1.

Networks:-
Network – Number of things connected with each other
Computer Network – Collection of interconnected computers that are euipped to
exchange information and share resources with each other.
Advantages: Resource sharing, Reliability, Financial benefits, Better communication,
Access to a remote database, Improved storage capacity
Componenets: Sender(Server), Receiver(Client) and Media
Server: A computer or a program that manages access to shared resources of a network
Client/Workstation: Any computer connected to the server
Wired Networking Technology:
 Co-axial Cables – Consistes central copper wire surrounded by a conductive sleeve
separated by an insulator – Cable TV networks – a) Baseband cable – One signal at a time
b) Broadband cable – Multiple signals
 Ethernet Cables – Connects network devices – 8 wires(4 for data transfer and 4 for
internet) – a) Patch cables- computer to a hub/switch, b) Crossover cables- Two computers
without a hub/switch
 Optical Fibre Cables – Thin strand of light-conducting glass fibre – Data transferred as
a light signal – Can transmit voice, video and coded data in the form of light signals at high
speed.

Wireless Networking Technology:

 Bluetooth – Low-power radio wave – 8 devices – Line of sight not required – 10 m to 15
m – Slow transfer rate – Transfer of songs and games
 Infrared – Infrared wave – 2 devices – Line of sight transmission – 5 m – Remote controls
& Cordless phones –
 Wi-Fi – Uses radio waves – High speed – Owned by Wi-Fi Alliance – Two-way radio
communication – Computers, Laptops, Smartphones, Video game consoles

PAN- Computers, phones, MP3/MP4 players, cameras – 10 m – transfer of songs between

phones, Uses wired media(USB cable) wireless media(Bluetooth)
LAN – Area to a b uilding or a groups of buildings – 1 km – Computers in office building or
a school – uses Ethernet cables
WAN – Covers a very large geographical are which may span a country, continet or even
the whole world – Includes, public packet networks, corporate networks, military
networks, banking networks, stock brokerage networks and airline reservation networks
– Various LAN’s connected to form a WAN through routers
MAN – Covers are larger than LAN but smaller than WAN – town or a city – Cable
television network
CAN – Intgerconnection of LAN’s within a limited area such as school campus, military
base etc.
MODEM – Modulator-demodulater – digital signal into analog signal(modulation) and
analog signal into digital(demodulation) - Internal or External
HUB – Connects a number of computers/computing devices on a network through its
ports – Does not have data processing or checking abilities – Provides only pathway for
data transfer
Broadcast – In computer networks, to broadcast a message is to transmit it to all the
recipients simultaneously
SWITCH – Similar to hub but it is an intelligent hub – Data processing and checking
abilities –
REPEATER – Is a hardware device that regenerates and retransmits a received signal
with the same strength as the original or even at a high power.
ROUTER – Forwards packets/data from one network to another – Two LAN’s or LAN &
WAN –
BRIDGE – Connects several LAN’s using a common protocol – It forwards a data packet
only to the intended network.
GATEWAY – Connects dissimilar networks(LAN’s and WAN’s) – It extends the
functionality of routers by performing data translation and protocol conversion
INTERNET – Is a worlwide public network of computer networks – WAN category
INTRANET – Based on internet technologies and is private to an organisation – Gives
access to only organisation to which it belongs
EXTRANET – Controlled intranet which is allowed to be accessed by authorised set of
people such as customers and members outside an organisation
BANDWIDTH – Amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time
through a network connection
ISP – A company that offers internetservices to individuals against a fee – Idea,
Vodafone, Jio, Airtel, BSNL, MTNL
WEB PAGE – Is a document written in HTML – We can read HTML documents with the
help of a program called Web Browser
HYPERLINK / LINK – Connects one web page to another web page/file, to a different
part of same web page – Mouse pointer moved over hyperlinked text, the pointer
changes to a hand symbol – A hypertext is text with a hyperlink – A hypermedia is a
hypertext which can be text, graphics, video and sound
WEBSITE – Collection of web pages with related information
WEB PORTAL – Is a specially designed website that serves as the single point of access
for wide category of information. Ex- a bank portal provides all personal banking services
available with the bank
HOMEPAGE – First page(index page) of any website
URL – Unique address identifying a file on the web
NUMBER ADDRESS / IP – Made up of 4 posite whole numbers in the range of 0 to 255
inclusive joined together by dots. Ex- 192.12.145.76
LETTER ADDRESSING / DNS – Consists of letters of the alphabet – Also called Domain
name – Last 3 letters of the domain name provide information about the kind of
organisation to which the address belongs – It also used 2 letter country codes – When
you enter letter address in a browser, the internet send the information to DNS servers
that translates the letter address to the corresponding IP address. This is called DNS
name resolution
NETWRORK PROTOCOL – Is a set of rules that computers use to communicate with
each other across a network.
TCP/IP – Is a pair of network protocols used on the internet.
PACKETS – When information is passed from one computer system to another, it is
broken up into pieces called packets. TCP software reassembles the packets inot a
complete message.
HTTP – Is a communication protocol used to transfer all kinds of information (text,
images, sound, video and other multimedia files) on the web.
FTP – Is used transferring files between two computers using FTP client and FTP server
software
DOWNLOAD – The process of getting a file from the remote host to the local host
UPLOAD – The process of storing a file from the local host to the remote host
IMAP – Is a mail protocol used for accessing email on a remote mail server from a local
client
SMTP – Is a mail protocol used for sending emails across the internet
CLOUD COMPUTING – Is a technology that uses the internet and a group of central
remote servers to hold users data and applications. Ex: ThinkFree Online, Google
Apps and Microsoft Office 365.
ThinkFree Online – Gives access to a set of office programs without needing to install
them on our personal computer.
Microsoft Office 365 – Is an online service specially for big organisations. It offers
email, shared calendars, create and edit documents, instant messaging, conferencing
and more.
Characters: a) On-demand self-service b) Broad network access c) Resource pooling d)
Rapid elasticity
e) Measured service

Advantages: a) Centralized resources b) Cost effectiveness c) Convenience and continuous

availability
d) No backup e) Environment friendly f) Increased storage capacity

Online File Sharing Service – Is a way to store and access information in the cloud
rather than locally on a hard disk drive. Ex: OneDrive, Google Docs, YouTube Videos.
Web 2.0 – Internet tools that allow the user to receive information through web and also
interact and create content with others. Ex: Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Flickr
OneDrive (Windows Live SkyDrive) – Is a password-protected storage area in the
cloud, like an online hard disk. Host- Microsoft Corporation
YouTube – Allows prople to discover, watch and share self-created videos. Founders are:
Steve Chen, Chad Hurley and Javed Karim. Started in Febraury 2005. First video posted
by Javed Khan in April 2005, 18 seconds, ‘Me at Zoo’. Google purchased this in 2006
($1.65 billion). 24 hours of video every minute and user spends at least 15 minutes daily
on YouTube.

ROM Read only Memory RAM Random Access Memory

CPU Central Processing Unit USB Universal Serial Bus
CD Compact Disc DVD Digital Versatile Disc
BIOS Basic Input Output System RTOS Real-time Operating
System
iOS iPhone Operating System MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating
System
GUI Graphical User Interface CUI Character User Interface
MVS Multiple Virtual Storage UI User Interface
WIMP Windows, Icons, Menus, Painters SMS Short Message Service
APP Application
API Application Programming Interface RIM Research in Motion
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
QR Quick Response OFC Optical Fibre Cables
Wi Fi Wireless Fidelity PAN Personal Area Network
LAN Local Area Network WAN Wide Area Network
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network MAN Metropolitan Area Network
CAN Campus Area Network MODEM Modelator-Demodulator
ISP Internet Service Provider
Bps Bits Per Second or Bytes Per Second Kbps Kilobits/bytes Per Second
Mbps Megabit/bytes Per Second BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
MTNL Maganagar Telephone Nigam Limited URL Uniform Resource Locator
DNS Domain Name System IP Internet Protocol
NP Network Protocol
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
FTP File Transfer Protocol IMAP Internet Message Access
Protocol
POP3 Post Office Protocol SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
MSA Mail Submission Agent MTA Message transfer Agent
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology CC Cloud Computing
VBA Visual Basic for Applications LED Light-emitting Diode
NIC National Informatics Centre NET Network Access Provider
JRE Java Runtime Environment
IDE Integrated Development Environment OOP Object-oriented Programming

2. Algorithms and Flowcharts:-

ALGORITHMS – Is a finite sequence of step-wise instructions to perform a specific task.
Term derived from 9th century Iranian mathematician Ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi. An
algorithm written in a computer language is called a computer program.
RULES - a) Only a finite number of steps. It must start in the first step and end in the last
step
b) Each step sholuld specify a definite action
c) Written in English that the executor can understand
d) Should take input and produce output.
e) Variance may be used wherever necessary
f) Mathematical expression should be used to calculate results
g) Each step should be uniquely referred to by a unique step number
CHARACTERSTICS - Input, Generality, Definiteness, Uniqueness, Finitenss, Output
FLOWCHART – Is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm in which steps are laid
out in
logical order using geomatrical symnbols. First introduced in 1921 by Frank Gilberth.
FEATURES - a) Only one Start and preferably only one Stop symbol
b) Direction of flow should be from top to bottom and from left to right
c) Arrowheads should be used to indicate flow of information or sequence of steps
d) Arrow line should not cross each other
e) If flowchart occupied more than one page- Off-page connectors are used
Two portions within one page- On-page connector are used

ADVANTAGES – Presentation, Evaluation, Documentation, Coding, Debugging

DISADVANTAGES- Unsuitable for complex logic, Difficult to change, Unsuitable for all types of
solutions

3. Introduction to Java:-
 Is a platform independent
 First released by Sun Microsystems in May 1995
 Current owner of Java is Oracle Corporation (taken over in January 2010)
 Creators: James Gosling, Patrick Sheridan and James Naughton
 It needs IDE (Integrated Development Environment) to run
 IDE’s are Java Netbeans, BlueJ, Eclipse and IntelliJ
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING - A different and modern approach to
programming that is based on the fundamental concepts of objects. Ex: C++, Python
and Java.
OBJECT – It is the basic element of OOP which has well defined characterstics, properties
and behaviour.
 When you invoke methods, it will request for the additional information of that method
which are called attributes or formal parameters in Java.
 The value of an attribute is called an argument or an actual parameter.
 The set of arguments or atributes or actual parameters of an object is called the state of
that object.
CLASS – A class can be understood as a collection of similar objects. As a convention,
we start class names with uppercase letters and object names with lowercase letters.
DATA HIDING – A variable can be declared as private or public. A private variable is
accessible only within the class in which it is declared. A public variable is accessible to
all the classes in the program.
INHERITANCE – When one object acquires the properties and behavious of a parent
object, its is known as inheritance. Hierarchical relationship.
POLYMORPHISM – Poly mean many and morphism means forms. When the same
method can be invoked for different purposes, it is known as polymorphism. In Java,
polymorphism is used to implement inheritance.
ENCAPSULATION – Binding or wrapping code and data together into a single unit is
called encapsulation. Ex: Java class.
DATA ABSTRACTION – Hiding internal details and revealing only the essential
functionality is known as abstraction.
STARTING BLUEJ - Start  All Programs  BlueJ  BlueJ or Double click the BlueJ icon on the
desktop
WRITING A JAVA PROGRAM –
 Click Project  New Project
 New Project dialog box appears  Folder name text box  Click create
 BlueJ: Sample window  New Class  BlueJ: Create New Class dialog box  Enter name &
click OK.
COMPILING A JAVA PROGRAM – Means to convert the source code to object code. A
compiler is a program that translates Java code into machine code.
KEYWORDS – They are reserved words that have a predefined meaning in the
programming language.
DATA TYPES – Each variable in a program must be given a data type, i.e., the type of
data it can store.
LITERALS – Literals or Constants refer to fixed values that do not change during the
execution of a program.
 Integer Constant- Is a whole number with positive/negative values.
 Floating-point Constant- Is a number with decimal point having positive/negative
values
 Character Constant- Represents letters in upper/lower case, digits and special
characters.
It is single character enclosed in single quotes ( ‘ ‘ ).
 String Constant- Consists of more than one character enclosed in doube quotes ( “ “).
VARIABLES – Is a portion of memory used to store a value.
RULES –
 It can one or more letters ( a to z or A to Z), digits ( 0 to 9 ) or underscore characters
 Should begin with a letter, underscore or dollar ($) character
 Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct
 Identifiers or variables cannot be a keyword.

 Declaration of Variables: The type of a variable decides the value it will store.

 Initializaing a Variable: The method of assigning a value and defining the data type
at the same time is called initialization. If you decalre the variable and do not initialize it, it
will take a garbage value (unknown value).
OPERATORS – Are used for performing operations on constants and variable. The
variables and constants are called operands. Operators and operands together form an
expression.
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS – ( +, -, *, /, % )
 Parentheses ( )
 Unary operators ( +, - )
 Exponent ( ^ )
 Multiplication ( * ), Division ( / ), Modulus ( % )
 Addition ( + ), Subtraction ( - )
RELATIONAL OPERATORS ( ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= ) - Used to compare two
expressions. Result is a boolean value.
LOGICAL OPERATORS ( &&, || , ! ) – Precedence is !, && and then ||
COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS – ( +=, -=, /=, *=, %= )
LOOPING STATEMENTS: -
for Loop – Entry-controlled loop.
for ( initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
statement(s)
while Loop – Entry-controlled loop.
initialization;
while (condition)
{
statement(s);
increment/decrement;
}
do… while Loop – Exit-controlled loop.
Initialization;
Do
{
statement(s);
increment/decrement;
} while (condition);
Factorial of 5 using for Loop
public class Facrorial5
{
public static void main()
{
int i, fact=1;
int number=5;
for(i=1; i<=number; i++)
fact=fact*i;
System.out.println("Factorial of "+ number +" is: "+ fact);
}
}