Temperature Measurements

Presented By
1) Ifzan amjad BSME01173129
2) Ahmad Ali BSME01173067
3) Hamza mukhtar BSME01173082
4) M.munir Rasheed BSME01173162
5) Zeeshan ahmed BSME01173021
6) Usama munawar BSME01173081
Contents
o Introduction
o Temperature
o Temperature Standard
o Heat
o Temperature scale
o Temperature scales
o Fahrenheit
o Celsius
o Kelvin
o Tipple Point Of Water
o Interpolation
o Size Of Degree
Contents

o Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion

o Liquid-in-glass thermometer
o Bimetallic thermometer

o Electrical Resistance Thermometry

o Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
o Thermistors
INTRODUCTION

 Temperature is one of the most commonly used and measured engineering variables. Temperature
measurement, also known as thermometry, describes the process of measuring a current local
temperature for immediate or later evaluation.

 Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends.
Many processes must have either a monitored or controlled temperature. This can range from the
simple monitoring of the water temperature of an engine or load device, or as complex as the
temperature of a weld in a laser welding application. More difficult measurements such as the
temperature of smoke stack gas from a power generating station or blast furnace or the exhaust gas
of a rocket may be need to be monitored.
Temperature

o Temperature is one of the most commonly used and measured

engineering variables.

o Temperature can be described as the property of an object that

describes its degree of hotness or coldness.
 TEMPERATURE STANDARDS
Zeroth law

o The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two systems in thermal

equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
o Thermal equilibrium implies that no heat transfer occurs between the
systems, defining the equality of temperature. Although the zeroth law of
thermodynamics essentially provides the definition of the equality of
temperature, it provides no means for defining a temperature scale.
 Heat
o Heat is the form of energy that is transferred between two substances at
different temperatures. The direction of energy flow is from the substance of
higher temperature to the substance of lower temperature. Heat is measured in
units of energy, usually calories or joules.
o The mechanisms include:
o Conduction, through direct contact of immobile bodies
o Convection: The mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction
and fluid motion Radiation between separated bodies.
o Radiation: between two separated bodies
 Temperature scales

o Thermodynamics defines a temperature scale that has an absolute reference, and defines
an absolute zero for temperature. The unit of degrees Celsius (°C) is a practical scale
related to the Kelvin as °C= K-273.15.

o The modern engineering definition of the temperature scale is provided by a standard

called the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). This standard establishes
fixed points for temperature, and provides standard procedures and devices for
interpolating between fixed points.
 Temperature scales

o There are three temperature scales in use today

i. Fahrenheit
ii. Celsius
iii. Kelvin
 Triple point of water

o The temperature and pressure at which a substance can

exist in equilibrium in the
o Liquid
o Solid
o Gaseous states
o The triple point of pure water is at 0.01°C (273.16K,
32.01°F) and 4.58 mm (611.2Pa) of mercury and is used to
calibrate thermometers.
 Interpolation

o The process of establishing Temperature without a fixed-point calibration is called interpolation.

o The calibration of a temperature measurement device entails not only the establishment of fixed
temperature points but also the indication of any temperature between fixed points.
 Standards for Interpolation

o Along with the fixed temperature points established by ITS-90, a

standard for interpolation between these fixed points is necessary.

o Standards for acceptable thermometers and interpolating equations are

provided in ITS-90. For temperatures ranging from 13.8033 to 1234.93 K
 Thermometry

o Thermometry is the process of measuring temperature

o Most materials exhibit a change in size with changes in temperature. Since this physical
phenomenon is well defined and repeatable, it is useful for temperature measurement.
o Basic instruments used in thermometry:

1. Liquid-in-glass thermometer
2. Bimetallic thermometer
 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

o A liquid-in-glass thermometer measures temperature by virtue of the thermal expansion of a liquid.

o During calibration, such a thermometer is subject to one of three measuring environments:
o 1. For a complete immersion thermometer, the entire thermometer is immersed in the calibrating
temperature environment or fluid.
o 2. For a total immersion thermometer, the thermometer is immersed in the calibrating temperature
environment up to the liquid level in the capillary.
o 3. For a partial immersion thermometer, the thermometer is immersed to a predetermined level in the
calibrating environment
o Temperature measurements using liquid-in-glass thermometers can provide uncertainties as low as
0.01_C under very carefully controlled conditions
o Mercury-in-glass thermometers have limited engineering applications, but do provide reliable,
accurate temperature measurement
 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

o 3. For a partial immersion thermometer, the thermometer is

immersed to a predetermined level in the calibrating
environment
o Temperature measurements using liquid-in-glass thermometers
can provide uncertainties as low as 0.01_C under very carefully
controlled conditions
o Mercury-in-glass thermometers have limited engineering
applications, but do provide reliable, accurate temperature
measurement
 Advantages & Disadvantages of
liquid-in-glass thermometers

Advantages Disadvantages
o No power source required o Have a limited useable temperature
range
o Repeatable, repeated calibration is not
required o Cannot be digitised or automated
o Easy to use & cheap o Limited to applications where manual
reading is acceptable, e.g. a household
thermometer
APPLICATIONS

o It is mostly used in hospitals and homes for measuring body temperature.

o In air craft application to measure the atmosphere condition which is suitable for flight.

o It is used in meteorological and oceanographic applications. It helps to measure weather

forecast models.
Bimetallic Thermometers

o Definition: The bimetallic thermometer uses the

bimetallic strips which converts the temperature into the
mechanical displacement.
o The working of the bimetallic strip depends on the
thermal expansion property of the metal.
o Thermal expansion is the tendency of metal in which
the volume of metal changes with the variation in
temperature
o The sensor is constructed by bonding two strips of
different metals, A and B. The resulting bimetallic strip
may be in a variety of shapes, depending on the
particular application
APPLICATIONS

o It is most commonly used in household thermostats.

o The other main application of bimetallic device is in circuit breakers.

o The bimetallic sensor is used in temperature control systems, and is the primary
element in most dial thermometers and many thermostats.
Advantages & Disadvantages

o Advantages:
o The thermometer is simple in construction
o Robust (strong enough to withstand)
o Less expensive.
o Disadvantages
o The thermometer gives the less accurate result while measuring the low temperature
Electrical Resistance Thermometry

o Electric resistance thermometer was developed after

the liquid in glass type thermometer. In this, the
change in the resistance of a metal wire due to
change in the temperature is measured.
Working

o When electric current flows through the wire then the wires scatter of each other due to
the electric resistance.

o The wires used are of platinum because platinum do not react with air and due to its
non corrosive property.

o These wires are normally wound into a coil and placed in a ceramic tube or they may be
attached like wheat stone bridge circuit.
APPLICATIONS

o It can measure temperature to a higher degree of accuracy.

o It is very sensitive so that a small change in the temperature can be measured.

o It is mostly used for calibrations of other thermometers due to its higher degree of
accuracy and sensitivity.
 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

o The RTD is defined as the resistor which is used for

measuring the temperature.
o It works on the principle that the resistance of the
conductor change with temperature and this
property of conductors is used in the RTD for
measuring the temperature.
o The RTD is made of pure metals like platinum,
nickel, copper etc.
Resistance Temperature Detector
o Thermocouples are increasingly being replaced by
resistance temperature detectors, or resistance
thermometers
o RTDs are generally more stable and accurate than
thermocouples; they use carbon or platinum sensors to
detect changes in electrical resistance.
o These changes are caused by temperature changes, and the
changes are predictable.
o A consistent light current is passed through the RTD, past
the leads, and then resistance can be determined and
temperature calculated.
o The metals have the high-temperature coefficient, i.e. their
resistance increases with the increases in temperature and
this property of metals are used in the RTD
Applications of RTD

o RTD sensor are used in

o Automotive
o Measure the engine temperature
o An oil level sensor
o Intake air temperature sensors
o Communication and instrumentation
o Temperature of amplifiers
o Temperature of transistor
o Temperature of stabilizers
o RTD is also used in power electronics, computer, consumer electronics, food handling
and processing, industrial electronics, medical electronics, military, and aerospace.
Resistance Temperature Detector

Advantages Disadvantages

o The RTD can be easily installed o The RTD require more

and replaced. complex measurement circuit.
o It is available in wide range. o Slower response time than a
o The RTD can be used to thermocouple.
measure differential o Possibility of self heating.
temperature.
o Higher Initial cost.
o Stability maintained over long
o Sensitivity is low.
period of time.
 Thermistor
o Thermistors (from thermally sensitive resistors) are
ceramic-like semiconductor devices
o Resistance of these thermistors decreases rapidly with
temperature, which is in contrast to the small increases of
resistance with temperature for RTDs
o The positive temperature coefficient (PTC) means
temperature increases with the increases in resistance
o Negative temperature coefficient (NTC)means that the
temperature is inversely proportional to the resistance.
 Thermistor

o The thermistor is used for measuring the small range of

temperature, which is nearly up to -60ºC to 15ºC
o The range of resistor in the thermistor is from 0.5 to 0.75
Ω.
o It is an extremely sensitive device used for measuring the
temperature of home appliances.
Applications of Thermistors

o Domestic appliances
o Environmental monitoring
o Communications and computing equipment
o Automotive applications
o Industrial process applications
o Aerospace applications
o Medical applications
o Healthcare and patient monitoring
Thermistors

Advantages Disadvantages
o They are more sensitive than other o Not easily interchangeable.
temperature sensors
o The excitation current should be low to
o They have low cost and therefore cheap avoid self heating.
to replace
o It is not suitable for large temperature
o They provide a fast response range.
o Standard two wire connection system o The resistance temperature
means they are compatible with many characteristics are non linear.
devices
o Easily interfaced to electronic
instrumentation