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Structural Analysis II
Module 2
 Building Frames
Lateral Load Analysis-by
Approximate Methods
Portal Method
And
Cantilever Method
 Lateral load analysis
• Horizontal load-Wind force,
Seismic force
• Induce – direct forces on
columns
– Tensile force on windward
columns
– Compressive force on leeward
columns
– Zero force on axial columns
(lying on the axis of symmetry)
if any
– Induce BM in all the members
of the frame
 Lateral load analysis-General
assumptions
• It is assumed that, horzl
forces are transferred to
joints, where the beams and
exterior columns on the
windward side meet
• Effects-comparatively small
in most of the cases
(exceptions- severe EQ and
Strong Winds)
Portal Method(Approximate method)
Specific assumptions
• The horizontal forces act on joints (general
one)
• The points of contra-flexure in all the
members lie at their midpoints-behave as
internal hinges
• Horizontal shear taken by each interior
column is double the horizontal shear taken
by each exterior column
 Portal Method
Internal forces
• Moment
• Shear Force
• Axial thrust
Portal Method
Problem1: Using portal method, analyse the BF
subjected to horizontal forces . Sketch the BMD.
Step1: Free body diagram with points of
contraflexure
Step2: SF in Columns -Top storey

-Pass a section through O1, O2 , O3 • Apply simple principles

-Consider part of the frame lying of mechanics
above the section line(or part of the
frame which is easy to analyse) • 40=S1+2S1+S1
• S1=10 kN
• Shear in the outer
columns=10 kN
• Shear in the inner
column=20 kN

For the part of the column lying above the point of

contraflexure , assume for shear, and for the
part of the column below the contraflexure, take
for shear.
Step2: SF in columns-Bottom storey

40+80=S2+2S2+S2
S2=30 kN

•Shear in the outer

columns=30 kN

•Shear in the inner

column=60 kN
Step3: BM in columns-Top storey
Column shear induces column moments

Moment due to
S1=10*h/2=10*3.5/2=17.5 kNm
MGD =17.5 kNm

Moment due to 2S1=

20*h/2=10*3.5/2 = 35 kNm
MHE= 35 kNm

Moment due to S1=17.5kNm

MIF=17.5 kNm
Step3: BM in columns-Top storey
Column shear induces column moments

• MGD=MDG=17.5
• MHE=MEH=35
• MIF=MFI=17.5
Step3: BM in columns-Bottom storey
Column shear induces column moments

• MDA=30*5/2=-75 kNm
anticlockwise

• MEB=60*5/2=-150 kNm
anticlockwise

• MFC=30*5/2=-75kNm
anticlockwise
Step3: BM in columns-Bottom storey
Column shear induces column moments

• MDA=MAD=-75kNm

• MEB=MBE=-150 kNm

• MFC=MCF=-75 kNm
 Step4: SF and BM in Beams
Top Beam GH
• Beam Shear V1
• M=0
=10*1.75-V1*2.5=0
V1=7kN

• Beam Moment
FBD of the part of the frame
between O1and O7
MGH(only due to beam
shear)
To the left of the point of • Moment due to beam
contraflexure , assume for shear=V1*2.5=7*2.5=
beam shear, and to the
right, take for shear.
=17.5kNm
• MGH=17.5kNm =MHG
Step4: SF and BM in Beams
Top Beam HI

• Beam Shear V2
• M=0 at H
• -V2*3.75-
7*2.5+20*1.75=0
FBD of the part of the frame • V2=4.67 kN
between O7, O2 and O8
• Beam Moment MHI
• Moment due to V2
=4.67*3.75=17.5
• MHI =17.5 kNm =MIH
Step4: SF and BM in Beams
Bottom Beam DE

• Beam shear V3
• MD=0
=10*1.75+30*2.5-V3*2.5
V3=37 kN
• Beam Moment MDE(due to
beam shear)
• Moment due to V3
=37*2.5=92.5 kNm
FBD of the part of the frame • MDE=92.5 kNm = MED
between O1, O4 and O9
Step4: SF and BM in Beams
Bottom Beam EF
• Beam Shear V4
• ME=0
=20*1.75-
37*2.5+60*2.5-V4*3.75
V4=24.67 kN
• Beam Moment MEF(Due
to beam shear V4)
• Moment due to
V4=24.67*3.75=92.5 kNm
• MEF=92.5 kNm MFE
FBD of the part of the frame
between O2, O9, O5 and O10
Step5: Moment values and BMD
Step5: Moment values and BMD
(HW)Problem 2: Analyse the BF subjected to horizontal forces
as shown in figure (Use Portal Method).
(HW)Problem 3: Analyse the BF subjected to horizontal forces
as shown in figure (Use Portal Method).
Building Frames-
Lateral Load Analysis
Cantilever Method
 Cantilever Method-Assumptions
1. Point of contra-flexure in each member lies at its
mid-span or mid-height.
2. The direct stresses (axial stress) in the columns,
due to horizontal forces, are directly
proportional to their distance from the
centroidal vertical axis of the frame.
Cantilever Method
 Cantilever Method

V1
x1
a1
V2
a2 x 2

V3
x
a3 3

V4
a4 x 4
V1 / a1 V2 / a2 V3 / a3 V4 / a4
= = = = k n ....(1)
x1 x2 x3 x4

kn - Contant for a particular storey

2
7
 Cantilever Method

V1 = kna1x1
V x = k a x2
1 1 n 1 1

Σ V x = k Σ a x ....(2)
i i n
2
i i
Cantilever Method
But, P=H1+H2+H3+H4 ...(3)
Taking moments about the point of intersection of the vertical
centroidal axis and the top beam:
H1*h/2+H2*h/2+H3*h/2+H4*h/2 = V1x1+V2x2+V3x3+V4x4
Or
P*h/2= V1x1+V2x2+V3x3+V4x4 = ΣVixi ...(4)

M n = Σ Vi x i = k n Σ ai xi2 ....(5) Mn is the over turning

moment at a particular
storey level
 Cantilever Method
Analysis steps:
1. Mark the points of contra-flexure
2. Locate the centroidal axis of the column system
3. Calculation of storey constant and successive
determination of axial force in columns
4. Determination of beam shear and beam
moments
5. Determination of column moments
6. Bending moment diagram
Problem1:Analyse the BF by Cantilever method
Step1: FBD with points of contra-flexure
Step2: Location of centroidal axis of the column system

• Assume same c/snl area

for all the columns
• Taking moment about
left most line:
A*0+A*5+A*12.5=3A*x
x=5.83 m
x1=5.83 m
x2=5.83-5 = 0.83 m
x3=7.5-0.83 = 6.67 m
The first two columns will be under tension and the third column will be under
compression
Step3: Calculation of storey constant and successive
determination of axial force in columns-Top storey

• Over turning moment at

the mid-height of the
columns :
• Mn=40*3.5/2=70 kNm
M n = Σ Vi x i = k n Σ a x
2
i i

• Mn=kn aΣxi2
• akn=Mn/ Σxi2
=70/79.17=0.8841
Step3: Calculation of storey constant and successive
determination of axial force in columns-Top storey

Axial forces:
• Vi=kn*ai*xi
• V1=akn*x1=0.8841*5.83=5.154 kN
(tensile)

• V2=akn*x2=0.8841*0.83=0.734 kN
(tensile)

• V3=akn*x3=0.8841*6.67=5.89 kN
(Compressive)

13
Step3: Calculation of storey constant and successive
determination of axial force in columns-Bottom storey

• Over turning moment at the

mid-height of the columns :
• Mn=40*6+80*2.5=440kNm

M n = Σ Vi x i = k n Σ a x 2
i i

O1 O2 O3 • Mn=kn aΣxi2
• akn=Mn/ Σxi2
=440/79.17=5.558

14
Step3: Calculation of storey constant and successive
determination of axial force in columns-Bottom storey

• Axial forces:
• V4=akn*x1=5.558*5.83
=32.40kN (tensile)

• V5=akn*x2=5.558*0.83
=4.61 kN (tensile)

• V6=akn*x3=5.558*6.67
=37.218kN (Compressive)
Step4: Determination of beam shear
and beam moments
Step4: Determination of beam shear
and beam moments- Beam GH
O9
• Beam Shear F1
ΣFv=0
F1=5.154 kN
O4

• Beam Moment MGH

• Moment due to
F1=5.154*5/2=12.885 kNm
(anti-clockwise)
• MGH=12.885 kNm=MHG
(Clock-wise)
Step4: Determination of beam shear
and beam moments- Beam HI
O9 O10
• Beam Shear F2
ΣFv=0
O5
F2=5.89 kN

• Beam Moment MGH

• Moment due to
F2=5.89*7.5/2=22.09 kNm
(anti-clockwise)
• MHI=22.09 kNm =MIH
(Clock-wise)
Step4: Determination of beam shear
and beam moments- Beam DE
• Beam Shear F3
O4
ΣFv=0
F3=32.403-5.154=27.25 kN
O7

O1 • Beam Moment MDE

• Moment due to
F3=27.25*5/2=68.125 kNm
(anti-clockwise)
• MDE=68.125 kNm
=MED(Clock-wise)
Step4: Determination of beam shear
and beam moments- Beam EF
O6 • Beam Shear F4
ΣFv=0
O8 F4=37.218-5.89=31.33 kN

O3
• Beam Moment MEF
• Moment due to
F4=31.33*7.5/2=117.49kNm
(anti-clockwise)
• MEF=117.49 kNm
=MFE(Clock-wise)
Step5: Column moments
• Apply ΣM=0 at G; MGD=12.89,
anticlockwise, MGD=MDG
• Apply ΣM=0 at H;
MHE=12.89+22.09=34.98, anti-
clockwise, MHE=MEH
• Apply ΣM=0 at I; MIF=22.09,
anticlockwise, MIF=MFI
• Apply ΣM=0 at D;
MDA=68.13-12.89=55.24,
anticlockwise, MDA=MAD
• Apply ΣM=0 at E;
MEB=68.13+117.49-34.98=150.64
MEB=MBE, anticlockwise
• Apply ΣM=0 at F;
MFC=117.49-22.09=95.4,
anticlockwise, MFC=MCF
Step6:Moment values and BMD
Step6:Moment values and BMD
(HW) Problem No2: Analyse the BF using Cantilever
method. Given that the inner columns have twice
the area of c/s n as that of the outer columns.
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