Register in language and communication refers

to the conveyed formality of speech as 2. Formal - Less rigid but still constrained, the
determined by the social context of an formal register is used in professional,
exchange. Register is conveyed by a speaker academic, or legal settings where
who adapts their language to illustrate to their communication is expected to be respectful,
audience how formal the exchange is based on uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never
their relationship. used, and contractions are rare. Examples: a
Language register is the way a person speaks TED talk, a business presentation, the
in relation to their audience and situation. It’s Encyclopaedia Brittanica, “Gray’s Anatomy,” by
also known as linguistic register or speech Henry Gray.
register.
How it works: 3. Consultative - People use this register often
• Speakers adjust their register based on the when speaking with someone with specialized
context, such as the audience, purpose, and knowledge or offering advice. Tone is often
location. respectful (use of courtesy titles) but may be
• For example, you might use a more formal more casual if the relationship is longstanding or
register when speaking to a teacher or in a friendly (a family doctor.) Slang is sometimes
professional setting. used, people may pause or interrupt one
• You might use a more casual register when another. Examples: the local TV news
speaking with friends and family. broadcast, an annual physical, or a service
provider like a plumber.
There are five main language registers often
used to describe the range of formality in 4. Casual - This is the register people use with
spoken or written English. friends, close acquaintances, co-workers, and
These registers are: family. It’s probably the one you think of when
• Frozen (recited speech or text that does not considering how you talk with others in a group
change) setting. Use of slang, contractions, and
• Formal (elevated speech used in non- vernacular grammar is all common, and people
personal contexts) may also use expletives or off-color language in
• Consultative (a semi-formal type of some settings. Examples: a birthday party, a
conversation that necessitates the participation backyard barbecue.
of speakers and listeners)
• Casual (informal but relatively impersonal 5. Intimate - Linguists say this register is
speech or text) reserved for special occasions, usually between
• Intimate (highly personal communication only two people and often in private. Intimate
reserved for people who are already well- language may be as simple as an inside joke
acquainted). between two college friends or a word
whispered in a lover’s ear.
1. Frozen - This form is sometimes called the
static register because it refers to historic How language registers affect
language or communication intended to remain communication?
unchanged, like a constitution or prayer. • Clarity and Understanding - Using the right
Examples: The Bible, the United States register helps ensure that the message is
Constitution, the Bhagavad Gita, “Romeo and understood correctly. For example, formal
Juliet.” language is precise and avoids slang, making it
suitable for academic or professional settings

• Appropriateness - Different situations require Consultative Register - Used in semi-formal

different registers. Using an informal register in interactions where one person has more
a business meeting may be seen as knowledge or authority but engages in
unprofessional, while using highly formal discussion (e.g., doctor-patient, teacher-
language with close friends may create student).
unnecessary distance.
• Social Connection - Register influences Example:
relationships by shaping how people perceive Doctor: “Based on your symptoms, I
each other. A friendly, informal tone can build recommend a full medical evaluation.”
rapport, while a formal tone can establish Patient: “Thank you, doctor. What steps should I
respect and authority. take next?”
• Cultural Sensitivity - Certain registers are
more appropriate in specific cultural settings. Casual Register - Used in informal
Misusing a register can lead to conversations with friends, family, or peers,
misunderstandings or even offense, especially often including slang, contractions, or colloquial
in cross-cultural communication. expressions.

Examples of language registers in different Example: “Hey, what’s up? Wanna grab some
context coffee later?”
Frozen Register - Used in formal, fixed Example: “That movie was insane! I can’t
expressions, often in ceremonies, religious believe the ending.”
texts, or legal documents.
Intimate Register – Used in close relationships,
Example: “We, the people, in order to form a such as between family members, couples, or
more perfect union…” (U.S. Constitution) best friends. It may include private jokes,
Example: “I hereby declare you husband and nicknames, or affectionate language.
wife.” (Wedding vows)
Example: “I, [name], do solemnly swear to Example: “Good morning, love. Hope you slept
uphold the Constitution…” (Military or well.”
governmental oath) Example: “Remember when we used to sneak
out for ice cream as kids?”
Formal Register - Used in professional,
academic, or official settings, often with Communication is the process of exchanging
structured grammar and precise vocabulary. information between individuals or groups.
Globalization is the process of increasing the
Example: “Dear Professor Smith, I am writing to connection between the world’s economies,
inquire about the research internship opportunity cultures, and populations. It’s characterized by
at your department.” the movement of goods, services, people, and
Example: “Based on the data collected, the information across borders.
results indicate a significant correlation between Globalization and communication are closely
the two variables.” linked, with globalization enabling
communication across borders and cultures,
and communication helping to globalize
businesses and cultures.

How globalization and communication are Challenges and benefits of global

linked: communication
Globalization: The growing interaction between Benefits of Global Communication
people, companies, and governments around Market reach:
the world. Accessing a wider customer base across
Communication: The exchange of information international markets, potentially leading to
between people, whether in person or online. increased sales and economic growth.
Ex: A small handmade jewelry business in
Role of communication in globalization Thailand sells products worldwide through social
Communication is essential to globalization media, reaching customers in Europe and the
because it allows people to work together U.S.
across borders. It helps to break down cultural
barriers, increase business opportunities, and Cultural exchange:
create a global community. Fostering understanding and appreciation of
different cultures through communication and
How communication helps globalization: interaction.
Improves business Ex: A student from Brazil joins an exchange
Global communication helps businesses program in Japan and learns about traditional
operate internationally by connecting them with tea ceremonies while sharing Brazilian dance
customers, suppliers, and stockholders. with classmates.
Ex: A small clothing brand in the Philippines
sells products worldwide using online marketing Collaboration and partnership:
and customer support in different languages. Building stronger relationships and
This helps them reach more customers. collaborations between individuals and
organizations across borders.
Promotes economic growth Ex: A hospital in Canada partners with doctors
Global communication can help to spread trade in Africa to provide telemedicine consultations
and boost economic growth in both developed and improve patient care in remote areas.
and developing countries.
Ex: Farmers in India learn new farming Knowledge sharing:
techniques from experts in Europe through Facilitating the spread of information and
online training. This helps them grow better expertise globally.
crops and earn more money. Ex: A professor in the U.K. publishes free online
lectures about climate change, helping students
Fosters cultural exchange from different countries learn about
Global communication can help to create hybrid environmental solutions.
cultures and identities.
Ex: A Korean pop star’s music becomes Global awareness:
popular in different countries, and fans from Raising awareness about global issues and
around the world learn Korean words and promoting social change.
traditions through their songs. Ex: Social media campaigns raise awareness
about ocean pollution, encouraging people
worldwide to reduce plastic waste and protect Negative impacts
marine life. Loss of minority languages:
As majority languages become normative,
Challenges of Global Communication minority languages may be lost.
Language barriers: Decreased grammatical skills:
Difficulty in understanding and communicating As communicators use internet shorthand and
effectively due to different languages and abbreviations, grammatical skills may decrease.
dialects. Cultural homogenization:
Cultural misunderstandings: Globalization can lead to cultural
Misinterpreting messages or behaviors due to homogenization, where regional customs
differences in cultural norms and values. spread rapidly and turn into national customs.
Time zone differences:
Coordinating meetings and communication Changes in communication style due to
across various time zones, impacting globalization
productivity. Increased use of digital communication:
Privacy concerns: With the internet and social media,
Potential risks of data breaches and privacy communication happens in real-time across
violations when sharing information across geographical boundaries, leading to a reliance
borders. on email, instant messaging, video
Digital divide: conferencing, and online collaboration tools.
Unequal access to technology and the internet, Cultural sensitivity:
creating disparities in global communication. To effectively communicate with people from
Power imbalances: various cultures, individuals need to be mindful
Dominant cultures potentially overshadowing or of different communication styles, idioms, and
silencing marginalized voices. non-verbal cues, adapting their language and
Conflict management: tone accordingly.
Navigating conflicts arising from cultural Concise and direct communication:
differences and diverse perspectives. Due to the fast-paced nature of global
communication, messages tend to be more
Impact of globalization on communication concise, focused, and to the point to avoid
Positive impacts misunderstandings.
Business English as a lingua franca:
Globalization has made it easier for businesses English is often used as the primary language
to expand and manage relationships across the for global communication, leading to increased
world. reliance on English proficiency, even when
Cultural exchange communicating with native speakers of other
Globalization has exposed people to diverse languages.
perspectives, which can lead to cross-cultural
understanding. Influence of technology and social media
Increased connectivity:
Collaboration Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
Social media platforms like Facebook and allow people to connect with friends and family
Twitter allow people to collaborate on projects across continents, breaking down geographical
with people from other parts of the world. barriers to communication.
Global awareness:
Social media enables individuals to access nations of the world, connected by modern
news and information about events happening telecommunications and as being economically,
worldwide, raising awareness about global socially, and politically interdependent.
issues and social movements.
Cross-cultural exchange: Importance of cultural awareness
People can readily interact with individuals from Cultural awareness is important because it
diverse cultures, promoting understanding and helps us understand and appreciate different
sharing of traditions. cultures, which can lead to better
Business communication: communication and fewer misunderstandings. It
Companies can easily connect with customers can also help us build more successful
and partners worldwide through digital channels, relationships and create a more inclusive
facilitating global trade and collaboration. society.
Better communication: Cultural awareness
Language dominance and linguistic diversity helps us understand how to communicate with
“Language dominance” refers to the situation people from different cultures.
where one language holds significantly more Reduced misunderstandings: Cultural
power and influence than others in a given awareness helps us avoid what may come off
society, often impacting social and political as offensive.
dynamics, while “linguistic diversity” Improved relationships: Cultural awareness
represents the variety of languages spoken helps us build stronger connections with people
within a particular area, signifying a richness in from different cultures.
different linguistic expressions; essentially, Inclusive workplaces: Cultural awareness
language dominance can threaten or diminish helps us create more respectful and inclusive
linguistic diversity by marginalizing less workplaces.
dominant languages.
Strategies for effective communication in
Local and global communication multicultural settings
multicultural settings Active listening: Pay close attention to what
“Local and global communication in multicultural the other person is saying, ask clarifying
settings” refers to the exchange of information questions, and summarize key points to ensure
and ideas between people from different cultural comprehension.
backgrounds, both within a specific community Avoid slang and idioms: Stick to clear, plain
(local) and across international borders (global), language to prevent confusion.
where diverse cultures coexist and interact, Speak slowly: Even if English is the common
requiring sensitivity to different communication language in a cross cultural situation it’s not a
styles and norms to ensure effective good idea to speak at your normal
understanding. conversational speed .
Be mindful of non-verbal cues: Be aware of
Local communication is being able to gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact as
communicate with the members of your local they can vary across cultures.
area. It can either be in your local language Be open-minded and flexible: Be willing to
(mother tongue), or a common language that adjust your expectations and adapt to different
you speak within your town. communication approaches.
Research and learn about the culture:
Global communication refers to the people or Understand the norms, values, and
communication styles of the people you’re
interacting with to avoid misunderstandings.
Intercultural communication refers to the Barriers to intercultural communication
communication between people from two include language differences, cultural
different cultures. (Chen & Starosta, 1998:28) stereotypes, and misinterpretations of nonverbal
Intercultural communication is a symbolic, cues. These barriers can lead to
interpretive, transactional, contextual process, in misunderstandings and make it difficult to
which people from different cultures create interact effectively.
shared meanings. (Lustig & Koester, 2007:46)
Anxiety
The intercultural communication definition, Feeling nervous or uncomfortable when
most simply, refers to communications that take communicating with people from different
place between people of different cultures or cultures, which can lead to avoidance or
backgrounds. It is inclusive of both verbal and miscommunication.
nonverbal forms of communication. For Example: A student studying abroad avoids
example, an American businessperson may speaking in class because they fear making
work closely with a peer in Japan via video call, language mistakes and being judged.
where both the verbal speech and body
language of each party can determine how the Assumption of Similarities
communication is received individually. Believing that all cultures communicate the
same way, leading to misunderstandings.
Intercultural communication importance Example: An American businessperson greets a
Intercultural communication is important Japanese client with a handshake, expecting
because it helps people from different the same response, but the client bows instead,
backgrounds understand and work together. It causing awkwardness.
can also help reduce misunderstandings and
promote empathy and tolerance. Ethnocentrism
Believing that one’s own culture is superior to
Why is intercultural communication important? others, leading to misunderstandings and
Build relationships resistance to different perspectives.
Intercultural communication can help build Example: A tourist refuses to try local food in
relationships by facilitating two-way another country, thinking their own cuisine is the
conversations. “best” and dismissing others as strange
Break down stereotypes
Intercultural communication can help break Stereotypes
down stereotypes and assumptions. Are oversimplified ideas about groups of people.
Promote understanding Stereotypes can be based on race, ethnicity,
Intercultural communication can promote mutual age, gender, sexual orientation — almost any
understanding between people of diverse characteristic. They may be positive, such as all
backgrounds. Asian students are good at math, but are most
Improve intercultural endeavors often negative, such as all overweight people
Intercultural communication is critical for the are lazy. Stereotyping is a generalization that
success of any intercultural or multinational doesn’t take individual differences into account.
endeavor. Example: There is a widespread belief that girls
are better at language than boys, and that boys
are better in math. including their values, beliefs, communication
styles, and customs to avoid
Prejudice misunderstandings.
Having negative attitudes or judgments toward
people from different cultures based on bias
rather than facts. Active listening
Example: A student avoids sitting next to a Pay close attention to what the other person is
classmate from another country because they saying, ask clarifying questions, and summarize
assume they won’t get along due to cultural key points to ensure accurate understanding.
differences. Non-verbal communication awareness
Be mindful of non-verbal cues like body
Non-Verbal Misinterpretations language, facial expressions, and gestures as
Gestures, facial expressions, or body language they can vary significantly across cultures.
may have different meanings in different Communication style adaptation
cultures. Adjust your communication style to suit the
Example: A Brazilian businessperson gives a cultural context, considering factors like
friendly hug to a British colleague, who feels directness, formality, and pacing.
uncomfortable because personal space is Empathy and respect
valued more in British culture. Try to see things from the other person’s
perspective, acknowledge cultural differences,
Language Barrier and show respect for their beliefs and practices.
Differences in language or accents can cause Open-mindedness
miscommunication and confusion. Be willing to learn and adapt, avoid making
Example: A French speaker and an English assumptions based on your own cultural norms,
speaker struggle to understand each other in a and be receptive to new perspectives.
business meeting, leading to errors in the
project.

Strategies to improve intercultural

communication
To improve intercultural communication in
purposive communication, key strategies
include: enhancing cultural awareness,
practicing active listening, adapting
communication style to different cultural
contexts, being open-minded, avoiding
assumptions, understanding non-verbal cues
across cultures, showing empathy, and actively
seeking to learn about different cultural norms
and values; essentially, recognizing and
respecting cultural differences while tailoring
your communication approach accordingly.

Cultural knowledge
Gain knowledge about different cultures,
 5.The first commercial computer for business
applications was:

1.Who co-developed Morse code? Apple I

Douglas Engelbart ENIAC
Tim Berners-Lee UNIVAC
Samuel Morse IBM 650
Herman Hollerith
UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
Morse code unified communication protocols designed for large-scale data tasks.
across telegraph networks.
6. Why are Integrated Circuits (ICs) considered
2.The World Wide Web was developed by: a turning point in computing history?
Tim Berners-Lee They replaced mechanical components with
Steve Jobs digital ones.
Bill Gates They enabled multitasking and portability in
Larry Page computers.
They introduced the first graphical user
Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented interface.
the World Wide Web. They relied on renewable energy sources.

3.In Industry 4.0, how does the Internet of Integrated Circuits (ICs) were a turning point in
Things (IoT) enhance manufacturing efficiency? computing history because they allowed
By reducing reliance on electricity computers to become smaller, faster, and more
By enabling real-time data exchange efficient.
between machines
By eliminating the need for human labor 7.Which innovation from the First Industrial
By prioritizing analog communication Revolution most directly enabled the shift from
agrarian economies to urban industrial centers?
IoT connects devices for seamless data sharing, Mechanical looms
optimizing production processes. The cotton gin
Steam-powered railroads
4.Which generation of computers used punch Morse code
cards?
First Generation Steam-powered railroads played a key role in
Second Generation the shift from agrarian economies to urban
Third Generation industrial centers.
Fourth Generation
8.The cotton gin’s long-term societal impact
Punched cards were mainly used as input included
devices during the 2nd and 3rd generations of Intensifying reliance on enslaved labor in the
computers, roughly spanning from the 1950s to U.S. South
the early 1970s. Accelerating the decline of industrialization
Promoting sustainable farming practices
Reducing global demand for textiles

The cotton gin boosted cotton profitability,

increasing demand for enslaved labor.

9.A historian argues that the Third Industrial

Revolution’s emphasis on digital logic circuits
laid the groundwork for modern AI. Which
evidence best supports this claim?