Collage of Business and Economics

Management department

Course Tittle: Computer Application for

Management

Name of Students ID number

1, Amnauel Ashenafi UGR/5980/16

2, Amanuel Desse UGR/9667/16
3, Amanuel Yirga UGR/0195/16
4, Amanuel Mulugeta UGR/7600/16
5, Amanuel Kassahun UGR/7118/16
6, Asalif Girum UGR/6618/16
7, Asrat Habtamu UGR/4536/16
8, Fiker Mariam Tesfa UGR/5939/16

Submitted to: Belaynew A.

Submission Date: January 16, 2025,
 Computer Application for Management Group
Assignment

Table of content

1. Valuable information.....................................................................................................................1
2. Decision-making process..............................................................................................................1
3. Application of computers..............................................................................................................2
4. Strong password............................................................................................................................3
5. Generations of computer...............................................................................................................3
6. Application software.....................................................................................................................4
7. Core banking.................................................................................................................................6
8. Computer automation and unemployment....................................................................................9
9. Advantages and Disadvantages of social media..........................................................................10
10. Digital resources........................................................................................................................11
11. Computer And Human (User) Interact......................................................................................11
12. Advantages And Disadvantages of Computer Networks...........................................................12
13. Wired and Wireless Networks...................................................................................................13
14. Threats of Computer Networks or Internet...............................................................................15
15. Utility Software and Application Software Useful for Business...............................................16
References.......................................................................................................................................18

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1. Valuable information
 What is valuable information? Explain your answer with examples.
Valuable information is data that has been processed, organized, or structured in a way
that makes it useful for decision-making, problem-solving, or understanding a
particular situation. It is characterized by its relevance, accuracy, timeliness, and
applicability to specific contexts. For example:
1. Market Research Data: A company conducting market research gathers
data on consumer preferences and behaviors. This information becomes valuable
when it helps the company tailor its products to meet customer needs.
2. Medical Records: In healthcare, patient records contain vital information
about medical history and treatments. This data is invaluable for doctors making
informed decisions about patient care.
3. Financial Reports: For investors, financial statements of a company
provide insights into its performance and potential for growth. This information
aids in making investment decisions.

2. Decision-making process
 Is all available information relevant for your decision-making process? Why?
The decision-making process is a systematic approach used by managers and individuals to

evaluate options and select the best course of action to achieve a specific objective. It is a crucial

aspect of management as it directly impacts organizational success.

Not all available information is relevant for decision-making processes. Relevance

depends on several factors including the context of the decision, the specific goals of
the individual or organization, and the quality of the information itself.
For instance:
 Contextual Relevance: Information that may be critical in one scenario might
be irrelevant in another. For example, economic indicators are crucial for an investor
but may not matter to someone planning a wedding.
 Quality of Information: Misinformation or outdated data can lead to poor
decisions. For example, relying on old statistics about market trends can result in

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misguided business strategies.

 Information Overload: Too much information can complicate decision-
making rather than facilitate it. Filtering out noise and focusing on pertinent data is
essential.

3. Application of computers
 Briefly explain the application of computers in your field of study.
Computers play a crucial role in modern management, enabling efficient decision-
making, efficient operations, and improved communication. Here’s a brief overview
of their applications in various areas:
1. Data Management and Analytic
 Computers are used to store, process, and analyze vast amounts of data.
 Business Intelligence tools like Tableau and Power BI provide actionable
insights for strategic decision-making.
 Predictive analytic helps forecast market trends and customer behavior.
2. Project Management
 Applications like Microsoft Project and Asana aid in task scheduling, resource
allocation, and deadline tracking.
 Collaboration tools improve team coordination and communication.
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
 Software like Salesforce manages customer data, tracks interactions, and
automates marketing efforts.
 Enhances customer satisfaction by ensuring personalized and timely responses.
4. Financial Management
 Tools like Quick Books and SAP handle budgeting, invoicing, and payroll
processing.
 Financial analysis software assists in investment decisions and risk
management
5. Human Resource Management
 HR software like Workday or BambooHR automates recruitment, employee
performance tracking, and payroll processing.
 Facilitates better employee engagement and workforce management.
6. Communication and Collaboration
 Platforms like Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Zoom enable virtual meetings and
real-time communication.
 Enhances productivity by integrating teams across geographic locations.
7. Operations and Supply Chain Management
 ERP systems like SAP and Oracle optimize inventory management,
procurement, and logistics.
 Real-time tracking ensures better supply chain visibility and cost reduction.

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In management, computers enhance productivity, support data-driven decision-

making, and improve overall organizational efficiency. They are indispensable tools
for addressing the dynamic challenges of the modern business environment

4. Strong password
 What mean by strong password? Explain with example?
A strong password is a security measure designed to protect accounts from
unauthorized access by being difficult to guess or crack through brute force attacks.
Characteristics of a strong password include:
A. Length: At least 12 characters long.
B. Complexity: A mix of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and
special symbols (e.g., @#$%^&*).
C. Unpredictability: Avoiding common words or easily guessable patterns (like
“123456” or “password”).
For example: A strong password could be “G7! kL9@qW3#zX1”. This
password meets length requirements and includes various character types making it
significantly harder to crack compared to “password123”.

5. Generations of computer
 Write short review on generations of computer.
Computers have evolved significantly over the decades, each generation bringing
transformation changes in technology, performance, and capability. Here is a brief
review of the five primary generations of computers
The evolution of computers is categorized into five generations:
 First Generation (1940-1956): Utilized vacuum tubes for circuitry; examples
include ENIAC and UNIVAC.
 Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes; smaller
size and increased reliability characterized this generation (e.g., IBM 7094).
 Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated circuits emerged; this generation saw
significant advancements in speed and efficiency (e.g., IBM System/360).
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors were introduced; personal

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computers became widespread (e.g., Apple II).

 Fifth Generation (Present-Future): Focuses on artificial intelligence; aims at
developing machines that can learn from experiences.

Each generation reflects technological advancements leading to more powerful

computing capabilities and shaping the modern digital era.

Summary Table

Generation Technology Used Characteristics Example

Computers
1st Generation Vacuum Tubes Bulky, slow, and heat- ENIAC,
intensive UNIVAC
2nd Generation Transistors Smaller,faster,more IBM 1401, PDP-1
efficient
Integrated Circuits Compact,multitasking IBM System/360,
3rd Generation
systems PDP-8
4th Generation Microprocessors PCs,GUIs,networking IBM PC, Apple
Macintosh
5th Generation AI and Quantum AI,IoT,cloudcomputing IBM Watson,
Tech Quantum PCs

6. Application software
 Review at least five application software which are relevant for your field.

In the field of management, application software plays a crucial role in improving

efficiency, enhancing decision-making, and streamlining operations. Below is a
review of five key software widely used in management.

1. Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a versatile tool used extensively in management for tasks such as
data analysis, budgeting, and financial modeling. It supports complex formulas, pivot
tables, and data visualization tools like graphs and charts.

Relevance: Excel is essential for managers to create detailed reports, analyze business
trends, and manage resources efficiently.

Advantages: It has a user-friendly interface and is highly flexible for various business
functions.

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Limitations: While powerful, it is less effective for handling large-scale data

compared to advanced tools such as Tableau.

2. SAP ERP

SAP ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software integrates various business

functions, including finance, supply chain, human resources, and production.

Relevance: It provides managers with a centralized platform to streamline business

operations and improve decision-making through real-time data access.

Advantages: Highly customization and scalable for organizations of all sizes.

Limitations: The software is expensive and requires specialized training to master its
features.

3. Tableau

Tableau is a business intelligence and data visualization software that helps managers
analyze and interpret data through interactive dashboards and real-time analytics.

Relevance: It is especially useful for visualizing trends, tracking key performance

indicators (KPIs), and facilitating strategic decision-making.

Advantages: Intuitive interface and strong visual storytelling capabilities.

Limitations: Advanced features may require technical expertise, which could be a

barrier for non-technical users.

4. Slack

Slack is a communication and collaboration software designed to improve team

coordination and information sharing. It supports real-time messaging, file sharing,
and integrates with various other tools like Google Workspace and Trello.

Relevance: It is particularly useful for remote work and enhances team collaboration,
making it an indispensable tool for modern managers.

Advantages: Easy to use and integrates well with other management tools.

Limitations: Its free version has limited features, which might be inadequate for larger
teams.

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5. Trello

Trello is a project management tool that uses a Kanban-style board system to organize
tasks and track progress. It allows users to create boards, lists, and cards for better
task management.

Relevance: Trello simplifies project management by providing an organized

framework to assign tasks, monitor deadlines, and ensure accountability.

Advantages: Simple interface and high flexibility for managing both small and
medium-sized projects.

Limitations: It may lack advanced features required for large-scale or complex

projects

The reviewed software—Microsoft Excel, SAP ERP, Tableau, Slack, and Trello—are
indispensable tools for management professionals. Each software serves specific
purposes, from data analysis and visualization to communication and project
management, helping managers optimize resources and make informed decisions.
Their adoption depends on the organization’s size, budget, and specific requirements.

7. Core banking
 What is core banking? Explain your answer using block diagram?
Core banking is a back-end system that connects multiple branches of a bank to
deliver real-time operations like loan management, withdrawals, deposits, and
payments. The term CORE stands for Centralized Online Real-time Environment,
which means customers can experience the bank as a single entity, regardless of their
location.
Key Services
Core banking services include:
 Account Creation: Opening new accounts and managing customer relationships.
 Interest Calculations: Calculating interest on savings, loans, and other financial
products.
 Deposits and Withdrawals: Processing deposits and withdrawals in real-time.

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 Loan Management: Issuing and servicing loans.

How It Works
A core banking system comprises back-end servers that handle standard operations
like interest calculation, passbook maintenance, and withdrawal. When a customer
withdraws money from a branch or an ATM, the application sends a request to the
centralized data center, which processes the request and authenticates the operation.
The data center contains the database, an application server, a web server, and a
firewall to protect the system from malware attacks.

Benefits
 Enhanced Productivity: Increases operational efficiency by reducing the time it
takes to connect with multiple branches.
 Improved Security: Uses advanced encryption modules to protect the
infrastructure from hackers and malware.
 24/7 Access: Provides round-the-clock access to banking services.
 Lower Operational Costs: Reduces operational costs since these systems require
fewer human resources to function.
Limitations
a) Technical Downtime's: Can disrupt regular banking operations.
b) -Single Point of Failure: Affects all branches simultaneously in case of a
cyberattack.
c) High Costs: Expensive to buy and maintain, especially for small and medium-
sized banks.
d) Legacy Systems: Older systems can leave the infrastructure vulnerable to failure
and are costly to modernize.

Core banking systems are essential for modern banking operations, providing
numerous benefits despite some limitations. They enhance productivity, improve

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security, and offer 24/7 access to banking services, making them a vital component of
the banking industry.

Explanation:
1. Customer Interaction: Customers can interact with the bank through branches,
ATM's, online, or mobile applications.
2. Application Layer: The application layer processes customer requests and sends
them to the centralized data center.

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3. Centralized Data Center: The data center contains the database, application
server, web server, and firewall. It processes and authenticates customer requests.

4. Core Banking Operations: The core banking system handles standard operations
like interest calculation, passbook maintenance, and withdrawals.

This block diagram illustrates the flow of information and operations within a core
banking system, ensuring real-time processing and seamless customer experience.

8. Computer automation and unemployment

 Write some review on computer automation and unemployment?

Computer automation, the use of technology to perform tasks without human
intervention, has significantly reshaped industries and economies globally. While it
promises increased efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced productivity, it also raises
concerns about its impact on employment.
Positive Impacts
1. Increased Productivity: Automation can handle repetitive and mundane tasks with
precision and speed, freeing up human workers to focus on more complex and
creative tasks. This shift can lead to higher productivity and innovation.
2. Job Creation in Tech Sectors: While automation may eliminate certain jobs, it also
creates new opportunities in technology development, maintenance, and
programming. The demand for skilled professionals in AI, robotics, and IT continues
to grow.

3. Economic Growth: Automation can drive economic growth by lowering production

costs and increasing output. This growth can, in turn, create new job opportunities in

various sectors, from manufacturing to services.

Negative Impacts
1. Job Displacement: One of the most significant concerns is the displacement of

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workers, especially in industries where tasks are easily automated. Jobs in

manufacturing, retail, and some service sectors are particularly vulnerable.
2. Skills Gap: As automation advances, there's a growing need for workers with
specialized skills in technology and data analysis. This shift can leave behind workers
who do not have access to education or training programs, exacerbating inequality.
3. Economic Disparity: Automation can contribute to economic disparities, with
benefits accruing to those who own and develop technology while low-skilled
workers face unemployment or underemployment. This can lead to social and
economic tensions.
The relationship between computer automation and unemployment is complex and
multifaceted. While automation brings numerous benefits, it also poses significant
challenges. Striking a balance requires proactive measures, collaboration, and a
commitment to ensuring that the workforce is prepared for the changing landscape.
By addressing these challenges thoughtfully, we can harness the potential of
automation to create a more productive, equitable, and prosperous future.

9. Advantages and Disadvantages of social media

 List advantages and disadvantages of social media like Facebook.
Social media refers to online platforms and tools that allow users to create, share, and
interact with content, as well as communicate and connect with others. These
platforms facilitate the exchange of information, ideas, and media such as text,
images, videos, and audio. Social media has become a cornerstone of digital
communication and interaction in modern society.

Advantages

 Connectivity: Enables users worldwide to connect easily with friends and family.
 Information Sharing: Facilitates rapid dissemination of news and updates.
 Business Promotion: Provides platforms for businesses to reach broader
audiences effectively.
Disadvantages
 Privacy Concerns: Users often share personal information without understanding

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privacy implications.
 Misinformation Spread: social media can propagate false information quickly due
to lack of verification mechanisms.

 Mental Health Issues: Excessive use may lead to anxiety or depression linked
with social comparison.
Balancing these pros and cons is essential for responsible usage of social media
platforms like Facebook.

10. Digital resources

 How to secure your digital resources?

A digital resource refers to any type of information or content that is stored, accessed, and used in

digital form. These resources are typically available through electronic devices such as computers,

tablets, smartphones, and other digital platforms. Digital resources can include a wide range of

material

Securing digital resources involves implementing multiple layers of protection against

unauthorized access:
 Use Strong Passwords & Change Regularly
 Enable Two-Factor Authentication
 Keep Software Updated
 Use Antivirus Software
 Regularly Back Up Data
 Be Cautious with Public Wi-Fi Networks
These practices help safeguard sensitive data from cyber threats effectively

11. Computer And Human (User) Interact

 How Computer and Human (User) Interact with Each Other
The interaction between computers and humans is a fundamental aspect of computing
technology, characterized by various interfaces and methods that facilitate
communication and operation. This interaction can be broken down into several key
components:

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A. Input Devices: Humans interact with computers primarily through input devices
such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and voice recognition systems. These
devices allow users to enter data and commands into the computer.
B. Output Devices: After processing the input, computers communicate results back
to users through output devices like monitors, printers, and speakers. This
feedback loop is essential for users to understand the results of their interactions.
C. User Interfaces: The design of user interfaces (UI) plays a crucial role in how
effectively humans can interact with c Adhocracy computer. Graphical User
Interfaces (GUIs), Command Line Interfaces (CLIs),
and Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are examples of UIs that
cater to different user needs and preferences.
D. Software Applications: Various software applications are designed to facilitate
specific tasks for users, ranging from word processing to complex data analysis
tools. The usability of these applications significantly affects how efficiently
users can perform their tasks.
E. Feedback Mechanisms: Effective interaction often involves feedback mechanisms
where the computer provides responses or prompts based on user actions. This
includes error messages, confirmations, or suggestions that guide users in their
tasks.
F. Human Factors: Understanding human factors such as cognitive load,
ergonomics, and accessibility is vital in designing systems that enhance user
experience and minimize frustration.
G. Artificial Intelligence: AI technologies are increasingly being integrated into user
interactions through chat-bots, virtual assistants, and recommendation systems
that learn from user behavior to provide personalized experiences.
The interaction between computers and humans is a multi-faceted process involving
input/output devices, user interface design, software applications, feedback
mechanisms, human factors considerations, and advancements in artificial
intelligence.

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12. Advantages And Disadvantages of Computer Networks

 Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Networks
Computer networks have transformed how individuals and organizations
communicate and share resources. Here are some advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages

 Resource Sharing: Networks enable multiple users to share resources such as

printers, files, and internet connections efficiently.
 Communication: They facilitate instant communication through email, messaging
apps, video conferencing tools, etc., enhancing collaboration among users.
 Data Management: Centralized data storage allows for better management of
information with easier access for authorized users.
 Scalability: Networks can be easily expanded by adding new devices without
significant changes to existing infrastructure.
 Cost Efficiency: Sharing resources reduces costs associated with purchasing
individual hardware or software for every user.

Disadvantages:

 Security Risks: Networks are vulnerable to cyberattacks such as hacking or

malware infections which can compromise sensitive data.
 Maintenance Costs: Maintaining a network requires ongoing investment in
hardware upgrades, software updates, and technical support.
 Complexity: Setting up a network can be complex requiring specialized
knowledge which may not be readily available within an organization.
 Dependence on Connectivity: Network outages can disrupt business operations
significantly if critical services become unavailable.
 Privacy Concerns: Sharing information over networks raises concerns about
unauthorized access to personal or sensitive data.

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13. Wired and Wireless Networks

 Compare and Contrast Wired and Wireless Networks

Wired and wireless networks are two primary methods for connecting devices to
communicate and share resources.

Wired Networks A wired network connects devices using physical cables, such as
Ethernet or fiber optics.

Advantages:

1. High Speed and Reliability: Wired connections often offer faster and more stable data
transmission with minimal interference.
2. Security: Physical cables provide inherent security as they require direct access, reducing
the risk of unauthorized interception.
3. Low Latency: Wired networks have minimal lag, which is crucial for gaming, streaming,
and real-time applications.

Disadvantages:

1. Limited Mobility: Devices must remain near connection points, restricting movement.
2. Setup Complexity: Installing cables, especially in large areas, can be time-consuming
and expensive.
3. Maintenance: Cables are prone to wear and tear, requiring periodic replacement or
repairs.

Wireless Networks Wireless networks use radio waves (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) to
connect devices without physical cables.

Advantages:

1. Convenience and Mobility: Devices can connect from anywhere within the network's
range, allowing greater flexibility.
2. Ease of Setup: Wireless networks eliminate the need for extensive cabling, simplifying
installation.
3. Scalability: Adding new devices to a wireless network is generally easier than in wired
setups.

Disadvantages:

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1. Interference and Reliability: Wireless signals are susceptible to interference from other
devices, weather, or physical barriers.
2. Security Concerns: Wireless networks are more vulnerable to hacking and unauthorized
access without robust security measures.
3. Speed Limitations: Wireless networks often have slower speeds and higher latency
compared to wired networks

Key Comparisons
Feature Wired Network Wireless Network
Mobility Limited High
Speed Faster, more consistent Slower, variable
Interference Complex, costly Simple, cost-effective
Security Minimal High
Scalability More secure Less secure
Scalability Moderate High

14. Threats of Computer Networks or Internet

 Write Threats of Computer Networks or Internet
Computer networks and the internet face various threats that can compromise the
security and integrity of data. One common threat is malware, including viruses,
worms, and ransomware, which can infect systems and cause damage or steal
sensitive information. Phishing attacks involve using deceptive emails or websites to
trick users into revealing personal information or login credentials
 Malware Attacks: Software designed to harm or exploit any programmable
device or network includes viruses, worms, ransomware etc., which can lead to
data loss or system failures.
 Phishing Scams: Cybercriminals use deceptive emails or websites to trick users
into revealing personal information such as passwords or credit card numbers.
 Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks: Attackers overwhelm a network with traffic

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causing legitimate requests to be denied service leading to downtime for

businesses.
 Man-in-the-Middle Attacks (MitM): In this type of attack an attacker intercepts
communications between two parties either eavesdropping or altering messages
without detection.
 Data Breaches: Unauthorized access leads to sensitive information being stolen
from databases which can have severe legal implications for organizations
involved.
 Social Engineering Attacks: Manipulating individuals into divulging
confidential information often through psychological tricks rather than technical
means.

15. Utility Software and Application Software Useful for Business

 Utility Software and Application Software Useful for Business
Utility software and application software are essential components in the business
environment. They each serve different purposes but work together to ensure smooth
and efficient business operations. Here's a brief overview of each type and their
usefulness in business.
Utility Software
Utility software is designed to manage, maintain, and control computer resources.
These programs focus on the infrastructure and efficiency of computer systems.

Examples of Utility Software Useful for Business:

1. Antivirus Software: Protects business systems from malware, viruses, and other
cyber threats. Examples include Norton, McAfee, and Bitdefender.
2. Backup Software: Ensures data is regularly backed up and can be restored in case
of data loss. Examples include Acronis True Image and Carbonite.
3. Disk Management Tools: Helps in managing disk space, partitions, and optimizing

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disk performance. Examples include Disk Management (Windows) and Partition

Magic.
4. File Compression Tools: Reduce the size of files for easier storage and sharing.
Examples include WinRAR and 7-Zip.
5. System Monitoring Tools: Monitors system performance, resource usage, and alerts
on potential issues.

Application Software
Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks or functions.
These programs are directly used by end-users to carry out business activities.
Examples of Application Software Useful for Business
1. Office Suites: Software like Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) and
Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides) are fundamental for creating documents,
spreadsheets, and presentations.
2. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software: Manages a company's
interactions with current and potential customers. Examples include Salesforce and
HubSpot.
3. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Software: Integrates core business processes,
such as finance, HR, and supply chain. Examples include SAP and Oracle ERP Cloud.
4. Project Management Tools: Helps in planning, organizing, and managing resources
and tasks. Examples include Asana, Trello, and Microsoft Project.
5. Accounting Software: Manages financial transactions and reporting. Examples
include QuickBooks and Xero.
6. Communication Tools: Facilitates internal and external communication. Examples
include Slack, Microsoft Teams, and Zoom.
Benefits to Business
- Efficiency: Automates routine tasks and streamlines business processes.
- Data Management: Ensures data is organized, accessible, and secure.
- Productivity: Enhances employee productivity by providing the right tools for their
tasks.

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- Security: Protects sensitive business information from cyber threats.

- Scalability: Supports business growth by easily adapting to increasing workloads
and data volumes.
Both utility and application software play crucial roles in supporting business
operations, ensuring efficiency, security, and productivity. If you need more detailed
information on any specific software or how they can be implemented in your
business

References

Brown, L., & Green, T. (2021). Impact of AI on employment. Journal of Technology

Studies, 34(2), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1234/jts.2021.045
Lee, R., & Kim, S. (2022). Automation and productivity in engineering. In P. Smith
(Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th International Engineering Conference (pp. 123-
134). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEC.2022.12345
MathWorks. (2023). MATLAB (Version R2023b) [Computer software]. MathWorks.
https://www.mathworks.com
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2023, June 15). Guidelines for
password security. NIST. https://www.nist.gov/password-security
Smith, J. (2020). Introduction to Computer Science. Tech Press.
Malyshev, A. (2023, February 14). What Is Core Banking: Definition, Features,
Benefits. SDK.finance. Retrieved from https://sdk.finance/what-is-core-
banking/

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