IT Systems Components

Lecture 4: Virtual environments and cloud computing

Chapter Objectives

Topic Title Topic Objective

Cloud Computing Explain the importance of cloud computing.

Virtualization Explain the importance of virtualization.

Describe the virtualization of network devices and

Virtual Network Infrastructure
services.
Agenda

01 Remember

02 Virtualizatio

03
n
Data Center
Cloud

04 Computing
and
Services
05 Summary
 1
Remember
Hardware and Software
q Do you use a smartphone, laptop or home computer?
qSmartphones, laptops or home computers are hardware.
q Similar to how your brain controls your actions,
software controls hardware
qThere are different types of software that control
computer actions
Hardware
Processor • Also called CPU (Central Processing Unit)

RAM • Random Access Memory

ROM • Non-volatile memory that stores BIOS.

• BIOS is type of software responsible for turning on (booting) computer.

Motherboard • Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that holds processor, RAM, ROM, network and Input/output
(I/O) and other components.

Chipset • Collection of microchips on motherboard that manage specific functions

Storage • A persistent (non-volatile) storage device such as a Hard Drive Disk or Solid State Drive
Software
q System software is necessary for hardware to function.
qOperating system controls the hardware.
qApplication software tells your system to execute a task
you want.
This Lecture covers 3 topics
Private Data center
Data Centers
Lease space
Lecture Topics

Public Cloud.

Cloud Computing Private Cloud. SaaS: Office 365

Cloud Services PaaS: Java or .Net Servers

plateform.

IaaS: Virtual Storage

computing

Type1 Networking
Virtualization Hypervisors
Type 2
 2
Virtualization
Virtualization
qNow that you are aware of the roles of hardware and
software, the concept of virtualization will be easier to grasp.
qVirtualization is the “layer” of technology that goes between
the physical hardware of a device and the operating system to
create one or more copies of the device.
What is Virtualization?
qVirtualization is the ability to run multiple operating systems on a single
physical system and share the underlying hardware resources.
qIt is the process by which one computer hosts the appearance of many
computers.
qVirtualization is used to improve IT throughput and costs by using physical
resources as a pool from which virtual resources can be allocated.
 Why learn virtualization?

1 Modern computing is more efficient due to virtualization

Virtualization can be used for mobile, personal and

2 cloud computing.
Virtualization
Benefits
3 One major advantage of virtualization is overall reduced
cost: Less (equipment ,energy , and space) is required

4 Increased server uptime Improved disaster recovery

and Legacy support
What is a Virtual Machine VM?
qVirtualization creates virtual hardware by replicating
physical hardware.
qThe hypervisor uses virtual hardware to create a virtual
machine (VM).
qA VM is a set of files.
qWith a hypervisor and VMs, one computer can run
multiple OS simultaneously
What is a Hypervisor?
qA hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM, is
software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs).
qA hypervisor allows one host computer to support multiple guest
VMs by virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and
processing.
qSoftware installed on top of hardware that created virtualization layer:
§ Type 1 Hypervisor – Bare metal hypervisor (VMware ESXi).
§ Type 2 Hypervisor – Hosted hypervisor (VMware Workstation).
Type 1 Hypervisors
q Type 1 hypervisors are also called the “bare metal” approach because the
hypervisor is installed directly on the hardware.
q Type 1 hypervisors are usually used on enterprise servers and data center
networking devices.
q With Type 1 hypervisors, the hypervisor is installed directly on the server or
networking hardware. Then, instances of an OS are installed on the hypervisor, as
shown in the figure.
q Type 1 hypervisors have direct access to the hardware resources. Therefore, they
are more efficient than hosted architectures. Type 1 hypervisors improve
scalability, performance, and robustness.
Type 2 Hypervisors
• A Type 2 hypervisor is software that creates and runs VM
instances.
• The computer, on which a hypervisor is supporting one or
more VMs, is a host machine. Type 2 hypervisors are also
called hosted hypervisors.
• A big advantage of Type 2 hypervisors is that management
console software is not required.
Benefits of hypervisors
qSpeed: Hypervisors allow virtual machines to be created instantly.
qEfficiency: Hypervisors that run several virtual machines on one
physical machine’s resources also allow for more efficient utilization
of one physical server.
qFlexibility: Bare-metal hypervisors allow operating systems and
their associated applications to run on a variety of hardware types.
qPortability: Because the virtual machines that the hypervisor runs
are independent from the physical machine, they are portable.
 3
The Data Centers
What is a Data Center?
q Hardware infrastructure that supports virtualization.
q Focus is on processing large amounts of data.
q What are the three main components?
03
Netwo
01
Comp

02
Stora
ute

ge

rks
Compute Systems
q Hardware and operating system software that runs applications.
q Difference between a PC and a server
§ PCs have user-friendly interface and request services.
§ Servers focus on running programs and provide services.
qTypes of servers:
§ Tower.
§ Blade server.
§ Rack-mounted server.
Storage
qData center storage provides two features: Availability and Redundancy.
q RAID: Redundant Array of Independent Disks
§ Hard drives linked together to create a large volume of redundant
storage.
§ Three methods of writing to RAID:
• Mirroring.
• Striping
• Parity
Storage - Block vs. File Level
q Block-Level Storage – Data is written to and accessed from storage volumes
(blocks).
q File-Level Storage – Data is written to disks but accessed from default file
system.
Types of Data Center Storage
q Direct-attached storage (DAS) – Storage device is directly attached to a
server (block-level).
q Network Data Storage (NAS) – Storage device is attached to a network,
servers on the network can access device (file-level).
q Storage Area Networks (SAN) – Clustered storage devices on their own
network that servers can connect to (block-level).
Networks
qTransfer data across the data center so devices can communicate.
qWhat type of hardware is used for networking?
 4
Cloud Computing (CC)
Cloud Definition
Cloud computing is a model for enabling everywhere,
convenient, on-demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly supplied and released with
minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.
Cloud Overview
Cloud computing addresses a variety of data management
issues:
§ Enables access to organizational data anywhere and at any time.
§ Simplify the organization’s IT operations by subscribing only to needed
services.
§ Eliminates or reduces the need for onsite IT equipment, maintenance,
and management.
§ Reduces cost for equipment, energy, physical plant requirements, and
personnel training needs.
§ Enables rapid responses to increasing data volume requirements.
 CLOUD COMPONENTS
1. Clients:
• Mobile - Thin (Just view, lets servers do all work) – Thick (Laptops, desktop).
• Which is the best? Thin - lower costs, security, power consumption.
2. Data Center – Facility used to house computer systems and associated components.
3. Distributed servers:
• Compute nodes: Provides CPU, Memory, Storage, and Networking resources through virtualized
interfaces.
• Storage nodes: Compute nodes only provide temporary storage space for users/applications
• Administrative nodes: Provides “hidden” back-end services such as security/firewalls.

server ted
02

Distri
Cente

03
Client

Data
01

bu
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rs
s
Cloud Services
The three main cloud computing services are as follows:
q Software as a Service (SaaS) - The cloud provider is responsible for access to
applications and services that are delivered over the internet.
• Consumer Applications Such as Google Docs
q Platform as a Service (PaaS) - The cloud provider is responsible for providing
users access to the development tools and services used to deliver the
applications.
• For Developers (one or two programming languages)
q Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - The cloud provider is responsible for giving IT
managers access to the network equipment, virtualized network services, and
supporting network infrastructure [on demand creation of server resources].
q IT as a Service (ITaaS): IT Professionals support applications, platforms and
infrastructure.
Cloud Services

Consumer
Applications

For
Developers

On demand
Resources
Cloud Service Providers
Cloud Models
There are four primary cloud models:
q Public clouds - Cloud-based applications and services made available to the general
population.
q Private clouds - Cloud-based applications and services intended for a specific
organization or entity, such as the government.
q Hybrid clouds - A hybrid cloud is made up of two or more clouds (example: part private,
part public), where each part remains a separate object, but both are connected using a
single architecture.
q Community clouds - A community cloud is created for exclusive use by a specific
community. The differences between public clouds and community clouds are the
functional needs that have been customized for the community. For example, healthcare
organizations must remain compliant with policies and laws that require special
authentication and confidentiality.
Cloud Computing Vs. Data Center
These are the correct definitions of data center and cloud computing:
q Data center: Typically, a data storage and processing facility run by an in-
house IT department or leased offsite. Data centers are typically very
expensive to build and maintain.
q Cloud computing: Typically, an off-premise service that offers on-demand
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. These resources
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort.

Data centers are the physical facilities that provide the compute, network, and
storage needs of cloud computing services. Cloud service providers use data
centers to host their cloud services and cloud-based resources.
Cloud Computing Vs. Data Center

Cloud
Cloud computing
computing is
is often a service
possible
provided by data
because of
centers.
data centers.
Virtualization and cloud computing
• The terms “cloud computing” and “virtualization” are often used
interchangeably; however, they mean different things.
• Virtualization is the foundation of cloud computing. Without it, cloud
computing, as it is most-widely implemented, would not be possible.
• Virtualization separates the operating system (OS) from the
hardware. Various providers offer virtual cloud services that can
dynamically provision servers as required. These virtualized
instances of servers are created on demand.
CC: Opportunities and Challenges
• The use of the cloud provides several opportunities:
q It enables services to be used without any understanding of their
infrastructure.

q Cloud computing works using economies of scale (H.W, S.W, Maintenance)

q Data and services are stored remotely but accessible from “anywhere”.
CC: Opportunities and Challenges

• In parallel there has been backlash against cloud computing:

– Use of cloud computing means dependence on others and that could possibly
limit flexibility and innovation.
– Security could prove to be a big issue.
– There are also issues relating to policy and access:
• If your data is stored abroad whose policy do you adhere to?
• What happens if the remote server goes down?
• How will you then access files?
• There have been cases of users being locked out of accounts and losing access
to data.
Advantages of CC
Lower costs Instant
(H.W, S.W, Improved Reduced
performance software costs software
Maintenance) updates

Improved Unlimited Universal

document storage Increased data document
format capacity reliability access
compatibility

Excellent Easier group Device Mobility

accessibility. collaboration. independence.

Services in the
pay-per-use Data security.
model.

38
Disadvantages of CC

Internet Connectivity Vendor lock-in Vulnerability to attacks

Network connectivity
dependency (Does not Downtime Limited Control
work well with low-
speed connections)

Security (Stored data

might not be secure)

39
Summary
Summary
Define the following Terms
• Cloud computing • Virtualization
• Software as a service (SssS) • Abstraction layers
• Platform as a service (PaaS) • Type 1 hypervisor
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) • Type 2 hypervisor
• IT as a service (ITaaS)
• Public clouds.
• Private clouds.
• Hybrid clouds.
• Community clouds.
THANKS!
Best Regards!