CRANIATE INTEGUMENT

Outline of topics - Underneath dermis is subcutaneous tissue

(HYPODERMIS) which in many regions have fat
1. Pattern of vertebrate integument. deposited (in panniculus adiposus) and a layer of
- layers (epidermis and dermis) striated muscle (in panniculus carnosus).
2. Epidermal derivatives - Skin may be loosely attached to subcutaneous layer,
- fishes and amphibians (glands, photopores, etc) except in palms and soles where fibers of dermis are
- Tetrapod glands variations and modes of closely interwoven with fibers of subcutaneous tissue.
secretion; mucous & mammary glands Layers of Human Skin
- feathers, hair, horn - types and development
etc.
3. Dermal derivatives

- dermal scales - structure and development

- chromatophores
Craniate Integument

Morphological pattern consists of:

1. epidermis- multilayered derived from

ectoderm
- Malphigian layer- layer of living cells
- stratum germinativum
- transitional layer
- stratum corneum - vary in thickness Variations in morphological features of epidermis and
dead corneal layer is shed (outermost) dermis in various craniate groups:

1. relative number and complexity of skin glands

2. dermis derived primarily from mesoderm, 2. extent in differentiation and specialization of most
best developed in mammals dermatome superficial layer of epidermis
3.extent in which bone develops from dermis

Epidermis of craniates:

Two kinds of non-living structures overlie epidermis

1.) thin coat of mucus →in fishes especially teleost and

aquatic amphibians

2.) stratum corneum→ a dead cornified, wafer-proof

layer in terrestrial craniates.

Epidermis is grandular to some degree especially in

fishes and amphibians. Most common glands are

- unicellular (fishes)
 - multicellular (in amniotes) and 4. as a defense mechanism
metamorphosed amphibians, invading the
dermis. Viper Fish Hag fish
Epidermis of Fishes and Aquatic amphibians

Epidermal Derivatives:

Malacosteid family of fishes (know as

Loosejaws) →Light Organ Photopore

Little or no keratin - synthesized by fishes

Thin layer of cornified cells - aquatic urodeles D
Cornified spines - buccal funnel of lampreys
Horny tooth-like structures - mouth of anuran tadpoles.

Derivates of the skin

Epidermal

➢ Epidermal scales
➢ Scutes
➢ Hoofs
➢ Nails
➢ Horns
➢ Baleen
➢ Rattles
➢ Horny beaks
➢ Feathers
Uses of Bioluminescence
➢ Hair
1.can be used to see ➢ Epidermal glands

2 as camouflage, to attract prey via lures, & find mate

Dermal
3. to communicate with other organism
➢ Bony plates or scales
 ➢ Dermal scales
➢ pouch
➢ ganoid
➢ ctenoid
➢ cycloid
➢ Cosmoid (extinct lobe
➢ fins)
➢ Chromatophores

Tetrapods: Epidermis has two distinct features:

Integumentary glands:
Structure: either saccular (alveoli) or tubular
Morphological varieties of multicellular glands.
saccular glands may be simple or compound tub alarm
glands a) Simple tubular
- are abundant in mammals but not in b) Coiled tubular,
nonmammals; ubiquitous in digestive tract of c) Simple branched tubular
humans to fishes d) Compound tubular,
e) Alveolus of simple saccular gland,
f) Simple branched saccular
If secretory portion is:
g) Compound alveolar

Mode of Secretion:

1. merocrine- secrete products via cell membrane

by exocytosis cell remain intact

e.g. sweat glands, most glands

2. holocrine - accumulates secretory products in

its cytoplasm then dies and disintegrates; the
entire dead cell is discharged and constitutes
the secretion

e.g. avian oil gland sebaceous gland

3. apocrine - secretion accumulates in the apical

portion which is pinched-off along with some
cytoplasm

e.g. mammary glands, axilliary sweat glands

Holocrine Apocrine

AVIAN PREEN GLAND

Types of secretion:

- Mucuos
- Serous
- Mixed
- Fat or oil

Salivary Gland (Mammals)

Merocrine

Parotid Gland
Mucous glands - have disappeared in terrestrial - Ceruminous gland - in outer ear canal (cerumen)
tetrapods except mammals
- Meibomian gland - eyelid, moistens conjunctiva
Granular glands - present in toads with little variety and
with more variety in reptiles open independent of hair in lips

- absent in birds and mammals - Sudoriferous glands (sweat) - coiled tubular glands
that extend deep into the dermis, open through pores
- secrete irritating or toxic substances, in furry mammals;, found in regions with least hair;
pheromones generally restricted to a localized absent in scaly mammals, sirenians, cetaceansciliary
area of the body; warty skin in legs and back: glands-follicles of eyelashes

ex. parotoid glands, femoral glands (male hind Human Skin

limbs)

Scent glands- both sebaceous and sudoriferous glands;

produce scent all of which may have pheromones; with
variefv of function:

- species recognition,
Avian Oil Glands: Birds have very few integumentary
- protection, for reproduetion
glands. secretions have oily component; eg, uropygial
gland Mammary glands

Mammalian glands - are complex and speialized. - compound alveolar glands developing in both sexes
from milk lines extending from axilla to groin.
Types:
- form patches which spread into the dermis, and a
-Sebaceous glands -alveolar glands with oily secretion,
nipple forms above each patch producing secretion that
with hairs and sebum released into hair follicle
includes lipids.
Number and location of mammary glands (nipples)
depend on number of young typical of the species and
survival value of one location over another

- cats & pigs develop along whole length of milk line:

species with smaller litter have fewer nipples

eg.2 in humans

Mammary glands. a) monotremes, no nipples; b) like

modified sweat glands with cistern where milk
accumulates before its release (Oxytocin is responsible
for muscle contraction & milk release).

Stratum Corneum

- keratinized epidermis provides protection against

dessication

- becomes specialized in different regions for protection

against abrasion, defense, or offense. or for the
thermoregulation.

Epidermal scales

-repetitious thickenings of stratum corneum found only

in amniotes

- in snakes and lizards- stratum corneum is disposed on

overlapping folds; cells on exposed surface of each fold
are heavily cornified while at scale joints are thinner to
allow mobility

- have two distinct layers an inner layer in the process of

being deposited and an outer layer that will be shed at
the next molt.

Epidermal scales (cont.)

Scutes- large, thin, polygonal scales; found in belly of

snakes on plastron and carapace; do not overlap

-Epidermal scales develop where there are no feathers

in birds. mammals confined to legs and tail

Claws, Hoofs, Nails

- modification of stratum corneum at ends of digits

have same basic structure -consisting of a homy
dorsal plate called unguis and a softer ventral plate
the subunguis

- the two plates wrap around the terminal phalanx

in ungulates- a softer cornified pad is present partially
surrounded by the subunguis called cuneus

*only squamate claws are shed, other animals they

are worn down by abrasion

Feathers - pigmentary coloration
- structural/physical coloration:
Morphologic varieties (types) - refraction or interference of light as they are reflected
1. Contour feather- gives shape shaft- horny. quill, from minute irregular surfaces of parts of the feather
rachis vane afterfeather
Development of Feather:
- develop in feather tracts or pterylae:
1. Formation of dermal papilla.
- in dermis, inserting in the walls of feather follicles are
smooth erector muscles 2. Growth of papilla with inductor effect on overlying
epidermis →

pimple-like elevation forming (feather primodium)

3. Dermal papilla becomes vascularized;

4. As feather primodium elongates, feather follicle (a

pit lined with epidermis) develops;

5. At base of follicle, mitotically active zone forms tall

columns of epidermal cells → feather sheath

6. Epidermal columns separate, cornify & develop the

barbs

7. When feather is fall grown, shaft dies & becomes

pulp

2. Down feather- small. fluffy feathers; underneath and

between contour feathers;

has short, hollow quill embedded in the integument.

numerous barbs arise from free end of the quill

3. Hair feathers/filoplumes- hairlike feathers, consists

of long slender shaft with a few barbs and associated
barbules at the distal end

Feather color may be due to:

Hair = keratinized appendages of the skin form covering Variation in direction of growtb: crests/tufts and whorls
of entire body or limited to certain areas with dense fur
present, short, fine hair (underfur) and long coarse hair Color and luster:
occur pigment in cortex;
functions: insulation and also as sensitive tactile - amount of pigment,
organs (vibrissae)
- character of surface smooth/rough;
Structure:
amount of air in intercellular spaces of medulla
- hair grows from hair follicle and elongate due
to
- mitosis at the bulb enclosing the dermal papilla

- root is the region within hair follicle where cells

are dying and cornifying but not separated from
follicular wall

- shaft is the remainder of hair starting below

opening of sebaceous gland

A single hair consists of:

1. dense keratin from disintegrated cornified cells,

2. trapped air vacuoles,

3. varying amounts of melanin released when cells

disintegrate.

Each hair is covered by membranous cuticle of thin

Development of hair:
transparent, cornified squamous cells.
- cylindrical ingrowth of epidermis into the dermis
Coarse or spiny hairs contain medulla composed of
- dermal papilla organizes at base of ingrowth
irregular shrunken cornified cells separated by large
- base of primordium forms the bulb where cornified
amount of air and connected by keratin bridges.
cells form
Arrector pili - smooth muscles inserted on the wall of - hair shaft emerges from hair follicle
hair follicles
• Hairs are not permanent; At intervals, proliferation of
hair cells stops temporarily.

•Variation in shape in cross-section:

- straight hair is round, kinky-hair is flat; vary in growth:

definitive or angora.

•Special types of hair: mane, tail, eyelashes, eyebrows,

whiskers
Stages of the development of hair.

1. epidermal ingrowth into dermis, dermal papilla

Antlers (deer family) and Giraffe horns
not yet developed.
- antlers are dermal bone attached to the frontal
2. hair follicle around hair shaft,
bone
3. developing sebaceous gland;
- they are present in males except for the
4. developing sweat gland. caribou and reindeer

Horns - shed annually at end of rutting season when

testosterone levels drop
-surface is composed of keratin; includes:
- new growing antlers are covered by skin (in
e. g. bovine horns and horns of pronghorns (true horns), velvet) which is shed at the approach of
autumn leaving bare bones
consists of dermal bone covered by cornified layer;
Giraffe horns
- present in both sexes;
short boy projections of frontal bone resembling antlers
- bovine horns are hollow
but are in velvet throughout life
- pronghorn horns are branched and horny
• Rhino horns differ from true horns because
covering is shed annually; hair horns
these horns have no core or sheath.
(rhinocerous)
• They are made up of multitude of epidermal
- present in both sexes and are not shed
cells and bundles of dermal papillae, extensions
of the dermis.

• Cells from each papilla form a horny fiber

similar to thick hair. These fibers, which are
held together by the mass of epidermal cells,
are not true hairs.

Baleen and other cornified structures

baleen (whalebone) are broad, thin, horny projections

of the oral epithelium in toothless whales that hang
from the palate
 - each sheet is fringed to strain food out of the Tori Pads & Epidermal Pads
water passing through the oral cavity
Rattle (rattlesnake)
Rattles (rattlesnake)- rings of horny stratum corneum
that remain attached to the tail after each molt

Beaks, rooster's comb (warty stratum, corneum) ,

ischial callosities (monkeys and apes), knee pads
(camels)

Tori- epidermal pads in mammals; corns and calluses

Baleen Whale

Dermis

- consists of collagenous connective tissue with the

blood vessels, nerves, and pigment cells,
exteroreceptors, base of hairs feathers and their erector
Baleen muscles

- has the potential to form bones (except in birds)

Bony dermis of fishes:

- Form bony plates or smaller scales

- Structure of dermal bone consists of lamellar

bone, spongy bone, dentin, and a surface layer
of enamel- like substance.

- Surface have spiny elevation-denticles

- In trunk and tail they evolved into smaller

scales and in head became part of the skull,
behind last pharyngeal arches, skeleton of
shoulder girdle.
I. Dermal Plates & Scales cells have processes and pigment can be dispersed into
these processes are aggregated in cell body to cause
A. Dermal bone plates color changes
Became the skull Classified by their colored granules:
Ancient armor - Rhomboid scales - melanophores - melanin granules
B. Dermal Scale in Modern Fish - erythrophores - red granules
- Cycloid and ctenoid scales - iridophores - contain prismatic substance, guanine,
- Placoid and ganoid scales which disperses and reflects light

Pigment granules in hair and feathers and in epidermis

are not in cells that produce them.

Dermal ossification in tetrapods

- minute bony scales called osteoderms;

- amphibians, crocodilians, young of lizards,

turtles have large bony plates

- armadillos- bone covered by epidermal scales

II. Dermal Pigments:

Chromatophores- in the dermis; skin coloration