar (on the basis of other criteria):

Net Attendance Ratio (per

Infant Mortality
Literacy Rate % 2017–18
State Rate per 1,000
2017–18 100 persons) secondary stage
live births (2018)
(age 14 and 15 years) 2017–18

Haryana 30 82 61

Kerala 7 94 83

Bihar 32 62 43

1. Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of
one year
as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
2. Literacy Rate measures the proportion of the literate population in the 7-and-above age
group.
3. Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending
school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
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 The first column of the table shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 7 died before
completing one year of age but in Haryana, the proportion of children dying within one year of
birth was 30, which is nearly three times more than that of Kerala. On the other hand, the per
capita income of Haryana is more than that of Kerala.
 The last column of the table shows that about half of the children aged 14-15 in Bihar are not
attending school beyond Class 8. This means that if you went to school in Bihar nearly half of
your elementary class friends would be missing.

Public Facilities:
Public facilities are those provided by the government instead of individuals or private sources. For this
reason, they may be either highly subsidized or totally free of cost. They are important because many
persons do not have enough income to be able to avail of facilities provided by the private sector
resulting in difficulties faced like inadequate healthcare, poor nutrition, lack of education, etc. The
utility of two public facilities available in India are:

 The public distribution system (PDS) provides fair average quality food grains and other
essential items to the weaker section of the population at subsidized prices.
 Health care in government hospitals and dispensaries is provided to all at a subsidized rate.
This includes outpatient as well as hospitalization facilities.
Money in our pockets cannot buy all the goods and services that we may need to live well.
 Money cannot buy us a pollution-free environment.
 Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection from infectious
diseases.
 Besides money, people also like to have equal treatment in society, freedom, dignity, and
honor in their lives, which money cannot buy them.
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Body Mass Index (BMI): Body mass index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms divided by the
square of height in meters.

Human Development Index (HDI):

United Nations Development Programme has used the criterion of the Human Development Index to
measure the development of countries. The human development index is a composite index of the
achievements of a nation in terms of three important variables (longevity, knowledge, and standard of
living, quality of life).

HDI is calculated on the basis of:

 Per capita income: It is calculated by dividing the total national income of a country by the
total population.
 Life expectancy: It is the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth in a
country.
 Gross enrolment ratio for three levels: It means the enrolment ratio for primary schools,
secondary schools, and higher education beyond the secondary level.

Human Development Report Vs World Development Report:

UNDP's method of measuring development World Bank's method of

 measuring development

i. UNDP compares on the basis of literacy rate, gross

enrolment ratio, and health status of people. i. World Bank compares on the
basis of per capita income.
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ii. It divides the countries

according to
ii. It gives ranks to the countries according to their - rich or high-income countries
level of development. - middle-income or developing
countries
- poor or low-income countries

iii. It is a wider concept as it includes other things

iii. It is a narrow concept.
besides income.

Comparison of India with its Neighbors:

Gross National Life Mean Years of HDI Rank in

Country Income (GNI) per Expectancy at Schooling of People the world
capita (2011 PPP $) Birth aged 25 and above (2018)

Sri Lanka 12,707 77 10.6 73

India 6,681 69.7 6.5 130

Myanmar 4,961 67.1 5.0 148

Pakistan 5,005 67.3 5.2 154

Nepal 3,457 70.8 5.0 143

Banglades
4,976 72.6 6.2 134
h
Note:

1. HDI stands for Human Development Index. HDI ranks in the above table are out of 189
countries in all.
2. Life Expectancy at birth denotes the average expected length of life of a person at the time
of birth.
3. Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is
also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in
any country.
4. Sri Lanka is much ahead of India in every respect.
5. Nepal and Bangladesh have low per capita income than that of India, yet they are better than
India in life expectancy.
Sustainable Development:
Development, at present, without harming the environment and also keeping it safe for future
generations is termed sustainable development.

 Groundwater, which is a renewable resource, is getting depleted because of its overuse.

People are facing the problem of a water crisis due to its indiscriminate use.
 The development that emerged from the fast industrialization leads to the cutting of forests
and its result is a polluted- environment for the present as well as for future generations.
 Crude oil which is a non-renewable resource with limited stock is depleting gradually. So we
need to use it wisely.
The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are:

 Electricity
 Coal
 Crude oil
 Cow dung
 Solar energy