1.

FUNCTIONS
Synopsis :
1. A relation f from a set A into a set B is said to be a function or mapping from A into B if for each x
 A there exists a unique y B such that (x, y)  f. It is denoted by f : A → B.
2. If f : A → B is a function, then A is called domain, B is called codomain and f (A) = {f (x) : x  A}
is called range of f.

3. If A, B are two finite sets, then the number of functions that can be defined from A in to B is n
(B)n(A).
4. A function f : A → B is said to be one one function or injection from A into B if different elements
in A have different f – images in B.
5. If f : A → B is one one and A, B are finite then n(A)  n(B).

6. If A, B are two finite sets, then the number of one one functions that can be defined from A into B
is n(B)Pn(A) .
7. A function f A → B is said to be onto function or subjection from A onto B if f (A) = B. i.e., range
= codomain.
8. A function f : A → B is onto if y  B   x  A  f (x) = y.
9. If A, B are two finite sets and f : A → B is onto then n (B)  n (A)
10 If A, B are two finite sets and n (B) = 2, then the number of onto functions that can be defined
from A onto B is 2n(A) – 2.
11. A function f : A → B is said to be one one onto function or bijection from A onto B if f : A → B is
both one one function and onto function.
12. If A, B are two finite sets and f : A → B is a bijection, then n(A) = n(B).
13. If A, B are two finite sets and n(A) = n(B), then the number of bijections that can be defined from
A onto B is n(A)!.
14. If f : A → B, g : B → C are two functions then the function go f : A → C defined (go f) (x) = g[f
(x)],  x  A is called composite function of f and g.
15. If f : A → B, g : B → C are two one one functions then go f : A → C is also one one.
16. If f : A → B, g : B → C are two onto functions then go f : A → C is also onto.
17. If f : A → B, g : B → C are two one one onto functions then gof : A → C is also one one onto.
18. If A is a set, then the function  on A defined by I(x) = x,  x  A, is called Identity function on A.
It is denoted by A.
19. If f : A → B and IA, IB are identity functions on A, B respectively then foA = Bof = f.
20. If f : A → B is bijection, then the inverse relation f –1 from B into A is also a bijection.
21. If f : A → B is a bijection, then the function
f–1 : B → A defined by f−1 (y) = x if f (x) = y,  y  B is called inverse function of f.
22. If f : A → B, g : B → C are two bisections then (gof)−1 = f–1 og−1

1
 Functions
23. If f : A → B, g : B → A are two functions such that go f = IA and fog = IB then f : A →B is a
bijection and f –1 = g.
24. A function f : A → B is said to be a constant function if the range of f contains only one element
i.e., f (x) = k,  x  A where k is a fixed element of B.
25. A function f : A → B is said to be a real variable function if A  R.
26. A function f : A → B is said to be a real valued function if B  R.
27. A function f : A → B is said to be a real function if A  R, B  R.
28. A function f : A → R is said to be an even function if f(–x) = f (x),  x  A.
29. A function f : A →R is said to be an odd function if f(–x) = –f (x),  x  A.
30. If a  R, a > 0 then the function f; R → R defined as f (x) = ax is called an exponential function.
31. The function f : R → R defined as f (x) = n where n Z such that n  x < n + 1,  x  R is called
step function. It is denoted by f (x) = [x].
32. The domains and ranges of some standard functions are given below

SNO Functions Domain Range

1. ax R (0, )

2. loga x (0, ) R

3. [x] R Z

4. R [0, )

5. x [0, ) [0, )

6. sin x R [–1, 1]

7. cos x R [–1, 1]

8. tan x R–{(2n+1) : nZ} R
2

9. cot x R – [n : n  Z} R


10. sec x R – {(2n + 1) : n  Z} (– ,–1][1, )
2

11. Sin–1 x [–1, 1] [– /2, /2]

12. Cos–1 x [–1, 1] [0, ]

13. Tan–1 x R (– /2, /2)

14. Cot–1 x R (0, )

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 Functions

SNO Functions Domain Range

15. Sec–1 x (– ,–1][1, ) [0, /2)(/2, ]

16. Cose–1 x (– ,–1][1, ) [– /2, 0)(0, /2]

17. Sinh x x R R

18. Cosh x R [1, )

19. tanh x R (–1, 1)

20. coth x (– , 0) (0, ) (– ,–1)(1, )

21. sech x R (0, 1]

22. cosech x (– , 0)(0, ) (– , 0)(0, )

23. Sinh–1 x R R

24. Cosh–1 x [1, ) [0, )

25. Tanh–1 x (–1, 1) R

26. Coth–1x (– , –1)(1, ) (– , 0)(0, )

27. Sech–1 x (0, 1] [0, )

28 Cosech–1x (– , 0)(0, ) (– , 0)(0, )

 1 if x0

33. Signum Function : The signum function is defined as sgn f(x) =  0 if x =0.
− 1 if x0

 1  1
34. f(x) is a polynomial function such that f(x), f = f(x) + f . Then f(x) = xn + 1 or −xn + 1.
   
x x

35. f(x) is a function such that f(x + y) = f(x), f(y). Then f(x) = ax.
36. f(x) is a function such that f(xy) = f(x) + f(y). Then f(x) = logax.
37. If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  x, y, then f(n) = nf(1).
ax + b
38. If y = f(x) = , then f(y) = x or (fof)(x) = x.
cx − a
ax + b b − dx
39. If f(x) = , then f−1(x) = − .
cx + d a − cx

40. The range of function f(x) = asin + bcos + c is c − a2 + b2 , c + a2 + b2  .

   

41. The range of the function f(x) = is [0, a].

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 Functions
1 x 
42. If f(x).f(y)− 
2 f y + f(xy)
= 0, then f(x) = cos(logx).
   

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 FUNCTIONS

PREVIOUS EAMCET BITS

1. If f: [2, 3] → IR is defined by f ( x ) = x3 + 3x − 2 , then the range f(x) is contained in the interval :
[EAMCET 2009]
1) 1,12 2) 12, 34 3) 35, 50 4) −12,12
Ans: 2
Sol. f ( 2 ) = 12 and f (3) = 34
 Range = [12, 34]
 −1 
2. x  IR : x3 +2x
4x2 + 3x  IR  = [EAMCET 2009]

 
 1
1) IR − 0 2) IR −0,1, 3 3) IR −0, −1, −3 4) IR − 0, −1, −3, +
 
2
 
Ans: 3
2x −1 2x −1
Sol. =
(
x x 2 + 4x + 3 ) x ( x +1 )( x + 3)

is not defined if x ( x +1 )( x + 3) = 0  x = −3, −1, 0

3. Using mathematical induction, the numbers an ‘s are defined by a 0= 1, a n+1 = 3n2 + n + a n ( n  0)
, then an = [EAMCET 2009]
1) n3 + n2 + 1 2) n3 − n2 + 1 3) n3 − n2 4) n3 + n2
Ans: 2
Sol. a0 = 1, a1 = 1, a 2 = 3 +1+ a1 = 5 and so on. Verify (2) is correct
4. The number of subsets of {1, 2, 3, …….9} containing at least one odd number is[EAMCET 2009]
1) 324 2) 396 3) 496 4) 512
Ans: 3
Sol. Number of subsets = 29 − 24 = 512 −16 = 46
4. If ℝ → C is defined by f (x) = e2ix for x  R , then f is (where C denotes the set of all complex
numbers) [EAMCET 2008]
1) one-one 2) onto 3) one-one and onto 4) neither one-one nor onto
Ans: 4
Sol. f ( x ) = e2ix = cos 2x + i sin 2x
f (0) = f () = 1  f is not one one
There exists not x  R  f ( x ) = 2  f is not onto.
5. If f : R → R and g: R → R are defined by f ( x ) = x and g ( x ) = x − 3for x  R , then
 8
g(f (x)) : −  x  =
8
[EAMCET 2008]
 
5 5
 
1) [0, 1] 2) [1, 2] 3) {–3, –2} 4) {2, 3}
1
 Functions
Ans: 3

8 8 8 8
Sol. −  x   0  x   −3  x − 3  − 3
5 5 5 5
7
 −3  x − 3  −   x − 3 = −3or − 2
 8 5 8
 g(f (x)) : −  x  = −3, −2
 
 5 5

6. If f : −6, 6 → R defined by f ( x ) = x2 − 3 for x  R then

(fofof )(−1) + (fofof )( 0 ) + (fofof )(1) = [EAMCET 2008]

( )
1) f 4 2 2) f 3 2( ) ( )
3) f 2 2 4) f ( 2)
Ans: 1
Sol. (fofof )(−1) + (fofof )(0) + (fofof )(1) = −2 + 33 − 2 = 29

( )
f 4 2 = 32 − 3 = 29
p p
7. If Q denotes the set of all rational numbers and f   = p2 − q2 for any  Q, then observe
q q
the following statements [EAMCET 2007]
p
I) f  is real for each p Q
q  q
II)  p  p
f   is complex number for each  Q
q  q
Which of the following is correct ?
1) Both I and II are true 2) I is true, II is false
3) I is false, II is true 4) Both I and II are false
Ans: 3
1
Sol. f   = 1− 4 = −3 is an imaginary  I is false
2
p
f   = p2 − q2 it is a complex number  II is true
q
1
8. If f : R → ℝ is defined by f ( x ) = for each x  R , then the range of f is
2 − cos 3x
1)  1  2) 1  [EAMCET 2007]
,1 ,1 3) (1, 2) 4) [1, 2]
3  3 
   
Ans: 2
Sol. Max. and Min. values of 2 – cos3x are 3 and 1
1 
 Range = ,1
3 
9. If f : R → ℝ and g: ℝ → ℝ are defined by f(x) = x – [x] and g(x) = [x] for x ℝ , where [x] is
The greatest integer not exceeding x, then for every x ℝ , f ( g ( x ) ) = [EAMCET 2007]

2
 Functions
1) x 2) 0 3) f(x) 4) g(x)
Ans: 2
Sol. f (g ( x ) )
= g (x) − g (x)
= x −  x = 0
1
10. If f = ℝ → ℝ is defined by f ( x ) = x −  x  − for x  ℝ , where [x] is the greatest integer not
 1 2
exceeding x, then x  ℝ : f ( x ) = =…… [EAMCET 2006]
 
2
 
1) Z, the set of all integers 2) IN, the set of all natural number
3) , the empty set 4) ℝ
Ans: 3
1
Sol. f (x) = x −x − , x  ℝ
2
1
f (x) =
2
1 1
 x −x − =
2 2
 x −x = 1
 x = 1 which is not possible, where {x} denotes the fractional part
11. If f = ℝ → ℝ is defined by f ( x ) = 2x − 2xfor x  ℝ . where [x] is the greatest integer not
exceeding x, then the range of f is [EAMCET 2006]
1) x  ℝ : 0  x  1 2) {0, 1}
3) x  ℝ : x  0 4) x  ℝ : x  0
Ans: 2
Sol. f ( x ) = 2x − 2  x  , x  ℝ = 0
= x  ℝ where x = a + f
 0  f  0.5
= 1, x  ℝ
x = a + f where 0.5  a  1
 Range = {0, 1}
 x+4 for x  −4

12. If f : ℝ → ℝ is defined by f ( x ) = 3x + 2 for −4  x  4 then the correct matching of List I

 x−4 for x4
from List II is [EAMCET 2006]
List – I List – II
A) f (−5) + f (−4) i) 14

(
B) f f (−8) ) ii) 4
C) f (f (−7) + f (3)) iii) – 11

3
 Functions

((
D) f f f (f ( 0 ) ) ))+ 1 iv) – 1
v) 1
vi) 0

A B C D A B C D
1) iii vi ii v 2) iii iv ii v
3) iv iii ii i 4) iii vi v ii
Ans: 1
Sol. ( A ) f (−5) + f (−4) = (−5 + 4) + 3( −4) + 2 = −11
(B)f (−8 + 4) = f (−4) = 3  f (4) = 0
(C)f (−3) +11 = f (8) = 4
( D ) f (f (f ( 2 ) ) ) = f (f (8)) +1 = f ( 4 ) +1 = 0 +1 = 1
13. x  ℝ : x − x  = 5 = [EAMCET 2005]
1) ℝ , the set of all real numbers 2) , the empty set
3) x  ℝ : x  0 4) x  ℝ : x  0
Ans: 2
Sol. x− | x |= 2x, x  0
= 0, x  0
 x - |x|  5
ax + b
14. The function f : c → c defined by f ( x ) = for x c where bd  0 reduces to a constant
cx + d
function if [EAMCET 2005]
1) a = c 2) b = d 3) ad = bc 4) ab = cd
Ans: 3
ax + b
Sol. f ( x ) =
cx + d
cx + d)ax + b(a / c
ax + ad / c
bc − ad
c
a
f ( x ) = + bc − ad = constant bc = ad
c c(cx + d)
2004
15. For any integer n  1, the number of positive divisors of n is denoted by d(n). Then for a prime P,
( ( ( )))=
d d d P7 [EAMCET 2004]
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) P
Ans: 3

Sol. ((
d d d (p 7 ) )) = d ( d (8)) = d (d( 2 )) = d (4)
3

( )
= d 22 = 2 +1 = 3

4
 Functions
 2 if n = 3k, k  Z

16. If f : N → Z is defined by f ( n ) = 10 if
 n = 3k +1, k  Z then n  N : f (n)  2=
 0 if n = 3k + 2, k  Z

[EAMCET 2004]
1) {3, 6, 4} 2) {1, 4, 7} 3) {4, 7} 4) {7}
Ans: 2
Sol. f ( n )  2  n = 3k +1
 n = 1; n = 4; n = 7
17. The function f : ℝ → ℝ is defined by f ( x ) = 3−x . Observe the following statements of it :
I. f is one-one II) f is onto III) f is a decreasing function [EAMCET 2004]
Out of these, true statements are
1) only I, II 2) only II, III 3) only I, III 4) I, II, III
Ans:
Sol. f : R → R; f ( x ) = 3−x
 f(x) is one-one and it is decreasing function
 x if −3  x  −1

18. If f ( x ) =  x if 1  x  1 , then ( x: f ( x )  0) = [EAMCET 2004]
 x if 1 x  3
 
1) (–1, 3) 2) [–1, 3) 3) (–1, 3] 4) [–1, 3]
Ans: 1
Sol. Verification
19. I f : ℝ → ℝ and g : ℝ → ℝ are definite by f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + 7 then the values of x such
that g(f(x)) = 8 are [EAMCET 2003]
1) 1, 2 2) –1, 2 3) –1, –2 4) 1, –2
Ans: 3
Sol. g (f ( x ) ) = 4x2 +12x +16
 4x2 +12x +16 = 8
 (x +1)(x + 2) = 0  x = −1, −2
 −1 for − 2  x  0
20. Suppose f : −2, 2 → ℝ is defined f ( x ) =  ,
x −1 for 0  x  2
 
then x −2, 2: x  0 and f ( x ) = x = ....
 1
[EAMCET 2003]
1) {–1} 2) {0} 3) − 4) 
 
2
 
Ans: 3
1
Sol. Now take x = −
 1  1 2 1 1
f − =f = −1 = −
   
 2 2 2 2
Hence f(|x|) = x

5
 Functions
 1
 Domain of f ( x ) = −
 
2
 
21. If f : ℝ → ℝ and g : ℝ → ℝ are given f(x) = |x| and g(x) = [x] for each
x  ℝ: g (f ( x ) )  f ( g( x) ) [EAMCET 2003]
1) z  (−, 0) 2) (−,0) 3) z 4) ℝ
Ans: 4
Sol. f ( x ) = x ; g ( x ) = x
g (f ( x ) )  f (g ( x ) )
g (f ( x ) ) = g( x ) =  x  =  x
f ( g ( x ) ) = f x = x
 x   x
x  ℝ
a2
22. If f ( x ) = ax + , then f ( a ) = [EAMCET 2002]
ax
1) a 2) 0 3) 1 4) – 1
Ans: 2
a2
Sol. f ( x ) = ax +
ax
1  1 −3/ 2 
f (x) = .a + a2 − (ax) a
2 ax 3 −3  2 
a a .a

f (a) = − =0
2a 2 2
cos x + sin4 x
23. If f ( x ) = 2 for x  R , then f(2002)= [EAMCET 2002]
sin x + cos4 x
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
Ans: 1
cos2 x + sin4 x
Sol. f ( x ) =
sin2 x + cos4 x
1 2
1− sin 2x
= 4 =1
1 2x
1− sin
4
 f (2002) = 1
24. The function f : R → R is defined by f ( x ) = cos2 x + sin4 x for x R .Then f(R) =
3  3  3   3 [EAMCET 2002]
1) ,1 2) ,1 3) ,1 4) ,1
4  4  4  4 

    
Ans: 3

6
 Functions
Sol. f ( x ) = cos2 x + sin4 x
= cos2 x + sin2 x (1− cos2 x)
1
= 1− sin2 2x
4
sin 2x 0,1
2

1
 Maximum of f(x) = 1− ( 0 ) = 1
4
1 3
Minimum of f(x) = 1− (1) =
 3 4 4
 Range of f(x) = ,1
4 
25. If the functions f and g are defined by f ( x ) = 3x − 4, g ( x ) = 2 + 3x for x ℝ respectively, then
g−1 (f −1 (5)) = [EAMCET 2002]
1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 1/3 4) 1/4
Ans: 3
x+4 x−2
Sol. f −1 (x) = , g−1 (x) =
3 3
f −1 (5) = 3 g−1 (f −1 (5)) = g−1 (3) =
1
3   1 
(
If f ( x ) = 25 − x4 )
1/ 4
26. for 0  x  = [EAMCET 2001]
5 then f f  
  2 
1) 2−4 2) 2−3 3) 2−2 4) 2−1
Ans: 4
(
f ( x ) = 25 − x4 )
1/ 4
Sol.

 f (f (x)) = 25 − (25 − x4 )

1/ 4
=x

 f (f (1/ 2)) = = 2−1

1
2
x / 2 ( x is even )
27. Let z denote the set of all integers Define f : z → z by f ( x ) =  . Then f is =
 0 ( x is odd)
[EAMCET 2001]
1) On to but not one-one 2) One –one but not onto
3) One-one and onto 4) Neither one-one nor onto
Ans: 1
Sol. ---
x + 2 ( x  −1)
 2
28. Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) =  x (−1  x  1) . Then the value of f(–1.75)+f(0.5) +
2 − x (x  1)

f(1.5) is [EAMCET 2001]
1) 0 2) 2 3) 1 4) – 1
Ans: 3

7
 Functions
Sol. f (−1.75) + f (0.5) + f (1.5)
= (−1.75 + 2) + (0.5) + 2 −1.5 = 1
2

29. The functions f : ℝ → ℝ, g : ℝ → ℝ are defined as follows: [EAMCET 2001]

0 ( x rational) −1 ( x rational)
f (x) =  ; g (x ) =  . The (f0g) () + (gof) (e) =
1 ( x irrational) 0 ( x irrational)
1) –1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
Ans: 1
Sol. O
= f ( 0 ) + g (1) ( ∵  and e are irrationals)
=0–1=-1
30. If f : R → R is defined by f(x) = 2x + |x|, then f(2x) + f(–x) – f(x) = [EAMCET 2000]
1) 2x 2) 2|x| 3) –2x 4) –2|x|
Ans: 2
Sol. f ( x ) = 2x + x
 f (2x) + f (−x) − f (x)
= 2 ( 2x ) + 2x + 2 ( −x ) + −x − (2x + x ) = 2 x
31. If f : R → R and g : R → R are defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x2+ 7, then the value of x for
which f(g(x)) = 25 are [EAMCET 2000]
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
Ans: 2
Sol. ( )
f ( g ( x ) ) = 25  f x 2 + 7 = 25
( )
 2 x2 + 7 + 3 = 25
 x = 2
32. x  R : x − 2 = x2 = [EAMCET 2000]
1) {–1, 2} 2) {1, 2} 3) {–1, –2} 4) {1, –2}
Ans: 4
Sol. 1, −2 satisfies

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