Measurement and

Instrumentation

Dr. Eng. Hisham Maher Abd El-wahab

Mechanical Power & Energy Engineering Dep.
Faculty of Engineering, Minia University
 About the lecturer

DR. Eng. Hisham Maher Abd Elwahab

1- Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering in May 2008

from Minia University.
2- Master Degree in Mechanical Engineering in 2015 from
Minia University.
3- Doctoral Degree in Mechanical Engineering in June 2022
from Minia University.
 References

1. Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari, Measurement and

Instrumentation,, ELSEVIER.
2. Chan S. Park, Experimental Methods for Engineers, 8th Edition,
McGraw-Hill.
 Chapter 3:
Temperature Measurement

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Dr. Eng. Hisham Maher Abd ELwahab
❑ Temperature Sensing Techniques
 Changes in Physical Dimensions
◦ Bimetallic Thermometers
◦ Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers

 Changes in Electrical Properties

◦ Integrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and Diodes
◦ Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDS)
◦ Thermistors
◦ Thermocouples

 Changes in Chemical Phase

◦ Quartz Crystal Thermometry

 Changes in Emitted thermal radiation

◦ Radiation and Infrared Pyrometers 5
❑ Temperature Sensor Range Comparison

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 ⁕ Changes in Physical Dimensions
❑ Bimetal Thermometer
 Two different metals with different coefficients of thermal
expansion are bonded together. As the temperature changes
from the bonding temperature the unequal expansion of the two
metals will cause the bimetal strip to curl. If one end is fixed
the other end displaces in response to temperature changes.
◦ Bimetal strips can be fabricated into coils, spirals, and disks.
◦ Frequently used in on-off temperature control (thermostats)

 Range of use:
◦ -75 to 1500 °C
 Accuracy varies with range
◦ ± 0.5 % 7
• Advantages:
Low cost
Negligible maintenance
Stable operation over time

• Disadvantages:
Not suitable for remote
inspection

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 R = Radius of curvature
◦ t=total thickness
◦ m = ratio of thicknesses
 Low/high expansion
materials
◦ n=ratio of Young moduli of
elasticity
 Low/high expansion
materials
◦ 1=lower coefficient of
thermal expansion, 1/°C
◦ 2=higher coefficient of
thermal expansion, 1/°C
◦ T=Temperature, °C
◦ To=Initial bonding
temperature, °C 9
 ❑ Liquid Expansion Thermometer
 The volumetric expansion of liquids and solids
is used for temperature measurement.
◦ Note: Expansion registered is actually the
difference between the liquid and the glass.

 Mercury filled thermometers (“best”)

◦ Range= -37 to 320 °C , Accuracy ± 0.3 °C

 Alcohol filled thermometers.

◦ Range =-75 to 120 °C , Accuracy ± 0.6°C
◦ Upper range determined by boiling point.
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 • Advantages
Low cost
• Disadvantages
No remote readings

 Greatest sensitivity to temperature is at the bulb, where the

largest volume of liquid exists. However, all portions of the
thermometer are temperature sensitive.

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 ❑ Fluid Expansion Thermometer
 A fluid filled bulb is connected to a
pressure measuring device via a capillary
tube. As fluid is heated it expands thus
pressure increases.
◦ Pressure is linked to temperature.
◦ Accuracy and range depends on fluid.

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• Advantages
Low cost
Stable in operation
Widely used in industrial applications.
Remote readings are possible.
Transient response is a function of bulb size and
capillary tube length.

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 ❑ Pressure Thermometer

➢ Pressure thermometers have now

been superseded by other
alternatives in most applications,
but they still remain useful in a
few applications such as furnace
temperature measurement when
the level of fumes prevents the
use of optical or radiation
pyrometers..

• Examples can also still be found of their use as temperature

sensors in pneumatic control systems. 1
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➢ The sensing element in a pressure thermometer consists of a
stainless-steel bulb containing a liquid or gas. If the fluid
were not constrained, temperature rises would cause its
volume to increase.
➢ However, because it is constrained in a bulb and cannot
expand, its pressure rises instead.

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⁕ Changes in Emitted thermal radiation

➢ All objects emit electromagnetic radiation as a function of

their temperature above absolute zero, and radiation
thermometers (also known as radiation pyrometers) measure
this radiation in order to calculate the temperature of the
object. The total rate of radiation emission per second is given
by

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➢ The power spectral density of
this emission varies with
temperature in the manner
shown in Figure 14.10. The
major part of the frequency
spectrum lies within the band of
wavelengths between 0.3 and
40mm,which corresponds to
visible (0.3 -0.72 mm) and
infrared (0.72 -1000 mm)
ranges.

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• At low temperatures, the peak of the power spectral density
function (Figure 14.10) lies in the infrared region, whereas
at higher temperatures it moves toward the visible part of
the spectrum. This phenomenon is observed as the red glow
that a body begins to emit as its temperature is increased
beyond 600 ℃.

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❑ Optical Pyrometer

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➢ The optical pyrometer is a non-contact type temperature
measuring device.
➢ It works on the principle of matching the brightness of an
object to the brightness of the filament which is placed inside
the pyrometer.
➢ The optical pyrometer is used for measuring the temperature of
the furnaces, molten metals, and other overheated material or
liquids.
➢ This limits the instrument to measuring temperatures above
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600 ℃.
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• The optical pyrometer is shown in the figure below. It consists
the lens which focuses the radiated energy from the heated
object and targets it on the electric filament lamp. The
intensity of the filament depends on the current passes through
it. Hence the adjustable current is passed through the lamp.

• The magnitude of the current is adjusted until the brightness of

the filament is similar to the brightness of the object. When the
brightness of the filament and the brightness of the object are
same, then the outline of the filament is completely
disappeared.

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• Infrared thermometers are able to determine an object’s
temperature without touching it by measuring the amount of
infrared energy being emitted from the object. Modern IR
instruments can only measure between 0.7 and 20 microns
because they are not sensitive enough to measure the small
amounts of energy available outside this range.

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❑ Infrared Thermometers (Non-contact sensors)

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❑ Infrared Cameras
Modern infrared cameras are light weight,
portable, and can accurately measure dynamic
temperature changes in equipment and
processes. They have the ability to measuring
thermal variations of less than 0.1 °C and
are non-invasive.
Operating Temperature 5 to 122 °F (-15 to 50 °C) -4 to 122 °F (-20 to 50 °C)
Attaching thermocouples, RTD’s, or
Measuring Temperature -40 to 3630 °F (-40 to 2000 °C) -40 to 2730 °F (-40 to 1500 °C)
thermistors is seldom an option in moving
Accuracy ±2% of range or ±4 °F ( ±2 °C) ±2% of range or ±4 °F ( ±2 °C)
components. In addition, thermocouples
Sensitivity 0.2 °F (0.1 °C) <0.2 °F (<0.1 °C)
cannot be attached at every location on the
Image Storage Capacity 700 (14 bit) on 100 MB Card 150 (8 or 14 bit TIFF) on 20 MB Card
component.
400 images on 80 MB Card
Digital Voice Recorder yes, 30 sec per image The biggest
no advantage over conventional
for Active temperature measurement techniques is that a
Documentation
total picture of the component or system is
Camera Weight 5 lbs. 6 lbs
possible.
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 ❖ Infrared Camera applications

 Piping
◦ Heat transfer coils
◦ Valve operation

 Electronics

 Engines/Compressors
SP01

100.6°F 106.4°F
100
LI01 100

 Building/Structures 95
80

92.2°F 73.5°F
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 ❑ Single-point Infrared Temperature Sensors
 Non-contact infrared thermometers
uses:
◦ Facility maintenance
◦ Utilities and electrical inspection
◦ Medical industry
◦ HVAC/R maintenance and
inspection
◦ Food safety
◦ Automotive and diesel maintenance
◦ Asphalt, cement, and construction
materials.
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▪ Summarize IR Thermometer Advantages

 IR thermometers can measure objects that move, rotate, or

vibrate.

 They can measure temperatures > 1500 °C

 They do not damage or contaminate the surface of the object of

interest (food, painted surfaces)

 Response time is in the millisecond range.

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 29
Dr. Eng. Hisham Maher Abd ELwahab