Unit 2

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ANALOG INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS

UNIT- 2

FILTERS AND OSCILLATORS


FILTERS
A filter is a frequency selective circuit that allows only
a certain band of desired frequency components of an
input signal to pass through and attenuates the signal
of undesired components.

The filters are of two types


1. Analog Filters
2.Digital Filters

Analog filters are further classified as


(i). Passive filters
(ii).Active filters
Passive Filter:

The passive filters utilize only resistors, inductors


and capacitors.
An active network is a circuit obtained by
interconnecting passive elements and active
elements with transistors, diodes and operational
amplifiers

Active Filters:
An active filter uses an op-amp in order to minimize
the effect of loading on the frequency characteristics
of the filter.
Applications of filters:

(i).
Filter are widely used in communication,
signal processing and sophisticated electronic
instruments

(ii). The applications of filters also include the


suppression of power-line hum, reduction of
very low or high frequency interference and
noise bandwidth limiting and specialized
spectral shaping
Advantages of Active filters over
Passive filters
1.The maximum value of transfer function or gain may be greater
than unity
2. The loading effect is minimal , which means that the output
response of the filter is essentialy independent of the load driven by
the filter
3. The active filter do not exhibit insertion loss. Hence the passband
gain is equal to 0 dB
4.Complex filters can be realized without the use of inductors
5. Rapid , stable and economical design of filters for variety of
applications is possible.
6. The active filters are easily tunnable due to flexibility in gain and
frequency adjustment
7.The op-amp has high input impedance and low output impedance.
Hence, the active filters using op-amp do not cause loading effect on
the source and load. Therefore cascading of networks does not need
buffer amplifier.
8. Active filters for fixed frequency and variable frequency using
Limitations of Active Filters over
passive Filters:
1. The high frequency response is limited by the
gain –bandwidth product and slew rate of the
practical op-amps, leading to comparatively
lower bandwidth than the designed bandwidth.

2. The design of active filters becomes costly for


high frequency

3. Active filters require dual polarity dc power


supply whereas passive filters do not.

4. The active element is prone to process parameter


variations and they are sensitive to ambient
conditions like temperature.
Types of filters

1. Low pass Filter (LPF)


2. High pass Filter( HPF)
3. Band Pass Filter ( BPF)
4. Band Reject Filter also called as Band Reject filter or Not
Ideal characteristics of Filters
Practical Characteristics of filter
Transfer function of filters
First order Low pass filter
• Active filters may be of different orders and types.
• A first order filter consists of a single RC network
connected to the ( +) input terminal of a non-inverting op-
amp .
• Resistors R1 and Rf determine the gain of the filter in the
pass band
Some questions

1. What is the gain of a non-inverting amplifier?


2. Potential divison rule
ANALYSIS
Frequency Response of first order
LPF
Frequency
Response
HIGH PASS FILTER
Active High Pass Filter

• A first-order (single-pole) Active High Pass Filter as its


name implies, attenuates low frequencies and passes
high frequency signals.
• It consists simply of a passive filter section followed by
a non-inverting operational amplifier. The frequency
response of the circuit is the same as that of the
passive filter, except that the amplitude of the signal is
increased by the gain of the amplifier.
• For a non-inverting amplifier the value of the pass
band voltage gain is given as 1 + R2/R1, the same as for
the low pass filter circuit.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
• In the stop band (from 100Hz to 1kHz), the
gain increases at a rate of 20dB/decade.
• However, in the pass band after the cut-off
frequency, ƒC = 1kHz, the gain remains constant
at 6.02dB.
• The upper-frequency limit of the pass band is
determined by the open loop bandwidth of the
operational amplifier used as we discussed
earlier. Then the bode plot of the filter circuit
will look like this.,
Second Order Active Filter
• An improved filter response
can be obtained by using a
second order active filter.
• A second order filter
consists of two RC pairs and
has a roll-off rate of -40
dB/decade.
• A general second order filter
(Shallen-Key filter) is shown
in Figure.
• The result derived here can
be used for analyzing low
pass and high pass filters
Second Order Low-pass Filter
• This second order low pass filter
circuit has two RC networks, R1 –
C1 and R2 – C2 which give the
filter its frequency response
properties.
• The filter design is based around
a non-inverting op-amp
configuration, so the filters
gain, A will always be greater
than 1.
• Also the op-amp has a high input
impedance which means that it
can be easily cascaded with
other active filter circuits to give
more complex filter designs.
Second Order HighPass Filter
• As with the passive filter, a first-
order high pass active filter can
be converted into a second-order
high pass filter simply by using an
additional RC network in the
input path.
• The frequency response of the
second-order high pass filter is
identical to that of the first-order
type except that the stop band
roll-off will be twice the first-
order filters at 40dB/decade.
• Therefore, the design steps
required of the second-order
active high pass filter are the
same.
Band Pass Filter
• A band-pass filter is a circuit which is designed to
pass signals only in a certain band of frequencies
while attenuating all signals outside this band. The
parameters of importance in a bandpass filter are
the high and low cut-off frequencies (fH and fl), the
bandwidth (BW), the centre frequency fc, centre-
frequency gain, and the selectivity or Q.
• There are basically two types of bandpass filters
wide bandpass filters narrow bandpass filters.
• However, a bandpass filter is defined as a wide
bandpass if its figure of merit or quality factor Q is
less than 10 while the bandpass filters with Q > 10
are called the narrow bandpass filters.
Thus Q is a measure of selectivity, meaning the higher
the value of Q the more selective is the filter, or the
narrower is the bandwidth (BW). The relationship
between Q, 3-db bandwidth, and the centre frequency
fc is given by an equation
Narrow Band Pass Filters
• If the value of quality
factor is greater than ten
then the pass
band is narrow and band
width of the pass band is
also less. This band pass
filter is called as Narrow
Band Pass Filter.
• It uses only one active
component (op-amp)
rather than two and this
op-amp is in inverting
configuration.Feb 7, 2019
Narrow Band pass Filter
The input is applied to the inverting input
terminal. This shows that the Op-amp is
in inverting configuration. This filter
circuit produces narrow band pass filter
response.

• The cut-off frequencies of the


filter circuit are fC1 = 1 /
(2πR1C1) and fC2 = 1 / (2πR2C2)

• The voltage gain of the above


filter circuit is AV = – R2 / R1
Wide Bandpass Filter
• A bandpass filter is defined as a
wide bandpass if its figure of
merit or quality factor Q is less
than 10
• A wide bandpass filter can be
formed by simply cascading
high-pass and low-pass sections
• a wide bandpass filter the
centre frequency can be defined
as where fH and fL are
respectively the high and low
cut-off frequencies in Hz.
Frequency Response
• A ± 20 db/ decade bandpass filter, a
first-order high-pass and a first-order
low-pass sections are cascaded;
for a ± 40 db/decade bandpass filter,
second-order high- pass filter and a
second-order low-pass filter are
connected in series, and so on.
It means that, the order of the
bandpass filter is governed by the
order of the high-pass and low-pass
filters it consists of. A ± 20 db/decade
wide bandpass filter composed of a
first-order high-pass filter and a first-
order low-pass filter.
Band Reject Filter
• A band reject filter also called a
band stop filter or band
elimination filter.
• Narrow band reject filter and wide
band reject filter
• Narrow band reject filter is
commonly called a notch filter
and is useful for the rejection of a
single frequency.
• There are several way to make
notch filter. One simple technique
is to subtract the band pass filter
output from its input.
OSCILLATORS
• An oscillator is a circuit which produces a
continuous, repeated, alternating waveform
without any input.
• The oscillator converts the direct current from
the power supply to an alternating current and
they are used in many of the electronic devices.
The signals used in the oscillators are a sine wave
and the square wave.
• Types of sine wave oscillators are
• RC phase shift oscillator
• Wein bridge oscillator
RC phase shift oscillator
• A phase-shift oscillator is a linear
electronic oscillator circuit that
produces a sine wave output.
• It consists of an inverting
amplifier element such as a
transistor or op amp with its
output fed back to its input
through a phase-shift network
consisting of resistors and
capacitors in a ladder network.
• The feedback network 'shifts'
the phase of the amplifier output
by 180 degrees at the oscillation
frequency to give positive
feedback.
• Phase-shift oscillators are often
used at audio frequency as audio
oscillators.
Wein bridge oscillator
• One of the simplest sine wave
oscillators which uses a RC network in
place of the conventional LC tuned
tank circuit to produce a sinusoidal
output waveform, is called a Wien
Bridge Oscillator.
• The Wien Bridge Oscillator is so called
because the circuit is based on a
frequency-selective form of the
Wheatstone bridge circuit.
• The Wien Bridge oscillator is a two-
stage RC coupled amplifier circuit that
has good stability at its resonant
frequency, low distortion and is very
easy to tune making it a popular
circuit as an audio frequency oscillator
• The feedback signal in this circuit is
connected to the non-inverting input
terminal so that the op-amp is
working as a non-inverting amplifier.
• The circuit can be viewed as a Wien
bridge with a series RC network in
one arm and a parallel RC network in
the adjoining arm.
• Resisters R1 and Rf are connected in
the remaining two arms
• The condition of Zero phase shift
around the circuit is achieved by
balancing the bridge.
• The output ac signal of the op-amp is
fed back to point A of the bridge.
• The feedback signal, V1 across the
parallel combination R2C2 is applied
to the non-inverting input terminal of
the ap-amp.
MULTIVIBRATORS
• A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to
implement a variety of simple two-state devices
such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops.
• It is classified into two types. Astable
multivibrator and Monostable multivibrator.
• Monostable multivibrator is also called as one
shot multivibrator.
• Astable multivibrator is also called as free running
multivibrator.
Astable Multivibrator(Square Wave
Generator)
• Free running multivibrator, The principle of
generation of square wave output is to force an
op-amp to operate in the saturation region.
• It has 2 quasi stable state. That is no stable state.
• Circuit condition to oscillate between 2 quasi
stable state.
• No external signal is required to produced the
changes in state.
• The component values used to decide the time
for which circuit remains in each state.
Monostable Multivibrator
• Monostable multivibrator has one stable state
and other is quasi stable state.
• The circuit is useful for generating single
output pulse of adjustable time duration in
response to a triggering signal.
• The width of the output pulse depends only
on external components connected to the op-
amp.
Precision Rectifier
• The precision rectifier, also known as a super
diode, is a configuration obtained with an
operational amplifier in order to have a circuit
behave like an ideal diode and rectifier.
• Applications
• Half- wave rectifier
• Full- wave rectifier
• Peak- value detector
• Clipper
• Clamper
Half Wave Rectifier
Full Wave Rectifier
• For positive input , i.e. Vi > 0, diode D1 is on and
D2 is off.
• Both the op-amp A1 and A2 act as inverter as shown
in equivalent circuit in fig. It can be seen that V0 = Vi
For negative input , i.e. Vi < 0, diode D1 is off and D2
is on.
The equivalent circuit shown in figure.
Let the output voltage of op-amp A1 be V. Since the
differential input to A2 is zero , the inverting input
terminal is also at voltage V,

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