MINEROLOGY

Presented by :Group 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Physical Properties of Minerals .
Study about the Following Rock Forming Minerals.
Quartz Family
Feldspar Family
Augite
Hornblende
Biotite
Muscovite
Calcite
Garnet
Properties, Process of Formation of all Minerals Coal and Petroleum.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
Topic 1

Reported by Group 2
BACKGROUND
Physical properties are useful when working in the
field, where there is usually no access to complex
analytical techniques. Although a particular mineral
has different forms, the fundamental physical
properties are still the same. Useful physical
properties to identify a mineral include color,
streak, luster, specific gravity, hardness, cleavage,
tenacity, and crystal habit.
COLOR
In mineralogy, color refers to the visual
appearance of a mineral when light is reflected,
transmitted, or absorbed by its surface. The color
of a mineral is influenced by several factors,
including its chemical composition, crystal
structure, and the presence of impurities or trace
elements.
 BACKGROUND
The color of a mineral depends on the elements which constitute the
crystal lattice-the arrangement of atoms, or groups of atoms, in a specific
pattern and with high symmetry. The reflection of certain wavelengths of light
by the crystal lattice results in the color perceived by the observer. A lot of
minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual minerals can also
display a variety of colors resulting from impurities and also from some
geologic processes like weathering. Examples of coloring: quartz can be pink
(rose quartz), purple (amethyst), orange (citrine), white (colorless quartz) etc.
KEY POINTS THAT CAN AFFECT
COLOR IN MINERALS:
1. Chemical Composition: Certain elements or
compounds within a mineral can impart specific
colors. For example, iron often gives a red,
yellow, or brown color, while copper can
produce blue or green hues.
2. Crystal Structure: The way atoms are arranged
in a mineral can affect how light is absorbed
and reflected, influencing the color. The
presence of defects or inclusions within the
crystal structure can also alter the mineral's
appearance.
KEY POINTS ABOUT COLOR IN
MINERALOGY:
3.Impurities and Trace Elements: Even small
amounts of impurities can change a mineral's color.
For example, the presence of chromium can make
a mineral green (as seen in emeralds), while nickel
may turn a mineral greenish.
4.Color Variations: Some minerals can exhibit a
range of colors, depending on their formation
conditions, and sometimes, the same mineral
species can appear in different colors due to
variations in impurities or trace elements.
KEY POINTS ABOUT COLOR IN
MINERALOGY:

5.Identifying Minerals: Color can be a helpful but

not definitive property for identifying minerals, as
it can be altered by weathering, exposure to light,
and other factors.
STREAK
Streak is simply the color of a mineral powder.
Many minerals have a different color when
powdered than they do in crystal or massive forms.
The color may be entirely different, or it may be a
different shade. Quite a few minerals give a
powder streak that is lighter in color than the
whole crystal or massive pieces.
STREAK
LUSTER
Luster is the appearance of a fresh mineral
surface when reflecting light. It has nothing to do
with the color of the mineral, but the scattering of
light off the mineral surface. Here is a visual guide
to the different types of mineral lusters .
LUSTER
There are different types of luster, the following
are:
Adamantine
Vitreous
Silky
Greasy
Waxy
Dull/Earthy
Metalic
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LUSTER
Adamantine-The adamantine luster is one of the
types of luster used to describe the way light
reflects off the surface of a mineral. It is
characterized by a brilliant, diamond-like shine,
similar to how light reflects off a well-cut diamond.

Diamond
Vitreous -The reflective property of minerals with
vitreous luster is similar to that of glass. This is a
very common type of luster and can occur in
minerals that are transparent or translucent. Some
of these minerals are quartz and calcite.

Vitreous quartz
Silky - Silky minerals have a parallel arrangement
of extremely fine fibres, giving them a lustre
reminiscent of silk. Examples include asbestos,
ulexite and the satin spar variety of gypsum. A
fibrous lustre is similar, but has a coarser texture.

Selenite with silky luster

Greasy - A greasy lustre often occurs in minerals
containing a great abundance of microscopic
inclusions, with examples including opal and
cordierite, jadeite.

Greasy graphite
Waxy- Waxy luster describes minerals that have
the appearance of wax or appear slightly
translucent and opaque. Jade is an example of a
mineral with a waxy appearance.

Mimetite with waxy luster

Dull/ Earthy - Dull luster is also known as 'earthy'
and is used to describe minerals that have poor
reflectivity. The surface of minerals with dull luster
is coarse and porous. Some examples are kaolinite
and montmorillonite.

Kaolinite with dull luster.

Metallic - Metallic luster means reflected light
resembles a polished metal surface.

Pyrite with metallic luster.

SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
Specific Gravity - A mineral's specific gravity is the
ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal volume of
water. For example, magnetite has a specific
gravity value of 5.2, meaning 1cm3 of magnetite
will be 5.2 times as heavy as 1cm3 of water.
HARDNESS
Hardness - A mineral's hardness is a measure of its
relative resistance to scratching, measured by
scratching the mineral against another substance
of known hardness on the Mohs Hardness Scale.
CLEAVAGE
Cleavage- The tendency of a mineral to break
along flat planar surfaces as determined by the
structure of its crystal lattice.
TENACITY
Tenacity- Tenacity refers to a
mineral's resistance to breaking,
bending, or otherwise being
deformed.
Terms Used to Describe Tenacity
Brittle Easily broken or powdered

Capable of being hammered into

Malleable
different shapes

Capable of being cut into shavings with

Sectile
a knife

Capable of being drawn into a wire-like

Ductile
shape

Capable of being bent into a different

Flexible
shape

A bendable mineral that returns to its

Elastic
original shape after release
CRYSTAL
HABIT
Crystal habit- crystal habit is the characteristic
external shape of an individual crystal or
aggregate of crystals. The habit of a crystal is
dependent on its crystallographic form and
growth conditions, which generally creates
irregularities due to limited space in the
crystallizing medium (commonly in rocks).
 STUDY ABOUT THE QUARTZ FAMILY,
FELDSPAR FAMILY, AUGITE, HORNBLENDE,
BIOTITE, MUSCOVITE, CALCITE, GARNET
QUARTZ FAMILY
QUARTZ
Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and
oxygen, with a chemical composition of SiO2. It
is the most abundant mineral in Earth's crust and
is resistant to both chemical and physical
weathering. When rocks weather away, the
residual material usually contains quartz. This is
why the sand at most of the world's beaches is
quartz
TYPES OF QUARTZ
Citrine
A transparent, coarse-grained variety of quartz
that is a semiprecious gem
AMETHYST
A purple-colored quartz that gets its color from
radiation from potassium-40 and uranium and
thorium decay
RUTILATED QUARTZ

A quartz that contains needle-like inclusions of

rutile that can be golden, silver, copper red, or
deep black
AMETRINE
A bi-colored quartz that is a combination of
amethyst and citrine in a single crystal
TIGER'S EYE
A chatoyant quartz that has a silky, wavy shimmer
and is used for decorative and ornamental
purposes
CHALCEDONY
A microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline variety of
quartz that can be translucent and is known as
agate
JASPER
An opaque, impure variety of silica that is usually
red
BLOODSTONE
Also known as Blood Jasper, bloodstone is
actually chalcedony
ONYX
A type of chalcedony that has straight, nearly
parallel bands or layers of color
FELDSPAR FAMILY
FELDSPAR
The feldspar family is a group of minerals that
includes albite, anorthite, andesine, labradorite,
oligoclase, orthoclase, sanidine, and
anorthoclase. Feldspars are known for their
blocky crystals, non-metallic luster, and hardness.
USES
Feldspar is used in petrology
Feldspar is a component of many igneous and
metamorphic decorative building stones
Feldspar powders are made from crushed
crystalline rock containing aluminum silicates
of sodium and potassium
TYPES OF
FELDSPAR
Plagioclase: A series of minerals that include
sodium and calcium in the same crystal
structure
ALKALI:

A subgroup of feldspars that are rich in

potassium and poor in calcium
USES
Alkali feldspar is used in glass and ceramics
Transparent, colorful, or iridescent varieties
are used as gemstones
Microcline is used as an abrasive mineral
 PROPERTIES
Alkali feldspar is whitish, gray, or pinkish in
color
It has two cleavages that are nearly at right
angles to each other
It has a relatively low density of 2.55–2.63
gm/cm3
It has monoclinic or triclinic crystal symmetry
LABRADORITE:
A plagioclase feldspar that can be valued as a
gemstone for its iridescence
AUGITE
AUGITE
Augite is a mineral in the pyroxene family, which
is a group of simple silicates. Augite is the most
common mineral in the pyroxene family.
WHAT IS PYROXENE?

The pyroxene family is a group of minerals that

includes augite, diopside, jadeite, hedenbergite,
enstatite, pigeonite, and rhodonite. Pyroxenes are
silicates with characteristic crystal structures and
cleavage patterns.
CHARACTERISTICS
A rock-forming mineral that's common in
igneous and metamorphic rocks
A clinopyroxene, which means it has
monoclinic symmetry
A single chain inosilicate mineral
Named after the Greek word auge, which
means "luster"
EXAMPLES OF
PYROXENES
Diopside - A light-green mineral with the formula
CaMgSi2O6 that's often found in marble
HEDENBERGITE

A product of thermal metamorphism of iron-rich

sediments.
ENSTATITE

A product of thermal metamorphism of iron-rich

sediments.
PIGEONITE

A monoclinic pyroxene with a composition

similar to the orthopyroxenes.
RHODONITE
MnSiO3, and manganese is a fairly normal small
transition metal catio
HORNBLENDE
HORNBLENDE
Hornblende is a dark-colored mineral that's
common in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It's a
member of the amphibole mineral group and is
often found in intrusive and extrusive igneous
rocks.
CHARACTERISTICS
Hornblende is a calcium-rich mineral with a
monoclinic crystal structure
It's a complex silicate mineral series
It's usually dark green to black in color
It often contains minor elements like
manganese, titanium, chromium, potassium,
fluorine, and yttrium
It's an important mineral ore that's used in
many rocks used for everyday purposes
USES
Hornblende is found in many geologic
environments, including granites, diorites,
gabbros, syenites, and andesites. It's an
important mineral ore that's used in many
rocks used for everyday purposes
BIOTITE
BIOTITE
Biotite is a member of the mica family, a group
of minerals that includes phlogopite, muscovite,
and lepidolite. Biotite is a dark-colored, flaky
mineral that's often found in metamorphic and
igneous rocks.
CHARACTERISTICS
Color: Typically black or brown, but can also
be greenish-brown, dark green, or yellow

Hardness: 2.5–3 on the Mohs scale, making it

a softer mineral

Structure: Weakly bound sheets of aluminum

silicate

Chemical formula: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2

USES
Paint: Used as a filler and extender to improve
paint properties

Drilling: Added to drilling muds to stabilize

borehole walls and cool cutting bits

Radioisotope dating: Used to determine the

age of rocks, which helps geologists
understand Earth's history
GEOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE

Biotite's hardness, weathering,

and release of nutrients into the soil all
play a role in the rock cycle, soil
composition, and clay mineral
formation.
MUSCOVITE
MUSCOVITE

Muscovite, also known as white mica,

is a common, transparent, and flexible mineral
that's made of aluminum and potassium. It's a
member of the mica group and is often found in
metamorphic rocks.
CHARACTERISTICS
Muscovite is a rock-forming mineral that can be found in
igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.
It's translucent and nearly colorless when held up to the
light, but most have a faint brown, yellow, green, or rose
tint.
Muscovite is soft, with a Mohs hardness of 2 to 2.5.
It has a pearly to vitreous luster on its surface.
Muscovite is economically important because its low
iron content makes it a good electrical and thermal
insulator.
USES
Muscovite is used in electronics.
It's used as a filler in paints and wallpaper.
Ground mica is used as a filler and
extender in gypsum wallboard joint
compounds.
It's also used in all types of sealers for
porous surfaces, such as, wallboard
masonry and concrete slabs.
Micas are often added to makeup.
CALCITE
CALCITE

Calcite is a common mineral made of

calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). It's the most stable
form of calcium carbonate, and is the main
component of limestone, marble, and shells of
marine organisms.
 PROPERTIES
Colorless or white, but can also be
gray, yellow, or green
Vitreous luster
Conchoidal fracture
Hexagonal crystal system
Hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale
of mineral hardness
USES
Construction: Used in mortar, concrete,
asphalt, and as a dimension stone
Medicine: Used in bone implants, drug
delivery, and cancer treatment
Optical instruments: Used in gun sights,
bomb sights, and anti-aircraft weaponry
Sorbents: Used to capture sulfur dioxide
and other gases from fossil fuel emissions
 PROPERTIES, PROCESS OF
FORMATION OF ALL MINERALS
COAL AND PETROLEUM.
BACKGROUND
Process Formation of all Minerals Physical and
chemical condition s include factors such as
temperature, pressure, presence of water, pH, and
amount of oxygen available. Time is one of the
most important factors because it takes time for
atoms to become ordered. If time is limited, the
mineral grains will remain very small.The presence
of water enhances the mobility of ions and can
lead to the formation of larger crystals over shorter
time periods.
BACKGROUND
The presence of water enhances the mobility of
ions and can lead to the formation of larger
crystals over shorter time periods. Most of the
minerals that make up the rocks around us formed
through the cooling of molten rocks, known as
magma. At the high temperatures that exist deep
within earth, some geological materials are liquid.
As magma rises up through the crust, either
volcanic eruption or by more gradual process, it
cools and minerals crystallized.
 BACKGROUND
If the cooling process is rapid (minutes, hours, days, or years),
the components of the minerals will not have time to become
ordered and only small crystals can form before the rock
becomes solid. The resulting rock will be fine-grained (crystals
less than 1mm). If the cooling is slow (from decades to millions
of years), the degree of ordering will be higher and relatively
large crystals will form. In some cases, the cooling will be so
fast (seconds) that the texture will be glassy, which means that
no crystals at all form. Minerals form in all geologic
environments and thus under a wide range of chemical and
physical conditions, such as varying temperature and pressure.
THE FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF
MINERAL FORMATION ARE:

Igneous rocks - are rocks that form when molten rock,

or magma, cools and solidifies. The word igneous comes from
the Latin word ignis, which means "fire".
HOW ARE IGNEOUS
ROCKS FORMED?
Magma originates deep within the Earth near active plate
boundaries or hot spots.

Magma rises toward the surface, and if it erupts onto the

surface, it's called lava.

Magma that solidifies deep within the Earth is called

intrusive or plutonic igneous rock.

Magma that solidifies above or near the Earth's surface is

called extrusive or volcanic igneous rock.
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks - are formed when sediments, like sand,
clay, and organic matter, are compacted and cemented
together.
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
HOW SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS FORM
Weathering and erosion break down pre-existing rocks into
loose particles called sediment

Water, wind, glaciers, or mass movement transport the

sediment to a new location

The sediment accumulates and is compacted by burial

Minerals precipitate in the spaces between the grains,

cementing the sediment together
 METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks - are rocks that have changed from their
original form due to intense heat and pressure. The word
"metamorphic" comes from the Greek words "meta" meaning
"change" and "morphos" meaning "form".
HOW ARE METAMORPHIC
ROCKS FORMED?
Heat and pressure: High temperatures and pressure can
stretch, twist, and fold rocks.

Hot fluids: Hot, mineral-rich fluids can change the

chemistry and texture of rocks.

Tectonic plates: Tectonic plates meeting can create the

conditions needed for metamorphism.
EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
Slate: A fine-grained, foliated rock that forms from shale

Schist: A medium to coarse-grained rock that forms from

shale and siltstone

Gneiss: A coarse to very coarse-grained rock that forms

from granite

Marble: A non-foliated rock that's often used for

architecture and sculpture
HYDROTHERMAL ROCKS

Hydrothermal processes require hot water, which dissolves

minerals and transports their components where the water
goes, along fractures and through porous rocks. As the water
travels, it cools—or other conditions change—and the
dissolved materials can be deposited in spaces in the
surrounding rocks, forming
WHAT ARE HYDROTHERMAL
DEPOSITS
Hydrothermal deposits are
mineral deposits formed by hot water
circulating through rocks. The main types
of hydrothermal deposits include:
Porphyry deposits
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)
deposits
Vein deposits
Epithermal deposits
PORPHYRY DEPOSITS

Formed when hydrothermal fluids carry

metals to the surface, creating ore deposits
in small veins within a rock. Porphyry
deposits are often large and contain
copper, molybdenum, gold, tungsten, or tin.
VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE
SULFIDE (VMS) DEPOSITS

Large deposits that form over time and

contain zinc, lead, silver, and copper. VMS
deposits are responsible for almost a
quarter of the world's zinc production.
VEIN DEPOSITS

Formed when hydrothermal fluids deposit

minerals in cracks and fissures in rocks.
Vein deposits are often rich in metals like
gold and silver.
EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS

Formed when hydrothermal fluids deposit

minerals in cracks and fissures in rocks.
Vein deposits are often rich in metals like
gold and silver.
EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS

Formed in ancient volcanic structures like

collapsed craters and calderas. Epithermal
gold deposits form when hydrothermal
fluids boil and mix at temperatures of 230°
C–260° C.
PORPHYRY DEPOSITS

Hydrothermal deposits are mineral deposits

formed by hot water circulating through
rocks. The main types of hydrothermal
deposits include:
HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS

Hot water and gases are released from cooling magma

The hot water circulates through fractures in the Earth's

crust

The water dissolves minerals as it moves through the rock

When the water cools, the minerals precipitate from the

solution

Uplift and erosion expose the mineral deposits at the

Earth's surface
PETROLOGY

Petrology is the study of rocks, minerals, and the processes

that form and change them. It's a branch of geology that
includes the study of igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary rocks.
THANK
YOU
Presented by : Fauget Group