Applied Physics.

Assignment.

Submitted to: Mr. Muhammad Aftab.

Submitted by: Mr. Ali Husnain.
Ripple Factor:
The ripple factor is defined as,
The ratio of the RMS value of an alternating current component in the rectified output to the average value
of rectified output.
The ripple factor is denoted as γ. It is a dimensionless quantity and always has a value less than unity.
Ripple Factor = RMS value of AC Component / RMS value of DC component
Thus the, R.F = I (AC) / I (DC)

Why Ripple is present?

When the rectification happens by rectifier circuit there is no way to get 100% pure DC output. Some
fluctuating AC components are always present in the output of the rectifier. A rectifier circuit is including
some diodes or thyristor. Ripple is depended upon the uses of these elements in a rectifier circuit.

Let see with the example of single phase full wave rectifier. Here we use four diodes in a circuit and we get
the output as shown in the figure.

Here we expected from the rectifier for the pure DC output waveform but we get some pulsating AC
waveform which called ripple in output. By uses of some filter in the circuit, we can able to get nearly DC
waveform and can reduce ripple in output.

Ripple:
A ripple is defined as the fluctuating AC component in the rectified DC output.

The rectified DC output could be either DC current or DC voltage. When the fluctuating AC component is
present in DC current it is known as the current ripple while the fluctuating AC component in DC voltage is
known as the voltage ripple.
Ripple Factor Formula:
The ripple factor formula is defined in terms of the RMS value and the average value of the rectifier output. It is
given as:

𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟,
𝐼𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐

Derivation of Ripple Factor Formula:

From the definition of ripple factor, we know that there are two parameters that need to be determined:

• RMS value of the ripple present in either rectifier output current or output voltage.
• The average value of the output of the rectifier for one time period, T.

Ripple is given as the difference between the actual output and the expected DC output. The mathematical
expression is:

Ripple = iL – Idc = vL – Vdc Where, iL is

the output current vL is the output voltage

Idc is the average value of the load current

Vdc is the average value of the load voltage

The RMS value of voltage ripple is given as:

1 𝑇
=√ ∫ (𝑖𝐿 − 𝐼𝑑𝑐 )2 𝑑
𝑅𝑀𝑆𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑇 0 (𝜔𝑡)

However, we know that the effective value of the load current is given as:

1 𝑇
(𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) = √ ∫ ( 𝑖𝐿 ) 2 𝑑
𝑇 0 (𝜔𝑡)

Therefore,

RMS value of ripple is given as:

 2
1 𝑇
= √ (𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) + ∫ [(𝐼𝑑𝑐 )2 − 2(𝑖𝐿 )(𝐼𝑑𝑐 )]𝑑
𝑇 0 (𝜔𝑡)

2
1 𝑇 2
2𝐼( 𝑑𝑐 ) 𝑇
= √ (𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) + ∫ [(𝐼𝑑𝑐 ) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) − ( )∫ ( 𝑖𝐿 ) 𝑑
𝑇 0 𝑇 0 (𝜔𝑡)

The average value is given as:

1 𝑇
= √ ∫ (𝑖𝐿 )𝑑
𝐼𝑑𝑐 𝑇 0 (𝜔𝑡)

The second integration will be equal to Idc:

𝑅𝑀𝑆𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒

But ωt = T

Therefore,

𝑅𝑀𝑆𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 = √(𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠)2 + (𝐼𝑑𝑐)2 − 2(𝐼𝑑𝑐)2

We know that the ripple factor is equal to the ratio of RMS value and the average value of the rectifier output,
which is given as:

𝐼𝑑𝑐

𝑉𝑑𝑐

Ripple Factor of Half Wave Rectifier:

From the formula of ripple factor, we know that
 Γ = √(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠)2 − 1
𝑉𝑑𝑐

Rearranging the above equation, we get the ripple factor of half wave rectifier as:
2 2
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝐼𝑑𝑐
Γ= = 1.21
𝐼𝑑𝑐

Ripple Factor of Full Wave Rectifier:

From the formula of ripple factor, we know that

Γ = √(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠)2 − 1
𝑉𝑑𝑐

Substituting the values we get the ripple factor of full-wave rectifier as:

Γ = √(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠)2 − 1 = 0.48
𝑉𝑑𝑐
Power Supply:
Power supplies are devices or systems that convert electrical power from one form to another to provide
power to electronic devices or systems. They take electrical energy from a power source, such as a wall outlet
or a battery, and convert it into a form suitable for powering the components of electronic devices.

Types of Power Supplies:

1. Linear Power Supply:

Linear power supplies represent one of the earliest and simplest power supply types. They operate by
converting AC voltage from the mains into a regulated DC voltage of lower magnitude. Here's a concise
portrayal of their functioning:

Rectification: AC voltage from the mains undergoes rectification via diodes, transforming it into pulsating
DC.

Filtering: Capacitors are employed to smooth out the pulsations in DC, reducing ripple.

Regulation: A voltage regulator ensures a consistent output voltage irrespective of variations in input voltage
or changes in load.

Linear power supplies offer simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and low output noise, rendering them suitable for
a myriad of applications. Nonetheless, they exhibit lower efficiency and generate more heat compared to
other variants.

2. Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS):

Switched-mode power supplies, or SMPS, have gained prominence owing to their efficiency and compact
design. Unlike linear power supplies, SMPS utilize high-frequency switching circuits to regulate output
voltage. Here's a succinct rundown of their operation:

Rectification and Filtering: Similar to linear supplies, AC voltage is rectified and filtered.

Chopping: DC voltage is rapidly toggled on and off at high frequencies using a semiconductor switch
(typically a transistor).

Transformation: The high-frequency AC voltage is passed through a transformer to step it up or down.

Rectification and Filtering (again): The transformed AC voltage undergoes rectification and filtering once
more to yield a stable DC output.

SMPS are renowned for their superior efficiency and lightweight construction, making them ideal for
applications prioritizing energy efficiency and size, such as laptops, smartphones, and LED lighting.
3. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS):
Uninterruptible Power Supplies, or UPS, are engineered to furnish backup power during mains power failures
or voltage fluctuations. They typically incorporate a battery, charger, and inverter to ensure uninterrupted
power supply. Here's a brief overview of their functionality:

Battery Charging: During availability of mains power, the UPS charges its internal battery, ensuring
readiness for utilization during outages.

Voltage Regulation: UPS systems often integrate voltage regulation circuits to stabilize the output voltage
and shield connected devices from voltage spikes or sags.

Inverter Operation: In the event of a power outage, the UPS switches to battery power and utilizes an
inverter to convert DC power from the battery into AC power, thus providing continuous electricity to
connected devices.

UPS systems are indispensable for critical applications such as data centers, hospitals, and
telecommunications facilities, where even momentary power loss can entail significant consequences.

Conclusion:
Power supplies manifest in diverse types, each tailored for specific applications based on factors such as
efficiency, size, and reliability. Linear power supplies offer simplicity and affordability but sacrifice
efficiency. Switched-mode power supplies boast superior efficiency and compactness, ideal for portable
devices. Uninterruptible Power Supplies ensure uninterrupted power supply during outages, a vital
requirement for sensitive equipment and applications. A comprehensive understanding of these distinctions
is pivotal for selecting the appropriate power supply for any given application.