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Chapter 1

Background of the study

Introduction

Education is beneficial and significant to everyone. It is a step which allows

each individual in achieving and attaining knowledge that is needed for day-to-day

basis. The pursuit of education is a fundamental aspect of every student’s life, and it

often requires significant dedication and time commitment. However, students may

encounter times and opportunities to engage in part-time job. Education is valuable and

every individual’s right, which is why a lot of people are striving hard in order to have a

sufficient capability in supporting one’s education. There are lists of ways that students

do in order for them to be able to continue their education, and one of those is part-time

job by themselves.

Part-time job while studying has been common and more evident in the recent

years. Students engage in part-time working with various personal reasons, such as

earning extra income for their education, gaining work experience, and contributing to

their family’s finances. In addition, the eagerness and desire to develop their skills,

including the life-essential ones such as in responsibility, time management, as well as

financial literacy. Peer influence and societal roles can also play a significant role on

why many students are now engaging in part-time employment.

Having a part-time job while still studying can result into multiple outcomes.

Students that are part time workers are affected in both positive and negative ways. It is

a risk for learners to engage in this as it may be challenging to maintain their academic

performances while still participating in part-time job. Despite these inevitable effects of

part-time working while studying, many students are still willing and determined enough

to occupy themselves in it.

Firstly, it is evident that part-time job has advantages not only within learners’

academic performances, but as well as on the other aspects of the students’ lives. On

the positive side, employment can enhance various skills such as time management,

productivity, and teamwork. Students who work part-time may develop a strong work

ethics and gain real world experience that can complement their academic learning.

Part time working will also help students in continuously progressing in their desired

fields. Besides that, those experiences may give learners realizations about what they

truly wanted to do in their lives as their careers. With the help of their experience in part-

time employment, students can choose the career programs and tracks that is aligned

with their chosen career path.

However, there are certain disadvantages of it as well. Working part-time

can sometimes lead to increased stress and fatigue, as students must juggle their work

responsibilities alongside their academic requirements. This can result in reduced time

available for studying and completing assignments as well as participating in

extracurricular activities. In addition, it can also affect a learner’s health in lots of ways.
 3

Students may be physically, mentally, and emotionally affected which will also impact

their performance academically. Consequently, the quality of academic work might be

compromised, leading to lower grades and poor overall academic performance.

Furthermore, the impact of part-time job on the academic performance can

vary depending on multiple factors. Those include the number of hours worked per

week, the nature of job, and the learners’ ability to manage their time effectively. It

contributes to students’ level of exhaustion, as well as their availability to do other things

besides work such as academic-related tasks. Some studies suggest that working fewer

hours, less than 15 to 20 hours per week, may have minimal negative impact on

academic performance. On the other side, working whole hours can have a significant

detrimental effect to students, which will eventually lead to various negative impacts on

the students’ academic performances (Dundes & Marx, 2006).

Additionally, there are also other influences which may affect the academic

performances of learners while part-time working. This includes student’s personal

characteristics such as their motivation, prior academic achievement, and

socioeconomic background. Students who are already academically strong may be

better equipped to handle the demands of part-time work without experiencing a decline

in their performance. On the other hand, students that has an opposite background may

face additional challenges in balancing work and studies which may potentially impact

their academic outcomes.

The effect of part-time job on academic performance is a complex and

multifaceted issue, while employment can provide valuable skills and experiences. It

can also pose challenges that may affect a student’s ability to excel academically.
Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the specific factors that

influence this relationship and develop strategies that can help students effectively

balance their work and education.

Many students are not knowledgeable enough about the effects of part-time

job on their academic performances. It is important to know the impact of part-time

employment while studying in order for interested learners to be prepared for the effects

that they may experience. With that being said, it is significant to observe and conduct

this study about the effects of part-time job on the academic performance in Grade 11

learners at San Jose National High School.

Through this research study, a lot of students will gain factual knowledge

about the impact of part-time job to their academic performances. With these learnings

and knowledge, students will be more capable to maintain and balance part-time work

with their education. In the same way, it can be helpful in terms of understanding

academic success factors, the complex interplay between work and education,

promoting student well-being, as well as to inform policies that may contribute to this,

and to create support mechanisms for students to be more capable to succeed in both

their part-time jobs and academic performances.

Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored from the theoretical support of Conservation of

Resources (COR) Theory proposed by Stevan Hobfoll. This theory focuses on how

individuals strive to keep, maintain, and protect the resources that they value. This also
 5

focuses on how individuals stress out and is affected negatively when these valuable

resources are lost. COR Theory suggests that students must balance work and

education very well, if not, it will lead to various negative outcomes. According to COR

Theory, stress can arise into a higher level towards students if students felt like they

lack the resources to maintain both of their work and academic performances.

This study is also supported by the theory of Role Strain Theory, developed by

sociologist William J. Goode. It refers to the stress when an individual is not capable to

meet the demands of their social roles. It states that being a part-time worker while

learning can result into multiple disadvantages as learners would have to multitask. It

focuses on the struggles that a learner may experience due to multiple responsibilities,

roles, and standards that they need to effectively take part in.

This study is also founded on the theory of Self-Determination Theory. This

theory proposed by psychologists Richard Ryan and Edward Deci focuses on the

motivation of an individual for their psychological needs that underlies in the growth and

improvement of themselves. This relates to the determination of students to juggle in

their part-time work while still engaging in school or academic-related activities. Once a

student who is a part-time worker felt that they had achieved the three psychological

needs which are autonomy, competence, and relatedness, in increases their motivation

to do more. It suggests that a learner will have the determination to do more which will

result into various positive outcomes both in their part-time work and academic

performances.
 This theory relates to our research on Grade 11 students with part-time jobs,

focusing on how they balance work and school. The study will assess whether their jobs

support or hinder academic performance and if they gain useful skills or lose study time.

Conceptual Framework

Academic Performance of Grade 11

Part- Time Working Learners at San Jose National High

School

Figure 1. Structural Presentation of the Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the hypothetical relationship of variables that are utilized in this

study. In this research study, the independent variable is the students’ engagement in

part-time working. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the academic

performance of Grade 11 learners at San Jose National High School. The framework

represents the role of part-time working on the academic performance of the chosen
 7

student population at San Jose National High School. Paradigm 1 visualizes the

relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Statement of the problem

The researchers have to examine the impact or effects of part-time working on

the academic performance in Grade 11 learners at San Jose National High School.

This study aims to examine the relationship between part-time jobs and the

academic performance of Grade 11 students at San Jose National High School.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How do Grade 11 students perceive having a part-time job?

2. What is the academic performance of students who have part-time jobs

compared to those who do not?

3. Is there a significant difference in academic performance between students with

and without part-time jobs?

Hypothesis

Spending more hours on part-time jobs is linked to lower academic

performance among Grade 11 students at San Jose National High School.

Scope and Delimitation

 This study focuses on finding out how part-time jobs affect the academic

performance of Grade 11 students at San Jose National High School. It looks at specific

factors like grades, attendance, and the number of hours students spend working each

week. The goal is to see if there’s a connection between having a part-time job and how

well students do in school. This research will also explore if working part-time makes it

harder for students to manage their school responsibilities.

The study only include includes Grade 11 students at San Jose National High

School who currently have part-time jobs. Students from other grade levels, other

schools, or those who don’t work part-time are not part of the research. Data will be

collected through surveys that ask for numbers and personal answers from the

students. This will help us better understand how part-time jobs affect their school

performance.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study will help us understand how having a part-time job

affects the academic performance of Grade 11 students at San Jose National High

School. By looking at factors like grades, attendance, and hours worked, the study

shows how part-time jobs influence students’ school performance. This can help identify

patterns that are useful for different people.

 9

For students, the findings can encourage them to think about how they balance

work and school. It can help them see how work might affect their grades and

attendance, and teach them to manage their time better.

For school administrators, the results could help them create programs or

policies to support students with jobs, like adjusting class schedules or offering extra

help to those who work part-time.

For teachers, the study can give them a better understanding of the struggles

faced by working students. This can encourage them to offer support and find ways to

help these students succeed without lowering academic expectations.

For future researchers, this study can be a starting point for exploring similar

topics. It can inspire further research on the long-term effects of part-time jobs on

students’ academic and career goals.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher

considered to strengthen the present study’s importance. It also presents the synthesis

of the art to fully understand the research and better comprehend the study.

Students engaging in part-time job has been a common phenomenon in

different places. Most of the students reason for part-time working while still studying is

due to financial reasons. The common effects that are seen within students that are

part-time workers is that they are most likely having a hard time in balancing a good

work performance while maintaining a good academic performance as well. It increases

a student’s stress which may affect both their performances at work and academically.

Part-time work
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Several studies have investigated the complex relationship between part-time

employment and academic success. Abenoja R. et al. (2019) found that working fewer

than 20 hours per week often correlates with improved time management skills and

higher GPAs among students. However, excessive work hours (20+ per week) tend to

negatively affect academic outcomes, including lower GPAs and increased stress levels.

Furthermore, on-campus jobs provide unique benefits, such as greater institutional

engagement, which positively impact students’ grades and persistence rates (Brigham

Young University, 2016). In high school contexts, Howdhaugen E. (2015) observed that

high-intensity part-time work (over 20 hours weekly) harms students’ academic

performance and interpersonal relationships, such as family and peer connections.

Similarly, Acaso, et al. (2019) noted that while part-time jobs can enhance work ethics

and discipline, they might detract from students’ focus on academic and social activities

if mismanaged. These findings emphasize the necessity for balance in work hours.

Nucum, K.N. (2018) also highlighted that part-time work fosters persistence, crucial for

achieving academic success.

Motivation for Part-Time Work Among Students

The motivations for part-time employment among students are multifaceted,

encompassing financial needs, career development, and social factors. Sitchon (2019)

highlight that many students take on part-time jobs to alleviate financial pressures,

particularly those from low-income families. These financial motivations often drive

students to balance work with academic responsibilities, though the outcomes of such

balancing acts vary. Similarly, Jennifer L. (2016) note that part-time work provides
students with the means to support their education and gain financial independence,

which is a common aspiration among young individuals entering the workforce. Beyond

financial motivations, career development emerges as a significant driver for part-time

employment. Rabia K. et al. (2023) emphasize that part-time jobs offer adolescents

early exposure to the workplace, fostering skills like time management, responsibility,

and teamwork, which are valuable in future careers. This is corroborated by Di Xu

(2019), who find that high school work experience positively correlates with better

career outcomes a decade later, underlining the long-term benefits of student

employment. Social factors also play a role in motivating part-time work. Radhika K.

(2018) discuss how work experiences can help students expand their social networks

and integrate into their communities. Additionally, these jobs provide a platform for

young Individuals to build interpersonal skills, which are crucial for both academic and

professional success. Together, these studies illustrate the varied motivations for

student employment and the importance of finding a balance to maximize its benefits

while minimizing its potential drawbacks.

Psychosocial Development of Students from Part-Time Work

Part-time work among students can significantly impact their psychosocial

development, influencing factors such as emotional well-being, social interactions, and

time management skills. According to Kishwar, R. et al. (2023), students working part-

time often develop better responsibility and time management abilities, although they

may experience increased stress and reduced socialization if work hours are excessive.

Mustafa, M. et al. (2022) highlighted that part-time employment can improve

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interpersonal skills and emotional intelligence, especially when students engage in jobs

involving teamwork and customer interaction. However, Oonyu, J. (2012) noted that

balancing work and academic demands can sometimes lead to negative emotional

outcomes, particularly for students who struggle with time management. Ali (2017)

found that part-time work can enhance students’ self-esteem and independence,

although it may also cause stress if students fail to manage their work-study balance

effectively. Similarly, Muluk (2017) observed that part-time employment could lead to

social isolation for students who overcommit to work, limiting their opportunities for peer

interaction and academic success. Thus, while part-time work can foster important

psychosocial skills, its impact depends largely on the student’s ability to balance work

with other life responsibilities.

Employment and Future Career Success

Part-time employment during high school is often seen as a double-edged

sword, with both challenges and benefits for students’ future career success.

Barrameda (2019) found that while part-time work can slightly reduce academic

performance, the development of skills such as time management and responsibility

proves beneficial for students’ future career aspirations. In alignment with this, Phan,

Thuy T. (2024) emphasized that part-time work fosters a strong work ethic and

enhances time management, which is essential for career success. Additionally, Muluk

(2017) argued that part-time jobs provide students with relevant career-related

experience, making them more prepared for the workforce. Edwin, N. (2021) also

pointed out that the skills developed through part-time employment—like

communication, teamwork, and networking—contribute to future professional success.

Antonio, P. (2022) further highlighted that students gain exposure to professional

environments, where they can acquire industry-specific skills and build networks that

are invaluable for future employment. Together, these studies suggest that part-time

employment plays a crucial role in preparing students for successful careers, despite

the potential challenges it may pose to their academic performance.

Coping Mechanisms of Part-Time Student Workers

The ability to balance work and academic responsibilities requires effective

coping mechanisms. Jadia, E. G. et al. (2023) found that students employ various

strategies such as time blocking, prioritization, and stress management techniques to

maintain their academic performance. Similarly, Patterson (2023) highlighted that peer

support and social interaction play a critical role in helping students manage work-

related stress. Kember, Ho, and Leung (2015) emphasized the importance of

institutional support, noting that universities that offer flexible class schedules and

academic counseling services significantly aid part-time student workers. Babalola and

Ibitoye (2022) found that students who engage in physical activities or mindfulness

practices report lower levels of burnout. Lipowski and Lipowska (2022) suggested that

maintaining a work-study balance depends on students’ self-discipline and the

availability of structured support systems in both academic and work environments.

Synthesis
 15

It was clear with the aforementioned related literature that the complex

relationship between part-time employment and academic performance remains

underexplored, particularly in terms of how the balance between work and study time

affects students’ overall well-being. One of the reasons behind this is that while part-

time work offers various benefits such as improved time management, career-related

skills, and financial independence, it can also cause negative outcomes such as

increased stress, reduced academic performance, and social isolation if not properly

balanced. It was stressed out that students’ motivations for seeking part-time

employment vary, including financial needs, career development, and social factors, all

of which influence how they manage the pressures of working while studying.

Therefore, it is essential for students, educators, and employers to collaborate in finding

a balance that maximizes the benefits of part-time work while minimizing its potential

drawbacks on academic performance and psychosocial development.

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researchers will put forward the explanation of the

methodology deployed in this study. Accordingly, the research design used will be

explained as well as the sources of data, data gathering procedure, and research

instrument. Finally, ethical considerations will be discussed including the analysis of

data collected.

Research Design

Research design refers to the type or way on how the researchers will gather

or collect information. It helps in gathering data that are useful and will answer the

research questions that were formulated.

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In this study, quantitative research design will be implemented. The method

that will specifically be utilized is a Correlational Research Design; in this way, the

variables that are present will be assessed in a quantitative manner in order to identify

the relationship between the said factors. The variables consist of two, the independent

variable which is participation in part-time employment, and its effect towards the

academic performance of a student which is identified as the dependent one.

A quantitative type of research design was implemented due to various factors.

This type of research design has lots of advantages including the focus for the variables

or an objective manner. Subjective interpretations, which could possibly lead to such

biases, will more likely be avoided and prevented. The results of the data collection will

be measured and calculated statistically for the discussions to be accurate, truthful, and

dependable.

Sources of Data

This research study tackles the impact of part-time working on the academic

performance of a learner; therefore, the chosen population are definitely learners or

students. Purposive sampling is required in order for the respondents’ answers to be

aligned and accurate with the focus of the research study.

In a more specific manner, the study focuses on Grade 11 students at San Jose

National High School, a vibrant educational institution with a large population of

students. In order to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the topic being

researched, the researchers carefully selected the Grade 11 students who meet the
aligned requirements applicable for the data collection. This sample size allows for a

more in-depth analysis of the subject matter, providing valuable insights into the

experiences and perspectives of the students who goes to school while also striving

with work.

Research Instrument

Instrument is the tool which the researchers utilize in order to collect data or

information. In this research study, the main research instrument that will be used is

survey.

A survey is a structured research method in which a set of pre-determined

questions are used in order to gather information from the respondents. The

effectiveness of surveys in collecting diverse data makes them an important tool. It has

a broad appeal, which enables it to gather a large number of responses. Surveys are

cost effective, minimizing the need for resources. Its structured format facilitates the

analysis of data and ensures that they are clear and comparable. In addition, surveys

make it possible to remain anonymous and encourage honest replies. The structured

nature of surveys ensures uniformity in data collection, minimizing biases introduced by

variations in interview techniques.

In conclusion, survey is the most applicable research instrument for this study. It

can gather a lot of information in an objective manner. In that way, data collected are

more accurate and credible. Below was the survey questionnaire that the researchers

have used in order to effectively gather information.

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Data Gathering Procedure

Upon approval of the research instrument, the researcher will formally write a

letter to the school principal of San Jose National Highschool to seek concern for

conducting the study. Once approval is granted, the response.

To facilitate data collection, a survey questionnaire will be distributed to the selected

respondents. In addition, structured interviews may be conducted with some

participants for more in-depth understanding of how part-time job affects their academic

performance. All data gathered will be analyzed to determine the impact of part-time job

on students academic success.

Data Analysis

A comprehensive data analysis was conducted to examine the effect of part-time

employment on the academic performance of Grade 11 students at San Jose National

High School. The study involved analyzing students’ academic transcripts, work

schedules, and performance indicators.

The findings revealed a complex relationship between part-time work and

academic achievement. Students who worked fewer hours demonstrated better time

management skills, allowing them to maintain or even improve their grades. In contrast,

those with heavier workloads struggled to balance their responsibilities, negatively

affecting their academic performance. These results emphasize the importance of

understanding the balance between work and school, providing valuable insights for

students, educators, parents, and other stakeholders.

Ethical Considerations

When conducting a research study, it is significant to consider some ethical

standards. It is important to follow and strictly be guided with it. By doing so, it makes

research studies become acceptable and more appropriate.

Upon conducting this research, lists of ethical standards were implemented. This

was guided with the principle of voluntary participation, anonymity, informed consent,

rights to review, and such. The population or the respondents of the study were

voluntarily surveyed and their personal information were assured to remain confidential.

Also, the information that has been collected are also assured to be credible and

factual. In that way, it makes the research study trustworthy as it provides truthful data.

Fabrication, falsification, and non-publication of data was also strictly avoided. It

is certain that the information, statements, and such that are included in this study are

non-plagiarized. Authors or sources of some information were credited and given

recognition as a respect for their rights.

In conclusion, this research study was conducted in align with some values

required to provide a more reliable data. Any type of plagiarism, misconduct, or

misapplication of ethical standards has not been done. Therefore, it is assured that any

information, steps, and actions that has been done by the researchers were accordingly

guided with the ethical standards needed.

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