Module 1, 2, 3, Midterms : Power Supply an Voltage

multipliers, Voltage regulator

Module1, Design of Power Supply

A. Block diagram of regulated power supply

B. Ripple and ripple factor & wave for analysis

C. Design of unfiltered and filtered power

supply
D. Voltage Multipliers
 Module 2
C. Design
•C. Design of unfiltered
of unfiltered and filtered power
and filtered power
• supply
supply
•D. Voltage Multipliers
D. Voltage Multipliers
 Module 3
C. Design
•C. Design power
of unfiltered supply
and filtered power Regulators
• supply
•D. Voltage Multipliers
Module 4, 5, 6: Power Electronics, Input output transducers,
Interfacing,PLC, Security Surveillance. (Finals)
A. SCR /SCS
B. UJT/ PUJT
C. DIAC
D. TRIACS
E. Input output transducers, Interfacing,
PLC, Security Surveillance, Audio video &
Data Acquisition.
Module4.
A. SCR /SCS
B. UJT/ PUJT
MODULE 5
C. DIAC
D. TRIACS
6: Input output transducers, Interfacing,
PLC, Security Surveillance.
Input output transducers,
Interfacing, PLC, Security
Surveillance
 Power supply

•Power supply is a reference to a source of

electrical power.

•A device or system that supplies electrical or other

types of energy to an output load or group of loads is
called a power supply unit or PSU.

•The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy

supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to
others.
 Electrical power supplies

• Batteries
• Chemical fuel cells and other forms of
energy storage systems

• Solar power

• Generators or alternators
 Power supply types

Power supplies for electronic

devices can be broadly divided
into:
• linear and
• switching power supplies.
 Linear power supply

An AC powered linear power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage
from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, usually a lower voltage. If it is used to produce
DC, a rectifier is used. A capacitor is used to smooth the pulsating current from the
rectifier. Some small
 Switching power supply

A computer's switched mode power supply unit.

A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) works on a different principle. AC mains input is directly rectified without the use of a
transformer, to obtain a DC voltage. This voltage is then sliced into small pieces by a high-speed electronic switch. The size of these
slices grows larger as power output requirements increase.
Important parts:
Transformer
Electronic switch
Rectifiers
Filters
Regulators
Crowbar circuits
 Types of power supply
• Programmable power supply – ac/dc, output
varied remotely
• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
• High-voltage power supply – more than
hundreds or thousand
• universal power supply- ac/dc out, reg. /
unreg.out, high / low Vout
Polarity
 Overload Protection

• Fuses
• Circuit breakers
• Series resistors
 Terminology

• SCP:Short circuit protection

• OPP:Overpower (overload) protection
• OCP:Overcurrent protection
• OTP:Overtemperature protection
• OVP:Overvoltage protection
• UVP:Undervoltage protection
• UPS:Uninterruptable Power Supply
• PSU:Power Supply Unit
• APSU:Alarm Power Supply Unit
Power Supply Block diagram
Linear power supply
 SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY
Ac in rectifier filter
Frequency
A
converter

A
 Important PS parts
• Transformer
• Rectifier
• Smoothing
• Regulator
Circuit diagram
Dual Supplies
 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
• Transformer only

• The low voltage AC output is suitable for

lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not
suitable for electronic circuits unless they
include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.
• Transformer + Rectifier

• The varying DC output is suitable for lamps,

heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for
electronic circuits unless they include a
smoothing capacitor.
• Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing +
Regulator

• The regulated DC output is very smooth with

no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.
• Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing +
Regulator

• The regulated DC output is very smooth with

no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.
 Transformer

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage

to another with little loss of power. Transformers
work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why
mains electricity is AC.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the
turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down
transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input)
coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and
a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give
a low output voltage.
power out = power in
Vp Np
  turns ratio =   =     and       
Vs Ns Vs × Is = Vp × Ip

Vs = secondary
Vp = primary (input) (output) voltage
  
voltage Ns = number of turns
Np = number of turns on on secondary coil
primary coil Is  = secondary
Ip  = primary (input) (output) current
current
 Rectifier

• There are several ways of connecting diodes to make

a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is
the most important and it produces full-wave
varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made
from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is
used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes
are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier
but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave
to produce half-wave varying DC.
Single diode rectifier
Center tapped rectifier
Bridge rectifier
 Smoothing

• Smoothing is performed by a large value

electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the
output when the varying DC voltage from the
rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the
unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the
smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges
quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then
discharges as it supplies current to the output.
FILTERING
 Smoothing capacitor
• C = 5 × Io 
Vs × f
• C  = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)
Io  = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak
value of the unsmoothed DC
f    = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz),
60Hz
Regulator
 

• Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically

5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are
also rated by the maximum current they can pass.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for
use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some
automatic protection from excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').
ZENER DIODE
• Zener diode regulator
• For low current power supplies a simple
voltage regulator can be made with a resistor
and a zener diode connected in reverse as
shown in the diagram. Zener diodes are rated
by their breakdown voltage Vz and maximum
power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).
 Recall
Sine wave Eave = o
Erms = Em / √2
Half wave Eave = Em / ∏
Sinusoidal Erms = Em / 2
Fullwave Eave = 2Em / ∏
Sinusoidal Erms = Em / √2
Rectangular wave Eave = Em / 2
Erms = Em / √2

Sawtooth wave Eave = Em / 2

Erms = Em / √3
 RIPPLE VOLTAGE
• An AC component of the rectified voltage.
• Voltage fluctuation above & below the
average value.
• Un necessary signal
 RIPPLE FACTOR (Kr)
Ripple factor is the figure of merit to measure
the smoothness of the rectified output
Filtered:
Erms of the Ripple
Kr = Total average voltage

E ac Erms Ripple
Kr = =
Edc ELave
• Unfiltered

Erms2
• Kr = -1
ELave2
• Where :
• Erms = (root mean square)effective value of
the total voltage or current(Eac)
• Elave = is the dc voltage or the average
component of the voltage or current.(Edc)
• Example:
• (filtered)
• Calculate the ripple factor of the ff. Filtered Wave
forms?
1. full wave sinusoidal (wave forms next slide)
2. Saw tooth signal (wave forms next slide)
3. A rectangular wave form (wave forms next slide)
4. Another saw tooth wave (wave forms next slide)
1. 11, 12 v

2. 10, 15

3. 20, 21

4. 40,43
 answer
1. Kr = 0.06076
2. Kr = 0.23
3. Kr = 0.03449
4. Kr = 0.0417
• Example:
• (unfiltered)
• Calculate the ripple factor of the ff. unfiltered
Wave forms? v
1. Half wave(pulsating) 60
2. Full wave(pulsating) 40 30
20
3. See the figure
π 2π
 answer
•1.   Kr = 1.213
2. Kr = 0. 48
3. Kr = 1.145
Eave = Em
EaveT =
Erms = ⎷(
 Sawtooth & Square Wave
a) Average voltage

Eave1 = ) dwt

Eave 2 = Em
1 2 a
π 2π
Eave2 =
 Sawtooth & Square Wave
•b)  RMS VOLTAGE

Erms1 = )2dwt

Erms2 =
 Sine wave, and sawtooth
a) Average voltage:

Eave1 = ) dwt
Em

Eave 2 = )dwt a
π 2π
 Sine wave, and sawtooth
b) RMS Voltage

Erms 1 = )2 dwt

0
 Example
The unfiltered power supply has the following
output wave form, calculate the ripple factor?

20
10
1 2
∏ 2∏
θ
 answer
Eave1 = 7.5
Eave2 = 5
EaveT = 12.5 V
Erms1 = 10.8 V
Erms2= 7.0711 V
ErmsT = 12.91 V
Kr = 0.26