UNIT 2: CELLULAR SYSTEM

2.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

(GCSF2013)

UNIT ANATOMI
PROGRAM SAINS PERUBATAN ASAS
 Chemical level

Organ system Organismal

Cellular level
level level

Structural organization
of human body
Tissue level Organ level
Learning outcome

Describe the structural feactures of

a cell.
Explain the functions of plasma
membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
Describe active and passive
transport.
Structural features of cell
 Principle parts of the cell

Cytoplasm
Plasma
membrane

Nucleus
 Nucleus
Spherical/ oval in shape.
Most cells are single nucleated, except
mature RBC.
Consists of nuclear envelope with pores,
nucleoli, and chromatin (or chromosomes)
Function of Nucleus:
a. Controls cellular structure.
b. Directs ______________________
c. Produce ribosomes in nucleoli.
Function of:
a. Nuclear envelope & nuclear pores
control movement of substances
between the nucleus and cytoplasm
b. Nucleoli
a cluster of protein, DNA and RNA.
not enclosed by any membrane.
______________________ and gene
arranged on chromosome.
c. Chromatin
control cellular structure and direct
most cellular functions
 Plasma membrane Extracellular

A structure that surrounds and contains the

cytoplasm of the cell.
Composed of:
Lipids (bilayer): phospholipid, cholesterol,
and glycolipid (lipid with carbohydrate
chain).
Proteins : integral protein
(carrier/transporter & ion channel) & Intracellular
peripheral (glycoprotein)
Functions:
Protect cells from its external environment
Selectively permits some substance to pass
across it (in and out).
Transportation of substances eg
____________________________________
 Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm includes all the cellular contents between
the plasma membrane and nucleus.
It consists;
a. cytosol (liquid portion): water, ions, glucose,
amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, ATP and
waste products
b. organelles (specialized cellular structures):
cytoskeleton Cytoplasm
______________________
cilia and flagella
ribosome
endoplasmic reticulum (ER); rough ER and
smooth ER
 Cytosol

It is a gel-like substance that is enclosed

within the cell membrane & not held by any
of the organelles.
A complex mixture of dissolved molecules &
water.
Functions: site of many
_________________________that are
fundamental to the cells.

Cytoplasm
 Organelles
1) Cytoskeleton
It is a network of several kinds of protein
filaments that extends throughout the
cytoplasm
Components: microfilaments, intermediate
filaments and microtubules.
Functions: provide a ________________
for the cell and generate movements

2) Centromere
Components: two centrioles and
pericentriolar
Functions: serves as a centre of organizing
microtubules in the interphase cells and
__________________ during cell division.
Centromere
3) Cilia and flagella
Motile projections of the cell‘s surface.
Cilia - short, hair-like structure,
numerous.
Flagella - longer, lash-like structure, VS
less numerous than cilia.
Functions:
Cilia – move fluid/ substances along
the cell surface
Flagella – ____________________

4) Ribosome Ribosome
Components: consists of two subunit; small
ribosomal subunit (read the RNA) and large
ribosomal subunit (join amino acids to
form protein chain).
Functions: ___________________________
5) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Is a network of membranes that extends from
nuclear envelope throughout the cytoplasm.
Consist of
A) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER Smooth ER
Attached with ribosomes. Lacks of ribosomes attached to it.
Protein synthesized on the Functions:
ribosome enter the ER for a. Synthesis of fatty acids and steroids.
processing and sorting b. In liver cells, its enzymes helps in:
Function : Synthesis and releasing glucose from into
export of bloodstream
________________________ __________________________
______________________ and other harmful substances
c. In muscle cells, it store and release
calcium ion that trigger contractions.
6) Golgi Complex / Golgi Apparatus
Consists of flattened sac called cisterns.
received proteins from rough ER.
Functions :
Modifies, sort, packs and transport
protein from rough ER.
Forms ______________________ to
other organelles.
 7) Lysosome:
Membrane – enclosed vesicles that contain digestive
enzyme.
Function:
Digestion of __________________________________________
Digestion of their own cell (autolysis).
Extracellular digestion (eg acrosomal rxn of sperm)

Similar to lysosome8)but smaller

Peroxisome:
Function:
___________________________________________(eg. acid amino,
fatty acids and toxic substances).
Decompose by-products of metabolism (eg. hydrogen
peroxide and superoxide).
 9) Proteasome:
Barrel-shaped structures with 4 stacked of protein rings.
Function:
Contain protease that continually degrade unneeded,
damaged or faulty cytosolic proteins.
10) Mitochondria
Consist of a smooth outer
membrane, an inner
membrane, containing folds
called mitochondria cristae and
fluid – filled cavity called the
matrix.
Also known as “power house“
of the cell.
Function:
Transportation Across the Plasma
Membrane
 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane

A) Passive transport B) Active transport

Substance moves down its Cellular energy is used to drive
concentration gradient across the substance “uphill” against
membrane its concentration gradient

i. Diffusion i. Transport vesicles ii. ATP

ii. Osmosis
Simple a. Endocytosis iii. Sodium
diffusion Phagocytosis potassium
Facilitated Pinocytosis pump
diffusion b. Exocytosis
 Passive Substance moves down its concentration gradient
across membrane, only by using its own kinetic
Transport energy (energy of motion) to achieve equilibrium.
No input of energy from the cell

Diffusion Osmosis

Simple diffusion

https://youtu.be/-ZwXUrZolD0?
si=v1_chke2vgI9MW_y&t=24
Simple diffusion
Substances moves freely across
phospholipid bilayer by using their
concentration gradient.
Happens in:
Lipid-soluble substances, eg
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen gases, fatty acids,
steroids and fat soluble vitamins
________________________ O2 and CO2 diffusion
between blood and body
Small uncharged molecules cells.
(water, ureas).
 Facilitated diffusion

________________________ of too
polar or highly charged substance
through lipid bilayer, down its
concentrated gradient aided by
ion membrane channels and
protein carriers/ transporters.
Ion membrane channels: K+,
Cl-, Na+, Ca2+,
Protein carriers: glucose,
fructose, galactose and some Diffusion of
vitamins. glucose across
No cellular energy is needed. plasma
membrane by
GluT.
 Osmosis
Movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable
membrane from __________________________________ to an
area of ___________________________________.

Tonicity & its

effect on RBC.
 Principle of osmosis
Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic

ICF: ↑[Solutes] in cytosol ICF: ↓[Solutes] cytosol ICF [solute] = ECF [solute]
Water enter cell → swell Water move out of the cell Water enter and exit the cells
& burst (haemolysis) → shrink (crenation) at the same rate

ICF: Intracellular Fluid

Active Transport i. Hydrolysis
Movement of of ATP
solutes across
phospholipid
bilayer against its ii. Sodium
concentration potassium pump
gradient (“uphill”)
Endocytosis
need cellular
energy (ATP).
acts like a pumps of iii. Transport in
ion vesicles

Exocytosis
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
 Hydrolysis of ATP & Sodium-potassium pump

Energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP

changes shape of a carrier protein, that
pumps substances across plasma
membrane against its concentration
gradient.
E.g. Sodium-potassium pump: to maintain
low [Na+] and high [K+] in the cytosol for
normal cell volume and ability to generate
electrical signals (eg action potentials)
 Hydrolysis of ATP & Sodium-potassium pump

To maintain low [Na+] and high A phosphate group of The binding will Changes of the
[K+] in the cytosol. ATP will bind to the trigger release of protein to its
3 Na+ in the cytosol bind to the pump protein. Phosphate group original shape,
pump protein. Shape of the pump will from the pump releases K+ to the
change and expel 3 Na+ protein. cytosol.
to ECF. the shape then, will Pump is ready for
The shape is then in change again to the next cycle.
favour to bind 2 K+ from original shape.
ECF.
 Movement of substances within, into
or out of a cell in vesicles thatbud
Transport Vesicles from the structure or plasma
membrane.
Endocytosis and exocytosis.
A. Endocytosis - Substance brought into
the cell.
__________________(cell eating)
movement of large solid
particles, such as bacteria,
virus and dead cells are taken
into cell after pseudopods
engulf it.
_________________(cell drinking)
movement of extracellular fluid
into the a cell by in-folding of
plasma membrane.
B. Exocytosis - movement of
substances out of cell in secretory
vesicles. The vesicle fused with
plasma membrane and release their
contents into the extracellular fluid.
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