Unit 1 – Introduction and Basics of OOP’s

Introduction to Object Oriented Paradigm,

A Brief History

The object-oriented paradigm took its shape from the initial concept of a new programming approach,
while the interest in design and analysis methods came much later.

• The first object–oriented language was Simula (Simulation of real systems) that was developed
in 1960 by researchers at the Norwegian Computing Center.

• In 1970, Alan Kay and his research group at Xerox PARK created a personal computer named
Dynabook and the first pure object-oriented programming language (OOPL) - Smalltalk, for
programming the Dynabook.

• In the 1980s, Grady Booch published a paper titled Object Oriented Design that mainly
presented a design for the programming language, Ada. In the ensuing editions, he extended
his ideas to a complete object–oriented design method.

• In the 1990s, Coad incorporated behavioral ideas to object-oriented methods.

The other significant innovations were Object Modelling Techniques (OMT) by James Rumbaugh and
Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE) by Ivar Jacobson.

Object-Oriented Analysis

Object–Oriented Analysis (OOA) is the procedure of identifying software engineering requirements and
developing software specifications in terms of a software system’s object model, which comprises of
interacting objects.

The main difference between object-oriented analysis and other forms of analysis is that in object-
oriented approach, requirements are organized around objects, which integrate both data and
functions. They are modelled after real-world objects that the system interacts with. In traditional
analysis methodologies, the two aspects - functions and data - are considered separately.

Grady Booch has defined OOA as, “Object-oriented analysis is a method of analysis that examines
requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the problem
domain”.

The primary tasks in object-oriented analysis (OOA) are −

• Identifying objects

• Organizing the objects by creating object model diagram

• Defining the internals of the objects, or object attributes

• Defining the behavior of the objects, i.e., object actions

• Describing how the objects interact

The common models used in OOA are use cases and object models.

Object-Oriented Design

Object–Oriented Design (OOD) involves implementation of the conceptual model produced during
object-oriented analysis. In OOD, concepts in the analysis model, which are technology−independent,
are mapped onto implementing classes, constraints are identified and interfaces are designed, resulting
in a model for the solution domain, i.e., a detailed description of how the system is to be built on
concrete technologies.

The implementation details generally include −

• Restructuring the class data (if necessary),

• Implementation of methods, i.e., internal data structures and algorithms,

• Implementation of associations.

Grady Booch has defined object-oriented design as “a method of design encompassing the process of
object-oriented decomposition and a notation for depicting both logical and physical as well as static
and dynamic models of the system under design”.

Object-Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based upon objects (having both data
and methods) that aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity and reusability. Objects, which
are usually instances of classes, are used to interact with one another to design applications and
computer programs.

The important features of object–oriented programming are −

• Bottom–up approach in program design

• Programs organized around objects, grouped in classes

• Focus on data with methods to operate upon object’s data

• Interaction between objects through functions

• Reusability of design through creation of new classes by adding features to existing classes

Some examples of object-oriented programming languages are C++, Java, Smalltalk, Delphi, C#, Perl,
Python, Ruby, and PHP.

Grady Booch has defined object–oriented programming as “a method of implementation in which

Characteristics of oops
The major purpose of C++ programming is to introduce the concept of object orientation to the C
programming language.

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as inheritance, data
binding, polymorphism etc.

The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as truly object-
oriented programming language. Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented
programming language.

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a
methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software
development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

o Object

o Class
 o Inheritance

o Polymorphism

o Abstraction

o Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known as
inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example: to
convince the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

In C++, we use Function overloading and Function overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example: phone
call, we don't know the internal processing.

In C++, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as
encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

1. OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-oriented

2. OOPs provide data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented programming language a global data
can be accessed from anywhere.

3. OOPs provide ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide the
solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.