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dc machine basics new (2)

The document discusses the construction and operation of DC machines, highlighting the roles of components such as the commutator, armature, and field poles. It explains the principles of induced EMF and torque, emphasizing the factors that influence these phenomena. Additionally, it covers the design evolution of DC machines, particularly the transition to laminated materials for improved efficiency.

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adityajaiswal24may
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5 views

dc machine basics new (2)

The document discusses the construction and operation of DC machines, highlighting the roles of components such as the commutator, armature, and field poles. It explains the principles of induced EMF and torque, emphasizing the factors that influence these phenomena. Additionally, it covers the design evolution of DC machines, particularly the transition to laminated materials for improved efficiency.

Uploaded by

adityajaiswal24may
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

DC Machines

Topics
• The function of commutator & brush in a D.C
Machine.
• Induced EMF and Torque equations-general
• Construction etc
Construction
Pole and Frame Construction
• The main poles of older dc
machines were often made of a
single cast piece of metal, with the
field windings wrapped around it.
They often had bolted-on
laminated tips to reduce core
losses in the pole faces. Since solid-
state drive packages have become
common, the main poles of newer
machines are made entirely of
laminated material

• Main field pole assembly


DC Machine Construction

DC motor stator with poles visible


6
DC Machine Construction

7
Field Poles

➢ Field poles are made of thin laminations of highly magnetic


steel alloys.

8
Armature

➢ The armature structure serve as a dual purpose of support for the


winding conductors that pass through the magnetic field and
also substantial part of the magnetic circuit.
➢ It is a stack of discs of magnetic alloy steel.
9
Commutator
• The armature winding must terminate in the rotary switching
unit known as the commutator.
• This unit is made of wedge-shaped segments of hard-drawn
copper.
• The segments are insulated from each other and from their end
clamps by strip of mica.

10
DC Machine Construction

Figure Cutaway view of a dc motor


11
DC Machine Construction

Armature of a DC Machine
12
DC Machine Construction

Rotor of a dc motor
13
Principle & Operation
View of field lines
Some points
• Since the magnetic flux must take the shortest path
through the air, it is perpendicular to the rotor
surface everywhere under the pole faces. Also,
since the air gap is of uniform width, the reluctance
is the same everywhere under the pole faces. The
uniform reluctance means that the magnetic flux
density is constant everywhere under the pole
faces.
• If the rotor of this machine is rotated, a voltage will
be induced in the wire loop.
• The loop of wire shown is rectangular, with sides ab
and cd perpendicular to the plane of the page and
with sides bc and da parallel to the plane of the
page. Voltage on each segment is given by

E (induced)= (v x B ).l (Use Flemings Rt hand rule)


Segment AB
• Segment ab: In this segment, the velocity of the
wire is tangential to the path of rotation. The
magnetic field B points out perpendicular to the
rotor surface everywhere under the pole face and
is zero beyond the edges of the pole face. Under
the pole face, velocity v is perpendicular to B , and
the quantity v x B points into the page. Therefore,
the induced voltage on the segment is
Segment BC
• In this segment, the quantity v x B is either into or
out of the page, while length l is in the plane of the
page, so v x B is perpendicular to I. Therefore the
voltage in segment be will be zero.
Segment CD
• In this segment, the velocity of the wire is tangential to the
path of rotation. The magnetic field B points in
perpendicular to the rotor surface everywhere under the
pole face and is. zero beyond the edges of the pole face.
Under the pole face, velocity v is perpendicular to B , and
the quantity v x B points out of the page. Therefore, the
induced voltage on the segment is
Segment DA
• Segment da. Just as in segment bc, v x B is
perpendicular to I. Therefore the voltage in this
segment will be zero too:
Induced Voltage
• After 180 degree rotation , direction of induced
voltage in ab reverses. Similarly in CD as well.
Some of the terms
• In general, emf in any real machine will depend on
the three factors

1) Flux in the machine


2) Speed of rotation
3) A constant depends on construction of machine
Getting DC Voltage out of rotating
loop
• Condition: Every time voltage of loop switches
direction, contacts also switch connections. So,
output of contacts are built up in same way.
Induced Torque in Loop
The force on a segment of the
loop
Torque induced in the loop
• Suppose a battery is connected to the rotating
machine. To determine the torque, each segment is
considered separately and added.

• Segment AB: Current from Battery is directed out of


page. Field is radially out of the surface of rotor.
• Θ is the angle between r and F.
• Segment BC: Current flows from upper left to lower
right.

Torque is zero
• Segment CD: Current from battery is directed into
page. Magnetic field is pointing radially into the rotor.
• Segment DA: The force induced is zero, as in case of
BC.
• In general, torque in any real machine will depend
on the three factors

1) Flux in the machine


2) Current in the machine
3) A constant depends on construction of machine

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