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2.3
2.4
 Page |1

10 HERON’S FORMULA
EXERCISE 10.1
Q.1. A traffic signal board, indicating ‘SCHOOL AHEAD’, is an equilateral
triangle with side ‘a’. Find the area of the signal board, using Heron’s
formula. If its perimeter is 180 cm, what will be the area of the signal
board?
Sol. Each side of the triangle = a
Perimeter of the triangle = 3a
3a
∴ s =
2
∴ Area of the signal board (triangle) = s(s − a) (s − b) (s − c)

= s(s − a) (s − a) (s − a) [ a = b = c]

⎛ 3a ⎞ 3a ⎛ 3a ⎞
= (s – a) s(s − a) = ⎜ − a⎟ ⎜ − a⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
a 3a2 a a a2
= ⋅ = ⋅ 3= 3
2 4 2 2 4
a2
Hence, area of the signal board = 3 sq units Ans.
4
Now, perimeter = 180 cm
180
Each side of the triangle = cm = 60 cm
3
2
(60)
Area of the triangle = × 3 cm2 = 900 3 cm2 Ans.
4
Q.2. The triangular side walls of a flyover have been used for advertisements.
The sides of the walls are 122 m, 22 m and 120 m (see Fig.). The
advertisements yield an earning of Rs 5000 per m2 per year. A company
hired one of its walls for 3 months. How much rent did it pay?

Sol. Here, we first find the area of the triangular side walls.
a = 122 m, b = 120 m and c = 22 m
122 + 120 + 22
∴ s = m = 132 m.
2
 Page |2

Area of the triangular side wall = s(s − a) (s − b) (s − c)

= 132 (132 − 122 ) (132 − 120 ) (132 − 22 ) m 2

= 132 × 10 × 12 × 110 m2 = 1320 m2

Rent of 1 m2 of the wall for 1 year = Rs 5000
5000
∴ Rent of 1 m2 of the wall for 1 month = Rs
12
∴ Rent of the complete wall (1320 m2) for 3 months
5000
= Rs × 1320 × 3 = Rs 16,50,000 Ans.
12
Q.3. There is a slide in a park. One of its side walls has been painted in some
colour with a message “KEEP THE PARK GREEN AND CLEAN” (see
Fig.). If the sides of the wall are 15 m, 11 m and 6 m, find the area painted
in colour.

Sol. Here a = 15 m, b = 11 m, c = 6 m
a + b + c 15 + 11 + 6
∴ s = = m = 16 m
2 2
Area of the triangle = s(s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c)

= 16 (16 − 15) (16 − 11) (16 − 6) m2

= 16 × 1 × 5 × 10 m2 = 20 2 m2

Hence, the area painted in colour = 20 2 m2 Ans.

Q.4. Find the area of a triangle two sides of which are 18 cm and 10 cm and
the perimeter is 42 cm.
Sol. Here a = 18 cm, b = 10 cm, c = ?
Perimeter of the triangle = 42 cm
⇒ a + b + c = 42
⇒ 18 + 10 + c = 42
⇒ c = 42 – 28 = 14
a + b + c 42
Now, s = = cm = 21 cm
2 2
Area of the triangle = s(s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c)
= 21(21 − 18) (21 − 10) (21 − 14) cm2
= 21 × 3 × 11 × 7 cm2 = 7 × 3 × 3 × 11 × 7 cm2
= 7 × 3 11 cm2 = 21 11 cm 2 Ans.
 Page |3

Q.5. Sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 12 : 17 : 25 and its perimeter is

540 cm. Find its area.
Sol. Let the sides of the triangle be 12x cm 17x cm and 25x cm.
Perimeter of the triangle = 540 cm
∴ 12x + 17x + 25x = 540
⇒ 54 x = 540
540
⇒ x= = 10
54
∴ Sides of the triangle are (12 × 10) cm, (17 × 10) cm and (25 × 10) cm i.e.,
120 cm, 170 cm and 250 cm.
Now, suppose a = 120 cm, b = 170 cm, c = 250 cm,
+ b + c 540
∴ s= a = cm = 270 cm
2 2
Area of the triangle = s(s − a) (s − b) (s − c)

= 270 (270 − 120) (270 − 170) (270 − 250) cm 2

= 270 × 150 × 100 × 20 cm 2 = 9000 cm2 Ans.

Q.6. An isosceles triangle has perimeter 30 cm and each of the equal sides is
12 cm. Find the area of the tirangle.
Sol. Here, a = b = 12 cm,
Also, a + b + c = 30 ⇒ 12 + 12 + c = 30 ⇒ c = 30 – 24 = 6
a+ b+ c 30
∴ s= = cm = 15 cm
2 2
∴ Area of the triangle = s(s − a) (s − b) (s − c)

= 15 (15 − 12 ) (15 − 12 ) (15 − 6 ) cm 2

= 15 × 3 × 3 × 9 cm 2 = 9 15 cm 2 Ans.
 EXERCISE 11.1
Q.1. Diameter of the base of a cone is 10.5 cm and its slant height is 10 cm. find
its curved surface area.
10.5 cm = 5.25 cm, l = 10 cm.
Sol. Here, r =
2
Curved surface area of the cone = πrl
22
= × 5.25 × 10 cm2 = 165 cm2 Ans.
7
Q.2. Find the total surface area of a cone, if its slant height is 21 m and
diameter of its base is 24 m.
24
Sol. Here, l = 21 m, r = m = 12 m
2
Total surface area of the cone = πr(l + r)
22
= × 12 (21 + 12) m2
7
22
= × 12 × 33 m2 = 1244.57 m2 Ans.
7
Q.3. Curved surface area of a cone is 308 cm2 and its slant height is 14 cm.
Find (i) radius of the base and (ii) total surface area of the cone.
Sol. Here, l = 14 cm, curved surface area = 308 cm2, r = ?
(i) Curved surface area of the cone = πrl
22
⇒ 308 = × r × 14
7
308
⇒ r = 22 × 2 = 7
Hence, base radius of the cone = 7 cm.
(ii) Total surface area of the cone = πr (l + r)
22
= × 7 (14 + 7) cm2 = 22 × 21 cm2 = 462 cm2 Ans.
7
Q.4. A conical tent is 10 m high and the radius of its base is 24 m. Find
(i) slant height of the tent.
(ii) cost of the canvas required to make the tent, if the cost of 1 m2 canvas
is Rs 70.
Sol. Here, h = 10 m, r = 24 m
(i) We have, l2 = h2 + r2
= (10)2 + (24)2
= 100 + 576 = 676
⇒ l = 676 = 26 m Ans.
(ii) Curved surface area of the tent = πrl
22
= × 24 × 26 m2
7
Cost of 1 m2 canvas = Rs 70
22 22
∴ Cost of × 24 × 26 m2 of canvas = Rs 70 × × 24 × 26
7 7
= Rs 137280 Ans.
Q.5. What length of tarpaulin 3 m wide will be required to make conical tent
of height 8 m and base radius 6 m? Assume that the extra length of
material that will be required for
Stitching margins and wastage in cutting is approximately 29 cm (use π
= 3.14)
Sol. Here h = 6 m, r = 8 m

We have, l2 = r 2 + h2
= 36 + 64 = 100 = 10 m
Curved surface area of the tent = πrl
= 3.14 × 6 × 10 m2
3.14 × 6 × 10
∴ required length of tarpaulin = m + 20 cm
3
= 62.8 m + 0.2 m = 63 m Ans.
Q.6. The slant height and base diameter of a conical tomb are 25 m and 14 m
respectively. Find the cost of white washing its curved surface at the rate
of Rs 210 per 100 m2.
14
Sol. Here, l = 25 m, r = m = 7 m
2
Curved surface area of the tomb = πrl
22
= × 7 × 25 m2 = 550 m2
7
Cost of white washing 100 m2 = Rs 210
210
∴ Cost of white washing 550 m2 = Rs × 550 = Rs 1155 Ans.
100
Q.7. A joker’s cap is in the form of a right circular cone of base radius 7 cm and
height 24 cm. Find the area of the sheet required to make 10 such caps.
Sol. Here, r = 7 cm, h = 24 cm
We have, l = h2 + r 2 = (24)2 + 72

= 576 + 49 = 625 = 25 cm
Total curved surface area of 1 cap = πrl
22
= × 7 × 25 cm2 = 550 cm2
7
Area of sheet required to make 10 such caps = 10 × 550 cm2 = 5500 cm2 Ans.
Q.8. A bus stop is barricaded from the remaining part of the road, by using 50
hollow cones made of recycled cardboard. Each cone has a base diameter
of 40 cm and height 1 m. If the outer side of each of the cones is to be
painted and the cost of painting is Rs 12 per m2, what will be the cost of
painting all these cones? (Use π = 3.14 and take 1.04 = 1.02)
40
Sol. Here, r = cm = 20 cm = 0.20 m, h = 1 m
2

l = h2 + r 2 = 12 + (0.2)2 = 1.04 = 1.02 m

Curved surface area of 1 cone = πrl
Curved surface area of 50 cones = 50 × 3.14 × 0.2 × 1.02 m 2
= 32.028 m2
2
Cost of painting an area of 1 m = Rs 12
∴ Cost of painting an area of 32.028 m2 = Rs 12 × 32.028
= Rs 384.34 (approx) Ans.
 EXERCISE 11.2

Q.1. Find the surface area of a sphere of radius :

(i) 10.5 cm (ii) 5.6 cm (iii) 14 cm
Sol. (i) r = 10.5 cm
Surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
22
= 4 × × (10.5)2 cm2
7
22
= 4 × × 10.5 × 10.5 cm2 = 1386 cm2 Ans.
7
(ii) r = 5.6 cm
Surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
22
= 4 × × (5.6)2 cm2
7
22
= 4 × × 5.6 × 5.6 cm2 = 394.24 cm2 Ans.
7
(iii) r = 14 cm
Surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
22
= 4 × × 14 × 14 cm2
7
= 88 × 28 cm2 = 2464 cm2 Ans.
Q.2. Find the surface area of sphere of a diameter :
(i) 14 cm (ii) 21 cm (iii) 3.5 m
14
Sol. (i) r = cm = 7 cm
2
Surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
22
= 4 × × 72 cm2
7
22
= 4 × × 7 × 7 cm2
7
88 × 7 cm2 = 616 cm2 Ans.
21
(ii) r = cm = 10.5 cm
2
Surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
22
= 4 × × (10.5)2 cm2
7
22
= 4 × × 10.5 × 10.5 cm2 = 1386 cm2 Ans.
7
3 .5
(iii) r = m = 1.75 m
2
Surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
22
= 4 × × (1.75)2 m2
7
22
= 4 × × 1.75 × 1.75 m2 = 38.5 m2 Ans.
7
Q.3. Find the total surface area of a hemisphere of radius 10 cm. (Use π = 3.14)
Sol. r = 10 cm
Total surface area of the hemisphere = 3πr2
= 3 × 3.14 × (10)2 cm2
= 3 × 3.14 × 100 cm2 = 942 cm2 Ans.
Q.4. The radius of a spherical balloon increases from 7 cm to 14 cm as air is
being pumped into it. Find the ratio of surface areas of the balloon in the
two cases.
Sol. When r = 7 cm
Surface area of the balloon = 4πr2
= 4 × π × 7 × 7 cm2
When R = 14 cm :
Surface area of the balloon = 4πr2
= 4 × π × 14 × 14 cm2
Required ratio of the surface areas of the balloon
4×π×7×7 1
= = = 1 : 4 Ans.
4 × π × 14 × 14 4
Q.5. A hemispherical bowl made of brass has inner diameter 10.5 cm. Find the
cost of tin-plating it on the inside at the rate of Rs 16 per 100 cm2.
10.5
Sol. Here r = cm = 5.25 cm
2
Inner surface area of the bowl = 2πr2
22
= 2 × × (5.25)2 cm2
7
= 44 × 0.75 × 5.25 cm2 = 173.25 cm2
Cost of tin plating 100 cm2 = Rs 16
16
Cost of tin plating 173.25 cm2 = Rs × 173.25 = Rs 27.72 Ans.
100
Q.6. Find the radius of a sphere whose surface area is 154 cm2.
Sol. Surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
22
⇒ 154 = 4 × × r2
7
154 × 7 7 × 7
⇒ r2 = 4 × 22 = 4

7
⇒ r= = 3.5
2
Hence, radius of the sphere = 3.5 cm Ans.
Q.7. The diameter of the moon is approximately one fourth of the diameter of
the earth. Find the ratio of their surface areas.
Sol. Let diameter of the earth = 2r
Then radius of the earth = r
2r r
∴ Diameter of the moon = =
4 2
 r
∴ Radius of the moon =
4
2
⎛r⎞
Now, surface area of the moon = 4π ⎜ ⎟
⎝4⎠
πr 2
= ... (i)
4
Surface area of the earth = 4πr2 ... (ii)
πr 2
4 = πr 2 1
∴ Required ratio = 2 2
= = 1 : 16 Ans.
4 πr 4 × 4 πr 16
Q.8. A hemispherical bowl is made of steel, 0.25 cm thick. The inner radius of
the bowl is 5 cm. Find the outer curved surface area of the bowl.
Sol. Inner radius of the bowl (r) = 5 cm
Thickness of the steel = 0.25 cm
∴ Outer radius of the bowl (R) = (5 + 0.25) cm = 5.25 cm
Outer curved surface area of the bowl
22
= 2πR2 = 2 × × (5.25)2 cm2 = 173.25 cm2 Ans.
7
Q.9. A right circular cylinder just encloses a sphere of
radius r (see figure). Find
(i) surface area of the sphere,
(ii) curved surface area of the cylinder,
(iii) ratio of the areas obtained in (i) and (ii).
Sol. Here, radius of the sphere = r
Radius of the cylinder = r
And, height of the cylinder = 2r
(i) Surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
(ii) Curved surface area of the cylinder = 2πrh
2π × r × 2r =4πr2 Ans.

(iii) Required ratio = 4π r2 = 1

4πr2 1
EXERCISE 11.3
EXERCISE 11.4
 Exercise 12.1

Question 1:
A survey conducted by an organisation for the cause of illness and death among the
women between the ages 15 − 44 (in years) worldwide, found the following figures (in
%):

S.No. Causes Female fatality rate

(%)
1. Reproductive health conditions 31.8

2. Neuropsychiatric conditions 25.4

3. Injuries 12.4

4. Cardiovascular conditions 4.3

5. Respiratory conditions 4.1

6. Other causes 22.0

(i) Represent the information given above graphically.

(ii) Which condition is the major cause of women’s ill health and death worldwide?
(iii) Try to find out, with the help of your teacher, any two factors which play a major role in the
cause in (ii) above being the major cause.

Answer 1:

(i) By representing causes on x-axis and family fatality rate on y-axis and choosing an
appropriate scale (1 unit = 5% for y axis), the graph of the information given above can
be constructed as follows.
All the rectangle bars are of the same width and have equal spacing between them.

(ii) Reproductive health condition is the major cause of women’s ill health and death
worldwide as 31.8% of women are affected by it.

(iii) The factors are as follows.

1. Lack of medical facilities

2. Lack of correct knowledge of treatment

Question 2:
The following data on the number of girls (to the nearest ten) per thousand boys in
different sections of Indian society is given below.

Section Number of girls per thousand boys

Scheduled Caste (SC) 940

Scheduled Tribe (ST) 970

Non SC/ST 920

Backward districts 950

Non-backward districts 920

Rural 930

Urban 910

(i) Represent the information above by a bar graph.

(ii) In the classroom discuss what conclusions can be arrived at from the graph.

Answer 2:

(i) By representing section (variable) on x-axis and number of girls per thousand
boys on y-axis, the graph of the information given above can be constructed by choosing
an appropriate scale (1 unit = 100 girls for y-axis)
Here, all the rectangle bars are of the same length and have equal spacing in between
them.

(ii) It can be observed that maximum number of girls per thousand boys (i.e., 970)
is for ST and minimum number of girls per thousand boys (i.e., 910) is for urban. Also,
the number of girls per thousand boys is greater in rural areas than that in urban areas,
backward districts than that in non-backward districts, SC and ST than that in non
SC/ST.
Question 3:
Given below are the seats won by different political parties in the polling outcome of a
state assembly elections:
Political Party A B C D E F

Seats Won 75 55 37 29 10 37

(i) Draw a bar graph to represent the polling results.

(ii) Which political party won the maximum number of seats?

Answer 3:
(i) By taking polling results on x-axis and seats won as y-axis and choosing an
appropriate scale (1 unit = 10 seats for y-axis), the required graph of the above
information can be constructed as follows.

Here, the rectangle bars are of the same length and have equal spacing in between
them.

(ii) Political party ‘A’ won maximum number of seats.

Question 4:
The length of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to one millimetre, and the
obtained data is represented in the following table:

Length (in mm) Number of leaves

118 − 126 3

127 − 135 5

136 − 144 9

145 − 153 12

154 − 162 5

163 − 171 4

172 − 180 2

(i) Draw a histogram to represent the given data.

(ii) Is there any other suitable graphical representation for the same data?

(iii) Is it correct to conclude that the maximum number of leaves are 153 mm long?

Why?

Answer 4:

(i) It can be observed that the length of leaves is represented in a discontinuous

class interval having a difference of 1 in between them. Therefore, 1/2 = 0.5 has to be
added to each upper class limit and also have to subtract 0.5 from the lower class limits
so as to make the class intervals continuous.
 Length (in mm) Number of leaves
117.5 − 126.5 3

126.5 − 135.5 5

135.5 − 144.5 9

144.5 − 153.5 12

153.5 − 162.5 5

162.5 − 171.5 4

171.5 − 180.5 2

Taking the length of leaves on x-axis and the number of leaves on y-axis, the histogram
of this information can be drawn as above.
Here, 1 unit on y-axis represents 2 leaves.

(ii) Other suitable graphical representation of this data is frequency polygon.

(iii) No, as maximum number of leaves (i.e., 12) has their length in between 144.5
mm and 153.5 mm. It is not necessary that all have their lengths as 153 mm.
Question 5:
The following table gives the life times of neon lamps:

Length (in hours) Number of lamps

300 − 400 14

400 − 500 56

500 − 600 60

600 − 700 86

700 − 800 74

800 − 900 62

900 − 1000 48
(i) Represent the given information with the help of a histogram.

(ii) How many lamps have a lifetime of more than 700 hours?

Answer 5:
(i) By taking life time (in hours) of neon lamps on x-axis and the number of lamps

on y-axis, the histogram of the given information can be drawn as follows.

Here, 1 unit on y-axis represents 10 lamps.

(ii) It can be concluded that the number of neon lamps having their lifetime more
than 700 is the sum of the number of neon lamps having their lifetime as 700 −
800, 800 − 900, and 900 − 1000.

Therefore, the number of neon lamps having their lifetime more than 700 hours is 184.
(74 + 62 + 48 = 184)

Question 6:
The following table gives the distribution of students of two sections according to the
mark obtained by them:

Section A Section B

Marks Frequency Marks Frequency

0 − 10 3 0 − 10 5

10 − 20 9 10 − 20 19

20 − 30 17 20 − 30 15

30 − 40 12 30 − 40 10

40 − 50 9 40 − 50 1

Represent the marks of the students of both the sections on the same graph by two
frequency polygons. From the two polygons compare the performance of the two
sections.

Answer 6:
We can find the class marks of the given class intervals by using the following formula.

𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

Class mark =
2
 Section A Section B

Marks Class Frequency Marks Class Frequency

marks marks
0 − 10 5 3 0 − 10 5 5

10 − 20 15 9 10 − 20 15 19

20 − 30 25 17 20 − 30 25 15

30 − 40 35 12 30 − 40 35 10

40 − 50 45 9 40 − 50 45 1

Taking class marks on x-axis and frequency on y-axis and choosing an appropriate scale
(1 unit = 3 for y-axis), the frequency polygon can be drawn as follows.

It can be observed that the performance of students of section ‘A’ is better than the
students of section ‘B’ in terms of good marks.
Question 7:
The runs scored by two teams A and B on the first 60 balls in a cricket match are given
below:
Number of balls Team A Team B
1−6 2 5

7 − 12 1 6

13 − 18 8 2

19 − 24 9 10

25 − 30 4 5

31 − 36 5 6

37 − 42 6 3

43 − 48 10 4

49 − 54 6 8

55 − 60 2 10

Represent the data of both the teams on the same graph by frequency polygons.
[Hint: First make the class intervals continuous.]

Answer 7:

It can be observed that the class intervals of the given data are not continuous.
There is a gap of 1 in between them. Therefore, 1/2 = 0.5 has to be added to the upper
class limits and 0.5 has to be subtracted from the lower class limits.

Also, class mark of each interval can be found by using the following formula.
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Class mark =
2

Continuous data with class mark of each class interval can be represented as follows.
 Number of balls Class mark Team A Team B
0.5 − 6.5 3.5 2 5
6.5 − 12.5 9.5 1 6
12.5 − 18.5 15.5 8 2

18.5 − 24.5 21.5 9 10

24.5 − 30.5 27.5 4 5

30.5 − 36.5 33.5 5 6

36.5 − 42.5 39.5 6 3

42.5 − 48.5 45.5 10 4

48.5 − 54.5 51.5 6 8
54.5 − 60.5 57.5 2 10

By taking class marks on x-axis and runs scored on y-axis, a frequency polygon can be
constructed as follows.
Question 8:
A random survey of the number of children of various age groups playing in park was
found as follows:
Age (in years) Number of children
1−2 5

2−3 3

3−5 6

5−7 12

7 − 10 9

10 − 15 10

15 − 17 4

Draw a histogram to represent the data above.

Answer 8:
Here, it can be observed that the data has class intervals of varying width. The proportion
of children per 1 year interval can be calculated as follows.

Age (In years) Frequency (Number Width of Length of

of children) classes rectangle

1−2 5 1

2−3 3 1

3−5 6 2
 5−7 12 2

7 − 10 9 3

10 − 15 10 5

15 − 17 4 2

Taking the age of children on x-axis and proportion of children per 1 year interval on y-
axis, the histogram can be drawn as follows.
Question 9:
100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and a
frequency distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabet in the surnames
was found as follows:
Number of letters Number of surnames

1−4 6

4−6 30

6−8 44

8 − 12 16

12 − 20 4
(i) Draw a histogram to depict the given information.

(ii) Write the class interval in which the maximum number of surnames lie.

Answer 9:

(i) Here, it can be observed that the data has class intervals of varying width. The
proportion of the number of surnames per 2 letters interval can be calculated as
follows.
Number of Frequency (Number Width of Length of
letters of surnames) class rectangle

1−4 6 3

4−6 30 2

6−8 44 2
 8 − 12 16 4

12 − 20 4 8

By taking the number of letters on x-axis and the proportion of the number of surnames
per 2 letters interval on y-axis and choosing an appropriate scale (1 unit = 4 students
for y axis), the histogram can be constructed as follows.

(ii) The class interval in which the maximum number of surnames lies is 6 − 8 as
it has 44 surnames in it i.e., the maximum for this data.